Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nil Tilapia'

La production de tilapias et surtout celle du tilapia du Nil Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) connaît depuis 30 ans, une impressionnante croissance liée à ses nombreux atouts pour l'aquaculture. Toutefois, le contrôle du sexe conditionne la rentabilité de cette filière. En effet chez le tilapia du Nil le mâle présente une meilleure croissance que la femelle. Depuis les années 70, la production de populations monosexes mâles de tilapia du Nil est pratiquée dans la quasi-totalité des fermes aquacoles afin de bénéficier de la meilleure croissance des mâles par rapport aux femelles et de contrôler la reproduction précoce et continue chez cette espèce. Actuellement, l'inversion hormonale du sexe par la 17α-methyltestosterone (17MT) constitue la technique la plus utilisée pour produire les cohortes monosexes mâles. Toutefois, l'utilisation des hormones pour la production de poissons marchands soulève de nombreuses questions relevant de la sécurité alimentaire comme de la protection des travailleurs piscicoles et de l'environnement. D'autres approches sont donc recherchées. Elles reposent sur des approches génétiques, ou sur les effets masculinisants des fortes températures ou enfin sur l'utilisation d'anti-aromatase. Dans cette thèse, nous avons comparé les effets de trois traitements, utilisant respectivement la 17MT, le fadrozole (un inhibiteur de l'aromatase) et les fortes températures, sur des caractères d'intérêt zootechniques (survie, croissance) et sur l'expression de gènes clés de la différenciation du sexe dans les gonades et dans le cerveau des mâles induits (mâles 17MT, mâles anti-aromatase et thermo-néomâles). Parallèlement les mêmes analyses ont été menées sur des mâles et des femelles génétiques. Les fortes températures produisent des mâles dont la croissance est similaire à celle des mâles génétiques, confortant l'idée que les traitements thermiques pourraient constituer une alternative écologique aux utilisations des hormones pour la production de populations monosexes mâles chez le tilapia, sous réserve de sélectionner des souches à forte thermosensibilité. Le rôle positif des androgènes et/ou l'effet inhibiteur des œstrogènes sur la croissance est discuté. L'analyse des profils d'expression de gènes clés de la différenciation sexuelle suggère des régulations différentes dans le cerveau et dans les gonades. En particulier, l'amh et cyp19a1b sont très fortement stimulées dans le cerveau des mâles traités par la température ; inversement l'amh est inhibée dans le cerveau des individus traités par le fadrozole, suggérant une régulation directe ou indirecte de l'amh par l'aromatase. Dans les gonades des mâles induits, les niveaux de dmrt1 et amh sont surexprimés par rapport à ce qui est observé chez les mâles génétiques. Ce travail mériterait d'être complété par a) des études sur la fertilité des mâles induits b) des dosages des taux circulants de stéroïdes et de protéines dans le plasma c) des analyses histologiques ou immunohistochimiques du cerveau et des gonades et d) l'étude de l'expression d'autres gènes.Mots-clés : Tilapia du Nil / Masculinisation / Température / Hormones / Croissance / Gènes<br>Due to the genuine advantages of this species (fast growth, spontaneous breeding in captivity), the aquaculture production of tilapias, and especially of the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.), has been growing steadily over the past 30 years. Nevertheless, the success of this production is largely dependent on the sex control efficiency, in order to take advantage of the better growth of males and to avoid uncontrolled breeding that can cause crowding and dwarfism. The use of male monosex populations has thus become a standard in tilapia aquaculture since the 1970s. The dietary administration of 17α-methyltestosterone (17MT) is still the major masculinising procedure used in tilapia farming nowadays. However, it raises issues concerning the environment, fish farmers and consumers'health. More recently, alternatives to hormonal sex reversal have been evaluated, i.e. the use of YY males, treatment using aromatase inhibitors or elevated temperatures during the early life stages. In the present study, the effects of fadrozole (an aromatase inhibitor), elevated temperatures and 17MT have been compared on the survival and growth of XX fish, and as regards to the expression patterns in the brain and gonads of key genes implicated in fish sex differentiation. Comparisons seen in these induced-males were performed with genetic XX females and XY males. The growth rates of fish raised at elevated temperature were similar to those of genetic males, thereby emphasizing the relevance of this method as an alternative to hormonal sex reversal of Nile tilapia, when using highly thermosensitive strains. Whether the growth of tilapia is stimulated by androgens or depressed by estrogens is discussed. The analysis of expression profiles of the genes involved in sexual differentiation reveals different patterns in the brain and in the gonads. Amh and cyp19a1b are strongly stimulated in the brain of XX neomales treated by elevated temperatures. Conversely, amh is inhibited in the brain of fish treated with fadrozole, suggesting that amh is directed or indirectly regulated by aromatase. In the gonads of XX neomales, the levels of dmrt1 and amh are much higher than in genetic XY males. Further studies should analyse a) the fertility of neomales, b) the plasmatic levels of steroids and proteins, c) the histology and immunohistochemistry of the brain and the gonads, and d) the expression of other genes.Keywords : Nile tilapia / Masculinisation / Temperature / Hormones / Growth / Genes

Dans ce travail de thèse de doctorat, deux objectifs ont été poursuivis à savoir : i) évaluer la structure génétique des populations du tilapia du Nil (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) pour orienter les mesures de gestion à l’échelle de la sous-région du bassin du Congo; ii) et évaluer l’héritabilité des traits de croissance afin d’envisager une amélioration génétique de ladite espèce. Dans la perspective de déterminer la structuration génétique du tilapia du Nil dans le bassin du Congo à l'aide de récents outils génomiques de type GBS, 13,792 SNPs neutres étaient identifiés à partir de 438 tilapias du Nil collectés au Cameroun, en République Centrafricaine et en République Démocratique de Congo. La présence de groupements génétiques distincts a été élucidée par la méthode de regroupement bayésien implémentée dans le programme Admixture exécuté en utilisant 2000 bootstraps avec un nombre de groupes (K) variant de 1 à 14. L’estimation du flux génique potentiel, entre les sites, a été réalisée à l’aide du logiciel Treemix et l’évaluation de degré d’apparentement par paire entre deux individus d’un même site ou écosystème (utilisant les indices de relation de parenté ou relatedness, AJK), par vcftools. L’estimation de l’héritabilité des traits de croissance du tilapia du Nil a été réalisée en utilisant les données de 660 poissons cultivés dans les hapas placés en étang entre 185 et 209 jours d’expérience. Les mesures de masse corporelle et de longueur standard ont été prises in situ tandis que le facteur de condition a été déduit en utilisant la formule de Fulton. La détermination de données liées à la morphologie a été obtenue par analyse Procruste généralisée. Une analyse utilisant le modèle animal mixte a été appliquée à ces traits morphométriques pour estimer les différentes composantes de variance génétique et environnementale à partir desquelles l'héritabilité de chaque caractère, les effets des facteurs environnementaux et les corrélations génétiques entre les traits ont été déduits. Les résultats de l’analyse de structure sur les 13,792 marqueurs neutres ont révélé l’existence d'une structuration génétique mise en évidence avec l’identification de 5 populations génétiquement différentes (moyenne Fst = 0.079; CI: 0.073 à 0.086, P-valeur = 0.001). Il ressort de cette étude qu’il y a eu flux de gènes entre certains sites et qu’il y a moins d’individus apparentés dans les rivières et lacs par rapport aux piscicultures.<br>Dans ce travail de thèse de doctorat, deux objectifs ont été poursuivis à savoir : i) évaluer la structure génétique des populations du tilapia du Nil (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) pour orienter les mesures de gestion à l’échelle de la sous-région du bassin du Congo; ii) et évaluer l’héritabilité des traits de croissance afin d’envisager une amélioration génétique de ladite espèce. Dans la perspective de déterminer la structuration génétique du tilapia du Nil dans le bassin du Congo à l'aide de récents outils génomiques de type GBS, 13,792 SNPs neutres étaient identifiés à partir de 438 tilapias du Nil collectés au Cameroun, en République Centrafricaine et en République Démocratique de Congo. La présence de groupements génétiques distincts a été élucidée par la méthode de regroupement bayésien implémentée dans le programme Admixture exécuté en utilisant 2000 bootstraps avec un nombre de groupes (K) variant de 1 à 14. L’estimation du flux génique potentiel, entre les sites, a été réalisée à l’aide du logiciel Treemix et l’évaluation de degré d’apparentement par paire entre deux individus d’un même site ou écosystème (utilisant les indices de relation de parenté ou relatedness, AJK), par vcftools. L’estimation de l’héritabilité des traits de croissance du tilapia du Nil a été réalisée en utilisant les données de 660 poissons cultivés dans les hapas placés en étang entre 185 et 209 jours d’expérience. Les mesures de masse corporelle et de longueur standard ont été prises in situ tandis que le facteur de condition a été déduit en utilisant la formule de Fulton. La détermination de données liées à la morphologie a été obtenue par analyse Procruste généralisée. Une analyse utilisant le modèle animal mixte a été appliquée à ces traits morphométriques pour estimer les différentes composantes de variance génétique et environnementale à partir desquelles l'héritabilité de chaque caractère, les effets des facteurs environnementaux et les corrélations génétiques entre les traits ont été déduits. Les résultats de l’analyse de structure sur les 13,792 marqueurs neutres ont révélé l’existence d'une structuration génétique mise en évidence avec l’identification de 5 populations génétiquement différentes (moyenne Fst = 0.079; CI: 0.073 à 0.086, P-valeur = 0.001). Il ressort de cette étude qu’il y a eu flux de gènes entre certains sites et qu’il y a moins d’individus apparentés dans les rivières et lacs par rapport aux piscicultures.<br>On a démontré que l’héritabilité au sens strict (h²) de la masse corporelle était élevée (0.67±0.30), modérée pour la morphologie (0.30 ± 0.12), faible pour la longueur standard (0.10 ± 0.10) et le facteur de condition (0.03 ± 0.04). L’héritabilité au sens large (H²) a varié de 0.22 ± 0.13 à 0.93 ± 0.10 pour tous les traits. La corrélation génétique entre la masse corporelle et la morphologie (0.91) était élevée mais moyenne entre la longueur standard et la morphologie (0.21) ainsi qu’entre la masse corporelle et la longueur standard (0.20). La corrélation phénotypique entre la masse corporelle et la longueur standard (0.95) était élevée tandis qu’elle était moyenne entre la longueur standard et la morphologie (0.21) ainsi qu’entre la masse corporelle et la morphologie (0.27). Au vu de ces résultats, on peut conclure qu’il y a existence d'une structuration génétique pouvant permettre une gestion et utilisation durables de l’espèce tilapia du Nil dans le cadre des activités piscicoles et d’ensemencement. L’existence d’une bonne diversité́ génétique associée à l’héritabilité des caractères de croissance augure de bonnes perspectives pour des programmes d’amélioration génétique de l’espèce dans la sous-région du bassin du Congo.<br>On a démontré que l’héritabilité au sens strict (h²) de la masse corporelle était élevée (0.67±0.30), modérée pour la morphologie (0.30 ± 0.12), faible pour la longueur standard (0.10 ± 0.10) et le facteur de condition (0.03 ± 0.04). L’héritabilité au sens large (H²) a varié de 0.22 ± 0.13 à 0.93 ± 0.10 pour tous les traits. La corrélation génétique entre la masse corporelle et la morphologie (0.91) était élevée mais moyenne entre la longueur standard et la morphologie (0.21) ainsi qu’entre la masse corporelle et la longueur standard (0.20). La corrélation phénotypique entre la masse corporelle et la longueur standard (0.95) était élevée tandis qu’elle était moyenne entre la longueur standard et la morphologie (0.21) ainsi qu’entre la masse corporelle et la morphologie (0.27). Au vu de ces résultats, on peut conclure qu’il y a existence d'une structuration génétique pouvant permettre une gestion et utilisation durables de l’espèce tilapia du Nil dans le cadre des activités piscicoles et d’ensemencement. L’existence d’une bonne diversité́ génétique associée à l’héritabilité des caractères de croissance augure de bonnes perspectives pour des programmes d’amélioration génétique de l’espèce dans la sous-région du bassin du Congo.<br>Strict heritability (h²) of body mass was shown to be high (0.67 ± 0.30), moderate for morphology (0.30 ± 0.12), low for standard length (0.10 ± 0.10), and condition factor (0.03 ± 0.04). Heritability in the broad sense (H²) ranged from 0.22 ± 0.13 to 0.93 ± 0.10 for all traits. The genetic correlation between body mass and morphology (0.91) was high but average between standard length and morphology (0.21) and between body weight and standard length (0.20). The phenotypic correlation between body mass and standard length (0.95) was high while it was average between standard length and morphology (0.21) as well as between body mass and morphology (0.27). In view of these results, it can be concluded that there is a genetic structure that can allow sustainable management and use of the Nile tilapia species in the context of fish farming and fish seed production. The existence of a good genetic diversity associated with the heritability of growth traits is promising for the development of genetic improvement programs of the of Nile tilapia species in the Congo Basin sub region<br>Strict heritability (h²) of body mass was shown to be high (0.67 ± 0.30), moderate for morphology (0.30 ± 0.12), low for standard length (0.10 ± 0.10), and condition factor (0.03 ± 0.04). Heritability in the broad sense (H²) ranged from 0.22 ± 0.13 to 0.93 ± 0.10 for all traits. The genetic correlation between body mass and morphology (0.91) was high but average between standard length and morphology (0.21) and between body weight and standard length (0.20). The phenotypic correlation between body mass and standard length (0.95) was high while it was average between standard length and morphology (0.21) as well as between body mass and morphology (0.27). In view of these results, it can be concluded that there is a genetic structure that can allow sustainable management and use of the Nile tilapia species in the context of fish farming and fish seed production. The existence of a good genetic diversity associated with the heritability of growth traits is promising for the development of genetic improvement programs of the of Nile tilapia species in the Congo Basin sub region<br>In this PhD thesis work, two objectives were pursued: i) to assess the genetic structure of Nile tilapia populations (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) in order to guide management strategies at the sub-regional scale; region; ii) and assess the heritability of the growth traits in order to consider a genetic improvement of the species. In order to determine the genetic structuring of Nile tilapia in the Congo Basin using recent GBS-type genomic tools, 13,792 neutral SNPs were identified from 438 Nile tilapias collected in Cameroon, Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo. The presence of distinct genetic groupings was elucidated by the Bayesian clustering method implemented in the Admixture program run using 2000 bootstraps with a number of groups (K) ranging from 1 to 14. The estimation of potential gene flow between sites, was performed using Treemix software and peer paired degree evaluation between two individuals from the same site or ecosystem (using kinship or relatedness indices, AJK), by vcftools. The assesment of the heritability of Nile tilapia growth traits was performed using data from 660 fish grown in hapas placed in a pond between 185 and 209 days of experience. The body mass and standard-length measurements were taken in situ while the condition factor was deduced using the Fulton formula. Determining morphology-related data was obtained by generalized Procrustes analysis. An analysis using the mixed animal model was applied to these morphometric traits to estimate the different components of genetic and environmental variances from which the heritability of each trait, the effects of environmental factors and the genetic correlations between traits were derived. The results of the structural analysis on the 13,792 neutral markers revealed the existence of a genetic structure highlighted with the identification of 5 genetically different populations (average Fst = 0.079, CI: 0.073 to 0.086, P-value = 0.001). This study shows that there has been gene flow between some sites and that there are fewer inbred individuals in the rivers and lakes while fish farmers have been more consanguineous.<br>In this PhD thesis work, two objectives were pursued: i) to assess the genetic structure of Nile tilapia populations (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) in order to guide management strategies at the sub-regional scale; region; ii) and assess the heritability of the growth traits in order to consider a genetic improvement of the species. In order to determine the genetic structuring of Nile tilapia in the Congo Basin using recent GBS-type genomic tools, 13,792 neutral SNPs were identified from 438 Nile tilapias collected in Cameroon, Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo. The presence of distinct genetic groupings was elucidated by the Bayesian clustering method implemented in the Admixture program run using 2000 bootstraps with a number of groups (K) ranging from 1 to 14. The estimation of potential gene flow between sites, was performed using Treemix software and peer paired degree evaluation between two individuals from the same site or ecosystem (using kinship or relatedness indices, AJK), by vcftools. The assesment of the heritability of Nile tilapia growth traits was performed using data from 660 fish grown in hapas placed in a pond between 185 and 209 days of experience. The body mass and standard-length measurements were taken in situ while the condition factor was deduced using the Fulton formula. Determining morphology-related data was obtained by generalized Procrustes analysis. An analysis using the mixed animal model was applied to these morphometric traits to estimate the different components of genetic and environmental variances from which the heritability of each trait, the effects of environmental factors and the genetic correlations between traits were derived. The results of the structural analysis on the 13,792 neutral markers revealed the existence of a genetic structure highlighted with the identification of 5 genetically different populations (average Fst = 0.079, CI: 0.073 to 0.086, P-value = 0.001). This study shows that there has been gene flow between some sites and that there are fewer inbred individuals in the rivers and lakes while fish farmers have been more consanguineous.

Etude, en elevage intensif en thailande, de l'impact et de l'importance de l'alimentation des juveniles de oreochromis niloticus. Les etudes sur la croissance, les alterations des caracteres histo-cytologiques des hepatopancreas et le cout des aliments utilises ont permis de constater que le regime alimentaire a base d'aliments en association etait approprie pour produire les juveniles de ce poisson

La stérilisation des espèces aquacoles est recherchée en aquaculture pour remédier aux problèmes de reproduction intempestive et risques de pollution génétique de la reproduction des poissons d'élevage échappés avec des espèces endémiques. Nous avons cherché à caractériser certains des mécanismes mis en jeu lors d'une stérilisation induite par de fortes températures chez une espèce de poissons thermosensible d'intérêt majeur en aquaculture, le tilapia du Nil, Oreochromis niloticus. L'effet d'une température élevée de 37°C sur le développement gonadique a été étudié pendant la différenciation sexuelle chez des alevins et pendant la maturation sexuelle chez des juvéniles, provenant de descendances mixtes (XXXY) et monosexes femelles (XX) /mâles (XY). L'analyse immunohistochimique de la protéine vasa montre que des traitements à 37°C provoquent une diminution du nombre de cellules germinales (CG) qui résulte d'une augmentation du taux d'apoptose et/ou d'une réduction du taux de prolifération de ces cellules, aboutissant à une stérilité partielle et transitoire ou complète et permanente. L'expression du gène vasa, marqueur des CG, est inhibée dans les gonades des poissons traités à 37°C pendant un minimum de 60 jours ; ceci est corrélé avec la réduction du nombre de CG dans ces gonades. La baisse du niveau d'expression des gènes cyp19a1a et amh, respectivement marqueurs de cellules somatiques femelles et mâles, suggère que la température de 37°C affecte également le nombre ou la fonctionnalité des cellules de la granulosa chez les femelles et de Sertoli chez les mâles. Un traitement de 60 jours est nécessaire pour induire de tels effets et semble impacter préférentiellement les gonades femelles. Ce travail confirme que les fortes températures induisent une réduction du nombre de CGs, en modifiant la balance entre les taux d'apoptose et de prolifération cellulaire, conduisant à des stérilités partielles ou totales<br>The sterilization of farmed fishes is searched in aquaculture to remedy in the problems of inconvenient reproduction and risk of genetic pollution of reproduction of escaped farmed fishes into the natural environment with endemic species. We characterized some of the mechanisms involved during induced-sterilization by high temperatures in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, a thermosensitive species of major interest in fish farming. The effect of 37°C-elevated temperature on gonadal development was studied during sexual differentiation in fry and during sexual maturation in juvenile, from mix-sexed (XX/XY), all-genetic female (XX) and male (XY) progenies. The immunochemistry analysis of vasa protein shows that 37°C-treatment causes germ cell (CGs) decrease, resulting from an increase of apoptosis rate and/or reduction of cell proliferation, leading to partial and transitory or complete and permanent sterilization.This work confirms that high temperatures induce a decrease of germ cell number, modifying the balance between rates of cell apoptosis and cell proliferation, leading to partial or complete sterilization.The expression profile of vasa gene, marker of germ cells, is inhibited in gonads of fish treated at least during 60 days at 37°C ; that is correlated with the reduction of germ cell number. The reduction of expression levels of cyp19a1a and amh genes, respectively markers of female and male somatic cells, suggests that the 37°C-temperature also affects the number or function of granulosa cells in females and Sertoli cells in males. A treatment of 60 days is necessary to induce such effects and seems to impact preferentially female gonads

Les ressources génétiques naturelles du Tilapia du Nil (Oreochromis niloticus) se trouvent en Afrique. Ces ressources sont menacées en raison de modifications des habitats naturels des poissons et des introductions incontrôlées d'espèces ou de souches exotiques. Les populations de tilapia du Nil qui vivent dans des habitats extrêmes sont emblématiques de cette situation. Elles représentent des ressources génétiques originales et potentiellement utiles pour l'aquaculture. Cependant, les populations sont menacées soit par des modifications fortes de l'environnement soit par l'introduction d'espèces exotiques dans leur habitat. La caractérisation de ces populations constitue la première étape de leur protection et par conséquent leur utilisation en aquaculture. Dans notre étude, nous nous sommes concentré sur deux populations différentes de tilapia du Nil. L'une d'entre elles vit dans le lac alcalin ‘Crocodile Lake' (10 590 S / cm, pH 10) qui est un lac de cratère situé dans Central Island, au milieu du lac Turkana. La deuxième population (ou groupe de population) vit dans les sources chaudes (Hot Springs) du marais de loboi (Loboi Swamp) près du lac Bogoria au Kenya. Ces poissons vivent dans une eau caractérisée par des températures élevées, autour de 36 ° c. Toutes les populations ci-dessus (Crocodile Lake et Loboi swamp Hot Springs) ont connu ou connaissent un certain nombre de pressions sélectives de la part de leurs environnements difficiles. Pour le lac Crocodile, les poissons ont certainement dû trouver un moyen d'excréter leurs déchets azotés car à pH 10, l'excrétion n'est pas possible par simple diffusion. Pour les populations de sources chaudes, la plupart des individus devraient être des mâles car les hautes températures sont connues pour induire une masculinisation chez O. niloticus. Cette population doit avoir accumulé des mutations nécessaires pour lui permettre de surmonter les effets masculinisants des températures élevées.Pour étudier ces populations, nous avons utilisé la morphométrie géométrique et des marqueurs génétiques (microsatellites et 16 ADNmt) et nous les avons comparés à d'autres populations proches de la région. En outre, trois gènes liés au sexe (Cyp19a, Wt1b, AMH) ont été analysés en utilisant des marqueurs SNP dans trois populations de tilapia du Nil habitant les sources chaudes du marais de Loboi, et nous les avons comparés à ceux que l'on observe chez huit autres populations de l'Afrique de l'Est, la région soudano-sahélienne et éthiopiennes . Des différences morphologiques significatives ont été observées entre toutes les populations étudiées, y compris entre les trois populations voisines du marais Loboi, et entre les deux populations génétiquement liées du Crocodile Lake et du lac Turkana. Nous concluons de cette analyse que les différences morphologiques observées peuvent avoir comme origine pour une part des différences génétiques et pour une autre part des facteurs environnementaux. De même, toutes les populations étudiées sont génétiquement différenciées, et nous avons montré que les populations du marais Loboi et celle du lac Baringo ont été introgresséess par des gèes de O. leucostictus. Les analyses des gènes liés au sexe ont révélé que le gène AMH est un gène candidat pour la détermination du sexe chez le tilapia du Nil, avec 12 SNPs montrant de fortes associations avec le sexe phénotypique des individus. Néanmoins, il n'existe pas de modèle général de la détermination du sexe, il semble plutôt que les mécanismes de détermination du sexe sont différents suivant les populations de cette espèce et qu'il n'existe pas de mécanisme unique pour l'espèce entière<br>Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) natural genetic resources are found in Africa. These resources are threatened due to modifications of the natural habitats of fishes and uncontrolled introductions of alien species or strains. Nile tilapia populations living in extreme habitats are emblematic of this situation. They represent original and potentially useful genetic resources for Aquaculture. However, the populations are threatened either by strong modifications or introduction of alien species in their habitats. Characterizing these populations constitutes the very first step of their protection and consequently their utilization in aquaculture. In our study we concentrated on two different populations of Nile Tilapia. One living in the alkaline Crocodile Lake (10,590 µS/cm, 10 pH) which is a Crater Lake located in the central Island of Lake Turkana. The second group of population inhabit the hot springs of Loboi Swamp near Lake Bogoria in Kenya. These fish are living in water characterized by high temperatures, around 36°c. All above populations (Crocodile Lake and Loboi Swamp Hot springs) may have experienced some selective pressures to cope with their challenging environments. For Crocodile Lake, fish may have found a way to excrete their nitrogenous wastes because at pH 10, excretion is not possible by simple diffusion. For the hot spring populations, most individuals should have been males as high temperature is known to induce masculinization in O. niloticus. This population may have accumulated adequate mutations to enable them overcome masculinizing effects of high water temperature. To study these populations we used geometric morphometrics and genetic markers (16 microsatellites and mtDNA) and compared them with other related populations from the region. In addition, three sex-linked genes (Cyp19a, Wt1b, amh) were analysed using SNP markers in three populations of Nile tilapia inhabiting hot springs of Loboi Swamp, and compared them to eight other populations from East Africa, Sudano-Sahelian and Ethiopian regions. Significant morphological differences were observed in all populations studied, including three closely related populations of Loboi Swamp, and two genetically related populations from Lake Turkana basin. Both genetic differences and environmental factors were responsible for the observed morphological differences. Similarly, all studied populations were genetically differentiated, and we demonstrated that populations from Loboi Swamp and Lake Baringo have been introgressed by O. leucostictus genes. Analyses of the sex-linked clustered revealed that amh gene is a candidate gene for sex determination in Nile tilapia, with 12 SNPs showing strong associations to phenotypic sex. Nevertheless there is no general pattern of sex determination, rather it seems that sex determination mechanisms are different with respect to populations, but is not characteristic or unique for the entire species

In teleosts, elevated temperature during embryogenesis can act on germline cell development, which in turn plays a role for sexual fate. In Nile tilapia, a species with high-temperature-induced masculinization, little is known about the effects of increased temperature on gonadal development in non-masculinized females. The aim of the present work was to investigate persistent effects on the germline of genetically female (XX) Nile tilapia reared at normal (28 ° C) or elevated temperature (36°C) during the critical time of gonadal sex differentiation at 10 to 20 days post fertilization. Nonsex-reversed females were compared to control females to determine persistent effects of temperature on subsequent ovarian development using histological approaches. Germline stem cells were identified using the germline marker Vasa in combination with the proliferation marker PCNA. Vasa- and PCNA-positive germline stem cells were found in ovaries of both high-temperature-treated and control females. In both groups, ovarian germline stem cells were located at the germinal epithelium of the ovigerous lamellae. Although no detrimental effects of high temperature on gonadal development in female Nile tilapia were observed, implications on the reproductive fitness caused by elevated temperature need to be investigated in greater depth.

Les tilapias (espèces Oreochromis) sont le second groupe le plus important de poissons dans l'aquaculture mondiale ainsi qu'une des premières sources de protéines animales pour des millions de personnes dans les pays en cours de développement. En effet, Les tilapias ont la plupart des qualités requises dans le monde aquacole comme un taux de croissance important et une résistance aux maladies. Cependant leurs reproductions précoces et continues provoquent une surpopulation des bassins et un nanisme des individus. Pour surmonter ces difficultés, il s'agit de créer de nouvelles méthodes de contrôle du sexe (génétique et température) pour une meilleure compréhension de la détermination du sexe chez le tilapia. La détermination sexuelle chez les tilapias est complexe. En effet, le sexe est influencé par des facteurs génétiques majeurs (XX/XY), des facteurs génétiques mineur (sur les autosomes : LG3, LG23) et la température. Au cours des dernières années, de nombreuses ressources génomiques ont été progressivement développées (Bac End Sequences, Expressed sequence Tag, physical map, RH map…). Dans ce travail de thèse nous avons cherché à identifier, par des approches in silico, des gènes liés au sexe, en nous intéressant, en particulier, à ceux localisés sur LG3. Nous avons divisé notre travail en deux étapes. La première recouvre des travaux préliminaires de collecte et de comparaison d'informations existantes. Elle s'est concrétisée par la création d'une carte physique comparée entre le génome complet de l'épinoche et des BES du tilapia ainsi que d'une carte RH du tilapia. La deuxième étape porte sur l'analyse du chromosome correspondant au LG3 (Chr3). Nous avons pu grâce aux méthodes, outils et données développés lors de la première étape, reconstituer le Chr3, l'annoter et faire une liste de gènes impliqués dans la cascade du sexe chez le tilapia du Nil<br>Tilapias (Oreochromis spp.) are the second most important fish group in aquaculture and a primary source of animal protein for millions of people in developing countries. Indeed, Tilapias have most of the qualities required in aquaculture such as a good growth-rate and resistance to diseases. Nevertheless, their early and constant reproduction leads to tank overpopulation and dwarfism of individuals. To overcome this, new sex controlling methods (genetics and temperature) are being studied to better understand the sex determination in tilapia. Sex determination in tilapia is complex since sex is influenced by major genetic factors (XX/XY), minor genetic factors (on an autosome: LG3, LG23) and temperature factors. Over the past years a great effort has been done to increase the genomic tools in tilapia by obtaining data on Bac End Sequences (BES), Expressed Sequence tags (EST), physical map, RH map.... The objective of our work is to identify, by in silico approaches, genes associated to sex, especially the ones located on the linkage group LG3. We divided our work in two steps. The first work is to collect heterogeneous and available information existing on tilapia using comparative genomic analyses. This step led to the creation of a comparative physical map between the complete genome of stickleback and the BES of tilapia along with a tilapia RH map. The second step is to analyse the chromosome corresponding to the LG3 (Chr3). Using methods, tools and data developed during the first step, we recreated the Chr3, annotated it and listed the genes involved in the sex cascade in Nile tilapia

(Oberflächen-) Gewässer weltweit sind mit geringen Mengen (ng/L bis wenige µg/L) humaner Pharmazeutika belastet. Diclofenac (DCF; nicht-steroidal, entzündungshemmend) und Metoprolol (MTP; ß-Blocker) gehören entsprechend ihres hohen Verbrauchs zu den am häufigsten gefundenen Substanzen. Deren biologische Aktivität ist nicht auf den Menschen beschränkt. Gut konservierte Enzyme innerhalb der Vertebraten legen Auswirkungen auf Nicht-Zielorganismen wie Fische nahe, die bisher in Langzeituntersuchungen mit umweltrelevanten Konzentrationen unzureichend untersucht wurden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die physiologischen Effekte von DCF und MTP auf die Nil-Tilapie (Oreochromis niloticus), einem der wichtigsten Aquakulturfische weltweit, untersucht. In vitro konnte anhand primärer Hepatozyten gezeigt werden, dass bereits umweltrelevante Konzentrationen von DCF zu einer erhöhten Genexpression verschiedener Schlüsselenzyme der Detoxifizierung führten. Nach MTP-Exposition waren die Veränderungen weniger eindeutig. Beide Substanzen induzierten die Vitellogenin Genexpression, nur DCF jedoch bereits in umweltrelevanter Konzentration. In vivo wurden in zwei Langzeit-Expositionsversuchen die physiologischen Effekte vom befruchteten Ei bis 80 Tage nach Schlupf in O. niloticus untersucht. Beide Substanzen hatte keinen Einfluss auf Schlupferfolg und Überleben, das Wachstum war nach 80 Tagen nach Schlupf leicht reduziert. Die deutlichsten Auswirkungen waren histopathologische Veränderungen der Kiemen, veränderte Genexpressionen der Gonadotropine und eine erhöhte Expression von Vitellogenin. Die Ergebnisse legen eine stärkere östrogene Aktivität von DCF im Vergleich zu MTP nahe. Zusammenfassend sind die Bedenken gegenüber den Einzelsubstanzen eher gering, negative Auswirkungen auf die Reproduktion und sich verstärkende Effekte bei zeitgleicher Exposition gegenüber DCF und MTP lassen sich jedoch nicht ausschließen und sollten im Weiteren untersucht werden.<br>Surface waters worldwide are contaminated with low levels (ng/L up to few µg/L) of human pharmaceuticals. Diclofenac (DCF; non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory) and metoprolol (MTP; ß-blocker) are highly consumed and therefore commonly detected. Their biological activity is not restricted to humans. Well conserved enzymes within the vertebrates suggest effects on non-target organisms such as fish, poorly studied in long-term exposure experiments using environmentally relevant concentrations. In the presented work, physiological effects of DCF and MTP on the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), an important aquaculture fish species, were studied. Using primary hepatocytes, it was shown in vitro that environmentally relevant concentrations of DCF increased the gene expression of different key enzymes of the detoxification, while MTP exposure had a less clear effect. Both substances induced vitellogenin gene expression, but only after DCF exposure this was significantly elevated already at the environmentally relevant concentration. In vivo, two long-term exposure studies on the physiological effects from the fertilized egg until 80 days post-hatch were evaluated. Both substances did not affect hatching success and survival, while growth was slightly reduced after 80 days post-hatch. Histopathological alterations of the gills, changed gene expression patterns of the gonadotropins and induced vitellogenin gene expression were the most dominant findings. The results indicate a stronger estrogenic mode of action of DCF compared to MTP. Overall, the risk due to a single substance exposure seems to be relatively low but adverse effects on reproduction and additive effects during simultaneous exposure to DCF and MTP cannot be excluded and should be investigated further.

Le tilapia du Nil, Oreochromis niloticus, présente un modèle original de système de déterminisme du sexe (SDS) alliant des composantes génétique (GSD) et environnementale (température, TSD). Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier le SDS et surtout la TSD au sein de populations naturelles adaptées à des régimes thermiques différenciés (extrêmes stables en Ethiopie ou fluctuant au Ghana) par des approches expérimentales et moléculaires, en conditions naturelles et contrôlées. Les populations de tilapia du Nil montrent une différenciation génétique spatio-temporelle hiérarchique fine. La présence d'une GSD complexe, avec prédominance d'un déterminant majeur hétérogamétique XY possiblement polymorphe et/ou l'effet de facteur(s) mineur(s), ainsi que d'une TSD avec de fortes interactions génotype-environnement, a été montrée pour chaque population. L'existence d'individus naturellement inversés est suggérée ici pour la première fois. Les nuages d'alevins de tilapias, stade clé de la différenciation du sexe, ont révélé une structure génétique complexe, tant spécifique que familiale. L'analyse de leurs conditions de vie suggère une influence possible de la température sur la différenciation sexuelle, variable selon le milieu et/ou la saison, sans qu'aucune relation n'ait pu être établie. L'étude de microsatellites liés au sexe, sur un large panel de populations, a confirmé la grande variabilité des liaisons marqueurs-sexe, corroborant l'hypothèse de l'implication de plusieurs segments chromosomiques dans le SDS des tilapias. Les approches expérimentales et moléculaires concordent avec le maintien d'un système polymorphe mixte GSD-TSD, en accord avec nos résultats théoriques simulés<br>The Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus seems to be an original model of sex determination systems (SDS) combining genetic factors (GSD) and environmental influences (temperature, TSD). The aim of this thesis is to study SDS, and especially TSD, within natural populations adapted to differentiated thermal regimes (stable extreme ones in Ethiopia, or fluctuant one in Ghana), using experimental and molecular approaches, in both controlled and natural conditions. The Nile tilapia populations show fine hierarchical spatio-temporal genetic differentiation. The presence of a complex GSD with the predominance of a major heterogametic XY determinant but possibly polymorphic and/or the effect of minor factor(s), as well as a TSD with strong genotype-environment interactions has been evidenced within each population. The existence of individuals that are sex-reversed naturally is suggested here for the first time. The tilapias fry shoals, key stage for sexual differentiation, revealed a complex genetic structure at both familial and specific levels. Analysis of their living conditions suggested the possible influence of temperature on sex differentiation, depending on the habitat and season, without establishing any significant relationship. Analysis of sex-linked microsatellites, performed on a large panel of populations, confirmed the considerable variability in the sex-marker linkages, which corroborates the hypothesis of the involvement of several chromosomal segments in SDS of tilapias. The experimental and molecular approaches seemed to be in agreement with the maintenance of this type of mixed, polymorphic GSD-TSD system, in accordance with our simulated theoretical results

Le tilapia du Nil est l’une des espèces des poissons d’eaux douces qui convient le mieux pour la pisciculture à faibles intrants en climat tropical pour lutter contre l’insécurité alimentaire. Le recours à l’intégration aquaculture-agriculture (IAA) est une approche privilégiée pour le développement de l’aquaculture paysanne de façon durable. Cette étude a été conduite afin d’évaluer les effets de l’aliment et de la fertilisation animale (lisier de porc et fiente de canard) sur la qualité physico-chimique et microbiologique de l’eau, la productivité primaire des étangs, la salubrité et la croissance du poisson, la digestibilité enymatique des ingrédients, le comportement alimentaire et le coût de production du tilapia du Nil. Les résultats ont démontré que la fertilisation a influencé les propriétés physico-chimiques de l’eau des étangs sans en affecter toutefois la qualité. Les meilleures performances de croissance ont été enregistrées chez les poissons nourris à l’aliment formulé et élevés dans les étangs fertilisés. La fertilisation a influencé la productivité primaire, avec les diatomées largement représentées par une abondance relative de Flagilaria spp, la proie dominante chez le tilapia. Le prétraitement des excréments animaux par séchage solaire a réduit les infections bactériennes dans les échantillons analysés, dont le muscle a été colonisé par des infections bactériennes très mineures (4,9 %), comparé aux intestins (10,8 %)et à l’eau (13,0%). Bien que plus élevées dans les quatre premiers segments intestinaux, les activités protéolytiques ont été généralement faibles chez le tilapia. La présence d’inhibiteurs des protéases a été mise en évidence dans les ingrédients végétaux, dont le tourteau de soja a été plus inhibitif. Enfin, le coût de production/kg de poisson a été réduit avec l’aliment formulé (1,5USD/kg) comparé à la provende commerciale (2,3USD/kg), et ce coûta été davantage réduit pour les poissons élevés dans des étangs fertilisés (0,4 USD/kg)<br>Nile tilapia is one of the fresh water fish species that is best suited for low-input fish farming in tropical climate to alleviate food insecurity. The use of integrated aquaculture-agriculture (IAA) is a preferred approach for the sustainable development of rural aquaculture. This study was carried to assess the effects of feed and animal fertilizers (pig manure and duck droppings) on the physico-chemical and microbiological water quality, primary productivity of ponds, safety and fish growth, enzymatic digestibility of plant ingredients, feeding behaviour and production cost of Nile tilapia. The results showed that fertilization has influenced the physico-chemical properties of pond water without affecting negatively its quality. The best growth performance was recorded in fish fed with a formulated feed and those reared in fertilized ponds. Fertilization has improved primary productivity, with diatoms largely represented by a relative abundance of Flagilaria spp, the dominant prey in the stomach content of tilapia. Pretreatment of animal faeces by sun-drying prior to use, reduced bacterial infections in the analyzed samples, whose muscle tissues were colonized only by very minor bacterial infections (4.9%), compared to intestines (10.8%) and water (13.0%). Although higher in the first four intestinal segments, proteolytic activity was generally low in tilapia. The presence of protease inhibitors has been demonstrated in plant ingredients, of which soybean meal has been more inhibitive. Finally, the production cost/kg offish was reduced with formulated feed (1.5 USD/kg) compared to commercial feed (2.3 USD/USD), and this cost was further reduced for fish reared in fertilized ponds (0.4 USD/kg)

Zur Sicherung der Fischbestände muss die Aquakultur ihren Beitrag zur Weltfischversorgung weiter steigern. Solange jedoch die Fischfutter Produktion stark von der Gewinnung von Fischmehl abhängig ist, bestehen für die Aquakultur natürliche Begrenzungen und die Gefahr der Überfischung der Fischbestände bleibt erhalten. Wenn das Wachstumspotenzial der Aquakultur ausgeschöpft werden soll, müssen beträchtliche Mengen von Nährstoffeinträgen in Form von vollständigen Aquakultur-Mischfuttermitteln auf einer nachhaltigen Basis verfügbar sein. Aufgrund des gestiegenen Preises von kommerziellem Fischfutter sind Kleinproduzenten nicht in der Lage dieses zu erwerben. Daher ist es notwendig, ihnen alternatives Fischfutter zur Verfügung zu stellen. Wasserpflanzen können eine bedeutende Nahrungsquelle für herbivore- und omnivore Fische sein. Dennoch ist die Nutzung dieser Pflanzen als Zusatz für Fischfutter durch eine Reihe antinutritiver Substanzen, welche das normale Fischwachstum negativ beeinträchtigen, begrenzt. Unterschiedliche Behandlungen der Pflanzen können den Anteil an antinutritiven Substanzen reduzieren. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war es, das nutritive Potential von Wasserpflanzen zu bestimmen. Die Wirkung der Behandlungen wie Sonnentrocknung oder Fermentierung zu bewerten und den Effekt ihrer Nutzung als Fischfutter auf das Wachstum von kultivierten Fischen zu erfassen. Dazu wurden Rationen mit einem geringen Gehalt an Fischmehl (3%) und bis zu 25% der Wasserpflanzen an die Fischspezies P. brachypomus und O. niloticus verfüttert. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen dass, eine ausschließlich auf aquatischen Makrophyten basierende Fütterung nicht empfehlenswert ist. Indem sie jedoch mit anderen lokal verfügbaren Agrar-Nebenerzeugnissen oder sogar mit kommerziellen Futtermitteln kombiniert werden, könnten die Futterkosten erheblich reduziert werden und bäuerlichen Kleinbetrieben eine Möglichkeit zum Wettbewerb auf den lokalen Märkten eröffnen.<br>It is commonly known that aquaculture needs to increase further its net contribution to the total world fish supplies. However, at present almost all farming operations, based on the use of fish feed, are highly dependent on available fishery resources for the production of fish meal, becoming a reducing activity rather than an activity suppling fishery resources. If the aquaculture growth potential is to be maintained, then considerable quantities of nutrient inputs in the form of aquafeeds will have to be available on a sustainable basis. On a long-term the small producers will be unable to depend on commercial aquafeeds based traditionally on fish meal, due to its increased price. Small-scale farmers need an alternative fish feed wherever possible based on the use of non-food grade locally feed resources, which is available in rural areas, is low-cost and is suitable for the proper growth and maintenance of native fish. Aquatic plants are considered important nutritional sources for herbivorous-omnivorous fish. However, the use of plant-derived materials as fish feed ingredient is limited by the presence of wide variety of antinutrients that affect the normal fish growth negatively; so that plants should be processed to reduce the effects of these compounds. Considering these aspects, this study assessed the nutritional potential of aquatic plants available in rural Colombia treated by sun drying and by fermentation and the effect of their use as fish feed on the growth performance of common cultured tropical fish (Piaractus brachypomus and Oreochromis niloticus) fed low fishmeal diets (3%) and until 25% of aquatic plants. The results of this study showed that a feeding exclusively based on aquatic plants is not recommendable; but to combine them with other locally available by-products of agriculture or even with commercial diets might considerably reduce feeding cost and provide to the small-scale farmers the opportunity to compete in local markets.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000740068.pdf: 1647648 bytes, checksum: b1d214f874d365863fcad053a496ee8f (MD5)<br>O trabalho avaliou o perfil metaloproteômico de amostras de tecido muscular de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Métodos eletroforéticos em segunda dimensão (2D PAGE) foram utilizados no fracionamento das proteínas e na identificação por análise de imagens obtidas nos géis de poliacrilamida. Foi feito mapeamento de cálcio, cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco nos spots proteicos por Absorção Atômica usando o módulo chama (FAAS) e forno de grafite (GFAAS). As proteínas dos spots nos quais foram identificados a presença de Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn foram caracterizadas por Espectrometria de Massas (ESI MS MS). Em média foram detectados 620 spots por gel, com desvio padrão de 11,3 e correlação média de 73% entre os géis. As determinaçoes por FAAS/GFAAS indicaram a presença de cálcio em todos os spots, cobre em 2 spots, ferro em um único spot, manganês em 6 spots, e zinco em 3 spots. Dos 18 spots preoteicos nos quais foram identificados a presença dos íons metálicos, 11 foram caracterizados por ESI MS MS, proteínas podem ser candidatas a biomarcadoras de Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn<br>The study evaluated the metalon protemic profile samples of muscle tissue of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Methods for second dimension electrophoresis (2D PAGE) has been used in the fractionation of proteins and identification by analysis of images obtained in polyacrylamide gels. Mapping of calcium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc in protein spots was done by Atomic Absorption using the module calls flame (FAAS) and graphite furnace (GFAAS). Were characterized by mass spectrometry (ESI MS MS) the protein spots were identified in which the presence of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. On average 620 spots per gel, with a standard deviation of 11.3 and average correlation of 73 % between the gels were detected. Determination by FAAS / GFAAS indicated the presence of all the spots calcium, copper in two spots of a single spot iron, manganese in 6 spots in 3 spots zinc. The 18 spots preoteicos in which the presence of metal ions have been identified, 11 were characterized by ESI MS MS proteins may be candidates for biomarkers Ca , Cu, Fe , Mn and Zn

Orientador: Pedro de Magalhães Padilha<br>Banca: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato<br>Banca: Lincoln Carlos Silva de Oliveira<br>Resumo: O trabalho avaliou o perfil metaloproteômico de amostras de tecido muscular de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Métodos eletroforéticos em segunda dimensão (2D PAGE) foram utilizados no fracionamento das proteínas e na identificação por análise de imagens obtidas nos géis de poliacrilamida. Foi feito mapeamento de cálcio, cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco nos spots proteicos por Absorção Atômica usando o módulo chama (FAAS) e forno de grafite (GFAAS). As proteínas dos spots nos quais foram identificados a presença de Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn foram caracterizadas por Espectrometria de Massas (ESI MS MS). Em média foram detectados 620 spots por gel, com desvio padrão de 11,3 e correlação média de 73% entre os géis. As determinaçoes por FAAS/GFAAS indicaram a presença de cálcio em todos os spots, cobre em 2 spots, ferro em um único spot, manganês em 6 spots, e zinco em 3 spots. Dos 18 spots preoteicos nos quais foram identificados a presença dos íons metálicos, 11 foram caracterizados por ESI MS MS, proteínas podem ser candidatas a biomarcadoras de Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn<br>Abstract: The study evaluated the metalon protemic profile samples of muscle tissue of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Methods for second dimension electrophoresis (2D PAGE) has been used in the fractionation of proteins and identification by analysis of images obtained in polyacrylamide gels. Mapping of calcium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc in protein spots was done by Atomic Absorption using the module calls flame (FAAS) and graphite furnace (GFAAS). Were characterized by mass spectrometry (ESI MS MS) the protein spots were identified in which the presence of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. On average 620 spots per gel, with a standard deviation of 11.3 and average correlation of 73 % between the gels were detected. Determination by FAAS / GFAAS indicated the presence of all the spots calcium, copper in two spots of a single spot iron, manganese in 6 spots in 3 spots zinc. The 18 spots preoteicos in which the presence of metal ions have been identified, 11 were characterized by ESI MS MS proteins may be candidates for biomarkers Ca , Cu, Fe , Mn and Zn<br>Mestre

Orientador: Elisabete Maria Macedo Viegas<br>Banca: Angélica Simone Cravo Pereira<br>Banca: Eliana Setsuko Kamimura<br>Banca: Rose Meire Vidotti<br>Banca: João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes<br>Resumo: Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para avaliar a eficiência de três métodos de abate da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) sobre a qualidade de filés congelados. Esta pesquisa foi executada em duas etapas que consistiram na aplicação dos métodos de abate por eletronarcose (ChE), mistura gasosa (CO2N) e hipotermia (AG). Na primeira etapa foi analisado o peixe inteiro resfriado, avaliados índices de rigor mortis, degradação de ATP, pH, BNV, NNP, contração muscular, cor e texuta instrumental e avaliação sensorial. Os peixes abatidos por ChE apresentaram um retardamento no tempo de entrada em rigor mortis, este mesmo tratamento apresentou R2 de 0,92 na interação entre a degradação de ATP e rigor mortis. O pH foi afetado pelos tratamentos e pelo tempo. Os maiores valores de BNV ocorreram no abate por ChE. O abate por AG apresentou 452 mg NNP/100g. O tempo de estocagem causou uma leve diminuição na textura instrumental no abate por ChE. A L* aumentou com o tempo para os abates por ChE e CO2N. A análise sensorial mostrou um R2 de 0,94; 0,98 e 0,96 para os abates por ChE, CO2N e AG, respectivamente. Na segunda etapa foram aplicados os mesmo métodos de abate da primeira, seguido da filetagem e análises dos filés congelados. Avaliados índices físicos e químicos de qualidade como BNV, TBARS, DSC, CRA, perda de água por cozimento e descongelamento, textura e cor instrumental. Não houve diferença para os valores de BNV. A maior variação de pH ocorreu no abate por AG. Os valores de TBARS foram crescentes ao longo do tempo. O método de abate influenciou a temperatura de desnaturação da actina. A cor L* para o abate por ChE se mantiveram superiores. Ocorreu uma redução significativa na textura. As perdas de água por cozimento e descongelamento e a CRA apresentaram diferença no abate por AG. A partir desses... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of three methods of slaughter of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the quality of frozen fillets. This research was performed in two steps consisting in applying the methods of killing by electric shock (ChE), gas mixture (CO2N) and hypothermia (AG). The first step was analyzed whole fish cold, evaluated indices of rigor mortis, degradation of ATP, pH, N-BVT NNP, muscle contraction, and texture instrumental color and sensory evaluation. Fish killed by ChE showed a delay in the time of entry into rigor mortis, this same treatment showed R2 0.92 in the interaction between the degradation of ATP and rigor. The pH was affected (p> 0.05) by treatments and time. The highest values occurred in the BNV slaughter by ChE. Slaughter presented by AG 452 mg NNP/100g. The storage time caused a slight decrease in instrumental texture slaughter by ChE. A L* increased with time for slaughter for ChE and CO2N. Sensory analysis showed an R2 0.94, 0.98 and 0.96 for withdrawals by ChE, CO2N and AG, respectively. In the second step we applied the same methods of killing the first, followed by filleting and analysis of frozen fillets. Indices evaluated physical and chemical quality as N-BVT, TBARS, DSC, WRC, cooking and drip loss, texture and instrumental color. There was no difference in the values of N-BVT. The biggest change occurred in pH slaughter by AG. TBARS values were increased over time. The method of killing influence the denaturation temperature of actin. The color L * for slaughter by ChE remained higher. There was a significant reduction in texture. The analysis of cooking and drip loss and WRC differ (p>0.05) at slaughter by mainly AG. From these results it is concluded that is posssible in humanitarian point of view and the quality of the fish, there are feasibility of using electric shock as an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ecb_dr_jabo.pdf: 578679 bytes, checksum: 657dd6dc624c7974afa4e574d17d045d (MD5)<br>Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para avaliar a eficiência de três métodos de abate da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) sobre a qualidade de filés congelados. Esta pesquisa foi executada em duas etapas que consistiram na aplicação dos métodos de abate por eletronarcose (ChE), mistura gasosa (CO2N) e hipotermia (AG). Na primeira etapa foi analisado o peixe inteiro resfriado, avaliados índices de rigor mortis, degradação de ATP, pH, BNV, NNP, contração muscular, cor e texuta instrumental e avaliação sensorial. Os peixes abatidos por ChE apresentaram um retardamento no tempo de entrada em rigor mortis, este mesmo tratamento apresentou R2 de 0,92 na interação entre a degradação de ATP e rigor mortis. O pH foi afetado pelos tratamentos e pelo tempo. Os maiores valores de BNV ocorreram no abate por ChE. O abate por AG apresentou 452 mg NNP/100g. O tempo de estocagem causou uma leve diminuição na textura instrumental no abate por ChE. A L* aumentou com o tempo para os abates por ChE e CO2N. A análise sensorial mostrou um R2 de 0,94; 0,98 e 0,96 para os abates por ChE, CO2N e AG, respectivamente. Na segunda etapa foram aplicados os mesmo métodos de abate da primeira, seguido da filetagem e análises dos filés congelados. Avaliados índices físicos e químicos de qualidade como BNV, TBARS, DSC, CRA, perda de água por cozimento e descongelamento, textura e cor instrumental. Não houve diferença para os valores de BNV. A maior variação de pH ocorreu no abate por AG. Os valores de TBARS foram crescentes ao longo do tempo. O método de abate influenciou a temperatura de desnaturação da actina. A cor L* para o abate por ChE se mantiveram superiores. Ocorreu uma redução significativa na textura. As perdas de água por cozimento e descongelamento e a CRA apresentaram diferença no abate por AG. A partir desses...<br>This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of three methods of slaughter of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the quality of frozen fillets. This research was performed in two steps consisting in applying the methods of killing by electric shock (ChE), gas mixture (CO2N) and hypothermia (AG). The first step was analyzed whole fish cold, evaluated indices of rigor mortis, degradation of ATP, pH, N-BVT NNP, muscle contraction, and texture instrumental color and sensory evaluation. Fish killed by ChE showed a delay in the time of entry into rigor mortis, this same treatment showed R2 0.92 in the interaction between the degradation of ATP and rigor. The pH was affected (p> 0.05) by treatments and time. The highest values occurred in the BNV slaughter by ChE. Slaughter presented by AG 452 mg NNP/100g. The storage time caused a slight decrease in instrumental texture slaughter by ChE. A L* increased with time for slaughter for ChE and CO2N. Sensory analysis showed an R2 0.94, 0.98 and 0.96 for withdrawals by ChE, CO2N and AG, respectively. In the second step we applied the same methods of killing the first, followed by filleting and analysis of frozen fillets. Indices evaluated physical and chemical quality as N-BVT, TBARS, DSC, WRC, cooking and drip loss, texture and instrumental color. There was no difference in the values of N-BVT. The biggest change occurred in pH slaughter by AG. TBARS values were increased over time. The method of killing influence the denaturation temperature of actin. The color L * for slaughter by ChE remained higher. There was a significant reduction in texture. The analysis of cooking and drip loss and WRC differ (p>0.05) at slaughter by mainly AG. From these results it is concluded that is posssible in humanitarian point of view and the quality of the fish, there are feasibility of using electric shock as an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:40:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zanardi_mf_dr_jabo.pdf: 570718 bytes, checksum: ebcafa4c2d294be948dd75484ca1ea94 (MD5)<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)<br>O estado nutricional dos reprodutores é um dos fatores determinantes para o sucesso da reprodução de tilápia-do-nilo. A qualidade dos ingredientes que compõe uma dieta é fundamental na fisiologia reprodutiva dos peixes. Os lipídios possuem um efeito poupador de custo para uma dieta, como fonte de energia. Baseados nestes estudos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação alimentar com diferentes fontes lipídicas sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos, de matrizes de tilápia-do-nilo da linhagem GIFT. Para isso, dietas contendo 42% de proteína bruta e 4356 Kcal/kg EB, contendo diferentes fontes lipídicas (óleo de linhaça - TOL, soja - TOS, palma - TOP, peixe - TOPX ou fígado de bacalhau - TOFB, com inclusão de 4%) foram fornecidas para fêmeas de tilápia (peso médio de 150g ±12,6) durante 90 dias. Para o desfio de jejum, três lotes de ovos das fêmeas de cada tratamento foram coletados, misturados e incubados. Após a eclosão dos ovos e absorção do saco vitelínico, 300 larvas foram distribuídas em 15 aquários experimentais, e mantidas em jejum até a mortalidade total. A suplementação de 4% de óleo de palma na dieta dos peixes influenciou positivamente nos índices somáticos (hepatosomático e gordura visceral), nos parâmetros reprodutivos (numero total, fertilidade e fecundidade dos ovos; fecundidade, número total e desafio de jejum nas larvas); taxas de colesterol e triglicerídeos e fator de condição. A adição do óleo de palma não apresentou alterações hepáticas decorrentes da suplementação. Não houve diferenças significativas observadas em relação à leucometria diferencial, eritrograma e nas proteínas plasmáticas totais das matrizes de tilápia. A análise histológica do fígado de matrizes...<br>The nutritional status of the breeding is one of the determining factors for successful reproduction of the Nile tilapia. The quality of the ingredients that make up a diet is essential in the reproductive physiology of fish. The lipids have a sparing effect of cost for a diet as a source of energy. Based on these studies, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with different lipid sources on reproductive parameters, arrays of Nile tilapia GIFT strain. To do this diets containing 42% crude protein and 4356kcal/kg EB, containing different lipid sources (linseed oil – TOL, soybean oil – TOS, palm oil – TOP, fish oil – TOPX or cod liver oil – TOFB, with inclusion of 4%) were provided to female tilapia (average weight 150g ±12,6) for 90 days. For the challenge of fasting, three lots of eggs from females of each treatment were collected, mixed and incubated. After the eggs hatch and absorption of the vitelline sac, 300 larvae were distributed in 15 experimental aquaria, and kept fasting until the total mortality. The supplementation of 4% of palm oil in fish diet had a positive effect on somatic rates (hepatic-somatic and visceral fat) in reproductive parameters (total number, fertility and fecundity of eggs, fertility, and total number of larval challenge of fasting); cholesterol and triglycerides and condition factor. The addition of palm oil did not show hepatic alterations due to supplementation. No significant differences were observed in relation to the differential leukocyte counts, and plasma proteins erythrogram total of matrices of tilapia. Histological analysis of liver arrays showed that fish fed with linseed oil showed indicators of a possible liver steatosis. The arrays fed diets containing fish oil and cod liver oil, also presented positive results, however, the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Marco Antonio Belo<br>Banca: Annelise Carla Camplesi dos Santos<br>Banca: Wilson Gomez Manrique<br>Banca: Luciano Melo souza<br>Banca: Silvia Patrícia Carraschi de Oliveira<br>Resumo: Com o objetivo de estudar a fisiopatologia da reação inflamatória em tilápias, este estudo avaliou a participação do tratamento exógeno com cetoconazol sobre o efeito glicocorticoide de tilápias do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus, durante aerocistite aguda induzida por Aeromonas hydrophila. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 91 tilápias, constituindo cinco tratamentos: Não tratado e não inoculado (Padrão fisiológico); Não tratado e inoculado (controle infectado); Tratado com dexametasona (DEXA) e inoculado; Tratado com cetoconazol (CETO) e inoculado; Tratado com DEXA + CETO e inoculado. Após anestesia profunda nos períodos experimentais de 6, 24 e 48 horas pós-inoculação (HPI) coletou-se o exsudato para contagem celular e sangue para determinação do hemograma completo, proteinograma, bioquímico sérico. Na fase inicial da infecção (6HPI), o tratamento subcutâneo das tilápias com 200 UI-kg-1 de cetoconazol resultou em atividade pró-inflamatória caracterizada pelo aumento do acúmulo de granulócitos e diminuição de trombócitos no exsudato, associado à neutrofilia e aumento dos níveis séricos de haptoglobina e ceruloplasmina. No quadro eritrocitário inicial de tilápias tratadas com cetoconazol, observou-se diminuição do número de hemácias com diminuição do hematócrito e do volume corpuscular médio, caracterizando alterações microcíticas comuns em deficiências por ferro, corroborando os aumentos observados nos níveis séricos das proteínas de fase aguda haptoglobina e ceruloplasmina. No pico ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: In order to study the pathophysiology of the inflammatory reaction in tilapias, this study evaluated the participation of the exogenous treatment with ketoconazole on the glucocorticoid effect of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, during acute aerocysteine induced by Aeromonas hydrophila. For this, 91 tilapias were used, constituting five treatments: Untreated and uninoculated (Physiological pattern); Untreated and inoculated (infected control); Treated with dexamethasone (DEXA) and inoculated; Treated with ketoconazole (CETO) and inoculated; Treated with DEXA + CETO and inoculated. After deep anesthesia in the experimental periods of 6, 24 and 48 hours post-inoculation (HPI), the exudate was collected for cell count and blood for determination of the complete blood count, proteinogram, serum biochemistry. In the initial phase of infection (6HPI), the subcutaneous treatment of tilapia with 200 IU kg -1 of ketoconazole resulted in proinflammatory activity characterized by increased granulocyte accumulation and decreased thrombocytes in the exudate associated with neutrophilia and increased levels of serum levels of haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin. In the initial erythrocyte framework of ketoconazole-treated tilapia, a decrease in the number of red cells with decreased hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume was observed, characterizing common microcytic changes in iron deficiencies, corroborating the observed increases in serum levels of acute phase proteins haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin. At the peak of cellular exudation to the inflamed focus 24 HPI, tilapia treated with ketoconazole showed increased thrombocyte accumulation associated with thrombocytopenia and increased serum levels of transferrin. In the late phase of infection (48 HPI), subcutaneous treatment of tilapia with 200 IU kg-1 of ketoconazole resulted in proinflammatory activity characterized... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:48:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 novaes_af_me_jabo.pdf: 1108978 bytes, checksum: 6edc74fb32aa05ccc7e72ae5d3614ab1 (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)<br>Nos últimos anos, a demanda pelo pescado tem aumentado significativamente. Atualmente, a pesca, que contribui com a maior parte deste produto, vem apresentando estagnação, ou ligeira queda na oferta em alguns anos como foi o caso de 2006. Em contrapartida, a aquicultura moderna, que passa por grandes avanços científicos e tecnológicos, vem suprindo esta deficiência no mercado. O Brasil, detentor de 12% de toda água doce mundial, deverá se tornar brevemente um grande produtor no cenário mundial. Um dos grandes diferenciais do país, além de possuir clima favorável, é a disponibilidade de grandes reservatórios, que tem sido aproveitado para o cultivo de peixes em tanques-rede. O presente estudo, desenvolvido em piscicultura comercial, no Reservatório de Furnas, curso médio do rio Grande, município de São José da Barra MG teve como objetivo comparar os principais indicadores zootécnicos e econômicos da tilapicultura em sistema super-intensivo (tanques-rede) em duas diferentes dimensões 6 e 18 m3. Foram utilizados 12.960 juvenis machos revertidos da tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Durante todo o período experimental, os peixes receberam ração extrusada especial para tilápias em cultivos super-intensivo e a oferta variou de acordo com a biomassa e temperatura da água, iniciando com 8% e decrescendo até 1%. Foram avaliados os seguintes índices zootécnicos: sobrevivência (%), peso médio (g), biomassa (kg), ganho de biomassa (kg), ganho em peso diário (g), conversão alimentar aparente e densidade (kg/m3). A análise econômica foi elaborada a partir da determinação do custo total de produção e do lucro de cada tratamento. Os dados deste estudo permitem concluir que, embora não diferindo nos principais indicadores zootécnicos, a produção de tilápias em tanques-rede de maior dimensão proporcionou menor custo total médio e maior rentabilidade<br>In the past few years, demand for fish has increased significantly. At present, fishing, which contributes with the largest part of this product, has shown stagnation or slight falling in the offer in some years, as in the case of 2006. On the other hand, modern aquiculture, with technological and scientific improvement, has been supplying this deficit on the market. Brazil, with 12% of the world's fresh water, will probably become one of the greatest consumers soon. Besides the favorable weather, there is also the availability of large reservoirs, which has been used for the growing of fish in net cage. The present study, developed at Furnas reservoir, medium course of Grande river, in São José da Barra/MG, had as its aim compare the economic and zootechnic indicators of tilapiculture in super intensive system net cages in two different dimensions 6 and 18 m3. 12,960 reversed male juvenils from Nile tilapia were used (Oreochromis niloticus). During the experiment the fish received (extrusada) special ration for tilapia in super intensive culture and the offer varied according to the biomass and water temperature, beginning with 8% and decreasing until 1%. The following zootechnic indexes were evaluated: survival (%), average weight (g), biomass (kg), gain of biomass (kg), gain of daily weight (g), apparent nutritional conversion and density (kg/m3). The economic analysis was made after the determination of the total cost of the production and the profit of each treatment. The data in this study allows the conclusion that the production of tilapia in (net cages) of bigger dimension offered bigger rentability

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-08-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:09:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 molico_e_me_botib_parcial.pdf: 122692 bytes, checksum: 7e8c4dd7c7000769ecd11c868a4bb2a7 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-06-03T11:42:38Z: molico_e_me_botib_parcial.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-03T11:44:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000723160_20150712.pdf: 106148 bytes, checksum: 3a03625056f51e8ba459fd8a829ec10f (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-08-03T12:21:10Z: 000723160_20150712.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-03T12:22:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000723160.pdf: 261297 bytes, checksum: 822ea2b0d7425879491858c14434e7a8 (MD5)<br>O termo Estresse se caracteriza como reações comportamentais e neurovegetativas de defesa dos animais em resposta a estímulos do meio que ameaçam a homeostasia. Essas respostas de estresse têm sido selecionadas ao longo da evolução para capacitar os organismos a enfrentar situações que requerem algum tipo de ação emergencial para superar o estressor ou ameaça. Nesse sentido, é fundamental compreender o papel essencial do estresse na preparação física para proteção e sobrevivência de qualquer organismo vivo. No entanto, conforme a intensidade e frequência de ocorrência do estressor, podem haver comprometimentos graves à saúde e ao bemestar animal envolvendo problemas de crescimento, de reprodução e imunológicos, aumentando a incidência de doenças e podendo levar à morte. O alívio do estresse envolve redução da atividade do eixo HPA/HPI (Hipotálamo-Pituitária-Adrenal/Hipotálamo-Pituitária-Interrenal) com consequente diminuição dos níveis de glicocorticoides. Assim, comportamentos que promovem alívio de estresse evoluíram nos animais, pois é adaptativo evitar o progresso do estresse para níveis de respostas que são deletérias<br>The term stress is characterized as neurodegenerative and behavioral reactions animal rights in response to threats from the environment. These stress responses have been selected during evolution to enable organizations to face situations that require some type of emergency action to overcome the stressor or threat. In this sense, it is essential to understand the essential role of stress in physical preparation for protection and survival of any living organism. However, as the intensity and frequency of occurrence of the stressor, there may be severe compromise the health and welfare problems involving growth, reproductive and immune systems, increasing the incidence of disease and can lead to death. The stress relief involves reducing HPA activity / HPI (Hipotálamo-Pituitária-Adrenal/Hipotálamo-Pituitária-Interrenal) with consequent reduction in the levels of glucocorticoids. Thus, behaviors that promote stress relief must have evolved in animals because it is adaptive to prevent progress to levels of stress responses that are deleterious

Orientador: Rodrigo Egydio Barreto<br>Banca: Helton Carlos Delicio<br>Banca: Fabiana Luca Alves<br>Banca: Percilia Cardoso Giaquinto<br>Banca: Tania Marcia Costa<br>Resumo: O termo Estresse se caracteriza como reações comportamentais e neurovegetativas de defesa dos animais em resposta a estímulos do meio que ameaçam a homeostasia. Essas respostas de estresse têm sido selecionadas ao longo da evolução para capacitar os organismos a enfrentar situações que requerem algum tipo de ação emergencial para superar o estressor ou ameaça. Nesse sentido, é fundamental compreender o papel essencial do estresse na preparação física para proteção e sobrevivência de qualquer organismo vivo. No entanto, conforme a intensidade e frequência de ocorrência do estressor, podem haver comprometimentos graves à saúde e ao bemestar animal envolvendo problemas de crescimento, de reprodução e imunológicos, aumentando a incidência de doenças e podendo levar à morte. O alívio do estresse envolve redução da atividade do eixo HPA/HPI (Hipotálamo-Pituitária-Adrenal/Hipotálamo-Pituitária-Interrenal) com consequente diminuição dos níveis de glicocorticoides. Assim, comportamentos que promovem alívio de estresse evoluíram nos animais, pois é adaptativo evitar o progresso do estresse para níveis de respostas que são deletérias<br>Abstract: The term stress is characterized as neurodegenerative and behavioral reactions animal rights in response to threats from the environment. These stress responses have been selected during evolution to enable organizations to face situations that require some type of emergency action to overcome the stressor or threat. In this sense, it is essential to understand the essential role of stress in physical preparation for protection and survival of any living organism. However, as the intensity and frequency of occurrence of the stressor, there may be severe compromise the health and welfare problems involving growth, reproductive and immune systems, increasing the incidence of disease and can lead to death. The stress relief involves reducing HPA activity / HPI (Hipotálamo-Pituitária-Adrenal/Hipotálamo-Pituitária-Interrenal) with consequent reduction in the levels of glucocorticoids. Thus, behaviors that promote stress relief must have evolved in animals because it is adaptive to prevent progress to levels of stress responses that are deleterious<br>Mestre

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Forming part of a conservation programme, this study was concerned with two species of Cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus and O. ni/oticus), which were brought into contact with each other by unnatural ways. They are now hybridizing to some extent and there is also evidence that the foreign O. ni/oticus may out compete the native O. mossambicus. To cast light on what the current distribution is of both these species and the hybrids in Southern Africa, it is important to identify specimens very accurately. In attempting to find genetic markers to distinguish between two species of Cichlids we tested 20 microsatellite dinucleotide (CAn) repeats during a preliminary study and found five of these promising to exhibit little intra-specific genetic diversity but large genetic variation between species. We amplified these five loci in 145 individuals from 10 populations, which included the two species and their hybrids. Exact sizes of the fragments were determined using an automated DNA sequencer. Between the two species, allele sizes were overlapping, but when data were analyzed by statistical models, the differences could be seen for populations, however on individual level there was overlap between the species. The hybrids were found to be intermediate positioned between the two pure species. Our attempt to assign individuals to populations provided doubtful results. Thus, using this set of markers, populations can be ascribed to one of these species, but not individuals by themselves.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: As deel van 'n natuurbewarings program, word daar in hierdie studie twee spesies van vis ondersoek was in kontak met mekaar gekom het op onnatuurlike wyse. Hierdie twee visspesies vanuit die CICHLIDAEfamilie (Oreochromis mossambicus en 0. ni/oticus) kan hibridiseer wanneer hul saam voorkom, maar dit is ook bekend dat die uitheemse O. ni/oticus die inheemse O. mossambicus kan bedreig in terme van leefruimte, kos en broeispasie. Om die voorkoms van hibriede tussen die twee spesies te ondersoek in Suider Afrika se varswater opvangsgebiede, is dit baie belangrik om individue baie akkuraat te identifiseer. In hierdie poging om genetiese merkers te vind wat die twee spesies van mekaar onderskei, het ons 20 mikrosateliet di-nulkleotied (CAn) herhalende volgordes op verskillende loci ondersoek. Vyf daarvan het belowend voorgekom om as spesie spesifieke merkers te dien. Die fragmente op die vyf loci is ge-amplifiseer in 145 individue vanuit 10 populasies. Presiese groottes van die fragmente is bepaal met behulp van 'n ge-outomatiseerde DNA volgorde bepaler waarna genotiepes vir elke individu toegeken is. Tussen die twee spesies het alleel groottes oorvleuel, maar wanneer data geanaliseer word met behulp van statistiese metodes, was verskille tussen die spesies duidelik op populasie vlak. Die hibriede het intemediêr tussen die twee spesies voorgekom. Dus met behulp van hierdie stel merkers kan onderskei word tussen die twee spesies op populasie vlak, hoewel individue nie op sig self identifiseer kan word nie.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:40:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 genovez_lw_me_botib_parcial.pdf: 82380 bytes, checksum: 410609a2bf1d1591d12460b6c75e01f1 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-03-16T11:30:17Z: genovez_lw_me_botib_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-03-16T11:31:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000610307.pdf: 151781 bytes, checksum: 0fccf42decac23f86e3f5228108c6779 (MD5)<br>Este estudo investigou o perfil de ansiedade em Juverus de Tilápia-do-Nilo (Ore Niloticus). Num primeiro capitulo, determinamos um perfil comportamental indicativo de níveis de ansiedade. Num segundo capitulo, avaliamos o efeito de diferentes proporções de peixes com ansiedade alta (AA) e pouca (PA) na agressão e na produção de peixes em condições de aquário. No primeiro capitulo, por meio da modulação do comportamento de peixes usando drogas ansiolíticas (Diazepam, DZP) e ansiogênicas (Pentilenotetrazol, PTZ), demonstramos que o tempo gasto na natação foi um indicador confiável do nível de ansiedade (menor a locomoção, maior o nível de ansiedade). Também descobrimos que esse traço comportamental é melhor do que a medida de latência para sair do abrigo e explorar o ambiente novo. No segundo capitulo, outros peixes foram separados pelo critério de locomoção em perfis AA e PA e agrupados (6 peixes/aquário) para observação da agressão, do crescimento, da alimentação e da sobrevivência em 3 proporções: a) 50% de AA + 50% de PA; b) 100% PA e c) 100% AA. Nenhuma das variáveis observadas foi diferente entre essas composições de grupo<br>This study investigated the anxiety profile in Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus) by determining in a first chapter a behavioral profile to indicate levels of anxiety and, in a second chapter, the effect of different proportion of high (liA) and low (LA) anxiety fish on aggression and fish production in aquarium conditions. ln the first chapter, by modulating fish behavior with ansiolitic (Diazepam DZP) and ansiogenic (pentylenotetrazole PTZ) drugs, we demonstrated that time fish spent in swimming was a reliable indicator of anxiety levei (the lower the swimming, the higher the anxiety levei). We also found that this behavioral trait is better than measure of latency to exit shelter and explore a novel environment. Then, in the second chapter, other fish were separated by the locomotor criterium in HA and LA profiles and grouped (6 fish/aquarium) for aggression, growth, feeding and survival observations at three proportions: a) 50% HA + 50% LA, b) 100% HA, and c) 100% LA. Neither of the observed variables was different among these group compositions

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_gv_me_botib_parcial.pdf: 90534 bytes, checksum: e5ae1fd42966c5fcbd0c44e74b7307e3 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-03-16T11:30:16Z: silva_gv_me_botib_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-03-16T11:31:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000609983.pdf: 275068 bytes, checksum: c5458d6c71bd9cf6f1bf766448d6a3ba (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Nos identificamos percentuais de individuos que se distribuem no continuo hesitayaoousadia na tihipia-do-Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). Avaliamos a reayao de peixes isolados (100 peixes, 22.1 ± 5.9 g) a urn objeto-estimulo introduzido subitamente no aquario. Dividimos a parede frontal do aquario em quatm regioes iguais, atraves de linhas externas verticais. Apos isolamento por 24 h nesse aquario, assim que o peixe estava numa das duas extremidades, introduziamos subitamente 0 objetoestimulo (cilindro de PVC de 10 em diametro) na extremidade oposta (~ 30 em do peixe). Nos 5 min seguintes registravamos: a) tempo para sair da regiao inicial; b) tempo para chegar a regiao do objeto-estimulo; e c) tempo em locomoyao. Identificamos dois perfis extremos de resposta: permanencia na regiao inicial (peixes hesitantes) e aproximayao do objeto-estimulo em ate 40 s (peixes ousados). Este criterio resultou em 20% de individuos hesitantes, 29% de ousados e 51% de intermediarios, sendo os peixes ousados os mais ativos. Esses perfIS nao tiveram associayao com 0 sexo dos animais. Para testar a associayao dos perfis hesitante e ousado com a agressividade, uma nova amostra de peixes foi avaliada (115 peixes) como descrito acima, porem 24h horas depois urn segundo teste foi realizado, mas com outro objeto-estimulo introduzido no aquario. Os peixes considerados hesitantes ou ousados nos dois testes consecutivos foram submetidos a anaIise da agressividade. Esta foi avaliada atraves do teste do espelho (20 peixes de cada perfil) e pareamento entre coespecificos (10 duplas de cada perfil). Os peixes ousados foram mais agressivos que os hesitantes. Em urn terceiro estudo, esses peixes foram submetidos a estresse de confinamento por 30 min e o estresse foi avaliado pe1a mudanya na frequencia ventilatoria e colorayao do olho. Peixes ousados foram mais responsivos ao estresse. Conc1uimos que os perfis hesitante e ousado ocorrem na tilápia-do-Nilo,....<br>We identified percentage of fish III the shy-bold continuum III the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). This was achieved from the reaction of isolated fish (100 fish, 22.1 ± 5.9 g) to a stimulus-object suddenly introduced into the aquarium. The frontal glass of the test aquarium was divided in four regions of same area by vertical lines outside the aquaria. After 24-h isolation in the test aquarium, when the fish was in one of the extremities of the aquarium, the stimulus-object (1O-cm diameter PVC cylinder) was suddenly immersed into the aquarium in the opposite side (- 30 cm from the fish). We registered in the next 5 min: a) latency to the fish exit from the initial area; b) time to reach the stimulus-object area; and c) time spent in locomotion. We could identify two extreme responses: staying in the initial area (fish considered shy) and approaching the stimulus-object in up to 40 s (bold fish). This criterion resulted in 20% shy, 29% bold and 51% intermediate fish, with the bold fish being more active. These profiles were not associated with fish sex. To test the association of shy and bold fish with aggression, these fish were identified in other sample (115 fish) as described above; 24 h later a second test was performed (but now with another object introduced). Fish considered shy or bold in these two consecutive testes were then tested for aggression. Aggression was evaluated by the mirror test (20 fish each profile) and also pairing with conspecific fish (10 pairs in each profile). Bold fish were more aggressive than the shy fish. In a third study, these fish were subjected to stress confinement for 30 min and stress evaluated in terms of changes in ventilation rate and eye color. Bold fish were the most responsive to stress. In conclusion, shy and bold profiles occur in the Nile tilapia, can be identified by reaction to a sudden stimulus and ...

Orientador: Gilson Luiz Volpato<br>Resumo: Este estudo investigou o perfil de ansiedade em Juverus de Tilápia-do-Nilo (Ore Niloticus). Num primeiro capitulo, determinamos um perfil comportamental indicativo de níveis de ansiedade. Num segundo capitulo, avaliamos o efeito de diferentes proporções de peixes com ansiedade alta (AA) e pouca (PA) na agressão e na produção de peixes em condições de aquário. No primeiro capitulo, por meio da modulação do comportamento de peixes usando drogas ansiolíticas (Diazepam, DZP) e ansiogênicas (Pentilenotetrazol, PTZ), demonstramos que o tempo gasto na natação foi um indicador confiável do nível de ansiedade (menor a locomoção, maior o nível de ansiedade). Também descobrimos que esse traço comportamental é melhor do que a medida de latência para sair do abrigo e explorar o ambiente novo. No segundo capitulo, outros peixes foram separados pelo critério de locomoção em perfis AA e PA e agrupados (6 peixes/aquário) para observação da agressão, do crescimento, da alimentação e da sobrevivência em 3 proporções: a) 50% de AA + 50% de PA; b) 100% PA e c) 100% AA. Nenhuma das variáveis observadas foi diferente entre essas composições de grupo<br>Abstract: This study investigated the anxiety profile in Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus) by determining in a first chapter a behavioral profile to indicate levels of anxiety and, in a second chapter, the effect of different proportion of high (liA) and low (LA) anxiety fish on aggression and fish production in aquarium conditions. ln the first chapter, by modulating fish behavior with ansiolitic (Diazepam DZP) and ansiogenic (pentylenotetrazole PTZ) drugs, we demonstrated that time fish spent in swimming was a reliable indicator of anxiety levei (the lower the swimming, the higher the anxiety levei). We also found that this behavioral trait is better than measure of latency to exit shelter and explore a novel environment. Then, in the second chapter, other fish were separated by the locomotor criterium in HA and LA profiles and grouped (6 fish/aquarium) for aggression, growth, feeding and survival observations at three proportions: a) 50% HA + 50% LA, b) 100% HA, and c) 100% LA. Neither of the observed variables was different among these group compositions<br>Mestre

Submitted by Inácio Mateus Assane null (inaciomateusassane@gmail.com) on 2018-03-13T16:40:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final da Dissertação_Inácio Mateus Assane.pdf: 2500612 bytes, checksum: e7b1dcaa29bfec4105b34a055b4a403d (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Neli Silvia Pereira null (nelisps@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-03-16T17:46:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 assane_im_me_jabo.pdf: 2500612 bytes, checksum: e7b1dcaa29bfec4105b34a055b4a403d (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T17:46:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 assane_im_me_jabo.pdf: 2500612 bytes, checksum: e7b1dcaa29bfec4105b34a055b4a403d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)<br>Os surtos de bacterioses na piscicultura são imprevisíveis, por essa razão é necessário dispor de opções terapêuticas eficazes para reduzir a morbidade e mortalidade. Para que a terapia seja eficaz, a escolha do antimicrobiano deve se basear nas informações farmacocinéticas do fármaco no hospedeiro, nas condições de produção e na sensibilidade do patógeno. No Brasil, atualmente só dois antimicrobianos são legalizados para uso na aquicultura, a oxitetraciclina (OTC) e o florfenicol (FFC), os quais muitas vezes são ineficazes. Destes, somente o FFC é autorizado para tratar bacterioses em tilápia-do-Nilo, a espécie mais produzida no país. Este cenário nos levou a investigar a atividade antimicrobiana do tianfenicol (TAF) contra as principais bactérias patogênicas de peixes cultivados no Brasil. Foi determinada a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) do TAF para 49 cepas isoladas de surtos de bacteriose ocorridos no período 2011 a 2017 em três estados. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana do TAF (G1: 10 mg/kg), do FFC (G2: 10 mg/kg) e da combinação do TAF com o FFC (G3: TAF+FFC: 5 + 2,5 mg/kg e G4: 2,5 + 1,25 mg/kg) no tratamento de aeromonose em tilápia-do-Nilo experimentalmente infectadas com Aeromonas hydrophila. Como resultado do estudo in vitro, mais da metade das cepas testadas foram sensíveis ao TAF, sendo que os gêneros Aeromonas, Lactococcus e Vibrio foram os mais sensíveis. No estudo in vivo, o TAF foi eficaz no tratamento da aeromonose em tilápia-do-Nilo, tanto isolado como combinado. Os grupos G1, G2, G3, G4 e o controle apresentaram uma taxa de sobrevivência de 88,33 ± 11,55%; 70 ± 10%; 73,33 ± 11,55%; 85,93 ± 5,13% e 3,33 ± 5,77%, respectivamente, sendo todos diferentes do controle (p < 0,001). Os resultados do estudo sugerem que o TAF pode ser uma boa opção de tratamento de aeromonose, lactococose e vibriose em peixes. Além disso, a combinação do TAF com o FFC apresentou um efeito sinérgico, mostrando que é possível reduzir a quantidade de antimicrobiano e obter o mesmo efeito terapêutico.<br>Outbreaks of bacterial diseases in fish farm are unpredictable; therefore, it is necessary to have effective therapeutic options to reduce the morbidity and mortality. For effective therapy, the anticipated pharmacokinetics and antibacterial activity of the antimicrobial in the target fish species under the given conditions must be considered before decide which antimicrobial to use. In Brazil, only two antimicrobials are approved for use in aquaculture, oxytetracycline (OTC) and florfenicol (FFC), which are often innefective. Moreover, only FFC is approved for use to treat bacterial diseases in Nile tilapia, the main specie in Brazil. This scenario led us to investigate the antibacterial activity o thiamphenicol (TAP) against the main bacteria infecting fishes in Brazil. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of TAP were determined for 49 strains isolated from diseases outbreaks registered during 2011 – 2017 in three States. Additionally the antibacterial activity of TAP (10 mg kg-1), FFC (10 mg kg-1) and TAF combined with FFC (G3: TAF+FFC: 5 + 2.5 mg kg-1 e G4: 2.5 + 1.25 mg kg-1) against Aeromonas hydrophila in Nile tilapia aeromoniosi models were evaluated. More than half of the tested strains were in vitro sensitive to TAP, being TAP highly potent against Aeromonas, Lactococcus, and Vibrio. The in vivo therapy with TAP alone and combined with FFC was effective to treat aeromoniosis in Nile tilapia. Groups G1, G2, G3, G4 and control had survival rate of 88.33 ± 11.55%; 70 ± 10%; 73.33 ± 11.55%; 85.93 ± 5.13% e 3.33 ± 5.77%, respectively, all being different from the control (p < 0,001). These findings suggest the potential of TAP as a treatment option for aeromoniosis, lactococcosis and vibriosis. The combination of TAF and FFC has a synergy effect, showing that it is possible to reduce the amount of antimicrobial while maintaining the therapeutic effectiveness.<br>190049/2015-4

Os parabenos utilizados como conservantes nas indústrias de cosméticos, alimentos e fármacos não são removidos por completo nas estações de tratamento de água e esgoto, além disso, podem causar danos a biota aquática. O presente estudo teve como finalidade aplicar um método analítico novo para quantificar o metil (MP), etil (EP), propil (PP), butil (BP), benzilparabeno (BzP) e a mistura (metil e propilparabeno) em amostras de água dos aquários com tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). A técnica analítica usada foi a cromatografia líquida com detector de arranjo de diodo (HPLC-DAD). Avaliou-se a toxicidade dos parabenos em tilápias e os efeitos nos biomarcadores bioquímicos dos animais após 6 e 12 dias dos testes de exposição e por administração via injeção intraperitoneal. A concentração dos parabenos utilizada em todos os testes foi de 4,0 mg L-1 (de cada parabeno individualmente) e de 6,0 mg L-1 do metil e de 1,7 mg L-1 do propilparabeno para a mistura. Foram feitas análises nos biomarcadores superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), glutationa redutase (GR), glutationa reduzida(GSH-t) e peroxidação lipídica (MDA). O limite de detecção dos parabenos foi de 0,03 mg L-1 (MP e EP), 0,05 mg L-1 (PP) e 0,10 mg L-1 (BP e BzP), e o limite de quantificação foi de 0,13 mg L-1 (MP, EP, PP), 0,18 mg L-1 (BP) e 0,25 mg L-1 (BzP). Foi possível quantificar somente o PP e a mistura (MP + PP) nas amostras de água dos aquários que continham peixe, no máximo 30 h após a exposição. Nas amostras de água sem a presença dos peixes, foi possível quantificar o BP e a mistura, metil e propilparabeno, durante os 12 dias de exposição. Os testes de toxicidade mostraram que a concentração letal para 50% dos indivíduos após 48 h de exposição foi de 67,11 mg L-1 do MP, 24,08 mg L-1 do EP, 17,34 mg L-1 do PP, 7,98 mg L-1 do BzP e 7,80 mg L-1 do BP, sendo que estes dois últimos compostos podem ser considerados os mais tóxicos da classe. Outro modo de ação tóxica também observada dos parabenos foi a narcose, ou seja, a perda temporária da consciência e da mobilidade. À medida que aumenta o comprimento da cadeia, aumenta a lipofilicidade destas substâncias, que está relacionada com o coeficiente de partição octanol/água (Kow) das mesmas e consequentemente aumenta a toxicidade. Estes dados indicaram que quanto mais lipofílico mais tóxico é o composto. Relacionando as atividades enzimáticas testadas com os níveis de peroxidação lipídica, o metilparabeno foi o único composto capaz de provocar danos aos tecidos testados por meio das espécies reativas de oxigênio. Isso foi comprovado através da inibição da atividade das enzimas analisadas com o aumento nos níveis de MDA. Por outro lado, mesmo com as enzimas antioxidantes apresentando atividades elevadas isso não foi suficiente para impedir a redução nos níveis de GSH-t. Tais resultados indicam que os parabenos podem agir negativamente nas tilápias.<br>Parabens, used as preservatives in cosmetics, foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals are not completely removed from water in sewage treatments, which may cause damage to aquatic biota. The present study addresses a new methodology to measure the quantity of methyl (MP), ethyl (EP), propyl (PP), butyl (BP), benzyl (BzP) parabens and a mixture of methyl and propylparaben in water. Aquarium water of experiments with tilapia samples was analyzed for 12 days by liquid chromatography with a doide array detector (HPLC-DAD). The toxicity of parabens in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its effects on biochemical biomarkers were also evaluated after 6 and 12 days of exposure and intraperitoneal injection. The concentrations of parabens used in all tests were 4.0 mg L-1 (alone) and to mixture was 6.0 mg L-1 of methyl and 1.7 mg L-1 of propylparaben. Biomarkers, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione reduced (GSH-t) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) were analyzed. The results show the detection limits for the analysis of parabens were 0.03 mg L-1 (MP and EP), 0.05 mg L-1 (PP) and 0.10 mg L-1 (BP and BzP), and the quantification limits were 0.13 mg L-1 (MP, EP, PP), 0.18 mg L-1 (BP) and 0.25 mg L-1 (BzP). In the water sample with fish, the compounds PP and the mixture (MP + PP) could be quantified up to 30h after exposure. In the water sample without fish, the compounds BP and the mixture were quantified for 12 days of exposure. Toxicity test revealed the lethal concentrations for 50% of individuals after 48 h of exposure were 67.11 mg L-1 for MP, 24.08 mg L-1 for EP, 17.34 mg L-1 for PP, 7.98 mg L-1 for BzP and 7.80 mg L-1 for BP. Therefore, BzP and BP can be considered the most toxic of the class. As the chain length grows, the lipophilicity of the substances increases. Such an increase is related to their octanol/water (Kow) partition coefficient and, consequently, increases toxicity. Another toxic action observed for the parabens was the temporary loss of consciousness and mobility of the organisms. According to the enzymatic activity tested and the lipid peroxidation levels, the methylparaben was the only compound that caused damage by reative oxidative species, supported by the inhibition of the activities of the enzymes and the increase in the MDA levels. However, the high activity of the antioxidant enzymes to exposure and intraperitoneal injections could not prevent the reduction in the levels of GSH-t. Such results indicate parabens can cause negative effects on tilapia.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:56:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 squassoni_gh_me_jabo.pdf: 417643 bytes, checksum: 2b7f2ef0b5e020632b1db1603aa276ca (MD5)<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>A piscicultura nacional passa por um momento delicado onde a maior preocupação é o mercado. O desenvolvimento deste setor produtivo depende de adaptações nos diferentes sistemas de produção adotados atualmente, sendo necessário adequar-se às restrições impostas pelo mercado, bem como analisar a viabilidade econômica de produções alternativas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho produtivo e econômico da tilápia do Nilo durante a fase de recria, submetida ou não ao processo de reversão sexual, em três diferentes sistemas de cultivo: semi-intensivo com utilização de fertilização orgânica de viveiros, semi-intensivo com utilização de dieta formulada e sistema intensivo em hapas com oferecimento de dieta formulada. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, referente aos três sistemas de produção e aos dois grupos de animais. Para a realização do experimento, foram utilizados 12.920 juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, com peso médio inicial de 0,3 g, distribuídos em 12 viveiros escavados e 6 hapas, na densidade de 20 e 600 peixes/m3, respectivamente. Não foram observadas diferenças no desempenho de peixes revertidos ou não revertidos. Os peixes dos tratamentos submetidos ao sistema semi-intensivo com dieta formulada apresentaram melhores (p<0,05) ganho em peso, conversão alimentar aparente e taxa de crescimento específico (42,3g; 1,17; 3,71%, respectivamente). Os itens de maior importância na participação dos custos totais foram os relacionados à aquisição de juvenis e alimentação, respectivamente. De maneira geral, o período desfavorável (inverno) e o custo elevado da ração utilizada (R$2,33/kg) proporcionaram prejuízos. Na simulação da produção, verificaram-se maiores lucros operacionais para os tratamentos semi-intensivos em viveiros com dieta formulada, com utilização...<br>The national aquaculture is currently in a period in which part of the market is changing. To be successful, the aquaculture should be able to adapt its production systems aiming at to adjust and meet the market restrictions. The new trends point to different possibilities of aquaculture production that potentially increase the incomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, economic performance and microbiological characteristics of Nile tilapia reared in different production systems during the initial growth phase. Specifically, mono and mixed-sex Nile tilapia juvenile were raised in three farming systems: semi-intensive using only organic fertilization (swine manure), semi-intensive using formulated diet, and intensive system in hapas using diet formulated. The experiment was developed in two factorial design (3 x 2); considering as factors, three production systems and two groups of fish submitted or not to the process of sex reversal. In the experiment, 12,920 Nile tilapia juvenile (initial weight 0.3g) were distributed into 12 ponds and 6 hapas at the densities of 20 and 600 fish/m3, respectively. There were no differences of growth performance of the mono or mixed-sex fish. The fish subjected to semiintensive system with formulated diet have shown better (p <0.05) weight gain, feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate (42.3 g, 1.17 and 3.71%, respectively). The items of highest importance in the composition of the total costs were related to the acquisition of juveniles and feed, respectively. In general, the unfavorable period (winter) and the high cost of the feed used (R$ 2.33 / kg) resulted in losses. In the analysis of the production simulation, the treatments with mono-sex tilapia in semi-intensive ponds fed with formulated diet resulted in higher operating profits, due to the higher survival rates and growth observed in this group... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Gilson Luiz Volpato<br>Banca: Eleonora Trajano<br>Banca: Rodrigo Egydio Barreto<br>Resumo: Nos identificamos percentuais de individuos que se distribuem no continuo hesitayaoousadia na tihipia-do-Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). Avaliamos a reayao de peixes isolados (100 peixes, 22.1 ± 5.9 g) a urn objeto-estimulo introduzido subitamente no aquario. Dividimos a parede frontal do aquario em quatm regioes iguais, atraves de linhas externas verticais. Apos isolamento por 24 h nesse aquario, assim que o peixe estava numa das duas extremidades, introduziamos subitamente 0 objetoestimulo (cilindro de PVC de 10 em diametro) na extremidade oposta (~ 30 em do peixe). Nos 5 min seguintes registravamos: a) tempo para sair da regiao inicial; b) tempo para chegar a regiao do objeto-estimulo; e c) tempo em locomoyao. Identificamos dois perfis extremos de resposta: permanencia na regiao inicial (peixes hesitantes) e aproximayao do objeto-estimulo em ate 40 s (peixes ousados). Este criterio resultou em 20% de individuos hesitantes, 29% de ousados e 51% de intermediarios, sendo os peixes ousados os mais ativos. Esses perfIS nao tiveram associayao com 0 sexo dos animais. Para testar a associayao dos perfis hesitante e ousado com a agressividade, uma nova amostra de peixes foi avaliada (115 peixes) como descrito acima, porem 24h horas depois urn segundo teste foi realizado, mas com outro objeto-estimulo introduzido no aquario. Os peixes considerados hesitantes ou ousados nos dois testes consecutivos foram submetidos a anaIise da agressividade. Esta foi avaliada atraves do teste do espelho (20 peixes de cada perfil) e pareamento entre coespecificos (10 duplas de cada perfil). Os peixes ousados foram mais agressivos que os hesitantes. Em urn terceiro estudo, esses peixes foram submetidos a estresse de confinamento por 30 min e o estresse foi avaliado pe1a mudanya na frequencia ventilatoria e colorayao do olho. Peixes ousados foram mais responsivos ao estresse. Conc1uimos que os perfis hesitante e ousado ocorrem na tilápia-do-Nilo, ....<br>Abstract: We identified percentage of fish III the shy-bold continuum III the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). This was achieved from the reaction of isolated fish (100 fish, 22.1 ± 5.9 g) to a stimulus-object suddenly introduced into the aquarium. The frontal glass of the test aquarium was divided in four regions of same area by vertical lines outside the aquaria. After 24-h isolation in the test aquarium, when the fish was in one of the extremities of the aquarium, the stimulus-object (1O-cm diameter PVC cylinder) was suddenly immersed into the aquarium in the opposite side (- 30 cm from the fish). We registered in the next 5 min: a) latency to the fish exit from the initial area; b) time to reach the stimulus-object area; and c) time spent in locomotion. We could identify two extreme responses: staying in the initial area (fish considered shy) and approaching the stimulus-object in up to 40 s (bold fish). This criterion resulted in 20% shy, 29% bold and 51% intermediate fish, with the bold fish being more active. These profiles were not associated with fish sex. To test the association of shy and bold fish with aggression, these fish were identified in other sample (115 fish) as described above; 24 h later a second test was performed (but now with another object introduced). Fish considered shy or bold in these two consecutive testes were then tested for aggression. Aggression was evaluated by the mirror test (20 fish each profile) and also pairing with conspecific fish (10 pairs in each profile). Bold fish were more aggressive than the shy fish. In a third study, these fish were subjected to stress confinement for 30 min and stress evaluated in terms of changes in ventilation rate and eye color. Bold fish were the most responsive to stress. In conclusion, shy and bold profiles occur in the Nile tilapia, can be identified by reaction to a sudden stimulus and ...<br>Mestre

Orientadores : Jose Luis Vasconcellos Rocha, Emilio Contreras Guzman<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-15T08:00:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HenaoCuellar_JoseDuban_M.pdf: 5324029 bytes, checksum: e23c213a8262a9076f5cb726ba83625d (MD5) Previous issue date: 1988<br>Mestrado<br>Agua e Solo<br>Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Sex steroids are generally considered as natural sex inducers in fish. Aromatase (cytochrome P450 aromatase) catalyses androgens into oestrogens in the steroidogenic pathway. Three different approaches were taken to elucidate the action of aromatase in relation to sex differentiation in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The first was treatment with Fadrozole TM,a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor (Al), by incorporating it in the diet or by immersing fish in a solution containing Al during the sex differentiation period. The Al treatment masculinised genetic females, indicating the importance of aromatase in sex differentiation. The result revealed that the most sensitive time to Al lies between 11-18 dpf (days post fertilisation). A partial brain type aromatase cDNA (1707bp) was identified from a brain cDNA library of O. niloticus. The amino acid sequence (that corresponds to exon 2-9) derived from this showed 63.7% identity to a previously reported ovarian aromatase gene of this species, and 96.7% identity to the brain type aromatase gene of a closely related species O. mossambicus. A semi-quantitative RT-PCR method was established to investigate expression of brain and ovarian aromatase genes during ontogeny. No sexually dimorphic expression of brain aromatase mRNA was detected. However, expression of ovarian aromatase was down-regulated from 15 to 23 dpf in genetic males but upregulated in genetic females. This period overlaps closely with the most sensitive period to Al. The pattern of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) was examined using three different genotypes (XX, XY, YY) at two temperatures (28 and 36°C). The results showed a bidirectional pattern of TSD. YY groups showed a significant percentage of feminisation at the higher temperature, which was suppressed by the Al treatment, implying that aromatisation is mechanistically associated with TSD in this species.All of these data consistently suggest that aromatase plays a crucial role in sex differentiation, and that the decisive aromatisation takes place between 13-25 dpf in this species. Considering the timing (26-30 dpf) of the first appearance of steroid producing cells in the gonadal area, the decisive aromatisation is not likely to take place there. The brain could be the primary aromatisation site in fish sex differentiation.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>In this study, the microalgae Spirulina platensis was used to promote the treatment of the water from a cultivation of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Five treatments were carried (VD, CD, CS, SI and SE). In VD, fish were cultivated in fresh green water from a fish culture tank, containing several species of microalgae. In CD, tilapia fingerlings were cultivated in fresh clear water, without the presence of native microalgae. In CS, fingerlings, previously acclimated, were cultivated in clear water with salinity 10. In the treatment carried on the internal system (SI), the microalgae were cultured in a 1,500 L pool with tilapia effluent and artificial lighting. In the treatment SE, microalgae S. platensis were cultured with natural lighting in a 1,500 L boxe containing only the effluent of the fish cultivated in the clear water with salinity 10 (CS). The abiotic parameters analyzed during the cultures were: absorbance, pH, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and total ammonia, nitrites, nitrates and total phosphates concentrations. The zootechnical development of fish was monitored and the production of microalgae biomass was determined. The results showed that fish growth in weight (W) and length (L) of treatment VD (W = 12.25  0.50 g and L = 7.1  0.1 cm) were higher than the treatments CD (W = 9.19  0.59 g and L = 6.3  0.1 cm) and CS (P = 9.90  0.69 g and L = 6.7  0.1 cm). The maximum cell density of S. platensis obtained in the treatment SE was 322,000 trichomes mL-1, whereas in SI were obtained 550,000 trichomes mL-1, which resulted in the greatest production of dry biomass of S. platensis (0.22 g L-1) and maximum yield (0.02 g L-1 day-1). SI was also the treatment which better reduced ammonia, nitrites, nitrates and phosphates concentrations ( 95%), leaving the effluent nutrients levels below to those established by n 357 CONAMA Resolution, making the water suitable for reuse in the fish culture or to be disposal in the natural environment.<br>Neste estudo, a microalga Spirulina platensis foi utilizada para promover o tratamento da Ãgua proveniente de cultivo da tilÃpia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Foram realizados 5 tratamentos (VD, CD, CS, SI e SE). Em VD os peixes foram cultivados em Ãgua verde e doce, proveniente de um tanque de piscicultura, contendo diversas espÃcies de microalgas. Em CD, os alevinos de tilÃpia foram cultivados em Ãguas claras e doce, sem a presenÃa de microalgas nativas. Em CS, os alevinos, previamente aclimatados, foram cultivados em Ãgua clara com salinidade 10. No tratamento realizado no sistema interno (SI), a microalga foi cultivada em uma piscina de 1.500 L contendo o efluente de tilÃpia com iluminaÃÃo artificial. No tratamento SE a microalga S. platensis foi cultivada em uma caixa de 1.500 L, contendo apenas o efluente do cultivo dos peixes em Ãguas claras com salinidade 10 (CS) com iluminaÃÃo natural. Os parÃmetros abiÃticos analisados durante os cultivos foram: absorbÃncia, pH, temperatura, salinidade, oxigÃnio dissolvido e as concentraÃÃes de amÃnia total, nitritos, nitratos e fosfatos totais. Foi realizado o acompanhamento do desenvolvimento zootÃcnico dos peixes e determinada a produÃÃo de biomassa da microalga. Os resultados revelaram que o crescimento dos peixes, em peso (P) e comprimento (L) finais do tratamento VD (P = 12,25  0,50 g e L = 7,1  0,1 cm) foram superiores aos dos tratamentos CD (P = 9,19  0,59 g e L = 6,3  0,1 cm) e CS (P = 9,90  0,69 g e L = 6,7  0,1 cm). A densidade celular mÃxima de S. platensis obtida no tratamento SE foi de 322 mil tricomas mL-1, enquanto que em SI foi de 550 mil tricomas mL-1, que resultou na maior produÃÃo de biomassa seca de S. platensis (0,22 g L-1) e produtividade mÃxima de 0,02 g L-1 dia-1. SI tambÃm foi o tratamento com a melhor reduÃÃo das concentraÃÃes de amÃnia, nitritos, nitratos e fosfatos, em mais 95%, o que deixou os nÃveis dos nutrientes no efluente abaixo dos estabelecidos como referÃncia pela resoluÃÃo n 357 do CONAMA, tornando essa Ãgua apta para o reuso no cultivo dos peixes ou descarte no ambiente natural.

Orientador: Maria Célia Portella<br>Coorientador: Dalton José Carneiro<br>Banca: Cláudio Angelo Agostinho<br>Banca: Maria Inêz Espagnolli Geraldo Martins<br>Resumo: A piscicultura nacional passa por um momento delicado onde a maior preocupação é o mercado. O desenvolvimento deste setor produtivo depende de adaptações nos diferentes sistemas de produção adotados atualmente, sendo necessário adequar-se às restrições impostas pelo mercado, bem como analisar a viabilidade econômica de produções alternativas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho produtivo e econômico da tilápia do Nilo durante a fase de recria, submetida ou não ao processo de reversão sexual, em três diferentes sistemas de cultivo: semi-intensivo com utilização de fertilização orgânica de viveiros, semi-intensivo com utilização de dieta formulada e sistema intensivo em hapas com oferecimento de dieta formulada. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, referente aos três sistemas de produção e aos dois grupos de animais. Para a realização do experimento, foram utilizados 12.920 juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, com peso médio inicial de 0,3 g, distribuídos em 12 viveiros escavados e 6 hapas, na densidade de 20 e 600 peixes/m3, respectivamente. Não foram observadas diferenças no desempenho de peixes revertidos ou não revertidos. Os peixes dos tratamentos submetidos ao sistema semi-intensivo com dieta formulada apresentaram melhores (p<0,05) ganho em peso, conversão alimentar aparente e taxa de crescimento específico (42,3g; 1,17; 3,71%, respectivamente). Os itens de maior importância na participação dos custos totais foram os relacionados à aquisição de juvenis e alimentação, respectivamente. De maneira geral, o período desfavorável (inverno) e o custo elevado da ração utilizada (R$2,33/kg) proporcionaram prejuízos. Na simulação da produção, verificaram-se maiores lucros operacionais para os tratamentos semi-intensivos em viveiros com dieta formulada, com utilização... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The national aquaculture is currently in a period in which part of the market is changing. To be successful, the aquaculture should be able to adapt its production systems aiming at to adjust and meet the market restrictions. The new trends point to different possibilities of aquaculture production that potentially increase the incomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, economic performance and microbiological characteristics of Nile tilapia reared in different production systems during the initial growth phase. Specifically, mono and mixed-sex Nile tilapia juvenile were raised in three farming systems: semi-intensive using only organic fertilization (swine manure), semi-intensive using formulated diet, and intensive system in hapas using diet formulated. The experiment was developed in two factorial design (3 x 2); considering as factors, three production systems and two groups of fish submitted or not to the process of sex reversal. In the experiment, 12,920 Nile tilapia juvenile (initial weight 0.3g) were distributed into 12 ponds and 6 hapas at the densities of 20 and 600 fish/m3, respectively. There were no differences of growth performance of the mono or mixed-sex fish. The fish subjected to semiintensive system with formulated diet have shown better (p <0.05) weight gain, feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate (42.3 g, 1.17 and 3.71%, respectively). The items of highest importance in the composition of the total costs were related to the acquisition of juveniles and feed, respectively. In general, the unfavorable period (winter) and the high cost of the feed used (R$ 2.33 / kg) resulted in losses. In the analysis of the production simulation, the treatments with mono-sex tilapia in semi-intensive ponds fed with formulated diet resulted in higher operating profits, due to the higher survival rates and growth observed in this group... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-01-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:40:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tachibana_l_dr_jabo.pdf: 256983 bytes, checksum: 2f087d635b35e1e5c6fcd9e9f0558a5f (MD5)<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)<br>O triticale (Triticum turgisecale), cereal resultante da hibridação do trigo com o centeio combina as características favoráveis das duas espécies. O experimento foi realizado na Unesp/FMVZ-Botucatu, SP tendo por objetivo determinar a digestibilidade do triticale para a tilápia do Nilo. Noventa e seis tilápias com média de 112,00±22,00g foram alojadas em oito aquários circulares de 250L onde foram alimentadas. As dietas foram peletizadas e o triticale substituiu em 30,0% a dieta referência e empregou-se 0,10% de óxido de crômio III como marcador externo. A coleta das fezes foi realizada em aquários cônicos de 300L. Foram determinados nas dietas e nas fezes os valores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), aminoácidos, energia bruta (EB) e de óxido de crômio III. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA%) do triticale foram: 70,98 ± 0,71; 87,33 ± 1,64; 72,87 ± 0,35; para MS, PB e EB respectivamente; alanina 80,45; arginina 94,88; ácido aspártico 84,59; glicina 83,82; isoleucina 84,08; leucina 89,43; lisina 83,70; cistina 99,87; metionina 76,38; fenilalanina 91,04; tirosina 78,61; treonina 76,83; triptofano 87,10; prolina 97,64; valina 88,05; histidina 93,52; serina 87,76. Os resultados demonstraram bom aproveitamento dos nutrientes do triticale pela tilápia do Nilo, o que possibilita a sua utilização como alimento energético nas rações. Observou-se, ainda, que o triticale fornece maior quantidade de proteína (aminoácidos) que o milho.<br>In order to evaluate the quality of feed it is fundamental to know the digestibility of nutrients and energy. Triticale (Triticum turgisecale) is result from crossbreeding of wheat and rye, combining the favorable features of those two species. This experiment was conducted at Unesp/FMVZ - Botucatu, SP. It aimed to determine the digestibility coefficient of this energetic feed for Nile tilapia. Ninety-six tilapias were stoked at eight circular feed aquariums. Diets were pelletized, and triticale replaced 30% of purified ration. Chromic oxide (Cr2O3) 0.10% was used as a nonabsorbed external marker in ration. Feces were collected in conical fish aquaria (300L). Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), amino acids, gross energy (GE) and chromic oxide levels of diet and feces were analyzed. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of triticale were (%):70.98; 87.33 ± 1.64;: 72.87 ± 0.35; DM, CP and GE, respectively; alanine 80.45; arginine 94.88; aspartic acid 84.59; glycine 83.82; isoleucine 84.08; leucine 89.43; lysine 83.70; cysteine 99.87; methionine 76.38; phenylalanine 91.04; tyrosine 78.61; threonine 76.83; tryptophan 87.10; proline 97.64; valine 88.05; histidine 93.52; serine 87.76. Results demonstrated good quality of triticale nutrients to use in Nile tilapia feed and triticale has more concentration of protein than corn.

Orientador: Margarida Maria Barros<br>Banca: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato<br>Banca: Hamilton Hisano<br>Resumo: Este estudo avaliou a inclusão de plasma sanguíneo desidratado (PD) na dieta da tilápia-do-Nilo por meio de uma pesquisa dividida em duas fases: na Fase I, com duração de 60 dias, avaliou-se o desempenho produtivo e parâmetros histológicos dos peixes alimentados com cinco dietas: PD0 (controle); PD 1,66; PD 3,32; PD 4,97; PD 6,63% de inclusão de PD. Para isto distribuiu-se 440 peixes em 40 aquários de 250 L dotados de filtro físico e biológico com controle de temperatura (26 ±1°C). Na Fase II avaliou-se os parâmetros hematológicos de juvenis de tilápia-do- Nilo, antes e após o estresse por baixa temperatura (16°C) durante sete dias, utilizandose de 60 peixes distribuídos aleatoriamente em 30 aquários de 40 L, dotados de biofiltros e aeração individuais. A inclusão de PD determinou maior ganho de peso e peso final e melhora da integridade intestinal. Manutenção e/ou estímulo à eritropoiese foi observado com a inclusão de PD inferindo melhor higidez e resistência orgânica aos peixes expostos ao estresse por baixa temperatura. Aumento na produção de neutrófilos e manutenção de monócitos demonstrou o efeito estimulatório do PD sobre o sistema imune inato. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (P<0,05), complementado pelo teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey. Foram realizadas análises de regressão nos casos em que o modelo foi significativo (R2 >0,70). Para dados fora da curva de normalidade, aplicou-se o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal- Wallis (P<0,05), complementados com o teste de comparações de Mann-Whitney. A inclusão de PD à dieta de Oreochromis niloticus melhora o desempenho produtivo, a saúde intestinal, perfil hematológico e resistência orgânica ao estresse por baixa temperatura. Com base nos resultados de desempenho e histologia, recomenda-se o nível de inclusão de 4,97% à dieta, pois traz mais benefícios quando comparado ao ...<br>Abstract: This study evaluated the inclusion of dehydrated blood plasma (PD) on Nile tilapia diet by a research divided in two stages: 1° Stage, after 60 days, was measured the productive performance and histological parameters of fish, whose received five diets: PD0 (control); PD 1,66; PD 3,32; PD 4,97; PD 6,63% of dehydrated blood plasma inclusion. 440 fish was randomized into 40 aquariums (250 L) with physic-biological filter and automatic system water control (26 ±1°C) on the 1°st. On the second stage, was evaluated hematological parameters of Nile tilapia juveniles, before and after the cold stress (16°C). During seven days, 60 fish were allocated in 30 aquariums (40 L), with individual aeration and filters, provided by a division in each, that assure individuals spaces. PD inclusion results presented greater weight gain, final weight and improves the intestinal integrity. Maintenance and/or stimulation of erythropoiesis was observed with the addition of PD, inferring better health and fish organic resistance exposed to stress by low temperature. Increased production of neutrophils and monocytes maintenance, demonstrated the stimulatory effect of PD on the innate immune system . The data was submitted to the analysis technique variance (P<0.05), complemented by the multiple comparison Tukey test. Regression analyzes were performed when the model was significant (R2>0.70). For outresults of the normal curve, was applied the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis (P<0,05), complemented by Mann-Whitney test comparisons. The inclusion of PD for Oreochromis niloticus on diet, improves growth performance, gut health, blood profile and organic resistance to stress by low temperature. Based on the results of growth performance and histology, is recommended the PD inclusion of 4.97 % on the diet, because it brings more benefits when compared to PD treatment without inclusion<br>Mestre

Lack of affordable feeds is one of the major constraints facing small-scale fish farmers in Tanzania. This study evaluated the suitability of moringa leaf meal (MLM), cassava leaf meal (CLM) and cassava root meal (CRM) as novel ingredients in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus diets. Each of the ingredients was processed in an attempt to remove the most significant antinutritional factor. A series of five experiments was conducted in a recirculation system using juvenile O. niloticus. The fish were fed isonitrogenous (30g 100g-1), isolipidic (10g 100g-1) and isoenergetic (18 kJ g-1) diets containing graded levels of the processed ingredients to their apparent appetite but not exceeding 10% of their body weight for a period of 8 weeks. Processing led to the removal of 0.3% of saponin from MLM and 60% and 90% of hydrogen cyanide from CLM and CRM respectively. The contents of other inherent antinutritional factors such as phenols, tannins and phytic acid were little affected. Processed MLM, CLM and CRM had 31.1/29.0/1.5g 100g-1 of crude protein, 5.9/10.2/2.4g 100g-1 of crude fibre and 20.1/19.7/15.8k Jg-1 of gross energy. The content of sulphur amino acids was higher in CLM (0.47%) than in MLM (0.23%). Digestibe protein and digestible energy was higher in MLM (25.71g 100g-1/15.44kJ g-1) than in CLM (12.71g 100-1/9.16kJ g-1). CRM had a digestible energy content of 13.5kJ g-1. Inclusion of either of the leaf meals, even at the lowest level of 15g 100g-1 of total dietary protein, led to a significant reduction in feed intake, growth and feed utilisation. Liver and small intestine did not show any histopathological changes which could be linked to dietary treatment. Conversely, cassava root meal could replace up to 75% of wheat meal in the diet without significantly affecting performance. The performance of leaf meals was marginally improved by a combination of blending and feeding stimulants, whereby a blend containing 1 part MLM and 2 parts CLM could provide up to 20g 100g-1 of dietary protein without significantly reducing performance. Biological and economic performance of practical diets containing 30-50g 100g-1 of dietary protein from moringa and cassava blends (LMB) with feeding stimulants was significantly lower than a fishmeal-meal based diet (FM) but comparable to a soybean meal-based diet (SBM). The suitability of MLM and CLM as novel protein sources in O. niloticus diets will depend on 1) improving reduction/removal of inherent antinutritional factors in MLM and CLM as well as improving digestibility of CLM. On the other hand, the suitability of CRM as a carbohydrate energy source will depend on the availability of cost effective protein sources due to its low protein content.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:00:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_lf_me_botib_parcial.pdf: 30318 bytes, checksum: 020b529997201ed642228feffa4b3102 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-04-01T12:51:14Z: martins_lf_me_botib_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-04-01T12:51:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000608193.pdf: 99471 bytes, checksum: 7883a358dde8e00a3d9b75fe8119448a (MD5)<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)<br>Crescimento heterogêneo em peixes ocorre como resultado do crescimento reduzido da maioria dos peixes em agrupamento. Neste estudo, avaliamos a via química nesse fenômeno em juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), testando se os pelxes dominantes liberam fatores químicos que reduzem o crescimento dos coespecíficos. Portanto, estudamos o crescimento de tilápias isoladas (peixes foco) nos seguintes tratamentos: IS = isolado sem contato com coespecíficos; COESP = isolado recebendo água de coespecíficos também isolados; QD = isolados recebendo água de dominantes; e QS = isolados recebendo água de submissos. Para montar os tratamentos QD e QS, peixes de mesmo tamanho foram pareados apenas com comunicação visual entre eles (um vidro transparente os separava). Esses peixes foram removidos e pareados num aquário neutro por 15 min a cada 3 dias para interação fisica para reforçara a hiearquia (a qual era mantida nos outros dias apenas por interação visual). Medidas dos confrontos validaram essas relações hierárquicas (índice de dominância = 0,77 ± 0,05). O tratamento QS afetou o peixe foco reduzindo o crescimento, aumentando a ingestão de alimento e reduzindo a conversão alimentar. O tratamento QD aumentou a ingestão no peixe focal. Concluímos que os peixes submissos liberam fatores químicos que estressam os coespecíficos de forma que o crescimento desses submissos seja prejudicado e a ingestão alimentar aumentada (uma vez que não havia competição alimentar) para sustentar a demanda energética para estresse (assim, prejudicando a conversão alimentar em crescimento). Os fatores químicos dos dominantes podem estressar os coespecíficos, os quais reduzem a alimentação, mas não em nível que prejudique o crescimento. Esses dados demonstram que fatores químicos são importantes na causa do crescimento heterogêneo em peixes<br>Heterogeneous growth in fish occurs as a result of reduced growth in most of the groupedfísh. In this study, we evaluated the chemical avenue in this phenomenon in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) juveniles, by testing whether dominant fish releasechemicals that reduce growth of the conspecific fish. Therefore, growth of isolated Nile tilapia (focus fish) was studied in the following treatments: IS = isolated fish with no contact with conspecific fish; COESP = isolated fish receiving water conditioned by isolatedconspecific fish; DC = isolated fish receiving water conditioned by a dorninant conspecifíc; and SC = isolated fish receiving water conditioned by a subordinate conspecific.To settle DC and SC treatments, size-matched fish were paired allowing only visualcommunication between them (a transparent glass separated these fish). These físh wereremoved and paired in a neutral aquarium for 15 min every 3 days to allow physical interactionfor hierarchical reinforcement (which was maintained in the next days by visual interaction only). Confrontation measures validated these hierarchical relationships (dominanceindex = 0.77 ± 0.05). SC treatment affected the focal físh by reducing growth, increasingfeeding and reducing food conversion rate. DC treatment increased feeding in the focal físh. We conclude that subordinate fish release chemical factors that stress conspecifícfish so that growth is impaired and feeding increased (as no feed competition exists)to support energy demand for stress (thus, feed conversion is impaired). Chemicals fromthe dominant fish might stress the conspecific fish, which reduce feeding, but not to a leveIthat impairs growth. These data demonstrate that chemical cues are important causal factorsin the heterogeneous growth in fish

Orientador: Gilson Luiz Volpato<br>Banca: Percília Cardoso Giaquinto<br>Banca: Eleonora Trajano<br>Resumo: Crescimento heterogêneo em peixes ocorre como resultado do crescimento reduzido da maioria dos peixes em agrupamento. Neste estudo, avaliamos a via química nesse fenômeno em juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), testando se os pelxes dominantes liberam fatores químicos que reduzem o crescimento dos coespecíficos. Portanto, estudamos o crescimento de tilápias isoladas (peixes foco) nos seguintes tratamentos: IS = isolado sem contato com coespecíficos; COESP = isolado recebendo água de coespecíficos também isolados; QD = isolados recebendo água de dominantes; e QS = isolados recebendo água de submissos. Para montar os tratamentos QD e QS, peixes de mesmo tamanho foram pareados apenas com comunicação visual entre eles (um vidro transparente os separava). Esses peixes foram removidos e pareados num aquário neutro por 15 min a cada 3 dias para interação fisica para reforçara a hiearquia (a qual era mantida nos outros dias apenas por interação visual). Medidas dos confrontos validaram essas relações hierárquicas (índice de dominância = 0,77 ± 0,05). O tratamento QS afetou o peixe foco reduzindo o crescimento, aumentando a ingestão de alimento e reduzindo a conversão alimentar. O tratamento QD aumentou a ingestão no peixe focal. Concluímos que os peixes submissos liberam fatores químicos que estressam os coespecíficos de forma que o crescimento desses submissos seja prejudicado e a ingestão alimentar aumentada (uma vez que não havia competição alimentar) para sustentar a demanda energética para estresse (assim, prejudicando a conversão alimentar em crescimento). Os fatores químicos dos dominantes podem estressar os coespecíficos, os quais reduzem a alimentação, mas não em nível que prejudique o crescimento. Esses dados demonstram que fatores químicos são importantes na causa do crescimento heterogêneo em peixes<br>Abstract: Heterogeneous growth in fish occurs as a result of reduced growth in most of the groupedfísh. In this study, we evaluated the chemical avenue in this phenomenon in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) juveniles, by testing whether dominant fish releasechemicals that reduce growth of the conspecific fish. Therefore, growth of isolated Nile tilapia (focus fish) was studied in the following treatments: IS = isolated fish with no contact with conspecific fish; COESP = isolated fish receiving water conditioned by isolatedconspecific fish; DC = isolated fish receiving water conditioned by a dorninant conspecifíc; and SC = isolated fish receiving water conditioned by a subordinate conspecific.To settle DC and SC treatments, size-matched fish were paired allowing only visualcommunication between them (a transparent glass separated these fish). These físh wereremoved and paired in a neutral aquarium for 15 min every 3 days to allow physical interactionfor hierarchical reinforcement (which was maintained in the next days by visual interaction only). Confrontation measures validated these hierarchical relationships (dominanceindex = 0.77 ± 0.05). SC treatment affected the focal físh by reducing growth, increasingfeeding and reducing food conversion rate. DC treatment increased feeding in the focal físh. We conclude that subordinate fish release chemical factors that stress conspecifícfish so that growth is impaired and feeding increased (as no feed competition exists)to support energy demand for stress (thus, feed conversion is impaired). Chemicals fromthe dominant fish might stress the conspecific fish, which reduce feeding, but not to a leveIthat impairs growth. These data demonstrate that chemical cues are important causal factorsin the heterogeneous growth in fish<br>Mestre

Resumo: O estado nutricional dos reprodutores é um dos fatores determinantes para o sucesso da reprodução de tilápia-do-nilo. A qualidade dos ingredientes que compõe uma dieta é fundamental na fisiologia reprodutiva dos peixes. Os lipídios possuem um efeito poupador de custo para uma dieta, como fonte de energia. Baseados nestes estudos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação alimentar com diferentes fontes lipídicas sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos, de matrizes de tilápia-do-nilo da linhagem GIFT. Para isso, dietas contendo 42% de proteína bruta e 4356 Kcal/kg EB, contendo diferentes fontes lipídicas (óleo de linhaça - TOL, soja - TOS, palma - TOP, peixe - TOPX ou fígado de bacalhau - TOFB, com inclusão de 4%) foram fornecidas para fêmeas de tilápia (peso médio de 150g ±12,6) durante 90 dias. Para o desfio de jejum, três lotes de ovos das fêmeas de cada tratamento foram coletados, misturados e incubados. Após a eclosão dos ovos e absorção do saco vitelínico, 300 larvas foram distribuídas em 15 aquários experimentais, e mantidas em jejum até a mortalidade total. A suplementação de 4% de óleo de palma na dieta dos peixes influenciou positivamente nos índices somáticos (hepatosomático e gordura visceral), nos parâmetros reprodutivos (numero total, fertilidade e fecundidade dos ovos; fecundidade, número total e desafio de jejum nas larvas); taxas de colesterol e triglicerídeos e fator de condição. A adição do óleo de palma não apresentou alterações hepáticas decorrentes da suplementação. Não houve diferenças significativas observadas em relação à leucometria diferencial, eritrograma e nas proteínas plasmáticas totais das matrizes de tilápia. A análise histológica do fígado de matrizes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The nutritional status of the breeding is one of the determining factors for successful reproduction of the Nile tilapia. The quality of the ingredients that make up a diet is essential in the reproductive physiology of fish. The lipids have a sparing effect of cost for a diet as a source of energy. Based on these studies, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with different lipid sources on reproductive parameters, arrays of Nile tilapia GIFT strain. To do this diets containing 42% crude protein and 4356kcal/kg EB, containing different lipid sources (linseed oil - TOL, soybean oil - TOS, palm oil - TOP, fish oil - TOPX or cod liver oil - TOFB, with inclusion of 4%) were provided to female tilapia (average weight 150g ±12,6) for 90 days. For the challenge of fasting, three lots of eggs from females of each treatment were collected, mixed and incubated. After the eggs hatch and absorption of the vitelline sac, 300 larvae were distributed in 15 experimental aquaria, and kept fasting until the total mortality. The supplementation of 4% of palm oil in fish diet had a positive effect on somatic rates (hepatic-somatic and visceral fat) in reproductive parameters (total number, fertility and fecundity of eggs, fertility, and total number of larval challenge of fasting); cholesterol and triglycerides and condition factor. The addition of palm oil did not show hepatic alterations due to supplementation. No significant differences were observed in relation to the differential leukocyte counts, and plasma proteins erythrogram total of matrices of tilapia. Histological analysis of liver arrays showed that fish fed with linseed oil showed indicators of a possible liver steatosis. The arrays fed diets containing fish oil and cod liver oil, also presented positive results, however, the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Orientador: Marta Verardino De Stéfani<br>Coorientador: Teresa Cristina Ribeiro Dias Koberstein<br>Banca: João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes<br>Banca: Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati<br>Banca: Newton Castagnolli<br>Banca: Sergio Fonseca Zaiden<br>Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T14:23:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-08-10. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-10T14:29:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000853080.pdf: 1598088 bytes, checksum: 57bd94ebc22d8cc7dfc71cf04598ee04 (MD5)<br>Este estudo avaliou a inclusão de plasma sanguíneo desidratado (PD) na dieta da tilápia-do-Nilo por meio de uma pesquisa dividida em duas fases: na Fase I, com duração de 60 dias, avaliou-se o desempenho produtivo e parâmetros histológicos dos peixes alimentados com cinco dietas: PD0 (controle); PD 1,66; PD 3,32; PD 4,97; PD 6,63% de inclusão de PD. Para isto distribuiu-se 440 peixes em 40 aquários de 250 L dotados de filtro físico e biológico com controle de temperatura (26 ±1°C). Na Fase II avaliou-se os parâmetros hematológicos de juvenis de tilápia-do- Nilo, antes e após o estresse por baixa temperatura (16°C) durante sete dias, utilizandose de 60 peixes distribuídos aleatoriamente em 30 aquários de 40 L, dotados de biofiltros e aeração individuais. A inclusão de PD determinou maior ganho de peso e peso final e melhora da integridade intestinal. Manutenção e/ou estímulo à eritropoiese foi observado com a inclusão de PD inferindo melhor higidez e resistência orgânica aos peixes expostos ao estresse por baixa temperatura. Aumento na produção de neutrófilos e manutenção de monócitos demonstrou o efeito estimulatório do PD sobre o sistema imune inato. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (P<0,05), complementado pelo teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey. Foram realizadas análises de regressão nos casos em que o modelo foi significativo (R2 >0,70). Para dados fora da curva de normalidade, aplicou-se o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal- Wallis (P<0,05), complementados com o teste de comparações de Mann-Whitney. A inclusão de PD à dieta de Oreochromis niloticus melhora o desempenho produtivo, a saúde intestinal, perfil hematológico e resistência orgânica ao estresse por baixa temperatura. Com base nos resultados de desempenho e histologia, recomenda-se o nível de inclusão de 4,97% à dieta, pois traz mais benefícios quando comparado ao ...<br>This study evaluated the inclusion of dehydrated blood plasma (PD) on Nile tilapia diet by a research divided in two stages: 1° Stage, after 60 days, was measured the productive performance and histological parameters of fish, whose received five diets: PD0 (control); PD 1,66; PD 3,32; PD 4,97; PD 6,63% of dehydrated blood plasma inclusion. 440 fish was randomized into 40 aquariums (250 L) with physic-biological filter and automatic system water control (26 ±1°C) on the 1°st. On the second stage, was evaluated hematological parameters of Nile tilapia juveniles, before and after the cold stress (16°C). During seven days, 60 fish were allocated in 30 aquariums (40 L), with individual aeration and filters, provided by a division in each, that assure individuals spaces. PD inclusion results presented greater weight gain, final weight and improves the intestinal integrity. Maintenance and/or stimulation of erythropoiesis was observed with the addition of PD, inferring better health and fish organic resistance exposed to stress by low temperature. Increased production of neutrophils and monocytes maintenance, demonstrated the stimulatory effect of PD on the innate immune system . The data was submitted to the analysis technique variance (P<0.05), complemented by the multiple comparison Tukey test. Regression analyzes were performed when the model was significant (R2>0.70). For outresults of the normal curve, was applied the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis (P<0,05), complemented by Mann-Whitney test comparisons. The inclusion of PD for Oreochromis niloticus on diet, improves growth performance, gut health, blood profile and organic resistance to stress by low temperature. Based on the results of growth performance and histology, is recommended the PD inclusion of 4.97 % on the diet, because it brings more benefits when compared to PD treatment without inclusion

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-07-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:04:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_cp_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 507042 bytes, checksum: 2edf6e19fc47b29717af3db6a2060e54 (MD5)<br>O presente trabalho compõe-se de dois estudos. No primeiro, avaliou-se os efeitos da suplementação de zinco (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 e 320 mg kg-1) na absorção de zinco (Zn), cobre, ferro e manganês de 60 peixes. No segundo estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos do zinco nos parâmetros produtivos de tilápias-do-Nilo. Foram utilizados 288 peixes, com peso de 7,67 ± 0,23 g, distribuídos ao acaso em 36 aquários de 250 L e alimentados com dietas práticas contendo níveis crescentes de zinco suplementar. A fonte de zinco utilizada foi o sulfato de zinco monoidratado. Ao final de 130 dias experimentais, foram avaliados ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, taxa de retenção proteica, sobrevivência, atividade da fosfatase alcalina, retenção de zinco nos ossos e carcaça. A suplementação de Zn não influenciou a absorção de ferro. O excesso de zinco suplementar prejudicou a absorção de cobre pelo epitélio intestinal dos peixes. A absorção de manganês foi prejudicada quando os animais foram alimentados com dietas suplementadas com 320 mg Zn kg-1. A concentração de zinco na carcaça e atividade da fosfatase alcalina responderam positivamente ao aumento de nível de suplementação dietética de zinco. As análises de regressão segmentada demonstraram que maior ganho de peso, retenção proteica e melhor conversão alimentar dos peixes foram estimados em 59,84; 80,00 e 82,62 mg Zn kg-1 da dieta, respectivamente. Com base na retenção óssea de zinco, a exigência deste mineral em dietas práticas para juvenis de tilápia-do-Nilo é de 82,71mg kg-1<br>This study was divided in two trials. First: the trial evaluated the effects of zinc supplementation (0, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 mg kg-1 diet) on zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) availability. Second: a 130-day feeding trial was undertaken to evaluate the effect of zinc on growth performance of Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis nilocticus). 288 Nile tilapia fingerlings with 7.67 ± 0.23 g weight (mean±SD) were randomly stocked into 36 250 L-aquaria and fed practical diets containing graded levels of zinc. Zinc source was zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnSO4.H2O). Excess of zinc supplement has damaged the absorption of copper by intestinal epithelium. The absorption of manganese was injured when the animals were fed diets supplemented with 320 mg Zn kg-1. Concentration of zinc in carcase and alkaline phosphatase activity increased with the increasing zinc levels. At the end of the experimental period fish were weighed to evaluate weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein retention, survival, alkaline phosphatase activity and zinc tissues saturation. The broken-line analysis showed that the greater weight gain, protein retention and better feed of fish were estimated at 59.84, 80.00 and 82.62 mg Zn kg-1, respectively. Based on bone absorption of zinc, the requirement of this mineral in practical diets for juvenile of Nile tilapia is 82.71 mg kg-1

Orientador: Margarida Maria Barros<br>Coorientador : Luciana Francisco Fleuri<br>Coorientador : Ricardo de Oliveira Orsi<br>Banca: Pedro de Magalhães Padilha<br>Banca: Fabiana Pilarski<br>Banca: Wilson Massamitu Furuya<br>Banca: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato<br>Resumo: O presente trabalho compõe-se de dois estudos. No primeiro, avaliou-se os efeitos da suplementação de zinco (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 e 320 mg kg-1) na absorção de zinco (Zn), cobre, ferro e manganês de 60 peixes. No segundo estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos do zinco nos parâmetros produtivos de tilápias-do-Nilo. Foram utilizados 288 peixes, com peso de 7,67 ± 0,23 g, distribuídos ao acaso em 36 aquários de 250 L e alimentados com dietas práticas contendo níveis crescentes de zinco suplementar. A fonte de zinco utilizada foi o sulfato de zinco monoidratado. Ao final de 130 dias experimentais, foram avaliados ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, taxa de retenção proteica, sobrevivência, atividade da fosfatase alcalina, retenção de zinco nos ossos e carcaça. A suplementação de Zn não influenciou a absorção de ferro. O excesso de zinco suplementar prejudicou a absorção de cobre pelo epitélio intestinal dos peixes. A absorção de manganês foi prejudicada quando os animais foram alimentados com dietas suplementadas com 320 mg Zn kg-1. A concentração de zinco na carcaça e atividade da fosfatase alcalina responderam positivamente ao aumento de nível de suplementação dietética de zinco. As análises de regressão segmentada demonstraram que maior ganho de peso, retenção proteica e melhor conversão alimentar dos peixes foram estimados em 59,84; 80,00 e 82,62 mg Zn kg-1 da dieta, respectivamente. Com base na retenção óssea de zinco, a exigência deste mineral em dietas práticas para juvenis de tilápia-do-Nilo é de 82,71mg kg-1<br>Abstract: This study was divided in two trials. First: the trial evaluated the effects of zinc supplementation (0, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 mg kg-1 diet) on zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) availability. Second: a 130-day feeding trial was undertaken to evaluate the effect of zinc on growth performance of Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis nilocticus). 288 Nile tilapia fingerlings with 7.67 ± 0.23 g weight (mean±SD) were randomly stocked into 36 250 L-aquaria and fed practical diets containing graded levels of zinc. Zinc source was zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnSO4.H2O). Excess of zinc supplement has damaged the absorption of copper by intestinal epithelium. The absorption of manganese was injured when the animals were fed diets supplemented with 320 mg Zn kg-1. Concentration of zinc in carcase and alkaline phosphatase activity increased with the increasing zinc levels. At the end of the experimental period fish were weighed to evaluate weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein retention, survival, alkaline phosphatase activity and zinc tissues saturation. The broken-line analysis showed that the greater weight gain, protein retention and better feed of fish were estimated at 59.84, 80.00 and 82.62 mg Zn kg-1, respectively. Based on bone absorption of zinc, the requirement of this mineral in practical diets for juvenile of Nile tilapia is 82.71 mg kg-1<br>Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-07-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 koch_jfa_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 1044806 bytes, checksum: 6c658ab3747f48e3c863103461d1768f (MD5)<br>A exigência de proteína e energia digestíveis não foram determinados para tilápia-do-Nilo em sistema intensivo (tanques-rede). Este estudo avaliou os parâmetros hematológicos antes e após estresse por transporte, composição da carcaça e filé e desempenho de tilápia-do-Nilo alimentadas com níveis de proteína digestível (PD) e energia digestível (ED). Tilápias-do-Nilo (450,96 ± 9,12g) foram distribuídas em 50 tanques-rede (1m3), na densidade de 100 peixes tanque-1 e alimentadas com dietas contendo 20,0; 23,0; 26,0; 29,0 ou 32,0% de PD, 3.000 ou 3.300 kcal de ED kg-1 em delineamento em blocos casualizados (n=5) e arranjo fatorial 5x2. Após 60 dias os peixes foram pesados e as dietas quantificadas para determinar o desempenho produtivo [biomassa final (BF), ganho de biomassa (GB), conversão alimentar aparente (CAA), peso final médio (PFM), sobrevivência (SOB), taxa de eficiência protéica (TEP), rendimentos de filé (RF) e carcaça (RC) e, os índices hepatosomático (IHS) e de gordura visceral (IGV). Os teores de umidade, proteína, extrato etéreo e matéria mineral dos filés e da carcaça foram quantificados. As análises hematológicas (eritrócitos, hemoglobina, hematócrito, volume corpuscular médio, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média e diferenciação de leucócitos) foram realizadas e posteriormente 40 peixes foram transferidos e submetidos à estresse por transporte (5 horas de duração), sendo os mesmos parâmetros hematológicos analisados novamente. Os níveis de PD influenciaram a BF, GB, CAA, PFM e TEP. Houve interação PD x ED para RF, IHS, além da umidade, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo da carcaça. Não houve influência da ED para as variáveis de desempenho produtivo e composição do filé e carcaça. O nível de...<br>Digestible protein and energy have not been determined for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in intensive system (cages). This study evaluates hematological parameters before and after transportation stress, fillet and carcass composition and growth of Nile tilapia fed increasing levels of digestible protein (DP) and energy (DE). Nile tilapia (450.96 ± 5.12 g) were distributed into 50 1m3 cages (100 fish tank-1) and fed diets containing 20.0; 23.0; 26.0; 29.0 or 32.0% DP, 3000 or 3300 kcal DE kg-1 in a completely randomized block design (n=5) and 5x2 factorial arrangement. After 60 days the fish were weighed and the diet was quantified to determine the growth performance [final biomass (FB), biomass gain (BG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), average final weight (AFW), survival (S), protein efficiency ratio (PER) , fillet yield (FY), carcass yield (CY), hepatosomatic index (HSI) and visceral fat index (VFI)]. Moisture, protein, lipid and mineral content of the fillets and carcass were quantified. Haematological analyses (red blood cell count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and differential counting of leucocytes) were carried out and then 40 fish were transferred and subjected to transportation stress (4 hours), after which the haematological parameters were analysed again. FB, BG, FCR, AFW and PER were influenced by DP levels. FY and HIS, as well as moisture, crude protein and ether extract of the carcass were influenced by DP x DE interaction. There was no influence of DE on the productive performance and fillet and carcass composition. 3300 kcal DE kg-1 improved animal health. Fishes presented lymphocytopenia and neutrophilia after stress, regardless of feed consumed. Considering health and growth performance it is recommended... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato<br>Coorientador : Margarida Maria Barros<br>Coorientador : Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini<br>Banca: Wilson Massamitu Furuya<br>Banca: Priscila Vieira Rosa<br>Banca: Ricardo Oliveira Orsi<br>Banca: José Roberto Sartori<br>Resumo: A exigência de proteína e energia digestíveis não foram determinados para tilápia-do-Nilo em sistema intensivo (tanques-rede). Este estudo avaliou os parâmetros hematológicos antes e após estresse por transporte, composição da carcaça e filé e desempenho de tilápia-do-Nilo alimentadas com níveis de proteína digestível (PD) e energia digestível (ED). Tilápias-do-Nilo (450,96 ± 9,12g) foram distribuídas em 50 tanques-rede (1m3), na densidade de 100 peixes tanque-1 e alimentadas com dietas contendo 20,0; 23,0; 26,0; 29,0 ou 32,0% de PD, 3.000 ou 3.300 kcal de ED kg-1 em delineamento em blocos casualizados (n=5) e arranjo fatorial 5x2. Após 60 dias os peixes foram pesados e as dietas quantificadas para determinar o desempenho produtivo [biomassa final (BF), ganho de biomassa (GB), conversão alimentar aparente (CAA), peso final médio (PFM), sobrevivência (SOB), taxa de eficiência protéica (TEP), rendimentos de filé (RF) e carcaça (RC) e, os índices hepatosomático (IHS) e de gordura visceral (IGV). Os teores de umidade, proteína, extrato etéreo e matéria mineral dos filés e da carcaça foram quantificados. As análises hematológicas (eritrócitos, hemoglobina, hematócrito, volume corpuscular médio, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média e diferenciação de leucócitos) foram realizadas e posteriormente 40 peixes foram transferidos e submetidos à estresse por transporte (5 horas de duração), sendo os mesmos parâmetros hematológicos analisados novamente. Os níveis de PD influenciaram a BF, GB, CAA, PFM e TEP. Houve interação PD x ED para RF, IHS, além da umidade, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo da carcaça. Não houve influência da ED para as variáveis de desempenho produtivo e composição do filé e carcaça. O nível de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Abstract: Digestible protein and energy have not been determined for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in intensive system (cages). This study evaluates hematological parameters before and after transportation stress, fillet and carcass composition and growth of Nile tilapia fed increasing levels of digestible protein (DP) and energy (DE). Nile tilapia (450.96 ± 5.12 g) were distributed into 50 1m3 cages (100 fish tank-1) and fed diets containing 20.0; 23.0; 26.0; 29.0 or 32.0% DP, 3000 or 3300 kcal DE kg-1 in a completely randomized block design (n=5) and 5x2 factorial arrangement. After 60 days the fish were weighed and the diet was quantified to determine the growth performance [final biomass (FB), biomass gain (BG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), average final weight (AFW), survival (S), protein efficiency ratio (PER) , fillet yield (FY), carcass yield (CY), hepatosomatic index (HSI) and visceral fat index (VFI)]. Moisture, protein, lipid and mineral content of the fillets and carcass were quantified. Haematological analyses (red blood cell count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and differential counting of leucocytes) were carried out and then 40 fish were transferred and subjected to transportation stress (4 hours), after which the haematological parameters were analysed again. FB, BG, FCR, AFW and PER were influenced by DP levels. FY and HIS, as well as moisture, crude protein and ether extract of the carcass were influenced by DP x DE interaction. There was no influence of DE on the productive performance and fillet and carcass composition. 3300 kcal DE kg-1 improved animal health. Fishes presented lymphocytopenia and neutrophilia after stress, regardless of feed consumed. Considering health and growth performance it is recommended... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor

Orientador: Maria Inez Espagnoli Geraldo Martins<br>Banca: João Donato Scorvo Filho<br>Banca: Teresa Cristina Ribeiro Dias Koberstein<br>Resumo: Nos últimos anos, a demanda pelo pescado tem aumentado significativamente. Atualmente, a pesca, que contribui com a maior parte deste produto, vem apresentando estagnação, ou ligeira queda na oferta em alguns anos como foi o caso de 2006. Em contrapartida, a aquicultura moderna, que passa por grandes avanços científicos e tecnológicos, vem suprindo esta deficiência no mercado. O Brasil, detentor de 12% de toda água doce mundial, deverá se tornar brevemente um grande produtor no cenário mundial. Um dos grandes diferenciais do país, além de possuir clima favorável, é a disponibilidade de grandes reservatórios, que tem sido aproveitado para o cultivo de peixes em tanques-rede. O presente estudo, desenvolvido em piscicultura comercial, no Reservatório de Furnas, curso médio do rio Grande, município de São José da Barra MG teve como objetivo comparar os principais indicadores zootécnicos e econômicos da tilapicultura em sistema super-intensivo (tanques-rede) em duas diferentes dimensões 6 e 18 m3. Foram utilizados 12.960 juvenis machos revertidos da tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Durante todo o período experimental, os peixes receberam ração extrusada especial para tilápias em cultivos super-intensivo e a oferta variou de acordo com a biomassa e temperatura da água, iniciando com 8% e decrescendo até 1%. Foram avaliados os seguintes índices zootécnicos: sobrevivência (%), peso médio (g), biomassa (kg), ganho de biomassa (kg), ganho em peso diário (g), conversão alimentar aparente e densidade (kg/m3). A análise econômica foi elaborada a partir da determinação do custo total de produção e do lucro de cada tratamento. Os dados deste estudo permitem concluir que, embora não diferindo nos principais indicadores zootécnicos, a produção de tilápias em tanques-rede de maior dimensão proporcionou menor custo total médio e maior rentabilidade<br>Abstract: In the past few years, demand for fish has increased significantly. At present, fishing, which contributes with the largest part of this product, has shown stagnation or slight falling in the offer in some years, as in the case of 2006. On the other hand, modern aquiculture, with technological and scientific improvement, has been supplying this deficit on the market. Brazil, with 12% of the world's fresh water, will probably become one of the greatest consumers soon. Besides the favorable weather, there is also the availability of large reservoirs, which has been used for the growing of fish in net cage. The present study, developed at Furnas reservoir, medium course of Grande river, in São José da Barra/MG, had as its aim compare the economic and zootechnic indicators of tilapiculture in super intensive system net cages in two different dimensions 6 and 18 m3. 12,960 reversed male juvenils from Nile tilapia were used (Oreochromis niloticus). During the experiment the fish received (extrusada) special ration for tilapia in super intensive culture and the offer varied according to the biomass and water temperature, beginning with 8% and decreasing until 1%. The following zootechnic indexes were evaluated: survival (%), average weight (g), biomass (kg), gain of biomass (kg), gain of daily weight (g), apparent nutritional conversion and density (kg/m3). The economic analysis was made after the determination of the total cost of the production and the profit of each treatment. The data in this study allows the conclusion that the production of tilapia in (net cages) of bigger dimension offered bigger rentability<br>Mestre

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>The global production originated from extractive fisheries is stagnant since 2000s. With the increasing global demand for fish products, aquaculture has become one of the main alternatives for the protein supply for human consumption. On the other hand, the intensification of aquaculture production results in an increase of negative impacts on the environment, making necessary the development of new farming technologies that will minimize environmental impacts. The biofloc technology system is proving to be an alternative to traditional cultures, and the great advantage of this system is the reduction of water use, besides the increase in productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth performance, indexes of water quality, the sustainability indexes of cultures and the economic parameters of Nile tilapia culture at different densities in the bacterial biofloc system. Among the water quality parameters evaluated, ammonia and nitrite showed values above the optimal range used in different densities (200, 400, 600 and 800 fishes m-3), while the values of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) reached the ideal range just after 30 days of culture, an insufficient time to an ideal biological production of flakes and, consequently, the reduction of the nitrogen compounds. Regarding the zootechnical parameters, all showed statistical difference in the four densities experienced, with the density of 600 fishes m-3, presenting the best results in terms of productivity and biomass gain. About the sustainability of cultivation, both the IS and the IQA found were classified as low in all densities, indicating poor water quality of the cultivation. In the economic analysis, there was economic loss at all densities, with the density of 600 peixes.m-3 achieving better results. However, the gross revenue generated was only R$ 124.2  4.2, with a partial operational cost of R$ 166.8  8.7, making necessary the previous establishment of the microbial community in this type of culture system, so that all water quality parameters remain according to ideal standards.<br>A produÃÃo pesqueira mundial oriunda da pesca extrativista està com sua produÃÃo estagnada desde os anos 2000. O aumento da demanda mundial do consumo de pescado tornou a aquicultura uma das principais alternativas de proteÃna para o consumo humano. Por outro lado, a intensificaÃÃo da produÃÃo aquÃcola resulta em um aumento de impactos negativos sobre o meio ambiente, logo se faz necessÃrio desenvolver novas tecnologias de cultivo a fim de minimizar os impactos ambientais. O sistema de bioflocos bacterianos vem se mostrando como uma alternativa aos cultivos tradicionais e a grande vantagem desse sistema à a reduÃÃo do uso de Ãgua, alÃm do aumento na produtividade. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho zootÃcnico, os Ãndices de qualidade de Ãgua, os Ãndices de sustentabilidade, bem como os parÃmetros econÃmicos de cultivos de tilÃpia do Nilo em diferentes densidades em um sistema de bioflocos bacterianos. Dentre os parÃmetros de qualidade de Ãgua avaliados, a amÃnia e o nitrito apresentaram valores acima da faixa ideal nas diferentes densidades utilizadas (200, 400, 600 e 800 peixes m-3), enquanto os valores de sÃlidos suspensos totais (SST) atingiram a faixa ideal apenas apÃs 30 dias de cultivo, tempo insuficiente para a produÃÃo ideal de flocos biolÃgicos e, consequentemente, a reduÃÃo dos compostos nitrogenados. Em relaÃÃo aos parÃmetros zootÃcnicos, todos apresentaram diferenÃa estatÃstica nas quatro densidades experimentadas, sendo a densidade de 600 peixes m-3 a que apresentou melhores resultados quanto à produtividade e ganhos de biomassa. Quanto à sustentabilidade do cultivo, tanto o IS quanto o IQA encontrados foram classificados como baixos em todas as densidades, indicando uma qualidade de Ãgua ruim para os cultivos. Na anÃlise econÃmica, houve prejuÃzo em todas as densidades, sendo a densidade de 600 peixes m-3 a que alcanÃou melhores resultados. No entanto, a receita bruta gerada foi de apenas R$ 124,2  4,2, com um custo operacional parcial de R$ 166,8  8,7, tornando necessÃrio o prÃvio estabelecimento da comunidade microbiana neste tipo de sistema de cultivo, para que todos os parÃmetros de qualidade de Ãgua permaneÃam dentro dos padrÃes ideais.