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1
Ani, Kelechi Johnmary, Gerald Nwadike, and Ijeoma Genevieve Anikelechi. "An evaluation of Nigerian timber production and forest reserves: focus on economic implications of food security, 1981 - 2014." Independent Journal of Management & Production 12, no. 7 (2021): 1836–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v12i7.1456.
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The place of timber and forest reserves to national development cannot be neglected. This study evaluates level of timber production and forests reserves as well as its implications for food security in Nigeria from 1981 to 2014. The objective of the study is to evaluate the significant impact of timber production and forests reserves on food security in Nigeria. In an attempt to examine this, error correction model diagnostic tests process ECM, ADF unit root test, Structural VAR approach, and Co-integration test were employed in the data analysis. The research findings revealed that timber production and forests reserves have significant impact on food security in Nigerian economy within the period under review. In the light of the research findings, the researcher recommends that Timber production and forests reserves should be strengthened to increase the effect of forests reserves on food security in the country. This can be achieved through increased productivity and the development of agriculture value chain in federal government policy and implementation process.
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Aguwa, J. I., and S. Sadiku. "Reliability Studies on Timber Data from Nigerian Grown Iroko Tree (Chlorophora excelsa) as Bridge Beam Material." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 8 (December 2012): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.8.17.
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This paper provides the results of structural reliability analysis carried out on the data of Nigerian grown Iroko tree (Chlorophora excelsa), to ascertain its structural performance as timber bridge beams. Five pieces of 50mm x 75mm x 3600mm of Nigerian grown Iroko hardwood were bought, seasoned naturally and 200 pieces of samples were prepared for determination of their strength properties, (which include bending strength parallel to grain, tensile strength parallel to grain, compressive strength parallel to grain, compressive strength perpendicular to grain and shear strength parallel to grain) at a moisture content of 18%, in accordance with the British Standard BS 373 of 1957. Statistical analysis was carried out using the strength properties for determination of mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variations, confidence limits and Chi-Square goodness of fits. Structural analysis and design of a timber bridge beam using the determined data from the Nigerian grown Iroko timber, in accordance with BS 5268 were carried out under the Ultimate Limit State of loading (ULSL). Reliability analysis was carried out to ascertain its level of safety using First-Order Reliability Method (FORM). Sensitivity analysis was also carried out by varying the depth of beam, imposed live load, breadth of the beam, unit weight of the Iroko timber, span of the beam as well as the end bearing length. The result revealed that the Nigerian grown Iroko timber is a satisfactory structural material for timber bridge beams at depth of 400mm, breadth of 150mm and span of 5000mm under the ULSL. The probabilities of failure of the Nigerian grown Iroko timber bridge beam in bending, shear, compression and deflection are respectively, under the specified conditions of loading.
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Abubakar, P., A. Iorkar, A. A. Adedeji, J. I. Aguwa, and U. N. Wilson. "Structural reliability-based assessment of Nigerian Anogeissus schimperi timber bridge beam in shear and bearing forces." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 4 (2021): 1011–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i4.6.
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This research investigates the reliability of Anogeissus schimperi timber specie grown in North Western Nigeria as a bridge beam in shear and bearing forces. Specimens for laboratory tests were prepared using the timber specie in accordance with BS 373 (1957). Tests were carried out to determine the physical and mechanical properties at 12% moisture content in line with BS 5268 (2002). Statistical analysis was carried out using strength properties obtained and the specie was classified to strength class D60, confirmed to be Hardwood. Anogeissus schimperi timber bridge beam was designed in accordance to BS5268 (2002), using deterministicapproach. While, reliability analysis to confirm the safety level of the timber bridge beam designed was carried out using constant failure rate model in accordance with Jimoh, (2018). Sensitivity analysis to ascertain the safety margin of a simply supported timber bridge beam subjected to Shear and bearing by varying the span, depth, width and live load was carried out. Results of reliability analysis showed that Anogeissus schimperi met the minimum reliability index of 0.5 under ultimate state of loading in Shear and bearing. Safety index was found to be directly proportional to the depth and width but inversely proportional to the span and live loadof the timber bridge beam during Sensitivity Analysis. The result confirmed that Anogeissus schimperi specie from north western Nigeria at 400mm depth, 150mm breadth and 5000mm span under ultimate limit state loading in Shear and bearing can be used as a reliable timber bridge beam material.
 Keywords: Bridge Beam, Nigerian Anogeissus schimperi Reliability, Structural Material, Timber, Ultimate Limit State.
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Adedire, Oludare, Yahaya Sadiku, Adedayo Stephen Popoola, et al. "Analysis of sales, costs and demands for timber species in selected timber markets of Plateau State, Nigeria." Folia Forestalia Polonica 65, no. 4 (2023): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2023-0018.
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Abstract In this study, analysis of sales, costs and demands for timber species was carried out in selected timber markets of Plateau State, Nigeria. Association as well as relationship between factors influencing timber sales, costs and demands were investigated, and the dependency of timber sales on factors affecting it was ascertained. Data obtained through administration of 400 structured questionnaires were analysed. Results from the use of descriptive statistics showed that Khaya senegalensis (mahogany) was the mostly demanded timber species by consumers, and that the cost per timber species for most of the sawn woods ranged between N1001 and N1500, which was equivalent to US $2.42–$3.63 using the current conversion rate of Nigerian Naira 413.83 to 1US dollar. Pairwise use of Pearson product moment correlation (PPMC) indicated positive correlation between timber sales and variables representing costs, demands, stored timber and spoiled timber species. F-test statistics showed that timber sales were significantly affected, and t-test aided identification of the extent to which timber sales were affected by costs, demands, stored timber and spoiled timber species. Further analysis of results using multiple linear regression (MLR) gave a model representing dependence of timber sales on factors affecting them. With a positive correlation and relationship between variables, possibility of future increase in timber sales may be experienced due to increase in demand coupled with other factors. Therefore, timber regulatory agencies have to put in place measures to encourage planting of trees such as Khaya senegalensis (mahogany), whose timber species are mainly demanded by consumers of wood products, and curb excessive overexploitation of forests in Plateau State, Nigeria.
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Okafor, Kingsley Kenechukwu, and Celestine Akaolisa Ezeagu. "Analysis of Bending Stiffness and Strength of Glue Laminated Nigerian Timber." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 2 (2020): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.2.1699.
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An analysis into the flexural strength of solid and laminated timber specimens under working conditions was conducted. Five hardwoods and five softwoods were investigated, namely: Mansonia, Mahogany, Orji, Ukpi, Ufi mmanu, White Afara, Owen, Melina, Akpu and Ubia. The dimensions of the wood specimens are 100mm×50mm×20mm. The wood samples were tested for flexural strength using a Universal Testing Tensile Machine. The results obtained shows that Owen has the highest ultimate wood strength of 46.806N/mm² for the softwood glulam. Ukpi has the highest wood strength of 73.375N/mm² for the hardwood glulam, and highest MOE at 2412.93N/mm². Akpu recorded the weakest sample with bending strength values for glulam at 11.929 N/mm². Comparisons of strength were made to their respective solid timbers. Failure modes were analyzed. The study therefore demonstrates that the timber species used can be engineered to load bearing glulam structural elements using polyurethane adhesive glue without severe loss of strength.
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Okafor, Kingsley Kenechukwu, and Celestine Akaolisa Ezeagu. "The Analysis of Bending Stiffness and Strength of Glue Laminated Nigerian Timber." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 2 (2020): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.2.1699.
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An analysis into the flexural strength of solid and laminated timber specimens under working conditions was conducted. Five hardwoods and five softwoods were investigated, namely: Mansonia, Mahogany, Orji, Ukpi, Ufi mmanu, White Afara, Owen, Melina, Akpu and Ubia. The dimensions of the wood specimens are 100mm×50mm×20mm. The wood samples were tested for flexural strength using a Universal Testing Tensile Machine. The results obtained shows that Owen has the highest ultimate wood strength of 46.806N/mm² for the softwood glulam. Ukpi has the highest wood strength of 73.375N/mm² for the hardwood glulam, and highest MOE at 2412.93N/mm². Akpu recorded the weakest sample with bending strength values for glulam at 11.929 N/mm². Comparisons of strength were made to their respective solid timbers. Failure modes were analyzed. The study therefore demonstrates that the timber species used can be engineered to load bearing glulam structural elements using polyurethane adhesive glue without severe loss of strength.
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Aguda, Lawrence, Babatunde Ajayi, Sylvester Areghan, et al. "Mechanical properties of Ficus vallis-choudae (Delile), a lesser utilized species in Nigeria." BioResources 15, no. 3 (2020): 6550–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.6550-6560.
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Declining availability of the prime economic species in the Nigerian timber market has led to the introduction of Lesser-Used Species (LUS) as alternatives. Their acceptability demands information on the technical properties of their wood. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties of Ficus vallis-choudae to determine its potential for timber. Three mature Ficus vallis-choudae trees were selected and harvested from a free forest area in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Samples were collected from the base (10%), middle (50%), and top (90%) along the sampling heights of each tree, which was further partitioned into innerwood, centrewood, and outerwood across the sampling radial position. Investigations were carried out to determine the age, density, moisture content, impact strength, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, compressive strength parallel-to-grain, and shear strength parallel-to-grain. The mean impact bending strength, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, maximum shear strength parallel-to-grain, and maximum compression strength parallel-to-grain for Ficus vallis-choudae at 12% moisture content were 20.4 N/mm2, 85.8 N/mm2, 709 N/mm2, 10.7 N/mm2, and 33.6 N/mm2, respectively. The study found the species to be dense with high strength properties in comparison with well-known timbers used for constructional purposes.
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AMOO-ONIDUNDU, Oladele Nathaniel, Olayiwola Olaleye AJALA, Olusola Samuel AREO, Yetunde Bolarinwa OLAYIWOLA, and Mobolaji Olubunmi OMIDIRAN. "Pollution from timber processing industries in Nigeria: challenge and adaptive measures." Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources Journal 3, no. 2 (2024): 387–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14532541.
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<em>Production industries process raw materials (input) and generate by-products (residues) of various forms. One of the major challenges of industrial sectors in Nigeria is pollution resulting from improperly managed and indiscriminately disposed residues. Noise produced from the use of heavy industrial machines is another major source of pollution from industrial processes. The timber industry is among the production industries in Nigeria that is renowned for its great contribution to the economy’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, throughout the wood supply chain-from sawmills to final products, the wood products manufacturing industry is a potential source of environmental pollution. This paper examines viable adaptive measures in the management of air, land, noise, and water pollution with a view to addressing the challenges of environmental pollution. During sawmilling procedures, huge biomass is generated into residues (sawdust, shavings, trimmings, edgings, and so on), noise is produced from mechanical processes, and particulates are released as byproducts of fossil fuel combustion from machines and power-generating sets. In Nigeria, large volumes of residues or byproducts are indiscriminately disposed of (or improperly managed) in most timber processing industries. It is noteworthy that environmental pollution is among the challenges with far-reaching harmful effects on Nigerian citizens. And could lead to pollution-related problems, including flooding, disease outbreaks, pandemics, health hazards, and death. The identified pollution-related challenges from timber industries in Nigeria and their associated consequences can be drastically reduced if conscious efforts are put in place. Hence, this study recommended the reconstitution of timber residues.</em>
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Arum, C., I. O. Olofintuyi, and O. O. Ekundayo. "Glulam beams: Performance of PVA and PUR adhesives on bending strengths of locally selected Nigerian timber species." Nigerian Journal of Technology 40, no. 3 (2021): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v40i3.2.
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 The applicability of structural timber to construction is due to its desirable qualities such as lightweight, aesthetics and eco-friendliness. However, continuous use of timber for structural purposes comes with the challenge posed by the anisotropic nature of various timber species. Advanced societies have developed and modified their sawn timber species in form of glue-laminated structural members such as beams, columns, joist etc. Nigeria timber species are yet to be fully explored along glued-laminated beams production. This paper assesses the suitability of three selected Nigerian timber species namely; Gmelina Arborea (ML), Terminalia superba (AF) and Pycnanthus angolensis (AK) for production of glued-laminated (glulam) beams. They are locally known respectively as Melina (ML), Afara (AF) and Akomu (AK). The applicability and glue-ability of the glues and their ultimate effect on the flexural strength were investigated through the use of two different types of glue components namely; polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and polyurethane (PUR) glue. The physical properties of the timber species such as moisture content (MC) and densities were determined using BS EN 408. The beams produced which are 1680mm by 150mm by 120mm in dimension were subjected to two points loading system to determine their flexural strengths and failure loads in accordance with ASTM D-198. The flexural strengths results indicated that Pycnanthus angolensis offered most resistance to bending loads with an average flexural strength value of 16.04N/mm2 when PUR glue was used and 13.04N/mm2 when PVA glue was used. The ANOVA result showed that glue types have significant effect on the flexural strength at confidence level of 95%. It was concluded that Pycnanthus angolensis is most suitable for structural applications. PUR is considered the better glue in terms of strength and glue-ability while PVA glue is considered better in terms of workability and applicability based on almost perfect glue line integrity achieved.
 
 
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Mangut, S. N., Idris Abubakar, and A. Ocholi. "Reliability-based analysis of aluminium laminated solid timber columns using selected Nigerian timber species." Nigerian Journal of Technology 38, no. 1 (2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v38i1.6.
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Mustapha, Z., K. Mohammed, and A. Ocholi. "Creep Investigation Model for Timber: A Review." Nigerian Research Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences 6, no. 1 (2021): 414–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5048474.
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<em>Timber is a natural material from matured trees that can be used for structural applications. Material properties of timber such as light weight to strength ratio, good durability, good insulation against heat and sound impact makes it suitable for use as material for constructing roofing system, pedestrian or bicycle bridges and framing of other load-bearing structures, where strength is the major factor in its selection and usage. Unfortunately, time-dependent deformation affects the strength and stiffness of timber in service. The process of creep in timber, which is affected by variables such as temperature, moisture, species type, grain direction, loading influence, and timber's natural variability causes excessive deformations and even collapse of an entire construction. This paper reviews the work presented by various researchers on creep prediction/investigation models devised for timber. From the available literature reviewed, creep prediction models were developed for small timber species that are not widely used for construction/structural applications and do not undergo large moisture fluctuations, therefore mechano-sorptive creep effects are minimal. Looking at local content, there is need to develop mathematical models that would be used to predict/investigate long term creep for Nigerian grown timber species. There is no record of an existing unified or generalized creep prediction model that could be used for estimating long term creep of all timber species, because each of the mathematical models developed contain a great variety of constants that can only be determined by rigorous and large experimental sample tests.</em>
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Effiong, John. "Right to Food Policies, Justice and Sovereignty in Nigeria." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 24, no. 10 (2024): 24871–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.135.24265.
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This study assessed the right to food policies, justice and sovereignty in Nigeria. The main areas of concentration were: introduction, meaning of food policy, some food policies in Nigeria, types of policies, audit of right to food policies in Nigeria, past policy articulations (1900 – 1999), food policy articulation and policy thrust in 2003, food policy legislations, sovereignty of food and agricultural development among many others. The study indicated that food policy is a public declaration that conveys the decisions to pursue a specific course of action aimed at improving food production practices, ensuring output growth and the overall development of the food sector. Some food policies in Nigeria are; food crop production policy, livestock production policy, food commodity storage policy among others. The study identified three types of polices namely; position declaration, policy statements and discussion papers. Past policy articulations are: Timber/non timber policy 1937, food policy 1946 and food policy for the western region 1952. Some policy legislations were identified, namely: adulteration of produce ordinance No.67 of 1917; 29 of 1920, 8th November 1917, Weight and measurements Act No. 32 of 1974 to June 1975 and River Basin Development Authorities Act No.35 of 1st October, 1986. Some inventory of right to food sovereignty strategies in Nigeria includes: Sovereignty strategy formulations, commodity boards, National Accelerated Food Production Project (NAFPP), National Livestock Development Project (NLDP), Operation Feed the Nation (OFN) and Green Revolution among very many others. One major problem of food policy implementation is lack of a well-defined programme. In conclusion, Right to Food Policy, Justice and Sovereignty Implementation means money spent, laws enforced, employees hired, plan of action formulated and carried out successfully for the development of the Nigerian food sub-sector. But the problem with Nigerian food policies is the structure among which is the absence of central coordinating members. Also, the study recommended that there is the need for government to set institutions that will monitor the planning and execution of food polices projects. Key words: Agricultural Development, Food, Justice, Legislations, Nigeria, Policies, Rights, Sovereignty
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Sadiku, Nusirat Aderinsola, and Kafilat Adejoke Abdukareem. "Fibre morphological variations of some Nigerian guinea savannah timber species." Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología, ahead (2019): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-221x2019005000211.
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U.N., Wilson, Adedeji A.A, Afolayan J.O, et al. "RELIABILITY-BASED INVESTIGATION ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF COMMONLY USED NIGERIAN TIMBER SPECIES." Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 1 (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjce.v34.17136.
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This paper considers the compressive strength both parallel and perpendicular to grain of not less than twenty Nigerian-grown timber species out of which, six commonly used ones were selected and their compressive resistance assessed under certain loads. First, it was found out that the basic compressive stress perpendicular to the grain of timber is about 22% of the basic compressive stress parallel to grain. A reliability assessment was then carried out using the First Order Reliability Method (FORM) to investigate the performance of a column section of 250 x 250mm and 300 x 300mm for the six Nigerian-grown timber species. Lophira alata was found to be the most reliable with a Probability of failure Pf = 2.78 x 10-3 and 7.1 x 10-2 under an axial load of 1000kN and 2000kN respectively. This was followed by Anogeissus leiocarpus with Pf = 2.53 x 10-2 and 5.26 x 10-3 under an axial load of 1000kN and 1500kN respectively. Others that followed were ‘Iroko’(Chlorophora excelsa),‘Abura’ (Mitragyna ciliata),‘Afara’ (Terminalia superba), and ‘Obeche’(Triplochiton scleroxylon), in the order of descending performance. It can been established from this study that, ‘Ekki’ (Lophira alata) and African birch (Anogeissus leiocarpus) could be suitable for bridge piles and piers, railways or related structures that require compressive members with high axial capacity whereas, ‘Abura’, ‘Obeche’, ‘Afara’ and ‘Abura’ would be best suitable for buildings.
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Adediji, O.C; Wilson U.N; Mohammed I.S. "Characterization of Three Selected Timber Species According to BS 5268 (2002), EN 338 (2009) & NCP 2 (1973)." Journal of Science and Technology Research 5, no. 4 (2023): 40–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10342311.
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<i>This study primarily focuses on establishing strength classes for three indigenous Northern Nigerian timber species—Mangifera indica, Terminalia catappa, and Phoenix dactylifera by characterising and grading them in accordance with BS 5268 (2002), EN 338 (2009) and NCP 2 (1973), with the aim of possibly reducing overreliance on commonly used timber species. The research involved laboratory experiments to assess physical and mechanical properties, followed by classification into specific strength classes using the bending stress, density, and modulus of elasticity. After characterisation and grading, Mangifera indica, Terminalia catappa, and Phoenix dactylifera were assigned to strength classes C35, C35, and C14 respectively, according to BS 5268-2 (2002). According to NCP 2 (1973), the timber species were assigned to strength classes N5, N5, and N7 in the same order. The samples were also assigned to strength classes C30, D30, and C14 respectively, according to EN 338 (2009). Results show that Mangifera indica and Phoenix dactylifera are softwoods offering potential applications in boat-making, light construction formwork and furniture works while Terminalia catappa is a hardwood which is applicable for roofing materials, and general construction. These classes would help architects, engineers, and builders select the appropriate timber species for various uses and reduce their over reliance on the commonly used timber species like teak, iroko and oak.</i>
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Yakub, A. A., Abubakar Ahmad, AbdulFatai Oyebode Salawu, Shuaibu Danladi Gimba, Abdulhakim Adelayo Jolaoye, and Zaidu Musa Zaidu. "Green Building Strategies and Material Selection for Hot-Dry Climatic Conditions of North-Western Nigeria: A Delphi Approach." HAFED POLY Journal of Science, Management and Technology 5, no. 2 (2024): 192–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/hpjsmt.v5i2.15.
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Generally, buildings provide society with countless benefits, however, they also have major negative impacts on the environment. Hence, Green Buildings (GB) have been proposed to solve this issue as they adopt fewer harmful materials and enable the use of local materials to adapt to climate conditions while consuming natural renewable resources with an emphasis on environmental sustainability. However, there is the dearth of researches that focus on the types of GB materials that could be adopted in the Nigerian construction industry. Hence, this research aim at finding out available materials and strategies that can be adopted towards attaining a GB status within the hot-dry areas in the north-western part of Nigeria. A total of 25 experts were drawn across three professional bodies including the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers (NIESV), Nigerian Institute of Architects (NIA) and Nigerian Institute of Building (NIOB). Using a 5 point Likert scale ranking, the study explores 33 materials cum strategies for hot-dry climatic conditions. Delphi method was adopted to find out available materials and strategies that can be adopted towards attaining a GB status within the study area. Consensus was reached at the 4th round of the survey where 19 number materials were agreed upon as easily available and suitable for the region. These include straw bales using cane straw, wheat stalks, maize husks, cottonseed husks, tamarin hull particles, adobe bricks, ash waste bricks, autoclaved aerated concrete, onion peels, groundnut shells, sunflower stalk, cork and fired clay for walling and insulation. Jalis and wind-catchers for ventilation; grass Crete and timber Crete for outdoor flooring and living roof and clay roof tiles as roofing materials. Hence, this study recommends the adoption of these materials to reduce heat-related impacts on the environment caused by buildings.
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K. A., Akanni. "Lumbering Activities and Market Equilibrium Analysis of Timber Industry in South Western Nigeria." Sustainable Agriculture Research 2, no. 1 (2012): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v2n1p44.
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<p>The local lumbers, without restraints, are continually exploiting the Nigerian forests. This trend causes a massive reduction in the economic, recreational, water purification and other benefits derivable from the forest and forest products. The overall implication of this is that there is a shortfall in the market supply of wood and wood products in South Western Nigeria. This situation poses some challenges to the government, private operators and other stakeholders in timber industry. This study therefore, investigated the implications of the activities of the lumbers and the market equilibrium structure of wood industry in the region. Both the stochastic production frontier and market equilibrium analyses were done. Fuel, credit and trucks’ carrying capacities significantly determined the quantity of output of the lumbers. The estimates of the sigma square, d<sup>2 </sup>(0.3811) and gamma, g, (0.9001) were positively significant at 1% level. The log likelihood function was large (24.6672) indicating a good fit. Estimated demand elasticity indicated that N1.00 increase in market price produced 14.14 %, 52.73% and 55.12% decrease in the quantities demanded for 2x3x12, 3x4x12 and 2x6x12 wood sizes. To further increase the output level of wood products in the region therefore, it is necessary to stabilize fuel prices and make the product available to the lumbers at the required time and quantities.</p>
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AREO, Olusola Samuel, Ayodeji Oludare OMOLE, Oladele Nathaniel AMOO-ONIDUNDU, and Adewale Lukeman ADEJOBA. "Impact of illegal logging operation on Nigerian economy: A concise review." Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources Journal 3, no. 2 (2024): 349–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14483423.
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<em>Encroachment into forest estates and illegal timber logging activities in Nigeria have serious and negative effects on the country's economy, environment, forest soil, forest biodiversity, and rural communities. This study reviews concisely how illegal logging hurts Nigeria's GDP and suggests ways to tackle the problem. Illegal logging causes deforestation, loss of plant and animal species, soil erosion, water pollution, and contributes to climate change by releasing more carbon into the atmosphere. These environmental problems harm forests and make life harder for people who rely on them. In addition, illegal logging not only hinders everyone's ability to flourish but also exacerbates conflict, weakens the government, and breeds corruption. Hence, the need to strengthen and enforce the forest policy laws better, involve local communities in forest management, improve how forests are governed, promote sustainable logging practices, create new job opportunities in rural areas, work with other countries to stop illegal logging, and do more research to understand the problem better. By doing these things, Nigeria can reduce the damage caused by illegal logging, protect its environment, help communities thrive better, block loopholes, and improve income generation in the government treasury.</em>
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Yau, Yusuf, Amana Ocholi, Jibrin Mohammed Kaura, Adamu Lawan, and Tasiu Ashiru Sulaiman. "Evaluation of shear strength and durability of adhesive bond in cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels made from Nigerian Gmelina arborea timber." Case Studies in Construction Materials 21 (December 2024): e04026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04026.
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Alayande, T. A., A. N. Ede, J. I. Aguwa, O. M. Ofuyatan, S. O. Oyebisi, and J. O. Oluwafemi. "Reliability Assessment of the Nigerian Timber – An Environmental Sustainability Approach in the 21st Century." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (December 2019): 032053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1378/3/032053.
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Chris-Valentine Ogar, Eneji, Alawa David Adie, and Udumo Bassey Obeten et. al. "Livelihood Activities, Climate Change and Water Resources Availability in the Lower Cross River State, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture and Crops, no. 83 (July 2, 2022): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.83.216.227.
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This study aims to assess how human livelihood activities influence climate change and water resource availability in the Northern part of Cross River State, Nigeria. Majorly, the paper looked at how human livelihoods activities like deforestation for agricultural expansion, carving, and timber, exploitation of non-timber forest products, sand mining, and faulty agricultural practices among others had influenced the removal of forest vegetation cover, how these activities also influenced the reduction in rainfall and subsequent paving of ways for climate change. These activities contributed greatly to increasing ambient temperature orchestrating carbon accumulation in the surrounding environment and reduction in the amount of rainfall within the study area. Using both soft and hardware computer applications including German 12 handheld GPS, and Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS), were used for data collection. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected for the study. The GIS information software package was used to manipulate and perform feature identification, recognition, classification, calculation, and ground-truthing. A structured questionnaire was also used to collect data on some livelihood activities, the influence of livelihoods activities on water availability, and climate change among others. Secondary data set include the use of satellite imageries of Bekwarra, this was acquired from the Nigeria Center for Remote Sensing and Nigerian Meteorological Center, Jos for 1987- 2017. After analysis, it was found that the forest vegetation cover is fast disappearing, the built-up area had increased and the forest and water bodies are shrunken. Ambient temperature and carbon accumulation had seriously increased, while rainfall has reduced seriously leading to climate change and reduced water availability. It was recommended among others that tree planting and afforestation, alternative sources of livelihood that are feasible, sustainable, cheap, and practicable should be introduced to reduce pressure on the natural ecosystem.
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Aguwa, J. I. "Structural performance of the Nigerian grown Abura timber bridge beam subjected to compression and shearing forces." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 4 (2014): 974–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-013-0164-9.
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Chukwu Udoka Helen, Ugochukwu Remigius Ihezie, and Njoku Marilyn. "Igbo apprenticeship system in the modern world: Challenges and prospects." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 23, no. 1 (2024): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.1.2014.
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The study examined the challenges and prospects of Igbo apprenticeship system in the modern world: The specific objectives were to: determine the challenges of Igbo apprenticeship system in the modern world and examine the prospects of Igbo apprenticeship system in the modern world. The research design was descriptive survey method. Study Area was Enugu State. The sample size of 163 respondents were taken from population of 276 apprentices from different major markets – Kenyetha market (44), Ogbete market (41), Timber market Abakpa (53), Artisans markets (64) and Gariki market (74) Enugu Metropolis business clusters in Enugu state, Nigeria. Research questions of the study were answered using mean score and standard deviation. The hypotheses stated would be tested with chi-square and single regression analysis. The empirical result showed that there are significant challenges of Igbo apprenticeship system in the modern world (Chi-square: 33.62 > Critical-value: 0.000) and there are significant prospects of Igbo apprenticeship system in the modern world (Chi-square: 98.48 > Critical-value: 0.000). The study recommended that Nigerian government should formulate policy that enforce justice between apprentice master and his apprentice to control non-settlement of apprentice after several years of patience.
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Chukwu, Udoka Helen, Remigius Ihezie Ugochukwu, and Marilyn Njoku. "Igbo apprenticeship system in the modern world: Challenges and prospects." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 23, no. 1 (2024): 237–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14777400.
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The study examined the challenges and prospects of Igbo apprenticeship system in the modern world: The specific objectives were to: determine the challenges of Igbo apprenticeship system in the modern world and examine the prospects of Igbo apprenticeship system in the modern world. The research design was descriptive survey method. Study Area was Enugu State. The sample size of 163 respondents were taken from population of 276 apprentices from different major markets – Kenyetha market (44), Ogbete market (41), Timber market Abakpa (53), Artisans markets (64) and Gariki market (74) Enugu Metropolis business clusters in Enugu state, Nigeria. Research questions of the study were answered using mean score and standard deviation. The hypotheses stated would be tested with chi-square and single regression analysis. The empirical result showed that there are significant challenges of Igbo apprenticeship system in the modern world (Chi-square: 33.62 > Critical-value: 0.000) and there are significant prospects of Igbo apprenticeship system in the modern world (Chi-square: 98.48 > Critical-value: 0.000). The study recommended that Nigerian government should formulate policy that enforce justice between apprentice master and his apprentice to control non-settlement of apprentice after several years of patience.
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Osemeobo, Gbadebo Jonathan. "Animal Wildlife Conservation under Multiple Land-use Systems in Nigeria." Environmental Conservation 15, no. 3 (1988): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900029386.
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To conserve a resource without having adequate data and finance is difficult and frustrating. The situation of wildlife in Nigeria is nevertheless different. Except in the Yankari, Upper Ogun, and Kwiabaha, Game Reserves, and the Kainji Lake National Park, little efforts have been made to protect the Nigerian animal wildlife resources from human pressure and widespread extinction. To many, what remains of the wild animals are best seen in the few state-owned zoological gardens in Nigeria. However, because most indigenous large animal species—including Elephant, Buffalo, Chimpanzee, Gorilla, Rhinoceros, Leopard, and Ostrich—have not been able to reproduce in the various zoological gardens so far, the hope to conserve these animals is brittle. The questions are, what factors are working against wildlife conservation? Indeed, what hopes exist for Nigerian animal wildlife?Animal wildlife is a declining resource in Nigeria because of unplanned land-use practices. For example, landuses in game reserves are often conflicting and contradictory. Four land-uses: timber extraction, hunting, food-crop production, and settlement, are simultaneously going on in game reserves, with little or no control measures and with no management plans. The excessive demands for land for these conflicting uses have greatly disturbed the ecosystems involved, thus making the survival of the wild animals uncertain. Specifically, the problems of wildlife conservation in Nigeria are: (a) poaching; (b) indiscriminate burning of the vegetation; (c) uncontrolled grazing activities in the reserves; (d) intensive logging for domestic and industrial uses; (e) user rights on the reserves enjoyed by the traditional owners of the land before reservation; (f) lack of adequate funds to manage the reserves; (g) ineffective legislation; (h) lack of trained manpower; (i) urban sprawl; and (j) infrastructural development of roads, electric and telegraph lines, and irrigation schemes, all within the game reserves.The future for Nigerian animal wildlife depends on the nation's ability to conserve what is left either in their natural habitat or, at least, in zoological gardens. The task is not simple under conditions of economic depression, with inadequate manpower and without effective management of game reserves. In these circumstances, the game reserves should be reduced to manageable numbers, while state governments should win public sympathy through adequate conservation publicity and the provision of sufficient vehicles and personnel to manage the game reserves.The policy of land-use in game reserves should be reviewed, while researches should be conducted on (a) the levels of land-use that could be consistent with maintaining wild animals in the reserves, (b) the number and species of animals hunted per year, (c) the population of animal species in the game reserves and their habitat suitability, (d) the endangered and extinct animal species and specific reasons for the decline in their populations, and (e) human problems peculiar to each reserve and ways of minimizing them.
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Agboola, I. S., J. A. George-Onaho, J. A. Ete, and A. E. Ayandokun. "Contribution of apiculture in social and economic development of Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 9 (2021): 1559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i9.2.
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There is urgent need to rescue Nigerian economy from deluge of crisis it is been confronted with atthe present time. To achieve this, it is pivotal to explore various potentials available in the country to solve her problem. Therefore, this paper examines the potential of apiculture industry in social and economic development of the nation. Hive products such as beewax, propolis, pollen and royal jelly are known to have contributed largely to the economic development of advanced countries like China, Turkey, Mexico, Argentina, Hungary, Australia and Canada. While the practice provides job opportunities for people of all classes, it also boosts productivity of other agricultural crops. Honey from Nigeria will command higher demand and prices in the world market for its medicinal and antimicrobial qualities, thereby serving as a good foreign exchange commodity in international market. As part of its contribution to economic growth, apiculture is a good source of income for beekeepers, it involves the use of little land. It empowers small scale farmers and also does not damage the environment. The paper also stressed that apiculture is not only important for generating income, it also curbs against rural migration. Apiculture protects the environment and also an important non-timber forest product.
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Adetayo, Oluwaseun Adedapo, and Bamidele Ibukunolu Olugbemi Dahunsi. "Fire resistance properties of some selected tropical timber species from South-western Nigeria after fire exposure." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 2 (2019): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sspjce-2019-0018.
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AbstractThe research investigated changes in post fire density and strength properties of Nigerian wood species used for construction. The selected species are: Terminalia superba (Afara), Milicia excels (Iroko), Nauclea diderrichii (Opepe), Khaya ivorensis (Mahogany), Mansonia altissima (Mansonia), Tectona grandis (Teak). Densities and strength properties of the species were determined at Moisture Contents (MC) of 9.0, 12.0, and 15.0%. Species were exposed to fire at various temperature ranges. The results revealed that at 9, 12 and 15%MC, Opepe had the highest density values of 630±28.85kg/m³, 686±22.64kg/m³ and 752±17.22 kg/m³ respectively. At 9%MC, Mahogany had the lowest density (439±10.58kg/m³) while at 12 and 15%MC, Afara had the lowest density values of 444±4.18kg/m³ and 469±7.07kg/m³ respectively. Post fire exposure revealed that Afara had the highest percentage loss in density 29.2% and strength properties, while both Iroko and Mahogany exhibited the lowest percentage loss in both density and strength properties.
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Olufemi, Babatola, and Abubarkar Malami. "Density and Bending Strength Characteristics of North Western Nigerian Grown Eucalyptus Camaldulensis in Relation to Utilization as Timber." Research Journal of Forestry 5, no. 2 (2011): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjf.2011.107.114.
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Kaura, JM, I. Abubakar, I. Aliyu, and U. Hassan. "EN 338 Strength Grade and Uncertainty Models of Material Properties for Nigerian Grown Terminalia Superba (White Afara) Timber Specie." Nigerian Journal of Technology 34, no. 1 (2014): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v34i1.3.
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Alade, Kehinde, Adedeji Oyebade, and Nnamaka Nzewi. "Assessment of the Use of Locally Available Materials for Building Construction in Ado-Ekiti Nigeria." Journal of Construction Business and Management 2, no. 2 (2018): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/jcbm.2.2.449.
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The potentials and benefits of local building materials (LBM) remain untapped and seem to progress at a slow rate in the Nigerian building industry. This research examined the availability and level of usage of LBM in Ado-Ekiti, South-Western Nigeria. Further, it considered hindering and helpful factors for the use of LBM in the study area. Based on the extensive review of literatures, ten (10) LBM were identified and examined in the study area. One hundred and fifty (150) professionals closely involved with building construction in Construction companies that are fully operational in Ado-Ekiti were investigated for this study. The Relative index analysis of the frequency in the use of LBM available for building construction in Ado Ekiti revealed that the following LBM are available and in the following order, in the study area: Stone(1) with RII 0.95 , timber(2) RII 0.93, laterite(3) RII 0.92, clay and mud(4) RII 0.91, bamboo(5) RII 0.90, leaves and barks of trees(6) RII 0.88, Palm kernel shells (7) RII 0.85, wild coconut trees(8) RII 0.79, animal wastes (9) RII 0.76 and dung(10) RII 0.74. However, the level of usage of these materials is still very low. Considering the economic, socio-cultural and environmental benefits of LBM, this study recommended more awareness campaign and sensitization of the public on LBM in order to promote its social acceptability. In addition, it recommended that Federal and State governments should facilitate more research in the use of the available local materials for building construction. Availing funds specifically for research and development of LBM will also promote its use.Keywords: Affordable Housing, Building Materials, Construction, Local knowledge, Nigeria.
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ONEFELI, ALFRED OSSAI, ADEJOKE OLUKEMI AKINYELE, JURATE BRONE SIKSNIANIENE, BIRUTE FRERCKS, and VIDMANTAS STANYS. "Taxonomic identification of Nigerian Terminalia superba and Terminalia ivorensis Combretaceae) using AFLP molecular markers." Phytotaxa 665, no. 1 (2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.665.1.1.
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Terminalia superba and T. ivorensis are difficult to identify with morphological markers. Molecular characterization is very effective to correct the delimitation of timber species, especially when the discriminatory power of morphological markers is weak. In this study, four amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker combinations were used to determine the taxonomic relationship among a total of 33 accessions of the genus Terminalia, consisting of two species, Terminalia ivorensis (12 accessions) and T. superba (21). The primer combinations produced a total of 740 fragments out of which 619 (83.6%) were polymorphic. Among all the primer combinations used, E-ACT/M-CTC was the most informative, which generated 11 unique markers for clear identification of the two species. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.24 (E-ACT/M-CAT) to 0.28 (E-ACT/M-CTC) while the resolving power (RP) varied from 40.73 (E-AAC/M-CTA) to 63.76 (E-ACT/M-CTC). The genetic difference between the two species was significant (PhiPT = 0.610, p<0.001). All 33 accessions were delimited by both the UPGMA cluster and principal component analysis. Based on the results, it was concluded that E-ACT/M-CTC is the best among the marker combinations used for molecular study of the two tree species and used significantly to distinguish them. STRUCTURE analysis identified two accessions of Terminalia superba with alleles derived from T. ivorensis as well as revealed five putative hybrid accessions, which requires further genetic investigation to substantiate the finding.
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Wilson, U. N., A. A. Adedeji, F. O. P. Oriola, J. A. Alomaja, and J. E. Sani. "Reliability-Based Design of Solid and Nail-jointed I-Section of Nigerian-Grown African Birch (Anogeissus leiocarpus) Timber Column." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 23, no. 7 (2019): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i7.22.
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Olaniyi, O. S., E. B. Ogunbode, C. S. Makun, C. U. Ekekezie, and A. Abdul. "Effect of age on the structural strength of timbers commonly used in Nigeria." Environmental Technology and Science Journal 15, no. 2 (2024): 23–27. https://doi.org/10.4314/etsj.v15i2.3.
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Timber is a material used for structural purposes in construction. Hence, the knowledge of properties of timber especially strength and factor affecting the strength of timber is very important. Age of timber is one major factor affecting timber strength and timber was usually fetched without knowledge of whether the timber is matured to meet the structural strength required. Therefore, this research tends to evaluate the effect of age on the strength of some selected timber species so that forester and users likewise could be guided on when to deforest. In this study, timbers studied were Universitas Orientalis Kentuckiensis (Eku), Entandrophragma cylindricum (Sapele) and Gmelina Arborea (Melina). The age of timber was determined by counting the number of annual growth rings, which is the combination of early wood and late wood and samples of different ages of timber, were obtained by personal visit to forest where they were fetched freshly. The samples obtained were machined and trimmed to standard sizes according to BS 5268 pt2 2003. The compressive strength was done using a timber size of 20mm X 20mm X 60mm, 20mm X 20mm X 300mm for determination of the bending strength and shear was performed using 20mm X 20mm X 20mm timbers (all in three replicate). The maximum compressive strength values were 49.31kN/m2 (at 45years), 45.89kN/m2 (at 60years) and 11.30kN/m2 (at 25years) for Eku, Sapele and Melina while the maximum bending strength were 187.55kN/m2 (at 35years), 278.79kN/m2 (at 70years) and 176.36kN/m2 (at 20years) and shear strength were 10.05kN/m2 (at 50years), 9.22kN/m2 (at 70years) and 10.91kN/m2 (at 25years) for the for the three samples. It was concluded that age of timber affects the strength of timber.
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Mohammed, A. I., S. P. Ejeh, Y. D. Amartey, and A. Ocholi. "Determined uncertainty models of reference material properties and the en 338 strength class of Nigerian grown Terminalia ivorensis (black afara) timber." Nigerian Journal of Technology 38, no. 2 (2019): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v38i2.5.
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Adiji, A. O., J. M. Owoyemi, S. E. Areghan, A. A. Ademola, L. T. Orire, and A. A. Adebisi. "Natural durability of some selected wood species against Macrotermes sybhylinus termites." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 19, no. 1 (2022): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v19i1.3.
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Natural resistance of some wood species used consistently for construction in Nigerian to termite was examined in this study. Wood samples were collected from a Sawmill in Akure and cut to stakes of 35 × 35 × 450 mm which were to be buried half way in the soil, their density was determined and classified across three density classes; high, medium and low. They were exposed to subterranean termites attack for 12 weeks (3 months) in a timber graveyard. Weekly visual estimation of the stakes was done in accordance with ASTM D 3345/1980 rating scale and gravimetric weight loss assessment was carried out after 12 weeks of exposure. Results showed that there was significant difference (p<0.05) in the resistance of the species to Macroterms sybhylinus, a native of subterranean termite, identified on the site. It was discovered that there is a strong negative correlation between weight loss and wood density, which implied that species in higher density classes exhibited greater resistance to termite attack after the exposure period. Other factors such as presence of toxic extractives and age could also be responsible for higher resistance. This study proved the importance of wood protection for all wood species irrespective of wood density class using appropriate technologies to ensure a longer service life. It reduces cost of wood replacement and sustainable management of our forest resources.
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Jibril Oyebode Bashir, A. Ocholi, A. Lawan, Y. Watafua, and I. Isa. "STRENGTH CHARACTERISATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF COMBINED GLULAM BEAM MADE FROM OPEPE (Nauclea diderrichii) AND OBECHE (Triplochiton scleroxylon) TIMBERS." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 7, no. 6 (2023): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0706-2075.
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Quality timber species are declining due to over-exploitation in Nigeria. This has propelled the utilisation of low-grade timbers species that are considered for low-end constructions in the past which called for concern. This study establishes the viability of a typical beam made from locally sourced non-durable Obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon) with highly durable Opepe (Nauclea diderrichii) timber specie in a combined glulam form, using polyvinyl acetate (PVA) adhesive which serves the impact of environmental sustainability and reduced cost of engineering construction. Seasoned timber samples and PVA adhesive were all obtained locally in Nigeria. Beam specimens were tested in the Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria according to EN 338 (2009). Based on tests, it is evident that solid Opepe and Obeche timber specimens exhibited more durable characteristics than their homogenous glulam when fabricated with PVA adhesive. The combined Opepe/Obeche (GLc OP/OB) glulam beam specimen was proposed into GL18c strength class according to EN 338 based on minimum constraints which it satisfies, reflecting a 41 % greater Modulus of Elasticity (MoE) in comparison with EN 338 experimental value. This study recommends the enhancement of the bending strength, density and modulus of elasticity of a typical non-durable solid Obeche timber beam by 38 %, 47 % and 35 % respectively with 40 % durable Opepe timber in a combined glulam form using PVA adhesive for engineering construction purposes.
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A.E. Oguntade, I.O. Ogunwande, O.O. Akinrinola, and O. Idowu. "Determinants of choice of selected timber species traded in timber markets in Southwest, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 20, no. 1 (2024): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jagrenv.v20i1.7.
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This study was designed to investigate the determinants of the choice of selected timber species being traded in timber markets in Southwest, Nigeria. The study focused on three States in Southwest Nigeria which are Ondo, Ogun and Oyo States. The study relies mostly on primary sources of data sourced from the timber merchants in an open market. The primary data were collected using copies of well-structured and pre-tested questionnaires. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 180 timber marketers as respondents for the study. Multinomial logit regression model was used to analyze the data obtained. Results revealed that timber price, durability, workability, variety of uses and availability among others significantly influence the determinants of the choice of selected timber species being traded in timber markets in the study area in different directions and probability levels. It was revealed that same factors may influence the choice of different timbers being traded in different directions and at different probability levels. While a particular variable may have positive influence on certain species, it may have negative influence on other species and/or of no effect on another species. Based on the findings from this study, perfect understanding of these factors by timber marketers would go a very long way in determining species to stock for sale which will ensure their steady progress in the business, hence association of timber marketers and government in terms of policies and regulations should be geared towards educating timber marketers on all factors that drive increased decision making on choice of species to stock for sale in the market.
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Ihinmikaiye, Samuel Olatokunbo, Bernard Edache Ochekwu, Josiah Muonam Ikuli, Doris Akinjagunla Atinuke, and Abel Zikenal Keresinbofa. "Forest Tree Composition: A Comparative Study of Timber Species in Bayelsa State Nigeria." East African Journal of Forestry and Agroforestry 2, no. 2 (2020): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajfa.2.2.258.
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Measuring tree species diversity is critical for forest management, particularly where timber species suffer undue anthropogenic pressure. This study was carried out in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A sample plot was systematically chosen from randomly selected communities in each of the three senatorial districts Bayelsa West (BW), Bayelsa East (BE) and Bayelsa Central (BC) of the State. Each sample plots measured 25 m x 25 m and all timber tree species that were at least six feet above ground level within each sample plot were identified, counted and measured. Fifty individual timbers were encountered in the sample plot at Ogobiri community in BW, fifty-two at Kolo 1 community in BE and fifty-six at Gbarain community in BC belonged to 18, 16 and 14 different families respectively. Families with the largest number of species in the plots were Gentianaceae and Meliaceae, and the highest diversity indices were recorded from BE senatorial district. Generally, the basal area of the sample plots increases with an increase in diameter at breast height. The forested zones were on flat terrain characterized by seasonal flood inundation, and the similarities of timber species in the plots occurred as (BW-BC)> (BW-BE)> (BC-BE). Also, four tree species Coelocaryon preussii, Sacoglottis gabonensis, Milicia excelsa and Triplochiton scleroxylon were identified as rare species, and management options that would ensure ad infinitum supply of timber species were proposed.
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Ezekiel Y, Zaman, Akemien Neri N, Adaaja Blessing O, Otiwa Godwin I, and Odey Bernard O. "Analysis Of Timber Marketing In Selected Markets In Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria." Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences 23, no. 1 (2024): 123–28. https://doi.org/10.4314/gjass.v23i1.12.
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This study was carried out to analyze timber marketing in selected markets in Jos metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria. Respondents were selected through multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using structured questionnaire administered to 120 timber marketers in Katako and Building Materials timber markets located in Jos metropolis. Data were subjected to profitability, marketing efficiency, and multiple regression analyses. The findings revealed that timber marketing was profitable in the study area with black plum (Vitex doniana) providing the highest monthly gross margin (GM) of N99,162.88 which was higher than the monthly GM of each of the other five major timber species, and the mean aggregate GM (N76, 818.82). Teak (Tectona grandis) was the best, having the lowest gross ratio (0.57) and the highest rate of return on investment (0.75). The marketing efficiency of timber was 1.48. The regression analysis revealed that marketing experience, occupation, and labour cost were statistically significant (p< 0.05) determinants of timber sales. The study identified irregular timber supply, inadequate market facilities, high cost of energy, inadequate credit facilities, unfavourable government policies, and high transportation costs as challenges to timber marketing. The study recommended among other measures, the need to ensure sustainable supply of timber products from the forest plantations and also the provision credit to timber marketers at low interest rates.
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ADIBE, UCHECHUKWU JUSTUS, AMINAT ABDULQUADRI, OMOLARA ADEGBITE, and BLESSING ADENIRAN. "Knowledge, Attitude and Use of Personal Protective Equipment among Timber Factory Workers in Okada, Edo-State, Nigeria." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 10 (2022): 902–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7299554.
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This study discusses the possible hazards prevailing in the timer factory in Okada Edo state Nigeria. It further ponders upon the safety measures that could be taken in order to keep the labor safe. It aims upon the key factors including knowledge, attitude and the use of personal protective equipment required for the safe working environment of the labor. The past studies show that the much needed importance has not been given to this alarming and harmful working condition at work place. This study further investigates that what are the factors that affect the safety of workers. The purpose of this study is to enable the government to be aware of the precaution that it can take to keep the working environment safe, as the workers of timber factory will be at high risks of occupation if this equipment is not managed well.
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Nwandu, P. I., Ike, P. C., and Onuorakpor, J. "ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SAWN TIMBER MARKETING IN SAPELE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development 4, no. 2 (2021): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.59331/jasd.v4i2.212.
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The study examined economics of sawn timber marketing in Sapele Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 150 sawn wood marketers as respondents for the study. Data was collected with the aid of structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and gross margin analysis were used for the data analysis. Result showed that the mean age of the respondents was 36 years, 98.0% of the respondents were males and mean household size of 5 persons. Majority (73.3%) of the respondents had primary school education, while the mean marketing experience was 13 years. The calculated net revenue was N600,684.20. It was recommended that Government should endeavour to construct roads in areas where they do not exist and maintain the already existing ones for easy access to forest where these timbers were fetched. This will thus reduce transportation cost in order to boost the revenue of the marketers. Improved marketing efficiency should be pursued to help increase and sustain profit in sawn wood marketing.
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Sampson, Ebong Mbuotidem, Victory Udoh, Nsidibe Mbuotidem Sampson, Comfort Abraham, and Joseph Ogbobula. "Environmental And Socio-Economic Effects Of Timber Exploitation In Imo River Estuary, Eastern Obolo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria." International Journal of social Sciences and Economic Review 1, no. 1 (2019): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36923/ijsser.v1i1.29.
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Purpose: This study was carried out to evaluate the environmental and socio-economic effects of timber harvesting as well as to identify the drivers increasing the rate of timber exploitation in Imo River Estuary, Eastern Obolo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria.
 Methodology: It was conducted in five Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Eastern Obolo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. A random sampling technique was employed to select a total of 300 respondents composed of 60 randomly selected respondents from each of the five LGAs. A structured questionnaire was used in collecting information from the respondents. Data acquired from the field was subjected to statistical and econometric analysis which included percentages, frequencies, Likert scale rating, exploratory factor analysis, and Chi-square,
 Main Findings: The major finding of this study was that the major cause of timber exploitation in the study area was unemployment, absence of forest regulations, unstable government policies, lack of trained officials, and high cost of timber products. The application of the Factor Analysis Model in this study showed that loss of biodiversity, the disappearance of forest cover, damaging of immature trees and non-wood forest products are the highest environmental effects of timber exploitation in the study area, loading far higher than the stated 0.3 decision score value. Among the social effects, high cost of farm labor is the most severe of social effects in the study area, while the increased cost of wood and forest product and high cost of living ranked highest among the economic effects.
 Applications: The study will be of great importance to environmental policy makers, conservationists, researchers, and Geographers in Nigeria. It will contribute significantly to knowledge build-up in relation to restoring the sanctity of threatened forests in Southern Nigeria.
 Novelty/Originality: The Niger Delta region of Nigeria where this study was carried out is often synonymous with militancy and the problems of environmental pollution. However, this study veers from these already known challenges to peculiar drivers of the depleting forests in this area. The study, therefore, will contribute to the scanty literature related to the subject matter within the study area.
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Ebong, Mbuotidem Sampson, Udoh Victory, Mbuotidem Sampson Nsidibe, Abraham Comfort, and Ogbobula Joseph. "Environmental And Socio-Economic Effects Of Timber Exploitation In Imo River Estuary, Eastern Obolo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria." International Journal of Social Sciences and Economic Review 1, no. 1 (2019): 22–28. https://doi.org/10.9116/ijsser.2019.1.1.04.
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<strong>Purpose</strong>: This study was carried out to evaluate the environmental and socio-economic effects of timber harvesting as well as to identify the drivers increasing the rate of timber exploitation in Imo River Estuary, Eastern Obolo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. <strong>Methodology</strong>: It was conducted in five Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Eastern Obolo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. A random sampling technique was employed to select a total of 300 respondents composed of 60 randomly selected respondents from each of the five LGAs. A structured questionnaire was used in collecting information from the respondents. Data acquired from the field was subjected to statistical and econometric analysis which included percentages, frequencies, Likert scale rating, exploratory factor analysis, and Chi-square, <strong>Main Findings: </strong>The major finding of this study was that the major cause of timber exploitation in the study area was unemployment, absence of forest regulations, unstable government policies, lack of trained officials, and high cost of timber products. The application of the Factor Analysis Model in this study showed that loss of biodiversity, the disappearance of forest cover, damaging of immature trees and non-wood forest products are the highest environmental effects of timber exploitation in the study area, loading far higher than the stated 0.3 decision score value. Among the social effects, high cost of farm labor is the most severe of social effects in the study area, while the increased cost of wood and forest product and high cost of living ranked highest among the economic effects. <strong>Applications: </strong>The study will be of great importance to environmental policy makers, conservationists, researchers, and Geographers in Nigeria. It will contribute significantly to knowledge build-up in relation to restoring the sanctity of threatened forests in Southern Nigeria. <strong>Novelty/Originality:</strong> The Niger Delta region of Nigeria where this study was carried out is often synonymous with militancy and the problems of environmental pollution. However, this study veers from these already known challenges to peculiar drivers of the depleting forests in this area. The study, therefore, will contribute to the scanty literature related to the subject matter within the study area.
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Lawal, Amadu. "Development of ten species-specific primers for sustainable management of <i>Pterygota macrocarpa</i> K.Schum in Nigeria using MatK and RuBisCo genes." Sustainable Forestry 7, no. 2 (2024): 10776. https://doi.org/10.24294/sf10776.
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In Nigeria, deforestation has led to an unimaginable loss of genetic variation within tree populations. Regrettably, little is known about the genetic variation of many important indigenous timber species in Nigeria. More so, the specific tools to evaluate the genetic diversity of these timber species are scarce. Therefore, this study developed species-specific markers for Pterygota macrocarpa using state-of-the-art equipment. Leaf samples were collected from Akure Forest Reserve, Ondo State, Nigeria. DNA isolation, quantification, PCR amplification, gel electrophoresis, post-PCR purification, and sequencing were done following a standardized protocol. The melting temperatures (TM) of the DNA fragments range from 57.5 ℃to 60.1 ℃ for primers developed from the MatK gene and 58.7 ℃ to 60.5 ℃ for primers developed from the RuBisCo gene. The characteristics of the ten primers developed are within the range appropriate for genetic diversity assessment. These species-specific primers are therefore recommended for population evaluation of Pterygota macrocarpa in Nigeria.
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Babatunde, T. O., and O. O. Babatunde. "Structure, Conduct and Performance of Timber Market in Ife East Local Government of Osun State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 6 (2020): 1093–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i6.23.
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The study focused on the structure, conduct and performance of timber market in Ife-east Local Governments of Oyo state. The major objective of this study is to assess the marketing pattern of timber in the study areas. The research method used for achieving the general objectives involved Descriptive Statistics and Gini Coefficient. Variations were observed in the price of the timber of the same species but different size because price determination is based on bargaining power. The result showed majority of respondents (58.8%) had secondary education, Muslim was dominant (54.6%) in the timber marketing and majority of marketers had regular supply of their product. . Government policy, high cost of transportation, inadequate credit facilities and high cost of energy and power were some of the constraints faced by timber marketers in the study area. The use of modern equipment and machines are needed to replace the outdated equipment in order to increase the output and profit. The level of access to credit facilities should be improved upon by encouraging the respondent to form cooperative societies so that they can mobilize enough working capital for their business.
 Keywords: Structure, conduct, Performance, Timber, ife, market
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Akinyele, J.O., and A.B. Folorunsho. "Strength Classification of Some Selected African Hardwood Species following the BS 5756 Code." Nigerian Research Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences 6, no. 1 (2021): 207–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5048279.
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<em>Timber is one of the naturally occurring engineering materials, and has been used for the construction of buildings, ship and many other structural elements. The near lack of information on the mechanical properties of some of the timber species in Nigeria is a call for concern for all stakeholders in the construction industry where this material is often used. This work carried out physical and mechanical tests such as compressive, tensile and bending strength tests on five timber species from Abeokuta, Southwest Nigeria. The species are Mahogany tree (Afzelia africana), Albizia tree (Albizia zygia), African birch tree (Anogeissus leiocarpus), Beech tree (Gmelina arborea) and Salt and oil tree (Cleistopholis patens). The results from the tests were used to determine the strength class of each wood based on the BS 5756 classification. Salt and oil tree was classified as D60, Beech wood and Mahogany were D40, while both Albizia and African birch woods were classified as D70, which is the highest strength.</em>
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Eyitayo Oguntade, Adegboyega, Temitope Enitan Fatunmbi, and Joshua Adio Folayan. "Productivity of Timber Processing in Ondo State, Nigeria." Sustainable Agriculture Research 2, no. 1 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v2n1p1.
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<p>This study is aimed at evaluating the efficiency of timber processors in Ondo State, Nigeria, using Data Envelopment Analysis. Multi stage sampling technique was used to select two Local Government Areas with the highest number of sawmills, from each of which twenty saw millers were randomly selected, given a total of forty saw millers. Based on Constant Return to Scale Technical Efficiency, 35% of the saw millers were technically efficient while on the basis of Variable Return to Scale TE, 60% of the saw millers were technically efficient. About 35% of the saw millers were scale efficient. The Data Envelopment Analysis output revealed that 35% of the sampled saw millers were both technically and scale efficient and were hence operating at the most productive scale size. About 65% of the saw millers were operating at sub-optimal condition. Excesses in input utilization were observed in respect of total fixed cost, costs of electricity, servicing of mill, timber from forest reserve and operation of truck; and remuneration of labour. The inefficient firms should be encouraged to emulate the operating practices of the most productive firms so as to improve their performance.</p>
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Sambe, L., T. Tee, and A. Okwoche. "Timber Trade Species Analysis in Benue State, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International 14, no. 3 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jaeri/2018/35201.
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Ewona, M. A., J. A. Jande, and S. O. Ndifon. "Level of compliance with timber logging regulations in Central Cross River State, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 21, no. 2 (2025): 82–93. https://doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v21i2.8.
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The remorseless neglect of forest laws and regulations in timber logging operations is worrisome and detrimental to the health of the forests. This study is aimed at assessing the level of compliance with timber logging regulations in Central Cross River State. The projected population of nine (9) sampled communities from three (3) LGAs which were purposively sampled based on their predominance in illegal logging activities was subjected to Taro Yamene formula to get the sample size of three hundred and ninety-six (396) respondents for the study. Data was collected through the use of semi-structured questionnaire and analysed by the Likert scale rating format. The research findings showed that loggers comply more to forest laws and regulations during periods where there is ban on timber harvesting, where there is strict supervision, control and regulations because of the ban. It is therefore recommended that ban on timber exploitation in the study area be enforced since compliance with forest regulations is higher during the ban period, as well as reviewing and strictly enforcing forest laws and regulations, and also encouraging the locals to manage their own forest (participatory forest management) to improve compliance. Enlightenment campaigns through media such as billboards, radio, television, seminars, workshops, handbill, etc. on the need to comply with forest laws and regulations should be organized by the Government, NGOs, and well-meaning individuals to encourage compliance with forest regulations on timber logging operations.
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A. A., Maiguru, and S. S. Zaku. "ASSESSMENT OF TIMBER TREE SPECIES AVAILABILITY IN BAISSA FOREST RESERVE TARABA STATE, NIGERIA." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch 07, no. 02 (2022): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35410/ijaeb.2022.5712.
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The study area is in Taraba State, Nigeria. Timber tree species available in the reserve were assessed. Simple random sampling technique was adopted in selecting sample plots for data collection Forty (40) hectare plots were demarcated out in the forest. Each hectare plot was redemarcated into four (4) equal sizes of 50m x 50m (2,500m2) out of which one was randomly selected for the assessment. Timber tree species from ≥ 10cm were selected assessment, their diameter at breast height (dbh at 1.3m) and total height were collected. The result indicates that 23 timber tree species grouped into 11 taxonomic families were identified with a total frequency of 361.Khaya grandifoliola in the family of meliaceae was prevalent with a total of 42 (12.0%) representation out of the total timber species assessed, followed by Cola gigantea in the family of Sterculiaceae 39 (11.0%). Timber tree species of Bosquia angolensis, Sacocephalus probeguini, Quarea thompsonii, Pterocarpus erinaceus,and Berlina confusa were only represented by one each out of the total encountered in the reserve. The total basal area/ha was 12.7652304m2 (0.31913076m2/ha) and a total volume of 209.70436m3 (5.242609m3/ha) recorded in the study area. The low basal area and volume recorded in the reserve was as a result of over exploitation that was carried out in the reserve. However, there is no logging activities going on in the reserve, it should be left for many years to recuperate and be assisted by planting of exotic and indigenous fast growing species.