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1
Merrill, John C. "Water management and decisionmaking in the Nile Basin : a case study of the Nile Basin Initiative." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002344.
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Merrill, John C. "Water Management and Decision-Making in the Nile Basin: A Case Study of the Nile Basin Initiative." Scholar Commons, 2008. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/402.
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The management of international waterways presents riparian nations with a challenging set of political, economic, environmental, and geographic difficulties. Historically, the Nile Basin has exemplified many of these problems as witnessed by inter-basin conflict, devastating floods, crippling drought, and unstable political and economic development. Despite their tumultuous past the ten riparian nations of the Nile Basin established a supranational water management institution in 1999, the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI), in order to develop collective solutions to their common water related problems. However, serious challenges to the cooperative process threaten to derail the NBI and enflame underlying causes of conflict. This thesis seeks to determine how the NBI has affected water related decision making in the Nile Basin. This will be achieved by examining patterns of decision-making before and after the establishment of the NBI. Specifically, the impact of the NBI will be tested by examining patterns of decision-making within three measures of conflict, namely the allocation of water resources, the sharing of technical data and expertise, and the financing of water related projects and programs.
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Becker, Kelly Mancini. "The Nile Project: Creating Harmony Through Music In The Nile Basin Region." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/536.
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ABSTRACT
The use of the arts as a tool for conflict transformation, or what has been called arts based peacebuilding, is a new and emerging field. Yet, there is sparse empirical evidence on its outcomes. The Nile Project, a musical collaborative from East Africa that brings together musicians from all of the countries that border the Nile River, is aimed at finding a solution to the dire water conflict and crisis in the region. This study aims to explore how their collaborative process of creating and performing music despite their linguistic, cultural, musical, and political differences, can illuminate how music can be used to address conflict. Using a combination of collaborative qualitative and arts-informed research methodologies, original members of the collective as well as the co-founder were interviewed. Observations were also done of the musicians' rehearsals, performances, and classroom visits at a New England University and during a musical residency in Aswan, Egypt. Findings suggest that an outcome of the Nile Project's work is the development of relationships, deeper learning, particularly about other Africans, and that the process of making music with those from diverse musical traditions can act as a way to practice peacebuilding skills: creating unity, while honoring diversity. This study seeks to add to a limited amount of research documenting the arts in peacebuilding suggesting that music might be an effective tool for transforming conflict.
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Mbaziira, Rashid. "The Nile Basin Initiative : towards a regime of cooperation?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440699.
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Mason, Simon A. "From conflict to cooperation in the Nile Basin : Interaction between water availiability, water management in Egypt and Sudan, and international relations in the Eastern Nile Basin /." Zürich : Swiss Federal Institute of Technologie ETH Zürich, 2004. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=15211.
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Setegn, Shimelis Gebriye. "Hydrological and sediment Yield modelling in Lake Tana Basin, Blue Nile Ethiopia." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Mark- och vattenteknik, Land and Water Resource Engineering, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4796.
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Moussa, Jasmin Abdel Rahman. "'Title to water' in international law and the Nile basin legal regime." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708231.
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Ahmed, Tarek Abdallah. "The development of a systematised decision process for optimising water allocation plans in Egypt." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361546.
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Crego, Liz Eva. "Water grabbing and conflict in the Nile River basin : a focus on Ethiopia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58183.
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The phenomenon of large-scale land investments for agricultural production – also referred to as land grabbing – has grown in recent years all over the world, especially after the 2007-2008 international food price crisis. Ethiopia is among the most targeted countries by foreign investors concerning farmland demand. But not only that, the Ethiopian Government is actively promoting and encouraging private sector participation in large-scale farming, especially in the low land border areas of the country that are part of the Ethiopian Nile River basin. The development of land transferred to investors in these areas will necessarily result in an increase of Ethiopia’s Nile waters use. The intensification of Nile waters consumption in Ethiopia, in turn, may challenge the existing arrangement at the basin level, where Egypt has historically acted as the hydro-hegemon opposing any water resources development in the upstream countries. Thus, in this research I explore the implications of land grabbing on water resources as well as the ways in which specific ideas about water configure different power geometries at different scales. By using the agronomic model CROPWAT, I estimate the amount of water required to bring into production all the land that has been transferred to investors in the Ethiopian Nile River basin. Results from CROPWAT show that large-scale farming development could increase the pressure on water resources in some areas to unsustainable levels, as it is the case of the Pibor – Akabo – Sobat sub-basin. It could represent as well, a decline up to 3.4 % of Egypt’s Nile waters share – up to 10.2% in the case of Sudan – clearly challenging the existing hydro-hegemony in the basin. Furthermore, by interrogating different notions of water – those of the state, private investors and local communities – through the hydrosocial cycle framework, this research reveals how water discourses configure social structures and power relations at different scales; and how water injustices reveal or conceal themselves depending on the scale of inquiry.Arts, Faculty of
Geography, Department of
Graduate
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Haile, Frezer Getachew. "Unravelling the gift of the Nile : examining the domestic and international determinants of Ethiopian counter-hegemony in the Eastern Nile River basin." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2018. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/unravelling-the-gift-of-thenile(17de7a5f-5d09-4828-bab2-5189c28673db).html.
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This thesis challenges the mainstream analyses of hydro-political relations in the Eastern Nile River Basin by providing a more nuanced understanding of the role of power in the management and allocation of water resources. It is argued, in recent years, that the established hegemonic order on the Nile which is underpinned by asymmetric power relations, has been contested through a variety of counter-hegemonic strategies deployed within the Basin. Through an examination of the domestic and international factors which have influenced Ethiopia’s contestation of Egyptian hydro-hegemony, this study provides insights into the processes of counter-hegemony and the options available for non-hegemonic riparians attempting to challenge the consolidated control of water resources in transboundary river basins. Additionally, this approach will help reveal how the positions adopted by the other Eastern Nile riparians – Sudan and Egypt – have changed in response to the contestation of the hydro-hegemonic status quo. Power and hegemony, as conceptualised by International Political Economy and Neo-Gramscian authors, are the essential ideational backbones of the analytical framework which informs this research. In this regard, the Framework of Hydro-Hegemony (Zeitoun and Warner 2006), which asserts that asymmetric power relations represent the cornerstone of the analysis of hydro-political relations, is of particular importance to this study. Building on the work of Warner (2008) and Zeitoun et al. (2011) on critical transboundary hydro-politics, the research expands on the Framework of Counter-Hegemony (Cascão 2009b) by identifying and examining the two-level game (Putnam 1988) being pursued by the EPRDF-led Ethiopian government to contest Egyptian hydro-hegemony on the Nile. The analysis of the domestic and international determinants driving Ethiopian counter-hegemony in the Eastern Nile offers an original contribution to the study of hydro-political relations in the Basin. It also provides new knowledge on the dynamics of domestic water governance in Ethiopia and its relationship to issues of state-building, nationalism and development. Specifically, the study will provide insights on the ongoing construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) in western Ethiopia, a ‘game-changing’ hydraulic development in the Eastern Nile Basin.
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Tegegn, Ferezer. "Can precipitation change explain the increased in discharge from the Blue Nile River Basin?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-43298.
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A large amount of Nile water originates in Ethiopia. However, large uncertainty arises concerning whether land degradation or climate change is the cause for the observed increase in discharge along downstream countries. Previous studies showed increases in discharge at Kessie, Bahir Dar and El Diem over the past four decades with no increase in basin-average rainfall. They cite changes in landscapes or soil coverage as a potential reason for this change. However, the study in this thesis shows that the change in discharge could also be explained in part by spatial changes in precipitation. This thesis investigates trends in rainfall within the Blue Nile River Basin f rom 1963 to 2003. For this study total monthly and daily precipitation data were collected from across the Blue Nile River Basin and analyzed statistically. The results indicate spatial variability in the rainfall observed. The general long-term trends in annual as well as in seasonal precipitation show a general decreasing trend along southwest regions of the study area. However, an increasing trend was encountered along northeast and southeast region of the Basin (3 of 9 selected stations). Rainfall-runoff modelling was performed to estimate the required precipitation increase to produce the increase in discharge observed in the Blue Nile River Basin. Precipitation needed to increase between 10 % and 25 % to account for the increased discharge. This increase is similar to that observed for some of the precipitation stations showing that increase in discharge seen in the Blue Nile River Basin may in part be due to changes in precipitation.
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Menniken, Timo. "Hydrological regionalism in the Mekong and the Nile Basin international politics along transboundary watercourses." Hamburg Kovač, 2008. http://d-nb.info/999017128/04.
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Mason, Simon A. "From conflict to cooperation in the Nile Basin interaction between water availability, water management in Egypt and Sudan, and international relations in the Eastern Nile Basin; conflict sensitive interviewing and dialogue workshop methodology /." Online version, 2004. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/24005.
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Block, Paul J. "Integrated management of the Blue Nile basin in Ethiopia: Precipitation forecast, hydropower, and irrigation modeling." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3239375.
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Elshamy, Mohamed Ezzat Ahmed Mahmoud. "Improvement of the hydrological performance of land surface parameterization : an application to the Nile basin." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429384.
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Allam, Mariam M. (Mariam Mohammed Nasr El Din Ibrahim). "Optimal land and water allocation to agriculture and hydropower in the Upper Blue Nile basin." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113470.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2017Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 178-190).
The Nile basin is an ecosystem under stress due to rapid population growth, urgent needs for more efficient utilization of natural resources, potential impacts of climate change, and persistent conflicts between riparian countries on the limited set of resources. This thesis develops a framework for optimal allocation of land and water resources to agriculture and hydropower production in the upper Blue Nile (UBN) basin, which contributes about 60 percent of the Nile river flow. The framework consists of three optimization models that aim to: (a) provide accurate estimates of the basin water budget components, (b) allocate land and water resources optimally to rain-fed, and irrigated agriculture, and (c) allocate water to agriculture and hydropower production, and investigate trade-offs between them. This thesis makes two methodological contributions.
First, a data assimilation procedure suitable for data-scarce basins is proposed to deal with data limitations and produce estimates of hydrologic components especially evaporation, consistent with the principles of mass and energy conservation while also fitting closely available observations from satellite remote sensing and ground stations. The spatial distribution of evaporation from the UBN basin is poorly known. This thesis provides new spatial maps of the monthly evaporation. Second, the most representative datasets on topography and soil properties are objectively identified, compared to other datasets, and used to delineate the arable land in the basin. Maps of suitable soils are incorporated into a land-water allocation model that allows for enhancement of the soils from one suitability class to another to increase agricultural productivity in return for an investment in soil inputs such as fertilizers.
The assimilated hydrology and the delineated arable lands are used as input to an optimization model that allocates land to rain-fed agriculture while maximizing the total net economic benefits. The same framework is extended to incorporate irrigated agriculture in the basin. Eleven proposed irrigation projects are screened, and only three of them were found economically attractive. This optimal agricultural expansion, including rain-fed and irrigated agriculture, is expected to reduce the basin flow by 7.6 cubic kilometres, impacting countries downstream from the UBN. Cooperation scenarios that limit the magnitude of this reduction are studied and their impact on the net economic benefit is quantified. The optimization framework is expanded further to include hydropower production. Optimal operation rules for the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance dam (GERD) are identified to maximize annual hydropower generation from the dam while achieving a relatively uniform monthly production rate.
Trade-offs between agricultural expansion and hydropower generation are analysed in an attempt to define scenarios for cooperation that would achieve win-win outcomes for all riparian countries of the basin.
by Mariam M. Allam.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
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Alemie, Tilashwork Chanie. "Participatory analysis and management of water and ecosystem services in the upper Blue Nile Basin." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/62320.
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Livelihoods in rural communities of the Ethiopian highlands are strongly dependent on ecosystem services (ESS). At the same time, they face many challenges and are typically characterised by extreme poverty. Little is known about the social-ecological context of ESS management, and how this impacts the livelihoods and poverty rates at a community level. Improved understanding of how local stakeholders interact with their surrounding ESS to support their livelihoods may inform more viable and realistic approaches to the sustainable use of ESS and maximize poverty alleviation. In this research, I applied a series of approaches including literature review, participatory rural appraisal (PRA), field experiments, computational modelling (particularly using hydrological and erosion models), and scenarios analysis to identify the most economic livelihood strategies to maximize poverty alleviation at the local scale, and to be environmentally sustainable. First, I studied the current relationship between livelihoods and ESS, and how they are managed for poverty alleviation in the Ethiopian highlands using a combination of scientific and grey literature review. My analysis focused on the identification of the main physical processes that lead to degrading ESS, the formal and informal decision-making processes that are used to address these threats at the community level, and their relation to various levels of external intervention. I find that the main degradation processes are soil structure degradation and soil loss, but also reductions in groundwater recharge, river base flow, and carbon storage. Yet, government policies that aim to address these issues are based on a strongly centralized approach that is insufficiently tailored to the local natural and social-economic context. This may result in some short-term benefits but has a high risk of jeopardizing long term sustainability. The review outcome highlights the need for a participatory bottom-up approach to problem framing, and data generation and exchange to promote both environmental sustainability and poverty alleviation. Following the outcome of this literature review, I develop my research methodological framework based on further review of the literature about participatory approaches to knowledge generation in the field of ecosystem services management to support sustainable development. To implement this framework, I conducted a detailed situation analysis of a representative case study (Debre Mawi watershed) in the upper Blue Nile. This watershed is exemplary for the Ethiopian and other tropical highlands where livelihood security is strongly dependent on local ESS, particularly those provided by water and soils. This situation analysis research was conducted by applying PRA including various participatory methods, such as household questionnaires, semi-structured interviews with key informants, open community meetings, and small focus group discussions. These participatory techniques were complemented with detailed field observations through transect walks with farmers and ESS mapping. This situation analysis provided insights in the problems faced by stakeholders in the study area, and yielded options for improved livelihood and environmental sustainability. Poverty lock-in challenging strategies found through this participatory rural appraisal approach are crop irrigation and livestock fattening. For both strategies and domestic use, water scarcity was found to be the primary limiting factor. Therefore the next step of this research project focused on water availability. With regard to water availability, I tested the hypothesis that groundwater and water harvesting increase water supply during the dry season for the local community using experimental data and modelling. I confirmed that soil and water conservation (SWC) interventions, which were implemented at degraded lands, are enhancing recharge by converting them into areas which actively contribute to recharge (referred throughout this thesis as “hillsides” because of their hydrological similarity to natural hillsides). I found that the area of such “hillsides” increased by 55% over a period of 4 years. The current (natural and regenerated) hillside area of Debre Mawi is 65.4% of the total catchment area; considering this area, groundwater recharge was calculated to amount to 1.4 million m3 in 2016. I developed a groundwater table height simulation model and analyzed catchment-scale spatial and temporal variability of groundwater levels, which allowed me to confirm that groundwater increases water supply during dry season to residents of the lower parts of the catchments. For villagers living in the upper parts of the catchments, my experiment suggests that rooftop water harvesting is the best water source during the dry season. Lastly, scenario analysis that links dry season water supplies with local poverty lock-in challenging strategies proves that animal husbandry is the best livelihood improving strategy for upper catchment residents, while crop irrigation is best suited for lower catchment residents’ livelihoods. After fulfilling household’s domestic water use need, rooftop water harvesting and groundwater respectively may enable farmers earning a profit estimated at US$69–7704 and US$1084–2504 during the dry season from a combination of animal fattening and crop irrigation. Overall, the methodology that I developed and the results that it generated are novel and significant because they identify a potential pathway to move out of sever poverty to a better livelihood within a sustainable environment. The research undertaken can be replicated for appropriate ESS management particular for hydrology-economic model development and policy, as well as for poverty alleviation in the Ethiopian-African rural highlands and to other rural communities worldwide that depend on ESS.
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Motlagh, Mahsa [Verfasser]. "Prospects of Cooperation in the Eastern Nile Basin : The case of Experimental Game Application / Mahsa Motlagh." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1173898530/34.
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Hissen, Nina F. "The influence of policy discourses on multilevel water governance : a case study of the Equatorial Nile Basin." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/54135/.
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This research assesses how discourses on climate change and water security during policy making impact on actual water management, analysing the Equatorial Nile Basin and its riparian countries (Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda and DR Congo) as a case study. The thesis looks at the significance of informal policy networks for water governance, and critically discusses the extent to which the framing of issues by these networks are reflected in the practical implementation of multilevel water governance. This thesis uses a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative with quantitative methods. Qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews with policymakers, through the analysis of policy reports and other documents, and through a focus group with representatives of Water User Associations. Qualitative data was triangulated with quantitative data derived through a Q Methodological study on perceptions of water resources management, climate change and water security. The thesis finds that two policy networks, which revolve around the Nile Basin Initiative and the Lake Victoria Basin Commission, shape the design and implementation of multilevel water governance in the Basin. Actors from both policy networks frame water resources management along the following three frames: environmental risk, governance, and infrastructure development – which are then transferred onto thinking around climate change and water security. The thesis concludes that, whereas climate change and water security are explicit in policy design, consideration of policy delivery does not feedback into future policy framing. The research therefore provides strong evidence that, for successful integration of climate change and water security in the development context, the starting point for policy creation should be a realistic view of the challenges surrounding practical delivery of current water management.
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Mekonnen, Kefyalew. "The economics of developing water resource projects in the Ethiopian Nile River basin : their environmental, and transboundary implications /." The economics of developing water resource projects in the Ethiopian Nile River basinRead the abstract of the thesis, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17380.pdf.
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Owor, M. "Groundwater-surface water interactions on deeply weathered surfaces of low relief in the Upper Nile Basin of Uganda." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/19757/.
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Little is known of the interactions between groundwater and surface water on the deeply weathered surfaces of low relief in the Great Lakes Region of Africa (GLRA). The role of groundwater in sustaining water levels in lakes, rivers and wetlands during periods of absent rainfall is also unclear. Indeed, groundwater is commonly excluded from estimations of the surface water balances. Piezometer nests constructed on the shores of Lakes Victoria (Jinja, Entebbe) and Kyoga (Bugondo) through this study, provide the first evidence of the lithologic interface and dynamic interactions between groundwater and surface water in the GLRA. Evidence is drawn from lithological analyses (texture, lithostratigraphy), geophysical surveys (resistivity mapping, VES), hydraulic tests, borehole hydrographs and hydrochemical (major ions, \delta^2H, \delta^1^8O) data. Groundwater interacts with surface waters primarily via preferential pathways within the coarse horizons towards the base of thick saprolite underlying relatively thin (<5 m) fluviallacustrine sands. Hydrological observations and hydrochemical data indicate that groundwater flows primarily into lakes; this interaction is dynamic varying by season and proximity to lake. Interactions between groundwater and Lakes Victoria and Kyoga are also influenced by changing drainage base (lake) levels that are controlled, in part, by regional, rather than local climatology and dam releases from Lake Victoria (Jinja). Groundwater levels are strongly influenced by rainfall-fed recharge that depend more upon heavy rainfall events (10 mm\cdot d^-^1) during the monsoons than the total volume of rainfall; mean vertical velocities in the unsaturated zone are ~1 m\cdot d^-^1. Layered heterogeneity in aquifer properties (hydraulic conductivity, storage) indicate deeply weathered rocks formed under prolonged in situ weathering (etchplanation) of lowrelief surfaces. This layered heterogeneity in the saprolite aquifer gives rise to a twocomponent recession in borehole hydrographs following recharge events. A firstapproximation of the proportion of the Lake Victoria’s water balance supplied by groundwater is derived from new observations in this study and is in the order of 1 %.
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Tidwell, Amy C. "Assessing the impacts of climate change on river basin management a new method with application to the Nile river/." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19830.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.Committee Chair: Georgakakos, Aris; Committee Member: Fu, Rong; Committee Member: Peters-Lidard, Christa; Committee Member: Roberts, Phil; Committee Member: Sturm, Terry; Committee Member: Webster, Don.
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Jain, Figueroa Anjuli. "Using a water balance model to analyze the implications of potential irrigation development in the Upper Blue Nile Basin." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72894.
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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)-- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-130).
More than 200 rivers in the world cross at least one political border. Any development project including hydropower or irrigation that is implemented in a trans-boundary river is in essence a claim on the resource. Managing a trans-boundary resource will require coupling not only of the physical aspect, but also the economics and political state of the region. The goal in this thesis is to study one case of a trans-boundary river: the Nile. The Nile is shared by 10 countries, but the case study will focus on the three countries that constitute the Eastern Nile region: Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia. In particular, the paper focuses on Ethiopia's irrigation potential in the Upper Blue Nile basin (UBN) and seeks to understand the physical constraints, the maximum water use, and the downstream hydrological and political impacts of developing irrigation. The approach taken is to construct a physically based optimization model in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) to determine the upper bound of water withdrawal possible by Ethiopia, paying particular attention to seasonal variability. The results show that both land and climate constraints impose significant limitations on agricultural production in the UBN. Only 25% of the land area is considered arable and suitable for irrigation due to the soil, slope and temperature conditions. When precipitation is also considered, on an annual average, only 11% of current land area could be used in a way that increases water consumption. The results suggest that Ethiopia could consume an additional 3.75 billion cubic meters (bcm) of water per year, through changes in land use and storage capacity, representing a 70 percent increase over existing water use. By exploiting this irrigation potential, Ethiopia could potentially decrease the annual flow downstream of the UBN by 8 percent.
by Anjuli Jain Figueroa.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
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Gessesse, Fasil Mulatu. "A human rights approach to solving water conflicts over the use of trans-boundary rivers : focus on the Nile Basin." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8054.
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The objectives of the study are to: (1) Critically analyse the 1959 Nile River agreements from a human rights perspective (2) examine the applicability of international human rights law in water distribution and use and (3) investigating how human rights norms and principles can be used, if at all, as a means of solving water conflicts over the use of trans-boundary rivers. The study adopts a human rights approach in its consideration of the problem of conflicts that may arise in connection with the use of trans-boundary rivers. It is particularly significant as it seeks to explore the solution from the human rights of the people in the riparian countries. It is believed that the study will contribute to the development of basin-wide cooperation among riparians by being employed in negotiations and planning of projects.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Raymond A. Atuguba of the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana Legon, Accra, Ghana
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Bergonia, Alexandra. "Crisis in the Eastern Nile Basin: an Examination of the Challenges to Egyptian Hydro-Political Hegemomy and Potential Domestic Solutions." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/496.
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The countries of the Nile Basin are on a collision course that could result in disastrous military action to determine control of the region’s main water source. In the wake of the Arab Spring, the Egyptian government has lost much of the regional clout that allowed it to maintain it’s ‘lion’s share’ of the Nile as outlined by the 1959 agreement. Population and economic growth in upstream countries, specifically Ethiopia, have resulted in intensified calls for a more equitable water-sharing agreement. Just weeks after Mubarak stepped down, Ethiopia unveiled plans to build the Grand Renaissance Dam. The GRD will significantly reduce the water that reaches Egypt’s borders but will significantly increase Ethiopia’s hydroelectric power and irrigation potential. Egypt’s population and agriculture sector rely heavily on the maintenance of this status quo; the country also faces the mounting effects of climate change, rising food prices and immense population growth. In order to avoid a severe water crisis, Egypt must be proactive and look to improve efficiency within its own borders. This paper will examine the inadequacies of Egypt’s agricultural and irrigation sectors. It will then use examples from Mexico’s successful irrigation reform and advocate a shift of control to local Water User Associations. Other domestic and basin-wide efforts to increase water-use efficiency will also be examined.
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Girma, Michael Menker [Verfasser]. "Potential impact of climate and land use changes on the water resources of the Upper Blue Nile Basin / Michael Menker Girma." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1034300296/34.
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Paulos, Helen Berga [Verfasser]. "The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Eastern Nile Basin : Transboundary Interlinkages, Climate Change and Scope for Cooperation / Helen Berga Paulos." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1205462724/34.
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Hanna, Ramy W. Lofty. "Water security mercantilism? : transnational state-capital alliances & multi-level hydropolitics of land-water investments in Egypt and the Nile Basin." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2019. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/81219/.
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Conventionally, the question of Egyptian water security focused on state-centric transboundary hydropolitics within the larger context of the Nile basin. The presented research explores 'water security' beyond this 'state-centric epistemology', typically focusing on a singular scale of hydropolitical analysis. This dissertation examines the water (hydro) politics of transnational land-water investments (LWI) within Egypt and the larger context of the Nile river basin. Adopting a multi-site case study methodology, it critically examines the changing role of the state and the engagement of non-state actors in the silent appropriation of land-water resources through investments in farmlands abroad. The research methodology contextualizes how land acquisitions take several shapes and forms within Egypt (Old-New Lands and New Lands/Mega Projects), as well as in other Nile basin countries (e.g. Sudan). They also manifest land-water-food nexus interdependencies for both; profit and larger strategic objectives, through the formation of 'State-Capital alliances'. Deploying a case study of an international Emirati investor in Egypt, it shows how land-water investments are rooted in a larger socio-political project as part of the state's vision of horizontal expansion and land reclamation, to address its ecological-demographic narrative of crisis. The research also draws linkages between Egyptian water security and transnational investments in other Nile basin countries with a particular focus on the case of Sudan as part of its larger vision of the 'breadbasket of the Arab World'. However, while these State-Capital alliances are rooted in narratives of state modernization, security, and profit, they entail various tensions and trade-offs amongst different resources nexi and actors, thus masking larger questions of social justice and equity. These tensions often reflect the manufacture of abundance and translate into water grabs transcending multiple hydropolitical scales. The thesis argues that the changing role of the "entrepreneurial state" and the engagement of non-state actors in transnational land-water investments manifest a transition from the hydraulic mission towards water security mercantilism. I argue that "water security mercantilism" denotes water grabbing, which overrides the conventional understanding of the hydraulic mission (water control by the state); towards a broader understanding of the role of non-state actors and international investors in accessing water, thus creating their own private resources security nexus. Hence, drawing on development studies, hydropolitics, and political economy scholarship, this dissertation broadens out the analysis of Egyptian water security beyond singular-scale state-centric hydropolitical debates; towards a multi-level polycentric analysis of water security, central to which are the farmers, the investors, and the state itself. This implies that transnational land-water investments not only influence small farmers through the reproduction of scarcity on the local level, but also influence the hydraulic mission of the state on the national level, and the larger Nile basin transboundary hydropolitics.
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Hanke, Nora. "East Africa’s growing power : challenging Egypt’s hydropolitical position on the Nile." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80202.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This case study on East Africa analyses the impact of changing power relations over the last decade on Egypt’s hydro-hegemony on the Nile River Basin. Covering one-tenth of Africa’s landmass and providing resources for the 340 million people and countless species, the Nile is exemplary of Africa’s geographic, cultural and ecological diversity, as well as its political complexity. Eleven riparian states lie in its basin area and compete for dwindling water resources as demand rises in a highly asymmetrical power relationship between upstream and downstream states. Egypt, although geographically disadvantaged due to its downstream position, has established hydro-hegemony by combining material capabilities, legal and institutional mechanisms, as well as knowledge production. Its relative wealth is contingent upon the supply of Nile water, as it makes up 95% of Egypt’s freshwater. Egypt has legally secured its claim through the 1959 Treaty on the Full Utilisation of the Nile Waters which divides the Nile water flow between Egypt and Sudan. Egypt further established consolidated control by using its downstream position in the World Bank to de facto veto upstream hydro-electric power projects throughout the 1990s. In contrast, the East African Community Partner States only started to lay claim to the water over the last decade due to its history of colonialism, proxy wars and political instability. In 2002, the EAC decided to manage the Lake Victoria Basin jointly. Paired with growing stability and economic growth in the region, this management has attracted Chinese investment in hydro-electric power projects, notably dams, giving East Africa financial independence from both the World Bank and Egypt to build hydro-infrastructure projects. East African states use the influx of Chinese investments to increase their respective defence budgets while Egypt’s military spending, as a share of GDP, has been decreasing over the last decade. Under the Nyerere Doctrine, East African states refuse to honour the 1959 Treaty and have asked for re-negotiation. The first step was taken in 2011, when six upstream states under EAC leadership signed the Cooperative Framework Agreement paving the way for renegotiation, in the face of Egypt’s explicit refusal. Domestic factors in Egypt, coupled with East Africa’s growing self-confidence, are slowly changing the power relations in the Nile basin. Using the London Water Research Group’s Hydro-Hegemony framework in a triangular diachronic single-case study research design, this study traces the processes of counter-hegemony and hydropolitical power shifts. Understanding these political processes is the first step towards the sustainable distribution of the Nile water resources on the basin level.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie gevallestudie oor Oos-Afrika ontleed die impak van veranderende magsverhoudinge op Egipte se beheer oor die loop van die Nylwater gedurende die laaste dekade. Die Nyl, wat vloei oor een tiende van die landmassa van Afrika en lewensmiddele verskaf aan die 340 miljoen mense en ontelbare spesies wat daar ´n bestaan voer, dien as voorbeeld vir Afrika se geografiese, kulturele en ekologiese diversiteit sowel as die politieke kompleksiteit daarvan. Elf oewerstate lê in die Nylopvanggebied en wedywer vir waterbronne wat afneem, terwyl die aanvraag styg in ‘n hoogs asimmetriese magsverhouding tussen die lande wat stroomop en stroomaf geleë is. Alhoewel Egipte geografies benadeel is deur stroomaf geleë te wees, het die land hidrohegemonie verkry deur middel van sy materiële vermoëns, wets- en institutêre meganismes, en kennisproduksie. Die relatiewe rykdom van Egipte is afhanklik van die beskikbaarheid van Nylwater, wat 95% van die land se varswater verskaf. Egipte het sy aanspraak daarop wetlik vasgelê deur middel van die 1959 Verdrag oor die Volle Gebruik van die Nylwater, wat die Nyl se vloei verdeel tussen Egipte en die Soedan. Gedurende die 1990s het die land sy beheer verder versterk deur sy stroomafposisie by die Wêreldbank te gebruik om hidroelktriesekragprojekte stroomop de facto te veto. As gevolg van ‘n geskiedenis van kolonialisme en politieke onrus, het die lidstate van die Oos-Afrikaanse Gemeenskap (OAG) egter eers gedurende die laaste dekade begin om die Nylwater te eis. In 2002 het die OAG besluit om die Victoriameer-opvanggebied gesamentlik te beheer. Hierdie beheer, saam met toenemende bestendigheid en ekonomiese groei in die gebied, het aanleiding gegee tot Chinese beleggings in hidroelektriesekragprojekte, veral damme, sodat Oos-Afrika finansiële onafhanklikheid verkry het van beide die Wêreldbank en Egipte om sy eie hidro-infrastuktuurprojekte te bou. Terwyl die Oos-Afrikaanse lande die invloei van Chinese beleggings gebruik om hulle onderskeie verdedigingsbegrotings te vergroot, het Egipte se militêre uitgawes afgeneem as ‘n deel van die BBP oor die laaste dekade. Die Oos-Afrikaanse lande beroep hulle op die Nyerere Dokrine deur te weier om die 1959 Verdrag na te kom, en het versoek dat dit heronderhandel word. Die eerste treë is in 2011, geneem toe ses stroomoplande onder die leierskap van die OAG die Koöperatiewe Raamwerk Verdrag onderteken het, wat die pad voorberei vir heronderhandeling ten spyte van Egipte se onomwonde weiering daartoe.
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Cockerton, Helen Elizabeth. "Late-glacial and Holocene variations in the Si cycle in the Nile Basin : multi-isotope evidence from modern waters and lake sediments." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42906.
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Eshwihdi, A. A. A. "Developing an optimisation-driven hydro-economic simulator for improved water resources management in the Eastern Nile Basin using the ε-constraint approach." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1415699/.
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The Eastern Nile region has been identified as a promising area for large new water development projects. To assist in assessing new investments, primarily new reservoirs, a mathematically-based computer model called ENMOS (Eastern Nile Multipurpose Option Scoping) was developed by Nile stakeholders. ENMOS is an optimisation-driven hydro-economic simulator. In its present version it has several limitations, however. This thesis proposes an enhanced version, ENMOS2, which, unlike the original, can be run over an extended time span and which covers an enlarged water network. ENMOS2 improves the basic problem-solving method so that it can deal with multi-objective problems and work with perfect foresight. This not only ensures greater efficiency, but enables the model to incorporate economic agricultural modelling and to calculate evaporation levels at reservoirs more realistically. This in turn creates considerable water usage efficiencies and maximises profits from crop yields. Against set aims, different versions of the new model were tested and compared to ascertain their effectiveness. In the trials, it was found that application of the ε-constraint method delivered not only Pareto optimal solutions with a richer range of results, but the greatest level of efficiencies. Full conclusions are reached at the end of this thesis, showing the eventual efficiencies achieved.
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Yitbarek, Baye Andarge. "Hydrogeological and hydrochemical framework of complex volcanic system in the Upper Awash River basin, Central Ethiopia : with special emphasis on inter-basins groundwater transfer between Blue Nile and Awash rivers." Poitiers, 2009. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2009/Yitbarek-Baye-Andarge/2009-Yitbarek-Baye-Andarge-These.pdf.
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Une approche utilisant plusieurs méthodes convergentes a été mise en oeuvre pour étudier le cadre hydrogéologique du système aquifère volcanique fracturé et complexe du bassin supérieur du fleuve Awash situé sur le bord du Rift éthiopien. L'écoulement des eaux souterraines et les mécanismes de recharge des différents aquifères ont été étudiés à l'aide de méthodes conventionnelles de terrain, de l'hydrochimie, de l'hydrologie isotopique et de la modélisation numérique des flux souterrains. Des relations lithohydrostratigraphiques ont été établies à partir des logs lithologiques de forages exploratoires profonds. Les résultats montrent un modèle d'écoulement et des caractéristiques hydrauliques des différents aquifères volcaniques très complexes. La corrélation litho-hydrostratigraphique indique que l'aquifère basaltique inférieur, constitué de scories poreuses et perméables, est continu tout le long depuis le Nil Bleu jusqu'à la zone étudiée. L'analyse de la variation temporelle et spatiale des échantillons d’eau provenant d'endroits différents a révélé des interactions nettes entre l'eau souterraine et l'eau superficielle. De nouvelles évidences des transferts d'eau inter-bassins sont apparues. Deux aquifères basaltiques régionaux (l'aquifère supérieur et l'aquifère inférieur) ont été identifiés, montrant des signatures hydrochimiques et isotopiques bien distinctes. Dans la partie sud de la zone étudiée, l'aquifère supérieur et l'aquifère inférieur forment un système aquifère régional non confiné. Dans les parties nord et centrale du bassin au contraire, il apparaît que les deux systèmes sont séparés par un aquiclude régional, donnant lieu par endroits à des puits artésiens. Les eaux souterrainex provenant des puits d'exploration profonds (plus de 250 m) pénétrant l'aquifère basaltique inférieur et des puits situés au sud se sont révélées modérément mineralisées (TDS 400-650 mg/l), avec une composition isotopique stable, relativement moins enrichie et avec presque pas de tritium. Par contre, l'aquifère supérieur superficiel a une concentration ionique moins importante, davantage enrichie isotopiquement. Les résultats des différentes méthodes montrent clairement qu'il existe un transfert d'eau souterraine du nord du bassin adjacent du Nil Bleu vers le bassin supérieur du fleuve Awash. Les résultats convergent également pour attester de l'origine commune de la recharge et de la continuité hydraulique de l'aquifère basaltique inférieur exploité par des forages. Ceci peut avoir des implications pratiques capitales car l'existence d'importantes ressources d'eau souterraine en profondeur peut résoudre les problèmes d'approvisionnement de nombreuses villes, y compris la capitale, Addis Ababa. Ces résultats pourront aussi contribuer à mettre à jour d'autres aquifères régionaux le long des limites du rift dans des zones ayant une structure hydrogéologique similaire à celle du bassin supérieur du fleuve AwashIntegrated approach has been used to investigate the hydrogeological framework of a complex fractured volcanic aquifer system in the Upper Awash river basin located at the western shoulder of the Ethiopian rift. The groundwater flow system and mechanism of recharge of different aquifers have been studied using conventional hydrogeological field investigations, hydrochemistry, isotope hydrology and numerical groundwater flow modeling techniques. Litho-hydrostratigraphic relationships were constructed from lithologic logs obtained from exploratory drilling of deep boreholes. The result indicates quite complex flow pattern and hydraulic characteristics of the different volcanic aquifers. The litho-hydrostratigraphic correlation indicates that the permeable and porous scoraceous lower basaltic aquifer is extended laterally all the way from the Blue Nile Plateau to the study area. . The analysis of the temporal and spatial variation of water samples from different places revealed clear undwater-surface water interactions. New evidences have also emerged on the inter-basin groundwater transfer. Two distinct regional basaltic aquifers (Upper and lower) are identified showing distinct hydrochemical and isotopic signatures. In the southern part of the study area the upper and lower aquifers form one unconfined regional aquifer system. In the northern and central part of the basin, it appears that the two systems are separated by regional aquiclude forming confined aquifers, in places with artesian wells. The groundwater from the deep exploratory wells (>250m) tapping the lower basaltic aquifer and wells located in the south were found to be moderately mineralized (TDS: 400-600 mg/l), with relatively depleted stable isotope composition and with almost zero tritium. In contrast, the upper shallow aquifer has lesser ionic concentration, more isotopically enriched. Evidences from the different methods clearly indicate inter-basin groundwater transfer from the Blue Nile basin to the Upper Awash basin. The evidences also converge to testify common origin of recharge, presence of hydraulic connectivity for systems tapping the lower basaltic aquifer. This has enormous practical implication in finding large groundwater reserve at a greater depth that can solve the current water supply problems of the community including the capital Addis Ababa. It will also have important role in finding more regional aquifers along the plateau-rift margins in many areas having similar hydrogeological setup as the study area
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Walker, Brett Lincoln. "Greater Sage-Grouse Response to Coal-Bed Natural Gas Development and West Nile Virus in the Powder River Basin, Montana and Wyoming, USA." The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-09302008-161217/.
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Understanding how population dynamics respond to landscape-scale disturbance and disease are crucial for effective wildlife management and conservation. Two new potential stressors on greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) populations in the Powder River Basin of Montana and Wyoming are coal-bed natural gas (CBNG) development and West Nile virus (WNv). I first examined how CBNG development, habitat, and other landscape features influenced trends in the abundance of displaying males and the status of sage-grouse leks. Second, I used rates of WNv-induced mortality and seroprevalence from radio-marked birds to estimate rates of WNv infection. Third, I studied the influence of female characteristics, season, and environmental variables on nest, brood, and female survival. I then used population models to estimate potential impacts of WNv on population growth. From 2001-2005, numbers of males on leks in CBNG fields declined more rapidly than leks outside CBNG. Of leks active in 1997 or later, only 38% within CBNG remained active by 2004-2005, compared to 84% of leks outside CBNG. By 2005, leks in CBNG had 46% fewer males per active lek than leks outside CBNG. Persistence of 110 leks was positively influenced by proportion sagebrush habitat within 6.4 km of the lek and negatively affected by CBNG development at multiple scales. Prohibiting CBNG development within 0.4 km of sage-grouse leks is inadequate to ensure lek persistence. From 2003-2005, minimum WNv-related mortality rates from 1 July-15 September ranged from 2.4-13.3% and maximum possible rates ranged from 8.2-28.9%. In spring 2005 and 2006, 10.3% and 1.8% respectively, of newly-captured females tested seropositive for neutralizing antibodies to WNv. Annual WNv infection rates were lower in habitats without CBNG development. Summer mortality from WNv occurred every year, decreased annual female survival rates by 0-27% per year, and reduced estimates of population growth by 7-10% per year. Changes in epizootiology of WNv and in distribution and management of surface water from CBNG development will play an important role in long-term impacts of WNv on greater sage-grouse populations in the Powder River Basin. Management should focus on eliminating man-made water sources that support breeding mosquitos known to vector the virus.
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Okoth, Simon. "A 'Seat at the Table': Exploring the relationship between pluralist structures and involvement in decision-making—The Case of the Nile Basin Initiative." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1963.
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The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between pluralist structures and involvement in decision-making of the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI). To establish this relationship the study asked two primary questions: What are the characteristics of power structures of the NBI as they relate to stakeholder involvement in Ethiopia? For those not involved in the decision-making process, what constraints prevent them from getting a ‘seat at the table’?” Two secondary questions were also asked: Do the power structure characteristics in Ethiopia relate to pluralism and, if so, how? To what extent are conditions in Ethiopia compatible with the prerequisites of pluralism? The study focused on one issue-area, the Water Resources Planning and Management Project. Qualitative data were collected primarily from NGOs in Ethiopia during the month of December, 2008. Background information was collected in Entebbe, Uganda, the home to the NBI Secretariat. Data sources included in-depth key informant interviews (n=30), archival, geographical, historical, and scientific accounts. The findings show that 1) the characteristics of power structures of the Nile Basin Initiative in Ethiopia are both pluralistic and elitist; 2) the level of involvement in the Water Resources Planning and Management Project by nongovernmental stakeholders is low; 3) the framework for involvement is limited and restricted to invitations to selected meetings in which the role of the NGOs is that of the observer; 4) political factors are the leading constraints to involvement, followed by lack of capacity of the NGOs and the NBI, structural limitations, and lack of information and awareness. The study concludes that, even though there is consistent theoretical link between pluralist structures and stakeholder involvement, the mere presence of pluralist structures does not guarantee involvement. It all depends on how well those structures function. The findings thus leads this study to hypothesize that the pluralist structures and elite power structures exist side by side, at least in the context of Ethiopia. Through the pluralist structures, organized groups are formally recognized while the elite power structures determine the process and who makes the decisions.
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Cherie, Netsanet Zelalem [Verfasser]. "Downscaling and Modeling the Effects of Climate Change on Hydrology and Water Resources in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia / Netsanet Zelalem Cherie." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2013. http://d-nb.info/103616117X/34.
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Tigabu, Tibebe Belete [Verfasser], Nicola [Akademischer Betreuer] Fohrer, and Hans-Rudolf [Gutachter] Bork. "Water Resources in Lake Tana Basin: Analysis of hydrological time series data and impact of climate change with emphasis on groundwater, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia / Tibebe Belete Tigabu ; Gutachter: Hans-Rudolf Bork ; Betreuer: Nicola Fohrer." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1214240836/34.
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Gulmammadov, Rashad. "Seismic geomechanics of mud volcanoes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/seismic-geomechanics-of-mud-volcanoes(e579a3af-0881-4f52-b14a-dd360304f337).html.
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Mud volcanoes constitute an important component of petroliferous basins and their understanding is essential for successful exploration and development of hydrocarbon fields. They occur in both extensional and compressive tectonic settings, along with passive and active continental margins. Although extensive research exists on the geochemistry, geomorphology and stratigraphic evolution of these localized fluid flow structures, little is known about their geomechanical characteristics. This research investigates the geomechanics of mud volcanoes from the South Caspian Basin and West Nile Delta. This is achieved by establishing a workflow for geomechanical assessment of mud volcanoes using a P-wave velocity dataset from across the mud volcano within the offshore South Caspian Basin. This objective is developed further with the availability of seismic and wellbore data from around the Giza mud volcano, offshore West Nile Delta. Preliminary results of this study from the South Caspian Basin enable confidence in estimating the realistic magnitudes of elastic rock properties, stresses and fluid pressures from empirical and analytical correlations. Moreover, analysis of the variations in fluid pressures allow the fluid flow models around the mud volcano to be constrained and their gradients provide preliminary estimates of the drilling window. Structural and stratigraphic analysis around the Giza mud volcano offers insight into the formation of the mud volcano during the Quaternary and how the fault networks on the hanging wall of the arcuate tectonic fault have acted as conduits for primarily the pre-Pliocene fluids exploiting the areas of weakness along the hanging wall of the fault by entraining the Pliocene sediments. Fluid pressure evaluation reveals small overpressures caused by disequilibrium compaction. Further analysis offers insight into the critical fluid pressures that control fault movement, the stresses responsible for rock deformation around the wellbore and the width of the drilling window constrained by the fracturing of the strata. Analysis presented here provides details on the geomechanical significance of mud volcano environments, with implications for engineering practices. Overall, findings contribute to a systematic understanding of mud volcano settings not only from a field exploration and development point of view, but also at a wider scale for basin analysis and relatively small scale for play analysis.
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Khalifa, Muhammad Saeed Ahmed [Verfasser], Karl [Gutachter] Schneider, Georg [Gutachter] Bareth, and Lars [Gutachter] Ribbe. "Multi-scale Spatial Analysis of the Water-Food-Climate Nexus in the Nile Basin using Earth Observation Data / Muhammad Saeed Ahmed Khalifa ; Gutachter: Karl Schneider, Georg Bareth, Lars Ribbe." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1219652393/34.
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Stamou, Athanasia-Tatiana [Verfasser], Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Rutschmann, Peter [Gutachter] Rutschmann, and Wolfgang [Gutachter] Kinzelbach. "Water Resources Optimization using the Nexus Approach : A Case Study of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia / Athanasia-Tatiana Stamou ; Gutachter: Peter Rutschmann, Wolfgang Kinzelbach ; Betreuer: Peter Rutschmann." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1178672301/34.
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Alvarez, Polanco Erwin Isaac [Verfasser], Markus [Akademischer Betreuer] Disse, Ralf [Gutachter] Ludwig, Markus [Gutachter] Disse, and Tammo [Gutachter] Steenhuis. "Simulating Hydrogeomorphological Processes to Assess Land Degradation in the Upper Blue Nile Basin in Ethiopia Using SWAT / Erwin Isaac Alvarez Polanco ; Gutachter: Ralf Ludwig, Markus Disse, Tammo Steenhuis ; Betreuer: Markus Disse." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1150852135/34.
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Dile, Yihun. "Intensifying Agricultural Water Management in the Tropics : A cause of water shortage or a source of resilience?" Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-102878.
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Frequent climatic shocks have presented challenges for rainfed agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. Appropriate water management practices are among the solutions to the challenges. The role of water harvesting in achieving sustainable agricultural intensification and specified resilience was explored. Suitable areas for water harvesting in the Upper Blue Nile basin were identified. The usefulness of the Curve Number method for surface runoff estimation was evaluated, and was found to perform satisfactorily. The impact of climate change in the Lake Tana sub-basin was studied. A decision support system was developed for locating and sizing of water harvesting ponds in the SWAT model. Methodological developments enabled analysis of the implications of water harvesting intensification in a meso-scale watershed in the Lake Tana sub-basin. Results suggest that water harvesting can increase agricultural productivity, sustain ecosystems and build specified resilience, and thereby contribute to sustainable agricultural intensification. There is considerable potential for water harvesting in the Upper Blue Nile Basin. Rainfall may increase in the Lake Tana sub-basin due to climate change. Supplementary irrigation from water harvesting ponds and better nutrient application increased staple crop production by up to three-fold. Moreover, a substantial amount of cash crop was produced using dry seasonal irrigation. Water harvesting altered the streamflow regime, and reduced sediment loss from the watershed. Water harvesting can play an important role in food security. It showed potential to buffer climatic variability. In the watershed studied, water harvesting will not compromise the environmental water requirements. Instead, increased low flows, and reduced flooding and sediment loss may benefit the social-ecological systems. The adverse effects of disturbance of the natural flow variability and sediment influx to certain riverine ecosystems warrant detailed investigation.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 5: Epub ahead of print. Paper 6: Manuscript.
Water resources management and social-ecological resilience
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Coudert, Lucie. "La place de la pêche pendant l'Holocène de la vallée du Rift au Sahel occidental." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20024.
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Dans les années 1970, J.E.G. Sutton suggérait l’émergence, à partir du 8ème millénaire BC, et à travers la bande sahélo-saharienne et le bassin du Nil, d’un grand groupe culturel aqualithique, caractérisé par certains décors céramiques, des pointes osseuses barbelées, et une économie basée sur la pêche. Celle-ci, en permettant un mode de vie sédentaire, aurait constitué une alternative à la production alimentaire, mais aurait fini par péricliter, principalement en raison de l’aridification du climat. Au contraire, pour J.D. Clark, une économie spécialisée sur une ressource très prévisible aurait pu constituer une étape dans le processus de néolithisation. Cette étude propose de tester les hypothèses de J.E.G. Sutton d’un point de vue économique et de caractériser l’importance de la pêche en fonction des contextes environnementaux, techno-culturels et socio-économiques de l’ensemble de l’Holocène, de la Vallée du Rift au Sahel occidental, grâce à l’étude de quatre principaux sites implantés au coeur et en périphérie immédiate de l’aire de répartition des aqualithiques des J.E.G. Sutton. Ce corpus, comparé à d’autres contextes holocènes de la vallée du Rift, du bassin du Nil et de la zone sahélo-saharienne, a permis de mettre en évidence le fait qu’une économie basée sur la pêche n’est l’apanage ni d’un unique complexe techno-culturel, ni d’une seule zone géographique, ni d’une période climatique, ni enfin d’un contexte socio-économique. Ce type de modèle économique tourné vers les fleuves et les lacs a existé à différentes périodes et a coexisté avec d’autres modèles, davantage centrés sur la chasse, sur l’élevage, ou encore sur une exploitation plus mixte de ces différentes ressources. Il a probablement été un marqueur culturel fort dans certains cas, mais dans des sociétés très éloignées géographiquement, chronologiquement et culturellement, depuis les pêcheurs Early Khartoum et Kansyore jusqu’à, peut-être, ceux des royaumes historiques d’Afrique occidentaleIn the 1970s, J.E.G. Sutton suggested the emergence, from the 8th millennium BC, and throughout the Sahel-Saharan belt and the Nile basin, of a large aqualithic cultural group, characterised by certain ceramic decorations, barbed bone point, and a fishing economy. This, by allowing a sedentary way of life, would have been an alternative to food production, but would eventually have collapsed, mainly because of the aridification of the climate. On the contrary, for J.D. Clark, a specialised economy on a highly predictable resource could have been a step in the neolithization process. This study proposes to test the hypotheses of J.E.G. Sutton from an economic point of view and to characterise the importance of fishing depending on the environmental, techno-cultural and socio-economic contexts of the Holocene, from the Rift Valley to the Western Sahel, through the study of four main sites located at the core and in the immediate periphery of the J.E.G. Sutton aqualithic range. This corpus, compared to other Holocene contexts in the Rift Valley, the Nile basin and the Sahelo- Saharan zone, has made it possible to highlight the fact that a fishery-based economy is the preserve neither a single techno-cultural complex, nor a single geographical area, nor a climatic period, nor, finally, a socio-economic complex. This type of economic model turned to rivers and lakes existed at different times and coexisted with other models, more focused on hunting, on livestock, or on a more mixed exploitation of these different resources. In some case, it has probably been a strong cultural marker, but in societies very far geographically, chronologically and culturally, from Early Khartoum and Kansyore fishers to, perhaps, those of the historic kingdoms of West Africa
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Mekonnen, Dagnenet Fenta [Verfasser], Markus [Akademischer Betreuer] Disse, Ralf [Gutachter] Ludwig, Markus [Gutachter] Disse, and Karl [Gutachter] Auerswald. "Impacts of changes in Climate, Land Cover and Water Management on Water Availability of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia / Dagnenet Fenta Mekonnen ; Gutachter: Ralf Ludwig, Markus Disse, Karl Auerswald ; Betreuer: Markus Disse." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1190818795/34.
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Eriksson, Simon. "Water quality in the Koga Irrigation Project, Ethiopia: A snapshot of general quality parameters." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-203128.
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The government of Ethiopia has initialized an investment in the agricultural sector in order to secure food production for a growing population. The Koga Irrigation and Water Management Project is a pilot project and hopes are that crop production will double. Water quality is an important factor to meet these expectations. The aim of this study is to assess the irrigation water’s biological and chemical quality by using locally available methods and compare the results with international water quality standards pertaining to agricultural use as well as human and animal consumption. The water was sampled and analyzed for biological, chemical and physical parameters. The most important parameters were thermotolerant coliforms, electrical conductivity and turbidity. The first part of the thesis was a literature study dealing with the Koga project and the water use in the area. The second part focuses on 17 water samples that were taken within an individual command area: irrigation canals, fish pond and drinking water well. The samples were then analyzed at the water quality and treatment lab at the University of Bahir Dar. The results were compared to guideline values for livestock, crop, fish and human use recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). All water samples, including the drinking water from the groundwater well, were contaminated with thermotolerant coliforms and had a relatively high turbidity. Additionally, the irrigation water contained levels of boron which were higher than recommended for crop production. Electrical conductivity values were overall satisfactory. These results give only an idea of the overall water quality within the Koga Irrigation Project. More samples need to be taken in order to draw any concrete conclusions and provide any recommendations.
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Bastian, Luc. "Impact des variations de la mousson Africaine sur l’érosion chimique des silicates dans le bassin versant du Nil depuis 100.000 ans." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4101/document.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer une reconstruction de l’altération continentale dans le bassin du Nil depuis 100.000 ans, afin de mieux comprendre l’impact des variations climatiques sur les sols, les apports à la Méditerranée et le cycle du carbone. Ce travail repose sur une étude géochimique fine des argiles extraites d’archives sédimentaires du delta du Nil sur une échelle de temps de 100.000 ans. Il repose sur une approche inédite du couplage d’un traceur de source (isotopes du néodyme) et de traceurs d’altérations (isotopes du lithium). Les résultats de cette étude mettent en évidence une réponse rapide de l’altération continentale aux variations hydro-climatique en Afrique du Nord. De plus, les changements climatiques en Atlantique Nord et du ralentissement de l’AMOC ont eu une influence importante sur la diminution de l’intensité d’altération continentale dans le bassin du Nil. A l’actuel, les taux d’altération, et la consommation de CO2 associée, des trapps d’Ethiopie sont relativement faibles par rapport aux autres régions basaltiques. Nos résultats montrent cependant que durant l’African Humid Period, la consommation de CO2 dans cette région était 2 à 3 fois plus importante qu’aujourd’hui. Cela indique que les trapps d’Ethiopie ont pu jouer un rôle non négligeable dans le cycle du CO2, et en particulier lors des périodes de fort runoff. Enfin, des développements analytiques ont été réalisés afin de pouvoir exploiter les compositions isotopiques en lithium des carbonates biogéniques marins, comme nouveaux traceurs des apports en eau douce du Nil. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent une influence des effets dits « vitaux » et des processus de diagénèseThis thesis presents a reconstruction of the chemical weathering in the Nile basin since 100.000 years. His objective is to better understand the impact of climatic variations on chemical weathering, to better. This work is based on the geochemistry study on marine core recorded in the Nile delta, on a time scale of 100.000 years. It use a novel approach with the coupling of à source tracer (εNd) and chemical weathering tracers (δ7Li and elementary ratios) on the fine fraction (< 2µm). In addition, it was analyzed samples of each actual Nil sources and a core sample from Tana Lack (Ethiopie). The results of this studies have enabled to reconstruct the chemical weathering variations in the Nile basin since 100.000 years. It show a rapid respond of chemical weathering to climate variations. This was also observed by important impact of North Atlantic climate variations on the decrease of chemical weathering in the Nile basin. At present, the chemical weathering flux and the CO2 consumption of the Ethiopian traps are low comparted to the other basaltic regions, as the Deccan. However, our results show that during the most humid periods (African Humid Period) the CO2 consumption was 2 to 3 time higher than today. This indicates that the Ethiopian traps could be have played a non-negligible role in the global CO2 cycle during the Cenozoic, and principally during the most humid periods in North Africa. Finally, analytical developments have been realized to be able to exploit the lithium isotopes on biogenic carbonates as a new tracer of Nile water flood. The results suggest an influence of “vital” effect and diagenetic process
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Verhoeven, Harry. "Water, civilisation and power : Sudan's hydropolitical economy and the Al-Ingaz revolution." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:11f97a61-7594-43ae-a45a-aab1eb06cd68.
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This thesis argues that state-building in Sudan in the modern era cannot be understood without a multilevel analysis of the links between water, civilisation and power. More particularly, it focuses on the hydropolitical economy of the Al-Ingaz Revolution since its launch in 1989. I analyse the efforts by Sudan's military-Islamist leaders at material and immaterial transformation of society through visions of hydro-engineering civilisation. “Economic Salvation” -the rescue of Sudan’s economy through a “hydro-agricultural mission” that will create an ‘Islamic’ middle class- is central to this ideology. The hydro-agricultural mission is a revolutionary attempt at Islamist state-building through a hyper-ambitious Dam Programme and an Agricultural Revival in Sudan’s riverain core. It intends to entrench Al-Ingaz in power by delivering for those riverain constituencies and external partners on the Arabian Peninsula and in East Asia deemed critical to continued hegemony. This thesis is fundamentally about Islamist Sudan's hydropolitical economy, but makes broader contributions. First, it highlights how, far from being exceptional, the hydro-agricultural mission is deeply embedded in historical ways of thinking about water, civilisation and power in Sudan and the Nile Basin more broadly, echoing assumptions, policy prescriptions and logics of political control and high-modernist development that have been salient for almost 200 years. In the past, grand state-building projects, predicated on the dream of controlling the water to control the people, have been characterised by high levels of violence and developmental mirages in the desert. I show why, under military-Islamist rule, this experience is being repeated in Sudan. Second, this thesis is situated in wider debates in the early 21st century, with fears about resources crunches proliferating amidst rising global commodity prices and the impact of climate change. The idea that environmental scarcity, as an exogenous variable, is the main shaper of societies and their politics is enduring, but both theoretically and empirically misguided. Moreover, it has often been manipulated by elites in processes of power and wealth accumulation that reproduce the very societal and ecological problems they claim to be resolving. I argue that the links between water, civilisation and power in Sudan highlight not just the endogeneity of environmental scarcity to political-economic processes, but also the violent consequences of a modernist paradigm that is seen by ruling elites as both enlightened science and the route to hegemony while reproducing conflict at the local, national and regional level.
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Fisher, Anthony W. "Spatial Distribution of Artesian Conditions Within the Niles Cone Basin, Alameda County, California." Thesis, San Jose State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10623614.
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The Niles Cone Basin (NCB) within Alameda County, California, contains portions of the basin under perennial and ephemeral artesian groundwater conditions. This study used 349 wells installed throughout the basin’s four-aquifer system to delineate the spatial distribution of the 86 wells that have gone artesian between 1995 and 2015. Artesian wells within all four aquifers occur at elevations below 5.2 meters above sea level (MASL) but predominantly below 3.0 MASL. Even at lower elevations, artesian conditions do not occur in regions of major pumping owing to significant drawdown. Within topographically-low regions, wells may not be artesian where well-heads are located at higher elevations, such as on a levee or other elevated landforms. This can be observed throughout the Newark and Centerville aquifers where artesian wells are located near non-artesian wells during the same monitoring event. Precipitation influences artesian conditions with artesian events correlated with increases in precipitation generally during, but not limited to, the early spring months. The water levels of the shallow Newark Aquifer were found to respond independently from the three deeper aquifers. Those deeper aquifers were observed to be in hydraulic connection with one another, displaying synchronous water level changes with time across the basin.
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Schindzielorz, Nils [Verfasser]. "Modellierung von Ordnungsphänomenen binärer Legierungen auf quantenmechanischer Basis / Nils Schindzielorz." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1051549930/34.
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Macke, Nils [Verfasser]. "Automatisiertes Simultaneous Engineering auf Basis eines featuregestützten Unternehmensmodells / Nils Macke." Aachen : Shaker, 2007. http://d-nb.info/1164341448/34.
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Hesson, Jenny C. "Clearing up Culex Confusion : A Basis for Virus Vector Discrimination in Europe." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Zooekologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-232726.
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Mosquito species of the Culex genus are the enzootic vectors for several bird-associated viruses that cause disease in humans. In Europe, these viruses include Sindbis (SINV), West Nile and Usutu viruses. The morphologically similar females of Cx. torrentium and Cx. pipiens are potential vectors of these viruses, but difficulties in correctly identifying the mosquito species have caused confusion regarding their respective distribution, abundance, ecology, and consequently their importance as vectors. Species-specific knowledge from correctly identified field material is however of crucial importance since previous research shows that the relatively unknown Cx. torrentium is a far more efficient SINV vector than the widely recognized Cx. pipiens. The latter is involved in the transmission of several other viruses, but its potential importance for SINV transmission is debated. In this thesis I describe the development of a molecular method for species identification, based on reliably identified males of Cx. torrentium and Cx. pipiens. This identification method was then used in consecutive studies on the distribution and relative abundance of the two species in Sweden and 12 other European countries, SINV field infection rates in mosquitoes identified to species level, and evaluation of potential trap bias associated with common sampling techniques. The results showed that Cx. torrentium is a far more common species in Europe than previously assumed. In Sweden and Finland, it is the dominant species, accounting for 89% of the sampled Culex population. In central Europe, it is equally common to Cx. pipiens, while Cx. pipiens dominates south of the Alps Mountain range. Larvae of both species are often found together in both artificial containers (e.g. car tires) and natural sites. Also, a trapping bias against Cx. torrentium was revealed for CDC-traps. For the first time, SINV was isolated from species-identified Cx. torrentium and Cx. pipiens mosquitoes caught in the field, with Cx. torrentium being superior in infection rates (36/1,000 vs. 8.2/1,000). Future studies on SINV, as well as other mosquito-borne bird viruses in Europe, can hopefully gain from the baseline information provided here, and from principles of vector discrimination discussed in the thesis.