Journal articles: 'Nigerian trafficking of women'

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Adeyinka, Sarah, Ine Lietaert, and Ilse Derluyn. "It Happened in the Desert, in Libya and in Italy: Physical and Sexual Violence Experienced by Female Nigerian Victims of Trafficking in Italy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 4309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054309.

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Nigerian girls and women constitute a large percentage of African victims of human trafficking in Italy. Extensive research has been conducted on the causes, push-and-pull factors, and the perpetrators in the phenomenon of trafficking Nigerian women and girls into Italy. However, limited data exist on the women and girls’ narratives of their experiences during their migratory journey from Nigeria to Europe. Using data collected through a mixed method, longitudinal design, 31 female Nigerian victims of trafficking in Italy were interviewed for this study. This study gives voice to the experiences of sexual violence that these women and girls encounter during transit, leading to many of them arriving in Italy severely traumatized. It also discusses the health impact of these experiences and the different survival strategies that they are forced to employ. The study shows how sexual and physical violence is employed by smugglers, traffickers, and people in authority alike. It shows that the violence experienced along the way does not end after arrival in the destination country (in this case, Italy), but is, in some cases, exacerbated and similar to previous experiences of violence.

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Zamorano, Valeria. "Survival Strategies of Nigerian Victims of Trafficking in Paris." Politeja 16, no. 6(63) (December 31, 2019): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.63.13.

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Trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation of Nigerian women in France is a phenomenon addressed by the abolitionist movement and national security policies. Both currents have created the category of ideal victim, generating that many Nigerian women have been expelled from the country as illegal migrants or prostitutes guilty of pimping. In this way, this paper presents the difficulties that Nigerian women face and the strategies they develop to remain in France. At the same time, I present my results of an investigation into the racialization interactions and processes that occur within a social assistance association for Nigerian women in situations of sexual exploitation. In conclusion, Nigerian women are not defined based on their trajectories or the identities they build, but instead categories defined by the public policies of victims, pimps and illegal migrants are imposed.

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Rizzotti, Milena. "Chasing Geographical and Social Mobility: The motivations of Nigerian madams to enter indentured relationships." Anti-Trafficking Review, no. 18 (April 19, 2022): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14197/atr.201222184.

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This article draws from interviews with Nigerian women convicted of trafficking for sexual exploitation in Italy to challenge the simplistic public narrative of traffickers as ruthless foreign men who coerce naïve women into migration and sex work. Madams’ narratives shed light on a reality of trafficking where both traffickers and victims share similar desires to overcome constraints imposed on their geographical and social mobility through their migration to Europe. Therefore, the article calls for the inclusion of traffickers’ perspectives into the knowledge on human trafficking, which is mainly victim-centred and justifies the current anti-trafficking approach aimed at victims’ protection and traffickers’ punishment. In the research context, taking into consideration the perspectives of all trafficking actors involved suggests the need to rethink Nigerian women’s indentured migration to Europe through sex work (and policies around it) in terms of attempts to achieve geographical and social mobility rather than transnational criminal activities. Finally, the article provides recommendations on how to address these issues both within the current anti-trafficking policy domain and beyond it, by calling for more open borders.

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Akor, Linus Yusuf. "Trafficking of women in Nigeria: causes, consequences and the way forward." Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 2, no. 2 (December 12, 2011): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/cjssp.2011.02.05.

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The phenomenon of the trafficking of women, especially of young girls and women into exploitative sexual and commercial labor, has recently begun to attract local, national and international attention from world leaders, academics, the mass media, advocacy groups, the clergy and humanity in general. This is against the back drop of the fact that the trafficking of women has a number of far-reaching socio-economic, health and political consequences. Several factors, among them poverty, unemployment, ignorance and family size have been implicated as being reasons why women fall easy preys to the antics of traffickers. From available statistics, we can say that about 500,000 women are brought into the United States of America and Europe yearly for sexual and domestic servitude. Of the over 70,000 African victims of women trafficking, Nigerian women account for 70 percent of those trafficked to Italy alone. Fighting the menace requires a coordinated and concerted push from all stakeholders. This paper presents the causes and consequences of the trafficking of women from Nigeria to America and Europe. Empirical evidence indicates that the activities of traffickers, corrupt embassy officials, the country’s porous borders, poverty, refusal of victims to expose traffickers, delay in prosecuting apprehended culprits and biting youth unemployment have “conspired” to undermine the battle against the illicit trade. The paper makes far-reaching recommendations about how to mitigate the identified obstacles.

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Adeyinka, Sarah. "The Convoluted Experiences of Young Nigerian Victims of Trafficking along Their Migration Trajectories." Afrika Focus 35, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-35020008.

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Abstract This dissertation comprises two studies: the European Research Council-funded ChildMove Project, which studied the impact of transit experiences on the psychological wellbeing of unaccompanied refugee minors, and the Sub-Saharan Women In Prostitution Ethnographic Research (swipser) Project on the wellbeing of Nigerian and Ghanaian women working in prostitution in the red-light district of Brussels, funded by the municipality of Schaerbeek, Brussels. The ChildMove Project has various aspects: the present study focused on the complex experiences of Nigerian victims of trafficking in Italy. To better understand respondents’ experiences during their migration trajectories, we employed a multi-site, longitudinal approach which included semi-structured interviews with the participants. Using a multi-method ethnographic approach, the swipser Project highlights the experiences of Nigerian and Ghanaian women working in the red-light district of Brussels: their daily challenges and how those challenges impact their wellbeing. Both studies discuss the challenges, violent experiences and stigmatisation that the respondents encounter, as well as their coping strategies and their inability to escape the labelling and abuse that they experience, even though the migration journey has ended for many but continues for others.

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Ajayi, Chinyere Elsie, Khatidja Chantler, and Lorraine Radford. "A feminist-intersectional analysis of sexual violence experienced by Nigerian women who are living in England." Journal of Gender-Based Violence 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/239868021x16375738684562.

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There is a growing body of work on violence against women of black and minority ethnic (BME) origin who live in the UK. This study adds to this body of work by exploring the nature of sexual violence experienced by Nigerian women both in Nigeria and England. It draws upon in-depth narrative interviews conducted with 12 women of Nigerian origin who had experienced sexual violence. Women’s accounts were analysed thematically. The women described experiencing different, sometimes multiple forms of sexual violence over the life course including, sexual abuse and female genital mutilation (FGM) in childhood, sexual assaults, rape, sex trafficking and sexual violence from an intimate partner. Drawing upon a feminist-intersectional theoretical framework this article illuminates how: (1) the intersection of age, gender, poverty, cultural socialisation and religious practice could provide the conditions for the perpetration of child sexual abuse, (2) patriarchal ideologies relating to gendered roles and expectations support men’s notion of uncontested sexual access to women, (3) men’s need to exercise power and control could contribute to women’s experiences of rape, and (4) the intersection of FGM and gender continue to disempower women within heterosexual relationships.

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MARY OLUFUNKE, ADEDOKUN. "CURBING THE MENACE OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN NIGERIAN COMMUNITIES." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN EDUCATION METHODOLOGY 7, no. 4 (October 30, 2016): 1295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijrem.v7i4.4353.

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This paper examined the menace of human trafficking in the Nigerian Communities with emphasis on two local Government areas, one in Ekiti and one in Oyo State. Three research questions and three hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study was a descriptive survey research design and the population consisted of all the wards in the two chosen local government areas in Ekiti and Oyo States. Stratified random sampling technique was used to collect data rated on a four point Likert scale and on the items related to the study. The instrument was tested for reliability using Pearsonâ€™s Product Moment Correlation coefficient which yielded an index of 0.79 which was adjudged good enough for measuring the consistency of the items. Mean and Standard Deviation were used to answer the research questions while t-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that people both, young ,men and women are victims of human trafficking, it also revealed that poverty, greed and materialism are the main causes for falling victim of human trafficking. It was also found that traffickers use violence, threat, deception and debt bondage to trap victims. It was then recommended that community education should be embarked upon to make people aware of the menace of human trafficking, job opportunities should be created for the Nigerian youth and laws should be effectively enforced on human traffickers while rehabilitaive services should be adequately provided for the victims..

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Lo Iacono, Eva. "Victims, sex workers and perpetrators: gray areas in the trafficking of nigerian women." Trends in Organized Crime 17, no. 1-2 (February 11, 2014): 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12117-014-9212-1.

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Ingwe, Richard. "Public treasury looting for global North banking, public welfare denial, migration and sex-slave trafficking of Nigerians after colonialism." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 24, no. 24 (June 1, 2014): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2014-0015.

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Abstract Enslaving and victimising the poor by criminals within and outside governments of underdeveloped countries is gaining attention of academics in the social sciences. This article clarifies inter-relationships among modern slavery and trafficking in girls/women for sexual exploitation. It also shows how vulnerability of people victimised by the crime has been increased by policies deriving from neo-liberalism. To facilitate explication of the variables/issues, the study was based on the theoretical/doctrinal and political aspects of neo-liberalism, coinciding with scenarios of declining welfare, increasing susceptibility/vulnerability of Nigeria’s poor (non-elite) and massive unemployed youth to out-migration and traffickers in persons. The explicated issues include modern slavery (generally and trafficking in Nigerian girls/women for sexual exploitation abroad) as well as the relationships among treasury looting and stashing of the loot in the banks of the global North. It is explained how declining welfare (i.e. multiple-dimensional adversities e.g. unemployment) provokes desires in the unemployed to out-migrate and increases their susceptibility to trafficking in persons. Finally, the article is concluded.

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Esposito, Francesca, Carla R. Quinto, Francesca De Masi, Oria Gargano, and Pedro Alexandre Costa. "Voices of Nigerian Women Survivors of Trafficking Held in Italian Centres for Identification and Expulsion." International Migration 54, no. 4 (May 3, 2016): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imig.12253.

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Olohiomeru, Ikhioya Grace. "The Impact of Health Education in Curbing Trafficking Amongst Women in Edo State." Journal of Social Science Studies 3, no. 1 (December 4, 2015): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v3i1.8448.

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<p class="Default">Trafficking in human is a serious crime and a grave violation of human rights. Trafficking is carried out for different reasons, such as sexual slavery, forced labour, commercial prostitution, organ harvesting amongst others. It has become a great concern in Nigeria and Edo state in particular as a result of the notorious reputation for being one of the leading countries of Africa in human trafficking and there have been several researches carried out to phantom the propelling rationale for the increasing incidence of trafficking especially in women in Edo state. The paper examined the impact of health education in curbing women trafficking in Edo state. The writer discussed the following; what is trafficking in women, prevalence, causes, contributing factors, effects and the objectives of Health Education. It was discovered that the objective of Health Education as stated by Parmars, (2007) as informing the people, motivation of the people and guidance of the people can have positive and great impact in curbing women trafficking. Conclusions were drawn from other areas and recommendations were made.</p>

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Delicado-Moratalla, Lydia. "Las claves de la prostitución nigeriana: una geopolítica feminista (The key to Nigerian prostitution: a feminist geopolitics)." Oñati Socio-legal Series 9, no. 1S (February 1, 2019): S40—S60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1004.

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En este artículo presento evidencias que constatan cómo la prostitución es un proceso de deshumanización permanente de las mujeres, que se construye y se reproduce, como el lugar de encuentro entre el neoliberalismo y la explotación patriarcal de los cuerpos femeninos. Aporto un análisis geopolítico feminista y exploro los factores que explican el hecho de que las mujeres nigerianas Edo sean las víctimas extracomunitarias mayoritarias de trata sexual en Europa, en un contexto de expansión, sofisticación y tecnificación de la industria del sexo y la cultura prostitucional, que se expresa llamativamente en la creación de muñecas sexuales de silicona, incluso infantiles, y su evolución en robots sexuales. Expongo cómo la dinámica neocolonial, la sobreexplotación de recursos naturales, el empobrecimiento y los desplazamientos forzados, son la plataforma actual que sostiene parte del mecanismo que opera en el núcleo de la prostitución nigeriana del siglo XXI. This paper evidences how prostitution is a process of permanent dehumanization of women. This process is built and reproduced as one place where neoliberalism coincides with the patriarchal exploitation of female bodies. I present a feminist geopolitical analysis and explore the factors that explain the fact that Nigerian Edo women are the most prevalent victims of sex-trafficking in Europe. All this happens within the context of expansion, sophistication and technification of the sex industry together with the prostitution culture, which is ostensibly visible in the creation of hyper-real silicon sexual dolls –even childlike- and their evolution to sex robots. I draw on how the neo-colonial dynamics, the overexploitation of natural resources, the impoverishment and the forced displacement of people are the current platform that sustains part of the mechanism that operates at the core of Nigerian prostitution in the 21st century.

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Taliani, Simona. "COERCION, FETISHES AND SUFFERING IN THE DAILY LIVES OF YOUNG NIGERIAN WOMEN IN ITALY." Africa 82, no. 4 (November 2012): 579–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972012000514.

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ABSTRACTIn the aftermath of social conflicts and urban violence between autochthons and migrants in Italy in recent years, the question of how to control the growing number of illegal immigrants is increasingly discussed in the language of zero-tolerance anti-crime campaigns. Traffic in women has been a ‘structural’ social reality in the Italian migration landscape over the last 15 years, and is a prominent aspect of illegal female migration. These women are qualified as ‘victims of human trafficking’ when they denounce their pimps. Most of their suffering – involving psychological or psychiatric symptoms and requiring psychosocial support – is expressed through an emic vocabulary that talks about fetishes, spirit possession, witchcraft, sacrifice, debts, and spiritual and moral deliverance. This study – based on extensive field research in Turin into an Ethno-Psychiatric Service (provided by the Frantz Fanon Centre) in which 50 Nigerian women participated – addresses the following anthropological issues: the relationship between emic vocabulary (so called ‘voodoo’ or ‘juju’), migration, and moral economies of violence; and the intersection between symbolic violence and coercion, as experienced through sexual abuse and/or ritual violence (occurring both in Nigeria and Italy, and also during the migration itself in different countries such as Benin, Mali and Libya). In the conclusion of this article, I underline the limits of psychiatric and psychological therapeutical methodsvis-à-visthe symptoms and traumatic experiences that ‘mark’ these female bodies; and I discuss in particular the emergence of new forms of post-colonial disorders affecting subjects who are at the mercy ofcompromiseddesires.

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Spyropoulos, Daphne Catherine. "Cultural Competence of Western Psychotherapists in Helping Sex Trade Survivors: An Initial Exploration." Journal of Modern Slavery 4, no. 1 (2018): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22150/jms/zkbi7667.

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Sex-trafficking survivors that come from the Developing world and who become free in the west, can receive help from western psychotherapists. A therapist who is able to provide help to a former sex-slave of this origin is answering to a need for culturally competent mental health professionals. To serve this goal, the author analyses the example of Nigerian women who become free in the west and provides information about their background that could be useful in session. Parallel to this discussion, the question of whether cross-cultural differences can be overcome in therapy in an ethical way arises.

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Ibrahim, Bello, and Jamilu Ibrahim Mukhtar. "Changing Pattern Of Prostitution: An Assessment Of Transnational Commercial Sex Work By Nigerian Women." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 2 (January 29, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n2p81.

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This paper is aimed at analyzing the changing pattern of prostitution. However, the definition of the act of prostitution has been metamorphosing for centuries from acceptable to illegal and then (in some jurisdictions) to criminal again, agitations by advocates have also necessitated the nomenclatural alteration from “prostitution” to “commercial sex work”. The paper examined how development in information and communication technology allows commercial sex workers to make connections with clients through internet and sell sex on this platform. Globalization processes has also changed the pattern of this business to a transnational activity. Although there are many willing transnational commercial sex workers, but organized criminal syndicates are using this development to traffic some women and children with the false promises of getting a lucrative from overseas but ultimately subject them to sex exploitation, child prostitution and sex labor. As is the plight of some Nigerian women in Italy and other European, Middle Eastern and Asian countries, many women from developing countries are recruited into this institution through human trafficking. As a result of commercial sex many women and girls suffer sexual violence, sex exploitation, sexual abuse and contract STDs. To curtail these problems, governments and transnational institutions are therefore urged to develop mechanisms that can tackle these problems by providing women with decent employment opportunities and increase surveillance across national borders.

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Attoh, Franca. "Trafficking in Women in Nigeria: Poverty of Values or Inequality?" Journal of Social Sciences 19, no. 3 (June 2009): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2009.11892705.

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Olufayo, Olu-Olu, and Babatunde Joshua Omotosho. "Women Trafficking and Women Prostitution in Selected Local Government Areas in Mid-West Nigeria." Journal of Social Sciences 20, no. 3 (September 2009): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2009.11892737.

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Mbakogu, Ifeyinwa. "Validating Children 's Stories and Decisions after Trafficking for Prostitution." Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI) 1, no. 2 (August 3, 2020): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.47540/ijsei.v1i2.23.

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Research on trafficking for prostitution in West Africa is focussed mostly on the experiences of women. When attention is directed to children, their voices are silent; and attention is placed on traffickers, therefore, downplaying the role of relatives in children’s movement from home. Moreover, when children are removed from trafficking, the usual path to re-integration is to unite them with their parents. Two issues drive this paper: if a parent that is implicated in the trafficking of their child for prostitution should be included in decision-making for reintegrating the child; and if a child understands their experience of trafficking to make informed decisions about moving on after trafficking. Based on this foundation, the paper explores one child’s journey from Nigeria to Burkina Faso for prostitution, with attention to the child’s perspectives on their journey and decisions for moving on after trafficking to inform the inclusion of children trafficked for prostitution in decisions about their reintegration.

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OKAFOR, NNEKA IFEOMA, ANTHONY OBINNA IWUAGWU, BLESSING NGOWARI GOBO, CHRISTOPHER NDUBUISI NGWU, CHRISTY NGOZI OBI-KEGUNA, UCHE LOUISA NWATU, and FARAH NAZ RAHMAN. "Perception Of Illegal Migration And Sex Trafficking In Europe Among Younger Women Of Oredo Lga, Edo State, Nigeria: The Social Work And Ethical Considerations." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 6 (July 3, 2020): 557–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.76.8444.

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The movement of human populations across the planet has characterized human societies throughout history. However, the increasing rate of such movements across National borders has been in such a way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country, put trafficked persons at risk and has given birth to modern day slavery. This study was therefore designed to ascertain the perception of illegal migration and sex trafficking in Europe among young women in Oredo, Benin City, Nigeria. The study used a multi stage random sample of 90 women aged 18-40 years whom were interviewed using in-depth interviews (20) and Focus Group Discussions guides (7). The qualitative data generated were content analyzed and the results indicate that majority of the women perceive illegal migration and sex trafficking in Europe negatively. They however would not discourage anyone who wishes to engage in the act, partly due to the socio economic benefits derived therein. Given that illegal migration and sex trafficking in Europe is inimical to human and societal well-being, it therefore becomes necessary for social workers and ethical practitioners to advocate the formulation of policies and programmes focusing on ethical migration practice and women empowerment with aim to rehabilitate and reduce human sex exploitation.

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Nnamuchi, Obiajulu, Joy Ezeilo, Uju Obuka, Maria Ilodigwe, Christine Ike, and Clara Obi-Ochiabutor. "The Trafficking of Women in Nigeria: Is There a Role for Human Rights?" Human Rights Quarterly 44, no. 4 (November 2022): 806–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2022.0047.

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Adelina, Astrid, and Nadhifa Khairunissa Ishadi. "THE ACT OF ABDUCTION AND WOMEN TRAFFICKING IN NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT (NIAC): BOKO HARAM CASE." Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 5, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v5i1.376.

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ABSTRACT Armed conflict situations will always have real negative implications, one of them is the attack against civilians. Civilians are considered as non-combatant, they do not participate in armed conflicts, thus they should not be targeted and attacked. One of the civilian groups who have special protection is women. But, in reality, women still frequently become the main victim. In the case of non-international armed conflict between Nigeria and Boko Haram, it is found that 2000 female students were abducted. They were sexually abused such as raped, sexual slavery, forced marriage, trafficked and ordered to commit suicide bombing. Nigeria is a state party to Additional Protocol II of the 1949 Geneva Convention as well as Rome Statute 1998. Nonetheless the crimes cannot be avoided and go unpunished. This paper highlights the analysis of the crime addressed to women from the perspective of international humanitarian law and international criminal law particularly in regards to the law enforcement. Research indicates that there is impunity which causes unwillingness of Nigeria to enforce the law against Boko Haram. Hence the international mechanism through ICC can be the best option to bring justice. Keywords: Boko Haram, International Criminal Law, International Humanitarian Law, Non-International Armed Conflict, Women. ABSTRAK Keadaan konflik bersenjata akan selalu memiliki implikasi negatif yang nyata, salah satunya terhadap pihak sipil. Pihak sipil disebut sebagai non-kombatan, yaitu orang-orang yang tidak berpartisipasi di dalam konflik bersenjata, yang berarti orang-orang tersebut bukanlah target dan tidak boleh diserang. Salah satu pihak yang mendapat perlindungan khusus adalah perempuan. Tetapi, pada kenyataannya perempuan masih sering menjadi korban utama. dalam konflik non-internasional antara Nigeria dan Boko Haram, ditemukan fakta 2000 pelajar perempuan diculik. Mereka mengalami berbagai kekerasan seksual seperti pemerkosaan, budak seks, kawin paksa, perdagangan manusia, dan bahkan untuk melakukan bom bunuh diri. Nigeria adalah negara pihak Protokol Tambahan II Konvensi Jenewa 1949 dan Statuta Roma 1998. Namun kejahatan-kejahatan tersebut tidak dapat terhindari dan tidak diadili. Tulisan ini menitikberatkan penegakan hukum terkait kejahatan terhadap perempuan dilihat dari perspektif hukum humaniter internasional dan hukum pidana internasional. Berdasarkan penelitian, terdapat praktek impunitas yang menunjukan ketidakmauan Nigeria untuk melakukan penegakan hukum terhadap Boko Haram sebagai pelaku kejahatan tersebut. Oleh karenanya mekanisme ICC dapat merupakan pilihan terbaik untuk menegakan keadilan. Kata Kunci: Boko Haram, Hukum Humaniter Internasional, Hukum Pidana Internasional, Konflik Bersenjata Non-Internasional, Perempuan

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Makinde, Olusesan Ayodeji, Olalekan Olaleye, Olufunmbi Olukemi Makinde, Svetlana S. Huntley, and Brandon Brown. "Baby Factories in Nigeria." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 18, no. 1 (June 23, 2016): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838015591588.

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Baby factories and baby harvesting are relatively new terms that involve breeding, trafficking, and abuse of infants and their biological mothers. Since it was first described in a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization report in Nigeria in 2006, several more baby factories have been discovered over the years. Infertile women are noted to be major patrons of these baby factories due to the stigmatization of childless couples in Southern Nigeria and issues around cultural acceptability of surrogacy and adoption. These practices have contributed to the growth in the industry which results in physical, psychological, and sexual violence to the victims. Tackling baby factories will involve a multifaceted approach that includes advocacy and enacting of legislation barring baby factories and infant trafficking and harsh consequences for their patrons. Also, programs to educate young girls on preventing unwanted pregnancies are needed. Methods of improving awareness and acceptability of adoption and surrogacy and reducing the administrative and legal bottlenecks associated with these options for infertile couples should be explored to diminish the importance of baby factories.

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Baye, Eneze Modupe-Oluwa, and Silke Heumann. "Migration, Sex Work and Exploitative Labor Conditions: Experiences of Nigerian Women in the Sex Industry in Turin, Italy, and Counter-Trafficking Measures." Gender, Technology and Development 18, no. 1 (January 2014): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971852413515322.

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Urama, Evelyn Nwachukwu, and Chukwuka Ogbu Nwachukwu. "Human trafficking: Commercial sexual exploitation and forced domestic labour in African literature." Journal of Language and Cultural Education 5, no. 2 (May 24, 2017): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jolace-2017-0023.

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Abstract Just like social occurrences such as human sacrifice and slavery enhanced retardation of progress in Africa in the past, trafficking is another social occurrence addressed in contemporary African literature that impedes progress and tarnishes the image of the victims. Human trafficking is rampant in Africans and some part of the world in this 21st century. This paper examines how Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo’s Trafficked (2008) and Chika Unigwe’s On Black Sisters′ Street (2009) highlight social occurrences and how they contribute to the spread of girl trafficking in Africa. It also explores how both men and women are partners in trafficking, forming trafficking networks that lure girls from Nigeria to Europe and make huge profits from their misery. These pimps use ‘juju magic’ and rituals as a threat to exert complete control over the girls and also to ensure their compliance. The trafficked girls share their life experiences by telling their tales of woes exposing the shame that accompanies the sex trade and the stigmatization they suffer in the society. Their experiences are presented by the authors to highlight the trafficked girls′ pains, misery and struggle for freedom in order to appeal to everybody in the society to fight against human trafficking. The paper also examines how these exploited and depressed trafficked girls that have lost their self-esteem can still live fulfilled lives if government agencies and nongovernmental organizations come to their rescue.

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Hamid, Rafatu Abdul. "Fundamental Human Rights of Women: Islamic Panacea for Rights Abuses." Millati: Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities 4, no. 1 (June 15, 2019): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/mlt.v4i1.99-116.

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Fundamental human rights provisions had continued to feature very prominently in the successive constitutions of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. In addition, there had been a rise in the activities of human right groups in Nigeria in order to ensure the protection of fundamental human rights of all people. Despite all these, women fundamental human rights abuse was on the increase in Nigeria. The case of domestic violence, kidnapping, sexual harassment, women trafficking, killings, denial of the right to Education etc, are common occurrences. These abuses among others are responsible for physical and psychological underdevelopment of women and girl child which in turn affects their input in the development of their nation. It is against this backdrop that this paper examines two abuses of women fundamental human rights: abuse of right to life and education. The paper also discusses the instrumentality of effective use of the Islamic panacea in tackling the abuse of women fundamental human rights in Nigeria. The study relied on primary and secondary sources of information. It concludes by recommending that, for the full observance of human rights, an international control must be set up to supervise enforcement, as well as the education of the women and society in general.

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Biemann, Ursula. "Remotely Sensed: A Topography of the Global Sex Trade." Feminist Review 80, no. 1 (July 2005): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400216.

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Voluntarily or not, women are moved in great numbers from Manila to Nigeria, from Burma to Thailand, and from post-socialist countries to Western Europe: female geobodies in the flow of global capitalism. The recently released 53-minute video essay Remote Sensing by the Swiss artist and video director Ursula Biemann traces the routes and reasons of women who migrate into the global sex industry. Taking a geographical approach to trafficking, the video develops a particular visual language generated by new media and satellite technologies, which traces the migration of women in the age of digital images. All stills are taken from the video that was shot in the Philippines, Thailand, California, and the German–Czech border.

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Ogwezzy, Michael. "An Appraisal of the socio-legal issues involved in trafficking of Nigeria women and children." Acta Juridica Hungarica 53, no. 2 (June 2012): 146–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/ajur.53.2012.2.3.

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Okonofua, F. E., S. M. Ogbomwan, A. N. Alutu, Okop Kufre, and Aghahowa Eghosa. "Knowledge, attitudes and experiences of sex trafficking by young women in Benin City, South-South Nigeria." Social Science & Medicine 59, no. 6 (September 2004): 1315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.01.010.

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ROSELLO, MIREILLE. "‘Wanted’: Organs, Passports and the Integrity of the Transient's Body." Paragraph 32, no. 1 (March 2009): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0264833409000388.

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This article focuses on Stephen Frears's 2003 Dirty Pretty Things. I argue that Frears's portrayal of the encounter between a Nigerian man and a Turkish woman in contemporary London invites us to re-conceptualize the relationship between the migrant and the host country. The film invites us to compare the circulation of migrants across a globalized transnational world to organs removed from one body and implanted into another. It questions our usual definitions of home and belonging, host and guest, health and the power to circulate. It both refers to the hospitality paradigm and radically rephrases it by making us consider the relationship between migrants and nations according to a different grid (hospitality vs./or organ trafficking). It does not simply propose an alternative grand narrative but rewrites a familiar script without trying to erase it.

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Babington-Ashaye, Adejoké. "Prioritizing Accountability for Sexual Terrorism on the Global Peace and Security Agenda: An Assessment of the Way Forward from National Prosecutions of Sexual Terrorism by Boko Haram to Security Council Decisiveness." Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence 1, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 199–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/266644720x16061196655052.

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Twenty years after the United Nations (UN) Security Council adopted Resolution 1325 on women, peace and security and twenty-five years after the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, the prevalence of sexual violence by parties to armed conflicts continues unabated. Despite the responsibility of every State to address such crimes, conflict-related sexual violence has not been met with corresponding accountability. At the same time, national prosecutions of terrorist activities have largely focused on membership and financing of terrorist groups. Even though the majority of States have endorsed the historic 2013 Declaration of Commitment to End Sexual Violence in Conflict which provides that 'sexual violence committed in conflict must not be viewed as a lesser crime,' accountability for 'sexual terrorism' – defined in the article as conflict-related sexual violence and human trafficking utilized as a tactic of terrorism – has not garnered the same response as other terrorism crimes especially in Security Council resolutions.<br/> With the focus on Boko Haram, this article addresses the practicalities of national investigations and prosecutions in Nigeria of conflict-related sexual violence and human trafficking as acts of terrorism using Nigeria's 2011 Terrorism Prevention Act (TPA) and its 2013 amendment. Although these pieces of legislation make no express provision for accountability for sexual terrorism, the article proposes interpretations of provisions in the TPA that could be utilized to investigate and prosecute sexual terrorism by Boko Haram. The article also addresses some practical challenges faced by federal prosecutors in bringing such charges to court such as evidentiary practices requiring medical corroboration and it explores possible solutions to ensure accountability. Finally, the article juxtaposes Security Council resolutions on terrorist financing with resolutions on the nexus between terrorism, human trafficking, and conflictrelated sexual violence. It observes that, adopting resolutions pursuant to Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Security Council gave terrorist financing a platform on which accountability was mandated. A similar platform has not been afforded to sexual terrorism and the article explores possible reasons. In the author's view, until sexual terrorism is given the same platform as terrorist financing, the push for domestic accountability for sexual terrorism remains a battle on an uphill road paved with good intentions.

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Ohonba, Abieyuwa, and Kokunre Agbontaen-Eghafona. "Transnational Remittances from Human Trafficking and the Changing Socio-Economic Status of Women in Benin City, Edo State Nigeria." Women's Studies 48, no. 5 (July 4, 2019): 531–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2019.1632605.

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Madu, Vivian C. "An overview of the impact of sexual and gender-based violence on mental and reproductive health: Examining the legal framework, with a view of bringing perpetrators to justice." UCC Law Journal 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 315–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/ucclj.v1i2.422.

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In recent times women have been seen by members of terrorist groups as objects used to satisfy their sexual urges, render domestic services, act as spies, recruits, suicide bombers or used in trafficking light arms and ammunitions. Prior to this period most common types of sexual violence where imbedded in harmful cultural practices such as female genital mutilation or early child marriage. Other forms of sexual violence are in forms of gang rape by armed robbers and cultist in the Southern part of Nigeria or members of terrorist groups, in the Northern part of Nigeria. Most times victims do not report such violence against them because of societal norms and stigmatization, hence perpetuators are not brought to justice. The resultant effect is that victims are often traumatized which in turn affect their mental health. Their reproductive health is not equally speared as most victims end up with vesico vagina fistulae (VVF) and in extreme cases die from complications as a result of the violation. The general aim of this paper is to examine the impact of sexual based gender violence on the victims mental and reproductive health, specific emphasis will be on sexual violence committed by terrorist groups in armed conflict while examining the legal framework available to a victim for redress. The paper will conclude with recommendations for restorative justice for victims of SGBV, proffer solutions on how perpetuators can be identified and brought to justice.

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USMAN MIKA'IL and MURTALA MUHAMMAD. "NIGERIAN TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS REPORT: LESSONS FROM POLICY IMPLEMENTATION." CenRaPS Journal of Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/cenraps.v2i1.11.

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Human trafficking is an international phenomenon. Trafficking in-person report the menace as a multifaceted and illicit trade that continues to generate billions of dollars to the global criminal networks annually. Nigerians especially females are trafficked abroad day in day out. This makes the most populous African nation among the largest source of victims to international trafficking networks. Nigeria tries to combat the menace by establishing a specialised anti-human trafficking agency. The agency is accountable for the implementation of the policy. However, putting policy into action presents thoughtful barriers that create implementation gaps. To date, there is nearly no study that looks into the activities of the Nigeria anti-trafficking agency using the trafficking in-person report. The investigation is a qualitative enquiry that uses an in-depth systematic review on human trafficking, which paid attention to putting anti-trafficking policy into practice. This is amongst a few studies that attempt to comprehend the state of human trafficking service delivery to the victims in Nigeria. It finds limited training, meagre resources, absence of awareness and corruption as the main barriers hampering efficient policy implementation.

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SULLIVAN, BARBARA. "Trafficking in Women." International Feminist Journal of Politics 5, no. 1 (January 2003): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1461674021000056773.

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Amiriheobu, Frank, Victor Ordua, Ekperi Watts, and Ojobah Christian. "A TEXTUAL DISCOURSE OF MIGRATION AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN ABC DURUAKU’S A MIRAGE FOR A DREAM." Education and Science Journal of Policy Review and Curriculum Development 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/esjprcd.v10.i1.07.

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Until recent time, Migration, a veritable tool for industrial enhancement, economic development, political inclination, scientific and technological discoveries, and social obligations has ironic positions, whose another view, geared by exploitation from the mid-twentieth century to twenty-first century, somewhat affects the centuries before them. This is made possible through its inclusion of illicit transactions, such as labour and commercial sexual exploitation, human trafficking, forced labour, child soldiers, drug trafficking, domestic servitude, and the removal of organs or tissue for sale as portrayed in ABC Duruaku’s A Mirage for a Dream. This menace is meticulously alarming especially in the Nigerian state in the 21st century. This cankerworm, caused by corruption, poverty, weak governmental system and unemployment ultimately triggered malicious activities like prostitution, armed robbery, kidnapping, incessant killings, and rape, thus, increased pain, suffering, sickness and death among the people and ridicules the identity of the Nigerian nation, thereafter, threatens its existence as a sovereign states. Amongst the major findings is that human trafficking has created a lot of creative punches and dramatic representations by critics and dramatists over the years, yet the issue is heinously prevalent. The study therefore aims at interrogating the connection between migration and human trafficking in the Nigerian society, as portrayed in ABC Duruaku’s A Mirage for a Dream. To achieve this, General System Theory and Content Analytical Methodology are employed. The study, therefore, recommends the establishment of an agency to monitor all cases of migration and human trafficking in the Nigerian state.

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Van Hook, Mary P., Eglantina Gjermeni, and Edlira Haxhiymeri. "Sexual trafficking of women." International Social Work 49, no. 1 (January 2006): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872806057086.

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English Sexual trafficking affects many women globally, with eastern Europe and Albania as the major centers. Women's vulnerability is increased by poverty, patriarchal gender patterns and historical events. Governmental policies and program responses in terms of laws, prevention and shelters for victims are described, along with lessons for addressing sexual trafficking. French Le trafic sexuel touche un grand nombre de femmes dans la plupart des grands centres d'Europe de l'Est et d'Albanie. La pauvreté, les comportements de genre de type patriarcal et les événements historiques ont rendu les femmes encore plus vulnérables. Cet article passe en revue les programmes et les politiques gouvernementales - lois, mesures préventives et création de refuges pour les victimes - ainsi que les lec¸ ons qui permettent de s'attaquer au problè me du trafic sexuel. Spanish El trá fico sexual afecta a muchas mujeres globalmente, siendo Europa del Este y Albania centros principales. La pobreza, los patrones de género patriarcales, y acontecimientos histó ricos acrecientan la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres. Se describen las políticas gubernamentales y las respuestas programa ´ ticas en términos de leyes, prevenció n, y casas refugio para las víctimas. También se sacan lecciones para bregar con el trá fico sexual.

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Nath, Rupamjyoti, and Manjit Das. "Women Trafficking Problem in Assam." International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics 10, no. 3 (July 2021): 12–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabe.2021070102.

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The increasing numbers of newspaper reports on disappearing women from the north eastern state of Assam and especially from the economically backward areas of the state in recent years deserve close attention from both researchers' points of view as well as policy-level intervention of the larger community along with the government. This study makes an attempt to operate upon the menace area through the scalpel of game theory under the light of both primary and secondary data collected from the study area. It is an attempt to outline conscious human behaviour that leads to crimes such as women trafficking and identify the parameters controlling or affecting which types of crimes can be controlled. In order to do so, different distinct entities associated with the problem have been considered as different players leading to the concluding indication of prevailing flaws in the legal system of the country along with lack of employment opportunities and mass ignorance about the problem in hand among common people as the major reasons.

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Leidholdt, Dorchen A. "Prostitution and Trafficking in Women." Journal of Trauma Practice 2, no. 3-4 (January 14, 2004): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j189v02n03_09.

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39

Schouler-Ocak, M. "Women Mental Health and Trafficking." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.078.

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“Trafficking in persons,” “human trafficking,” and “modern slavery” have been used as umbrella terms for the act of recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing, or obtaining a person for compelled labor or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion. Trafficking in persons is an insult to human dignity and an assault on freedom, and robbing basic human rights (US Report, 2015). Reliable data on trafficking are difficult to obtain owing to its illegal nature; the range and severity of trafficking activities; and variations in how trafficking is defined. It is supposed that 49 per cent of the victims are women, 21 per cent girls, 18 per cent men and 12 per cent boys. 53 per cent were involved in sexual exploitation and 40 per cent in forced labor (UN, 2014).Research findings show that the limitations of current methodologies affect what is known about human trafficking and health. Moreover, findings demonstrate an urgent need for representative and non–purposive recruitment strategies in future investigations of trafficking and health as well as research on risk and protective factors related to human trafficking and health, intervention effectiveness, long-term health outcomes. The psychological impact of victimization may be more severe than the physical violence. Victims who have been rescued from sexual slavery, typically present with various psychological symptoms and mental illnesses, including the following: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, panic disorder, suicidal ideation, Stockholm syndrome, and substance abuse. In this talk current findings will be presented and discussed.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

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40

Cooper, Barbara M., and Bolanle Awe. "Nigerian Women in Historical Perspective." African Studies Review 37, no. 3 (December 1994): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/524906.

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41

Unigwe, Chika. "Nigerian Women and Labor Migration." Journal of the African Literature Association 2, no. 2 (January 2008): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21674736.2008.11690082.

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Entwisle, Barbara, and Catherine M. Coles. "Demographic Surveys and Nigerian Women." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 15, no. 2 (January 1990): 259–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/494583.

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43

Ihekwaba, F. N. "Breast cancer in Nigerian women." British Journal of Surgery 79, no. 8 (August 1992): 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800790819.

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44

Schober, Elisabeth. "Trafficking." Focaal 2007, no. 49 (June 1, 2007): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/foc.2007.490111.

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Kamala Kempadoo, Trafficking and prostitution reconsidered: New perspectives on migration, sex work, and human rights. London and Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2005, 247 pp., ISBN 1-59451-096-2 (paperback).Kathryn Farr, Sex trafficking: The global market in women and children. New York: Worth Publishers, 2005, 262 pp., ISBN 0-71675-548-3 (paperback).

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45

Padmadayani, Vinorika, and Lathifah Hanim. "Investigation On Human Trafficking Especially Women." Law Development Journal 2, no. 2 (October 4, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ldj.2.2.85-90.

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This study aims to identify and analyze the implementation of investigations the criminal act of human trafficking, especially women at the Brebes Police, what affects the rampant of human trafficking human trafficking, the factors that hinder and solutions in the implementation of the investigation of human trafficking, especially women in Brebes Police. This research uses an empirical juridical approach with descriptive analysis research specifications. The data used are primary data and secondary data obtained through interviews and literature study. The data analysis method used was qualitative analysis. Furthermore, based on the research results it can be concluded; The investigation of the criminal act of human trafficking is in accordance with the Criminal Code, but the investigators of the PPA Unit at the Brebes Police found a problem, namely that the laws and policies regarding human trafficking have not been properly socialized. The poverty factor, the desire to get rich quick, and the habitual factors of the population that become a culture,

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Adamu, Rashida Oyoru. "WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN NIGERIAN POLITICS: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS TO NIGERIAN DEMOCRACY." International Journal of Humanity Studies (IJHS) 6, no. 2 (March 2, 2023): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijhs.v6i2.5295.

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The study examined the extent that Nigerian women contributed to political participation in the country and also the factors that hinder them from participating fully. The issue of women in politics has dominated the political debate since Nigeria gained its independence. Nigerian women have not received the kind of representation that is required to enable them to influence the political space like their male counterparts as this makes it difficult for women to be part of the decision-making process. The study adopted Liberal feminism theory to explain gradual improvements through advocating for equal rights for all, and legislation and policies that promote equality. The study adopted content analysis and the study relied on secondary sources of data. The study revealed that several impediments have been identified that limit the participation of women in politics. These barriers are cultural, economic, and legal amongst others that have affected the participation of women in politics. The study concluded that even though women may function at the greatest levels in both the public and private realms, a vicious loop of barriers frequently hinders their ability to lead. The success of these individuals as leaders has been significantly hampered by both internal and external obstacles, including societal and cultural prejudices, patriarchy, the challenge of juggling parental and professional commitments, and a lack of networking. The study recommended that to gain the necessary leadership qualities, women should choose to pursue positions of leadership in both the public and private sectors and should educate themselves to the highest levels. To reduce illiteracy and prepare female students for future leadership duties, parents, especially those in rural areas, should be urged to enroll their female children in school. The study also recommended that the current women empowerment policy be reviewed to reflect the actual situation and that government should also establish a network of women leaders so that women can share their leadership successes and challenges to inspire other women who aspire to be leaders.

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Nizmi, Yusnarida Eka. "Mengurai Fenomena Perdagangan Perempuan di Negara-negara Teluk dan Timur Dekat." Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 4, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.4.1.64-79.2015.

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Women trafficking rises in three ways. First, job vacancy or salary. When someone desperates in economic condition, fake job can be easily success in recruiting a thousand workers by giving fake promise in particular countries. Women trafficking are also running well besause of fake marriage. In some countries which life extremely difficult for unmarried women and marriage is the only way to get convenience , social rights and avoid bullying in her whole life. The second, women trafficking exist because they are sold by their family.Poverty, desperate, and unemployment drive many family sell their children in women trafficking. Finally, love story . Many victims are forced to get involved in women trafficking because of love. These three conditions are the main reason why gulf states and near east become destination for women trafficking. Keywords: human trafficking, women trafficking, cheap labour, gulf states, near east

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Hassan, Zina. "TRAFFICKED KYRGYZ WOMEN IN MARINKA FRANULOVIC’S BOOK “TWO KYRGYZ WOMEN”." Kufa Journal of Arts 1, no. 51 (March 23, 2022): 591–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.36317/kaj/2022/v1.i51.3568.

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The research paper was inspired by a true story that depends on two women who suffered from trafficking. To sum up, the paper discusses the factors and risks of trafficking, specifically women. Trafficking of women is a horrible crime; it needs to put an end to women’s suffering. Two examples of females from the book “Two Kyrgyz Women”, had been exposed to many risks. They were beaten, threatened, and raped. The aim of the paper is to discuss that if the factors that aided women to be trafficked were treated from the early beginning, there would be no trafficking women. Those factors are many such as: - cheated by promising jobs, unstable political conditions, social and cultural practices that devalue women in their society, gender roles in society that shows society prefers boys more than girls, and the misconception of social norms. But in fact, those factors are not determined and banned with the help of Kyrgyz society, on the contrary, the society itself is the main factor that encourages women to leave their country for the sake of living. On the other hand, male partner does not take any part for supporting women; this is going to be discussed and proved in the coming pages.

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Abiodun, Temitope Francis, Marcus Temitayo Akinlade, and Olanrewaju Abdulwasii Oladejo. "The State and Challenges of Human Trafficking in Nigeria: Implications for National Peace and Security." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 11, no. 2 (April 19, 2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v11i2.18544.

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In the West African sub-region, the trend of trafficking in persons is widespread; and the phenomenon now attaining its peak unhindered, has actually portrayed Nigeria as a nation occupying a central position as an originating state, transit and destination for victims of trafficking. There is also evidence of internal trafficking from rural zones to cities. The menace of human trafficking in Nigerian state has taken an indescribable facet in the last two decades owing to the factors of; massive unemployment, poverty, recession in the economy, conflicts, globalization, existing weak legal system, and inadequate legislation, and political will. Trafficking in person is an organized crime and a modern form of slavery. The two methods used by traffickers to get their victims are deception and through force. Human trafficking has continued to strive in Nigeria because of shameful connivance among the Nigeria’s security agencies, Embassies, airline officials and human traffickers. The study adopts Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen’s Routine Activity and the Kevin Bales’ Modern Slavery theories (1979; 1999). 500 copies of questionnaire were administered to a set of purposively selected respondents with the In-Depth Interview Guide to elicit information on the subject. The study in its findings reveals that human trafficking has continued to strive in Nigeria because of connivance from the security, immigration, embassy, airline officials and traffickers while the menace has put Nigeria’s identity black in the global system. The study therefore recommended that the Nigerian government should swiftly endeavour to address the issue of massive unemployment and poverty in the state as well as create enabling environments for entrepreneurship for the citizenry; also the national laws, international conventions and protocols that have legal potencies to curb trafficking must be implemented or strengthened; and finally, fighting human trafficking in Nigeria requires more efforts to create public awareness of the crime, organize counseling, rehabilitation and re-integration program for the victims.

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Paul, Bimal Kanti, and Syed Abu Hasnath. "Trafficking in Bangladeshi Women and Girls." Geographical Review 90, no. 2 (April 2000): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/216125.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nigerian trafficking of women'

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