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Journal articles on the topic 'Nile Basin'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Whittington, Dale. "Visions of Nile basin development." Water Policy 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2004.0001.

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This paper describes five alternative visions for cooperative Nile development in the hope that they will assist the Nile riparian countries in their search for both a consensus vision and sound development projects. These five alternate visions [(1) Century Storage Plus, (2) Water for Peace, (3) Southern Lights, (4) The Green Nile, and (5) Economic Partners on the Nile] are intentionally stylized to make them easy to understand and remember. There is a common thread tying all five of these alternative visions together: the desire of all riparian countries for peace and economic development. Each of the five visions describes a peaceful future in which its proponents believe economic prosperity will flourish. One of the advantages of thinking explicitly about these alternative visions is that comparisons can reveal surprising compromises - or coalitions - that may become possible between Nile riparian countries even though some members of the political leadership in the riparian countries may still hold quite different ideas about the way to achieve cooperative development.
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2

Ashour, Mohamed A., Tawab E. Aly, and Haitham M. Abueleyon. "Transboundary water resources “A comparative study”: The lessons learnt to help solve the Nile basin water conflict." Limnological Review 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/limre-2019-0001.

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Abstract The problematic water situation in Egypt, as one of the River Nile basin countries, has been heightened by the harmful effects of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on Egypt’s share of the Nile water. In the light of this Egyptian attention was directed towards a study of worldwide transboundary water problems, in order to find the most effective methods for dealing successfully with water shortage problems in basin countries. The present study focuses on the most successful experiences in the management and development of international river basins worldwide, as well as studying the possibility of implementing these experiences in other basins, especially the River Nile basin. The study showed that overcoming the water scarcity problems in Egypt and increasing the Nile water yield for all the basin countries can be achieved, first of all through serious cooperation among all the basin countries for minimizing the huge water losses from the river (more than 1480 Billion Cubic Metres per year which represents roughly 90% of the whole basin income), and secondly to make use of the most successful technical and political experiences that have been implemented in other international river basins mentioned in the present study.
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3

Hefny, Magdy, and Salah El-Din Amer. "Egypt and the Nile Basin." Aquatic Sciences 67, no. 1 (March 2005): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00027-004-0765-y.

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4

Hamad, Osman El-Tom, and Atta El-Battahani. "Sudan and the Nile Basin." Aquatic Sciences 67, no. 1 (March 2005): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00027-004-0767-9.

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5

Gaspar, Emilian. "Hydrology of the Nile basin." Journal of Hydrology 85, no. 3-4 (July 1986): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90070-3.

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6

Gaspar, Emilian. "Hydrology of the Nile basin." Journal of Hydrology 90, no. 3-4 (April 1987): 362–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90079-5.

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7

Mohamed, Y. A., B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, H. H. G. Savenije, and W. G. M. Bastiaanssen. "Hydroclimatology of the Nile: results from a regional climate model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 3 (September 26, 2005): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-9-263-2005.

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Abstract. This paper presents the result of the regional coupled climatic and hydrologic model of the Nile Basin. For the first time the interaction between the climatic processes and the hydrological processes on the land surface have been fully coupled. The hydrological model is driven by the rainfall and the energy available for evaporation generated in the climate model, and the runoff generated in the catchment is again routed over the wetlands of the Nile to supply moisture for atmospheric feedback. The results obtained are quite satisfactory given the extremely low runoff coefficients in the catchment. The paper presents the validation results over the sub-basins: Blue Nile, White Nile, Atbara river, the Sudd swamps, and the Main Nile for the period 1995 to 2000. Observational datasets were used to evaluate the model results including radiation, precipitation, runoff and evaporation data. The evaporation data were derived from satellite images over a major part of the Upper Nile. Limitations in both the observational data and the model are discussed. It is concluded that the model provides a sound representation of the regional water cycle over the Nile. The sources of atmospheric moisture to the basin, and location of convergence/divergence fields could be accurately illustrated. The model is used to describe the regional water cycle in the Nile basin in terms of atmospheric fluxes, land surface fluxes and land surface-climate feedbacks. The monthly moisture recycling ratio (i.e. locally generated/total precipitation) over the Nile varies between 8 and 14%, with an annual mean of 11%, which implies that 89% of the Nile water resources originates from outside the basin physical boundaries. The monthly precipitation efficiency varies between 12 and 53%, and the annual mean is 28%. The mean annual result of the Nile regional water cycle is compared to that of the Amazon and the Mississippi basins.
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8

Robertshaw, Peter. "Prehistory in the upper Nile Basin." Journal of African History 28, no. 2 (July 1987): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185370002973x.

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The results of recent archaeological research in the Upper Nile basin are summarized and placed within the context of the anthropological-historical debate concerning the origins of the Nuer, Dinka and Atuot as distinct ethnic groupings. The archaeological evidence demonstrates a considerable antiquity for cattle-keeping in the region, the existence of what appears to be a very widespread cultural tradition in the late first millennium a.d. characterized by a distinctive form of burial, and a hiatus in settlement in the area east of Rumbek early in the present millennium, possibly around the time when humped cattle were introduced further north. The implications of these data for the explanation of the origins of the Luo migrations are discussed.
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9

Arsano, Yacob, and Imeru Tamrat. "Ethiopia and the Eastern Nile Basin." Aquatic Sciences 67, no. 1 (March 2005): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00027-004-0766-x.

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10

Awulachew, Seleshi, Lisa-Maria Rebelo, and David Molden. "The Nile Basin: tapping the unmet agricultural potential of Nile waters." Water International 35, no. 5 (November 4, 2010): 623–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2010.513091.

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11

Shady, Aly M., Ahmad M. Adam, and Kamal Ali Mohamed. "The Nile 2002: The Vision Toward Cooperation in the Nile Basin." Water International 19, no. 2 (June 1994): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508069408686205.

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12

Mohamed, Y. A., B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, H. H. G. Savenije, and W. G. M. Bastiaanssen. "Hydroclimatology of the Nile: results from a regional climate model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 1 (February 10, 2005): 319–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-2-319-2005.

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Abstract. This paper is the result of the first regional coupled climatic and hydrologic model of the Nile. For the first time the interaction between the climatic processes and the hydrological processes on the land surface have been fully coupled. The hydrological model is driven by the rainfall and the energy available for evaporation generated in the climate model, and the runoff generated in the catchment is again routed over the wetlands of the Nile to supply moisture for atmospheric feedback. The results obtained are surprisingly accurate given the extremely low runoff coefficients in the catchment. The paper presents model results over the sub-basins: Blue Nile, White Nile, Atbara river and the Main Nile for the period 1995 to 2000, but focuses on the Sudd swamp. Limitations in both the observational data and the model are discussed. It is concluded that the model provides a sound representation of the regional water cycle over the Nile. The model is used to describe the regional water cycle in the Nile basin in terms of atmospheric fluxes, land surface fluxes and land surface-climate feedbacks. The monthly moisture recycling ratio (i.e. locally generated/total precipitation) over the Nile varies between 8 and 14%, with an annual mean of 11%, which implies that 89% of the Nile water resources originates from outside the basin physical boundaries. The monthly precipitation efficiency varies between 12 and 53%, and the annual mean is 28%. The mean annual result of the Nile regional water cycle is compared to that of the Amazon and the Mississippi basins.
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13

Russo, Antonio, Getaneh Assefa, and Balemwal Atnafu. "Sedimentary evolution of the Abay River (Blue Nile) Basin, Ethiopia." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1994, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1994/1994/291.

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14

Whittington, Dale, Xun Wu, and Claudia Sadoff. "Water resources management in the Nile basin: the economic value of cooperation." Water Policy 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0015.

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Since 1999 a multilateral effort termed the Nile Basin Initiative has been underway among the Nile riparians to explore opportunities for maximizing the benefits of the river's waters through cooperative development and management of the basin. However, to date there has been virtually no explicit discussion of the economic value of cooperative water resources development. We believe that a serious discourse among Nile riparians about the economics of Nile cooperation is both inevitable and desirable, and that this discourse will not diminish the importance of environmental, social, or cultural issues that new infrastructure on the Nile will entail. To initiate such a discussion, in this paper we present the results of the first economic model designed to optimize the water resources of the entire Nile basin. Total (potential) annual direct gross economic benefits of Nile water utilization in irrigation and hydroelectric power generation are estimated to be on the order of US$7–11 billion. This does not account for the costs of building or operating the infrastructure.
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15

Gelete, Gebre, Huseyin Gokcekus, and Tagesse Gichamo. "Impact of climate change on the hydrology of Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia: a review." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, no. 4 (October 3, 2019): 1539–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.014.

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Abstract Climate change alters the spacial and temporal availability of water resources by affecting the hydrologic cycle. The main objective of this paper is to review the climate change effect on the water resources of the Blue Nile River, Ethiopia. The impact of climate change on water resources is highly significant as all natural ecosystems and humans are heavily dependent on water. It alters precipitation, temperature, and streamflow of the Blue Nile river basin which is threatening the lives and livelihoods of people and life-supporting systems. Rainfall within the Blue Nile river basin is highly erratic and seasonal due to it being located in the inter-tropical convergent zone. The temperature and sediment load are shown to increase in the future while the rainfall and streamflow are decreasing. The Blue Nile basin is characterized by highly erosive rainfall, erodible soil, and shrinking forest cover. Therefore, mitigation and adaptation measures should be applied by considering these characteristics of the basin. Watershed management methods like afforestation and water conservation are recommended to reduce the impact on the Blue Nile basin.
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16

Harb and Abd Alhameed. "ENGINEERING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF EQUITABLE RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION IN NILE BASIN." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 8 (August 31, 2016): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i8.2016.2558.

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Uganda, Tanzania, the Sudan, South Sudan, Rwanda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Egypt, DR Congo, and Burundi all make entitlement claims to the ecological system of the Nile Basin. This region is rich in resources, yet prone to interstate conflict, drought, and other vulnerabilities. Water resource conservation systems, alternative purification systems, and rainfall stimulation systems programmed by artificial intelligence can facilitate the establishment of transboundary partnerships that reduce international conflict and serve as a foundation for economic growth and job creation in the Nile Basin region. Water conservation systems using artificial intelligence have been found to increase rainfall capture by an average of 1.5 billion gallons of stormwater per year or enough to provide clean drinking water for 36,000 people per year (O’Neill et. al, 2012). The ecological framework of Nile Basin’s various regions will determine the appropriate artificial intelligence systems that can be implemented to promote the equitable distribution the Nile Basin’s resources. These systems will lessen political conflict that can negatively impact the agricultural practices of Nile Basin farmers and inhabitants who depend on the Nile Basin’s resources for their livelihoods.
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17

El Gohary, Rasha, and Sameh Armanious. "Environmental Impact Assessment for Projects in the Nile Basin Countries." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2017): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n5p134.

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a key aspect of many large-scale planning applications. It is a technique which is meant to help in understanding the potential environmental impacts of major development proposals. Unfortunately, the process and the outcome of EIA can be complex and confusing, leaving local communities unsure as to how a development might affect them. The objective of this research is to provide a strategic environmental framework for the environmentally sustainable development of the Nile River Basin, to improve the understanding of the relationship between water resources development and environmental conservation in the Basin, and to provide a forum to discuss development paths for the Nile with a wide range of stakeholders. Focusing on transboundary issues provides the riparian countries with a major opportunity to make significant progress towards their economic and environmental goals in ways that have proved difficult to achieve independently. In addition, the paper analyzes some EIAs carried into Egypt, which share the Nile as a common environmental resource with the other Nile basin countries, and discusses how improvements of guidelines and unification of legislation can improve cooperation among these countries. Finally, the paper recommends an EIA process revision to be implemented for effective EIA practice in the Nile Basin Countries.
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18

Varis, Olli. "The Nile Basin in a Global Perspective." Water International 25, no. 4 (December 2000): 624–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060008686878.

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19

Brunnée, Jutta. "Law and Politics in the Nile Basin." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 102 (2008): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272503700027853.

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20

Yates, David N., and Kenneth M. Strzepek. "Modeling the Nile Basin under Climatic Change." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 3, no. 2 (April 1998): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(1998)3:2(98).

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21

Abdullah, Adam Muhammad Ahmed, Celia Dyduck, and Taha Y. Ahmed. "Transboundary Water Conflicts as Postcolonial Legacy (the Case of Nile Basin)." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 184–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-1-184-196.

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It is not shortage or lack of water that leads to conflict but the way how water is governed and managed. It is said that water will be, much more than oil, the major geopolitical issue of the 21st century. Although it is difficult to demonstrate this, it is clear that the increasing scarcity of the resource, on the one hand, and the configuration of its availability, on the other, are conflict-generating. In the particular case of the African continent, the large catchment basins of the Nile, Niger and Chad, shared by many states of unequal power, are the scene of inefficient hydro-diplomacy. Indeed, north to south, the Nile Delta is 161 km long and covers the coastline of Egypt from Alexandria in the west to Port Said in the east. Egypt with 100 mln population is de facto the principal hydro-hegemon state in the Nile basin. Nevertheless, a couple of riparian states, as Ethiopia (105 mln population), have taken measures in order to challenge this status quo: the signature and launching of the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI), the signature of Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA), the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) and the signing of the Declaration of Principles Agreement. The article attempts to analyse the urgency of the problem of water resources allocation in Africa with particular focus to the Nile basin and the complexity of agreements regulating the issue dating back to the colonial era. The study also emphasizes the difficulties bilateral and multilateral aids faced while trying to solve a conflict. As Nile for many states is not just a source of water, it is the host of a fragile ecosystem, essential for maintaining the environmental and ecological balance of North-East Africa.
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22

Betrie, G. D., Y. A. Mohamed, A. van Griensven, R. Srinivasan, and A. Mynett. "Sediment management modelling in Blue Nile Basin using SWAT model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (August 11, 2010): 5497–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-5497-2010.

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Abstract. Soil erosion/sedimentation is a colossal problem that has menaced water resources development in the Nile, particularly in Eastern Nile (Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt). An insight into soil erosion/sedimentation mechanism and mitigation methods plays an indispensable role for the sustainable water resources development in the region. This paper presents a daily sediment yield simulation in the Upper Blue Nile under different Best Management Practices (BMPs) scenarios. The scenarios were baseline (existing condition), Buffer strips, stone bund (parallel terrace), and reforestation. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to model soil erosion, identify soil erosion prone areas and assess the impact of BMPs on sediment reduction. The study found satisfactory agreement between daily observed and simulated sediment concentration with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE)=0.88, percent bias (PBIAS)=−0.05%, and ratio of the root mean square error to the standard deviation of measured data (RSR)=0.35 for calibration and NSE=0.83, RSR=0.61 and PBIAS=−11% for validation. The sediment yield for baseline scenario was 117×106 t yr−1. The buffer-strips, stone-bund and reforestation reduced the sediment yield at outlet of the Upper Blue Nile basin by 44%, 41% and 11%, respectively. The sediment reduction at subbasins outlets varied from 29% to 68% by buffer strip, 9% to 69% by stone-bund and 46% to 77% by reforestation. This study clearly demonstrates the efficacy of catchment management intervention (BMPs) for sustainable water resources development in the Eastern Nile basin.
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23

Elshamy, M. E., I. A. Seierstad, and A. Sorteberg. "Impacts of climate change on Blue Nile flows using bias-corrected GCM scenarios." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 5, no. 3 (June 12, 2008): 1407–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-5-1407-2008.

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Abstract. Global circulation models (GCMs) depict different pictures for the future of Nile basin flows in general and for the Blue Nile sub-basin in particular. This study analyses the output of 17 GCMs included in the 4th IPCC assessment report. Downscaled precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) scenarios for the 2081–2098 period were constructed for the upper Blue Nile basin. These were used to drive a fine-scale hydrological model of the Nile Basin to assess their impacts on the flows of the upper Blue Nile at Diem, which accounts for about 60% of the total annual Nile yield. All models showed increases in temperature with annual values ranging from 2°C to 5°C. All GCMs also showed increases in total annual PET varying from +2 to +14%. GCMs disagreed on precipitation changes with values between −15% and +14%, but more models reported reductions (10) than those reporting increases (7). The ensemble mean of the 17 GCMs showed no change. Compounded with the high climatic sensitivity of the basin, the annual flow changed by values ranging between −60% to +45%. The increase in PET either offsets the increase in rainfall or exacerbates its reduction and the ensemble mean flow is reduced by 15%. The results were also used to study the linkages between temperature, rainfall, PET and flow. Simple relationships are devised that can be used to estimate the impacts of climate change and facilitate comparison with output from other hydrological models and GCMs.
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24

Tegegne, Getachew, Assefa M. Melesse, Dereje H. Asfaw, and Abeyou W. Worqlul. "Flood Frequency Analyses over Different Basin Scales in the Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia." Hydrology 7, no. 3 (July 20, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology7030044.

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The frequency and intensity of flood quantiles and its attendant damage in agricultural establishments have generated a lot of issues in Ethiopia. Moreover, precise estimates of flood quantiles are needed for efficient design of hydraulic structures; however, quantification of these quantiles in data-scarce regions has been a continuing challenge in hydrologic design. Flood frequency analysis is thus essential to reduce possible flood damage by investigating the most suitable flood prediction model. The annual maximum discharges from six representative stations in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin were fitted to the commonly used nine statistical distributions. This study also assessed the performance evolution of the probability distributions with varying spatial scales, such that three different spatial scales of small-, medium-, and large-scale basins in the Blue Nile River Basin were considered. The performances of the candidate probability distributions were assessed using three goodness-of-fit test statistics, root mean square error, and graphical interpretation approaches to investigate the robust probability distribution for flood frequency analysis over different basin spatial scales. Based on the overall analyses, the generalized extreme value distribution was proven to be a robust model for flood frequency analysis in the study region. The generalized extreme value distribution significantly improved the performance of the flood prediction over different spatial scales. The generalized extreme value flood prediction performance improvement measured in root mean square error varied between 5.84 and 67.91% over other commonly used probability distribution models. Thus, the flood frequency analysis using the generalized extreme value distribution could be essential for the efficient planning and design of hydraulic structures in the Blue Nile River Basin. Furthermore, this study suggests that, in the future, significant efforts should be put to conduct similar flood frequency analyses over the other major river basins of Ethiopia.
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25

Li, J. "Monitoring the fate of methoprene larvicide for West Nile virus management." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.895.

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Since the outbreak of vector-borne West Nile virus in New York City in 1999, the disease has spread across United States and Canada, resulting in the use of larvicides such as methoprene at catch basins for widespread urban mosquito control. Although the manufacturer has recommended a methoprene dosage for catch basin application, the effect of rainfall on this dosage is not known. A field study on the fate of methoprene pellets and ingots was conducted during the summer of 2004 at three catch basins in the City of Toronto, Canada. Water samples from each catch basin were collected daily and during rain storms and analyzed for methoprene concentration using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. It was found that: (1) the methoprene concentration at the catch basin sump fell below the minimum lethal concentration most of the time; (2) rainfall events greater than 25 mm flushed methoprene pellets out of the catch basin; (3) the higher the sump water depth, the higher the residual methoprene concentration at the catch basin sump; and (4) rainfall flushed methoprene from the catch basins into the storm sewer outfall at concentrations much lower than the detrimental level which might cause ecosystem damage.
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26

Polanco, Erwin Isaac, Amr Fleifle, Ralf Ludwig, and Markus Disse. "Improving SWAT model performance in the upper Blue Nile Basin using meteorological data integration and subcatchment discretization." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 9 (September 28, 2017): 4907–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4907-2017.

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Abstract. The Blue Nile Basin is confronted by land degradation problems, insufficient agricultural production, and a limited number of developed energy sources. Hydrological models provide useful tools to better understand such complex systems and improve water resources and land management practices. In this study, SWAT was used to model the hydrological processes in the upper Blue Nile Basin. Comparisons between a Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and a conventional ground weather dataset were done under two sub-basin discretization levels (30 and 87 sub-basins) to create an integrated dataset to improve the spatial and temporal limitations of both datasets. A SWAT error index (SEI) was also proposed to compare the reliability of the models under different discretization levels and weather datasets. This index offers an assessment of the model quality based on precipitation and evapotranspiration. SEI demonstrates to be a reliable additional and useful method to measure the level of error of SWAT. The results showed the discrepancies of using different weather datasets with different sub-basin discretization levels. Datasets under 30 sub-basins achieved Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (NS) values of −0.51, 0.74, and 0.84; p factors of 0.53, 0.66, and 0.70; and r factors of 1.11, 0.83, and 0.67 for the CFSR, ground, and integrated datasets, respectively. Meanwhile, models under 87 sub-basins achieved NS values of −1.54, 0.43, and 0.80; p factors of 0.36, 0.67, and 0.77; r factors of 0.93, 0.68, and 0.54 for the CFSR, ground, and integrated datasets, respectively. Based on the obtained statistical results, the integrated dataset provides a better model of the upper Blue Nile Basin.
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Butts, Michael B., Carlo Buontempo, Jens K. Lørup, Karina Williams, Camilla Mathison, Oluf Z. Jessen, Niels D. Riegels, et al. "A regional approach to climate adaptation in the Nile Basin." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 374 (October 17, 2016): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-374-3-2016.

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Abstract. The Nile Basin is one of the most important shared basins in Africa. Managing and developing the water resources within the basin must not only address different water uses but also the trade-off between developments upstream and water use downstream, often between different countries. Furthermore, decision-makers in the region need to evaluate and implement climate adaptation measures. Previous work has shown that the Nile flows can be highly sensitive to climate change and that there is considerable uncertainty in climate projections in the region with no clear consensus as to the direction of change. Modelling current and future changes in river runoff must address a number of challenges; including the large size of the basin, the relative scarcity of data, and the corresponding dramatic variety of climatic conditions and diversity in hydrological characteristics. In this paper, we present a methodology, to support climate adaptation on a regional scale, for assessing climate change impacts and adaptation potential for floods, droughts and water scarcity within the basin.
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28

Jain, Sreepat, Roland Schmerold, and Meseret Getachew. "Discovery of the Middle Callovian ammonite Erymnoceras in the Blue Nile Basin (Ethiopia)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 297, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2020/0912.

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The discovery of the ammonite Erymnoceras cf. coronatum (Bruguière), typical of the Middle Jurassic Coronatum Zone, from the Dejen area of the Blue Nile Basin (central western Ethiopia) records the presence of marine Middle Callovian rocks in Ethiopia for the first time. Additionally, a brief note on the stratigraphy of the Blue Nile Basin is also provided.
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29

Khan, Raihan Sayeed, and Md Abul Ehsan Bhuiyan. "Artificial Intelligence-Based Techniques for Rainfall Estimation Integrating Multisource Precipitation Datasets." Atmosphere 12, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101239.

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This study presents a comprehensive investigation of multiple Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques—decision tree, random forest, gradient boosting, and neural network—to generate improved precipitation estimates over the Upper Blue Nile Basin. All the AI methods merged multiple satellite and atmospheric reanalysis precipitation datasets to generate error-corrected precipitation estimates. The accuracy of the model predictions was evaluated using 13 years (2000–2012) of ground-based precipitation data derived from local rain gauge networks in the Upper Blue Nile Basin region. The results indicate that merging multiple sources of precipitation substantially reduced the systematic and random error statistics in the Upper Blue Nile Basin. The proposed methods have great potential in predicting precipitation over the complex terrain region.
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30

ALI, Yasir S. A., Alessandra CROSATO, Yasir A. MOHAMED, Seifeldin H. ABDALLA, and Nigel G. WRIGHT. "Sediment balances in the Blue Nile River Basin." International Journal of Sediment Research 29, no. 3 (September 2014): 316–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-6279(14)60047-0.

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31

Laki, Sam L. "Management of water resources of the Nile Basin." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 5, no. 4 (December 1998): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504509809469993.

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32

Hadyia, Abdallah. "Contemporary Civil Conflicts in the Nile Basin States." Digest of Middle East Studies 18, no. 1 (April 2009): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2009.tb00105.x.

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33

Hoag, Heather J., and Dahilon Yassin Mohamoda. "Nile Basin Cooperation: A Review of the Literature." International Journal of African Historical Studies 36, no. 2 (2003): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3559425.

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34

Metawie *, AbdelFattah. "History of co-operation in the Nile basin." International Journal of Water Resources Development 20, no. 1 (March 2004): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900620310001635601.

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35

MURGUE, B., S. MURRI, H. TRIKI, V. DEUBEL, and H. G. ZELLER. "West Nile in the Mediterranean Basin: 1950-2000." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 951, no. 1 (January 25, 2006): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02690.x.

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36

Degefu, Dagmawi Mulugeta, and Weijun He. "Water bankruptcy in the mighty Nile river basin." Sustainable Water Resources Management 2, no. 1 (November 26, 2015): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40899-015-0035-2.

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37

Mahlakeng, M. K. "China and the Nile River Basin: The Changing Hydropolitical Status Quo." Insight on Africa 10, no. 1 (December 21, 2017): 73–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975087817741043.

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The Nile River Basin (NRB), the world’s longest river, faces a considerable challenge of population growth, degradation and depletion, and equitable water utilisation, which have become a threat to peace and environmental security in the region. Moreover, the hydropolitical landscape of the Nile has been dominated by Egypt. However, the NRB is experiencing a change in its hydropolitical status quo. China has emerged as a financier to upstream countries’ hydropower projects, thus changing the upstream–downstream hydropolitical status quo. Although the existing governing regimes were not beneficial to upstream countries, China’s role in the Nile hydropolitics is not providing an alternative and beneficial and/or win–win cooperative framework. As a result, the environmental and political landscape of the already fragile Nile region has become threatened, thus increasing the potential for conflict. The purpose of this article is to determine, through Homer-Dixon’s environmental scarcity theory, the impact and effects of environmental scarcity in contributing to a nascent conflict. This study conceptualised Homer-Dixon’s environmental scarcity theory as a theory that argues for the potential of conflict in transboundary river basins as a result of environmental scarcity. Environmental scarcity is triggered by a combination of population growth and excessive strain on dwindling renewable resources, exacerbated by unequal access to that resource.
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38

Olanya, David Ross. "Land-Water-Security Nexus: Changing Geopolitics in the Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement." Middle East Law and Governance 9, no. 1 (June 7, 2017): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-00901006.

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This article extends the debate on the shift in water security governance in the Nile Basin countries. Water as an object of analysis was previously embedded in a depoliticized governance framework now faces politicization in the context of food, energy and climate change. In considering land-water-security nexus, population and climate variations drive Middle East and North Africa (mena) policies for the return of the state primacy in water governance. As Egypt and Sudan maintain their dynamics of hegemony in Nile Basin countries, Gulf States however are deploying proxy water diplomacy through investment in agricultural farmlands in Nile Basin countries. Increasing number of actors alter water access and security across formal and informal domains. The Nile Basin Cooperative Agreement (cfa) remains contested between upstream and downstream riparian states as being uncoordinated water management and development policies. Incorporating market and local users beyond the state gets politicized in securing water security. In view of this, this article hence suggests that power relations are not static, but subject to the changing circumstances. Egypt’s water security would be more sustainable when it engages cfa countries in a joint coordination and development projects.
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39

El Gohary, Rasha. "International EIA Guidelines and the Nile Basin Countries EIA Experience." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 17 (June 30, 2016): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n17p482.

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The environmental impact assessment (EIA) was first required by the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act, which require environmental impact assessment of all major development projects to determine their potential for adverse effects on the environment. The environmental outlook for the Nile basin remains quite hazy. In the future there will be new environmental challenge stemming from population growth, increasing demands on agriculture, and climate change. This will put a huge burden on the environment. This research initiated to compare the international EIA guidelines in order to enhance the Nile Basin Countries experience to improve its practice in managing the environmental resources. This is due to the fact that Nile Basin Countries experiences face many challenges such as lack of capacity, data, proper guidelines, enforcement, and most importantly awareness of the environment protection sector or its effectiveness. Moreover; it requires reviewing and tools improvements to produce effective environmental management of development and engineering projects. Therefore, provision of detailed guidelines for EIA can help to improve the practice in the management of environmental resources. This paper reviews the EIA legislation in the Nile Basin Countries in comparison with international legislation and guidelines with emphasis on the EIA practice. The paper also intends to present selected international EIA guidelines in a comparative form and this is expected to raise awareness, professional experience of EIA issues, enhance EIA carrying capacity, and lead, ultimately, to improvements in available EIA legislations and guidelines and increase compatibility among them.
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40

Mengistu, D. T., and A. Sorteberg. "Validation of SWAT simulated streamflow in the Eastern Nile and sensitivity to climate change." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 5 (October 5, 2011): 9005–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-9005-2011.

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Abstract. The hydrological model SWAT was calibrated with daily station based precipitation and temperature data for the whole Eastern Nile basin including the three subbasins: the Blue Nile, Baro Akobo and Tekeze. The daily and monthly streamflow was calibrated and validated at six outlets in the three different subbasins. The model performed very well in simulating the monthly variability of the Eastern Nile streamflow while comparison to daily data revealed a more diverse performance for the extreme events. Of the Eastern Nile average annual rainfall it was estimated that around 60% is lost through evaporation and estimated runoff coefficients were 0.24, 0.30 and 0.18 for Blue Nile, Baro Akobo and Tekeze subbasins, respectively. About half to two-thirds of the runoff could be attributed to surface runoff while the remaining contributions were from groundwater. The annual streamflow sensitivity to changes in precipitation and temperature differed among the basins and the dependence of the response on the strength of the changes was not linear. On average the annual streamflow responses to a change in precipitation with no temperature change was 19%, 17%, and 26% per 10% change in precipitation while the average annual streamflow responses to a change in temperature and no precipitation change was −4.4% K−1, −6.4% K−1, and −1.3% K−1 for Blue Nile, Baro Akobo and Tekeze river basin, respectively. While we show the Eastern Nile to be very sensitive to precipitation changes, using 47 temperature and precipitation scenarios from 19 AOGCMs participating in IPCC AR4 we estimated the future change in streamflow to be strongly dependent on the choice of climate model as the climate models disagree on both the strength and the direction of future precipitation changes. Thus, no clear conclusions can be made about the future changes in Eastern Nile streamflow.
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Elshamy, M. E., I. A. Seierstad, and A. Sorteberg. "Impacts of climate change on Blue Nile flows using bias-corrected GCM scenarios." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 5 (May 6, 2009): 551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-551-2009.

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Abstract. This study analyses the output of 17 general circulation models (GCMs) included in the 4th IPCC assessment report. Downscaled precipitation and potential (reference crop) evapotranspiration (PET) scenarios for the 2081–2098 period were constructed for the upper Blue Nile basin. These were used to drive a fine-scale hydrological model of the Nile Basin to assess their impacts on the flows of the upper Blue Nile at Diem, which accounts for about 60% of the mean annual discharge of the Nile at Dongola. There is no consensus among the GCMs on the direction of precipitation change. Changes in total annual precipitation range between −15% to +14% but more models report reductions (10) than those reporting increases (7). Several models (6) report small changes within 5%. The ensemble mean of all models shows almost no change in the annual total rainfall. All models predict the temperature to increase between 2°C and 5°C and consequently PET to increase by 2–14%. Changes to the water balance are assessed using the Budyko framework. The basin is shown to belong to a moisture constrained regime. However, during the wet season the basin is largely energy constrained. For no change in rainfall, increasing PET thus leads to a reduced wet season runoff coefficient. The ensemble mean runoff coefficient (about 20% for baseline simulations) is reduced by about 3.5%. Assuming no change or moderate changes in rainfall, the simulations presented here indicate that the water balance of the upper Blue Nile basin may become more moisture constrained in the future.
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42

Negasa Gelana Debisa. "The Utilization of Nile Water among the Riparian States: Tensions and Controversies on the Filling and Annual Operation of the GERD." PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development (PJGD) 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46404/panjogov.v2i1.2909.

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Despite the fear entertained by the downstream countries of the Nile basin, little attention was paid to the right of Ethiopia to utilize the Blue Nile waters. The purpose of this study is to explain the tension between upper riparian Ethiopia and downstream Sudan and Egypt on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) filling and controversies on its annual operation. A descriptive qualitative research method was employed to describe the tension concerning the filling and controversies on the annual operation of the GERD. The investigation relied on secondary sources of data obtained from YouTube videos of international broadcast media such as CGTN, Aljazeera, and TRT World. In addition, national broadcast media of Ethiopia (Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation and Ahadu Television), Sudan (Sudan Tribune), and Egypt (Daily News Egypt) accessed to make data balance. Moreover, letters from these countries sent to the UNSC have been reviewed. Besides, published and unpublished secondary sources on the Nile basin hydro-politics and the GERD were reviewed. The finding of the study reveals that the filling of the dam does not constitute significant harm as it can be seen from the first phase filling given the hydrological condition in the Eastern Nile Basin. The controversy regarding the annual operation of the GERD arises from the fear that their historical and current water use will be threatened. They wanted to conclude the binding agreement in their favor at the expense of Ethiopia’s future utilization of Blue Nile water. Their fear is Ethiopia would not remain faithful to its promises that the dam and its filling do not affect their water security. Rather than basing their claim on invalid colonial treaties, Egypt and Sudan should acknowledge Ethiopia’s right to utilize the Blue Nile water resource and fill the dam without causing significant harm. It is suggested to clear distrust and discuss issues of common concern by tolerating short-term risk for the long-term collective prosperity.
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43

Berhane, Fisseha, Benjamin Zaitchik, and Amin Dezfuli. "Subseasonal Analysis of Precipitation Variability in the Blue Nile River Basin." Journal of Climate 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00094.1.

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Abstract The Ethiopian portion of the Blue Nile River basin is subject to significant interannual variability in precipitation. As this variability has implications for local food security and transboundary water resources, numerous studies have been directed at improved understanding and, potentially, predictability of the Blue Nile rainy season (June–September) precipitation. Taken collectively, these studies present a wide range of large-scale drivers associated with precipitation variability in the Blue Nile: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Indian summer monsoon, sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies over the Arabian Peninsula and Gulf of Guinea, the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), and dynamics of the tropical easterly jet (TEJ) and African easterly jet (AEJ) have all been emphasized to varying degrees. This study aims to reconcile these diverse analyses by evaluating teleconnection patterns and potential mechanisms of association on the subseasonal scale. It is found that associations with the TEJ, Pacific modes of variability, and the Indian monsoon are strongest in the late rainy season. Mid–rainy season precipitation (July and August) shows mixed associations with Pacific/Indian Ocean variability and Atlantic Ocean indices, along with connections to regional pressure patterns and the AEJ. June precipitation is negatively correlated with SLP over the equatorial Atlantic and upper-tropospheric geopotential height. June and July precipitation show little significant correlation with the sea surface temperature over the equatorial Pacific Ocean. The observed intraseasonal evolution of teleconnections across the rainy season indicates that subseasonal analysis is required to advance understanding and prediction of Blue Nile precipitation variability.
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44

Easton, Z. M., D. R. Fuka, E. D. White, A. S. Collick, B. Biruk Asharge, M. McCartney, S. B. Awulachew, A. A. Ahmed, and T. S. Steenhuis. "A multi basin SWAT model analysis of runoff and sedimentation in the Blue Nile, Ethiopia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 3 (June 25, 2010): 3837–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-3837-2010.

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Abstract. A multi basin analysis of runoff and erosion in the Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia was conducted to elucidate sources of runoff and sediment. Erosion is arguably the most critical problem in the Blue Nile Basin, as it limits agricultural productivity in Ethiopia, degrades benthos in the Nile, and results in sedimentation of dams in downstream countries. A modified version of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was developed to predict runoff and sediment losses from the Ethiopian Blue Nile Basin. The model simulates saturation excess runoff from the landscape using a simple daily water balance coupled to a wetness index in ways that are consistent with observed runoff processes in the basin. The spatial distribution of landscape erosion is thus simulated more correctly. The model was parameterized in a nested design for flow at eight and sediment at two subbasin locations in the basin. Subbasins ranged in size from 4.8 to 174 000 km2, and interestingly, the partitioning of runoff and infiltrating flow could be predicted by topographic information. Model predictions showed reasonable accuracy (Nash Sutcliffe Efficiencies ranged from 0.53–0.92) with measured data across all sites except Kessie, where the water budget could not be closed; however, the timing of flow was well captured. Runoff losses increased with rainfall during the monsoonal season and were greatest from shallow soils. Analysis of model results indicate that upland landscape erosion dominated sediment delivery to the main stem of the Blue Nile in the early part of the growing season before the soil was wetted up and plant cover was established. Once plant cover was established in mid August landscape erosion was negligible and sediment export was dominated by channel processes and re-suspension of landscape sediment deposited early in the growing season. These results imply that targeting small areas of the landscape where runoff is produced can be the most effective at controlling erosion and protecting water resources. However, it is not clear what can be done to manage channel erosion, particularly in first order streams in the basin.
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45

Betrie, G. D., Y. A. Mohamed, A. van Griensven, and R. Srinivasan. "Sediment management modelling in the Blue Nile Basin using SWAT model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 3 (March 8, 2011): 807–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-807-2011.

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Abstract. Soil erosion/sedimentation is an immense problem that has threatened water resources development in the Nile river basin, particularly in the Eastern Nile (Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt). An insight into soil erosion/sedimentation mechanisms and mitigation methods plays an imperative role for the sustainable water resources development in the region. This paper presents daily sediment yield simulations in the Upper Blue Nile under different Best Management Practice (BMP) scenarios. Scenarios applied in this paper are (i) maintaining existing conditions, (ii) introducing filter strips, (iii) applying stone bunds (parallel terraces), and (iv) reforestation. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to model soil erosion, identify soil erosion prone areas and assess the impact of BMPs on sediment reduction. For the existing conditions scenario, the model results showed a satisfactory agreement between daily observed and simulated sediment concentrations as indicated by Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency greater than 0.83. The simulation results showed that applying filter strips, stone bunds and reforestation scenarios reduced the current sediment yields both at the subbasins and the basin outlets. However, a precise interpretation of the quantitative results may not be appropriate because some physical processes are not well represented in the SWAT model.
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46

Zucker, Elchanan, Zohar Gvirtzman, Josh Steinberg, and Yehouda Enzel. "Salt tectonics in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Where a giant delta meets a salt giant." Geology 48, no. 2 (November 22, 2019): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47031.1.

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Abstract The circum-Nile deformation belt (CNDB) demonstrates the interaction between a giant delta and a giant salt body. The semi-radial shape of the CNDB is commonly interpreted as the product of salt squeezing out from under the Nile Delta. We demonstrate, however, that this is not the dominant process, because the delta and its deep-sea fan do not reach the deep-basin salt. The distal part of the deep-sea fan overlies the edge of the salt giant, but squeezing this edge (<150 m thickness) should have had only little effect on the regional salt tectonics. Only on the easternmost side of the deep-sea fan, toward the Levant Basin, does the squeeze-out model work. Here, the delta front reaches the thick salt layer and differential loading promotes basinward salt flow, even upslope. On the western side of the delta, downslope gliding of the sediment-salt sequence toward the Herodotus Basin is driven by the elevation gradient toward the deepest part of the basin. Our analysis shows that salt squeezing by differential loading was previously overestimated in the Eastern Mediterranean and raises the need to carefully map the boundary of salt basins prior to any interpretation. This conclusion is especially relevant in young basins where deltas and shelves have not propagated far enough into the basin.
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47

Chekol, Yayew Genet. "Dynamics for Shifting the Ethio- Egyptian Hydro Political Relations." International Journal of Social Science Studies 6, no. 8 (July 30, 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i8.3492.

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The foremost intent of this study was to investigate the major dynamics that are reversing in Ethio-Egyptian hydro political relations. To attain this objective the researcher employed case study design, primary and secondary sources of data, and purposive sampling techniques. Despite the fact that perpetual national interests on Egyptian Nile water policy as national security issue, dynamics are revealing in the Nile basin which fosters to shift the relations of Ethiopia and Egypt hydro political relations on Nile water. Regarding with the findings of the study relative growing power of Ethiopia, Egyptians commitments on efficient utilization of water resource, Egyptian revolution, the signing of CFA by upper stream countries, the independence of South Sudan, the launching of GERD by Ethiopian, signing of DOPS by Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt on GERD are the new political dynamics in the Nile basin which geared to shift the relation of Ethiopia and Egypt.
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48

Saleh, Saleh M. K. "Hydro-hegemony in the Nile Basin: a Sudanese perspective." Water Policy 10, S2 (November 1, 2008): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2008.205.

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This paper seeks to re-evaluate Sudan's position, power and policy in light of the hydro-hegemony theory. Sudan's unique transboundary hydrology, particularly in the south, and recent important developments in Sudanese affairs are of particular interest. The possibility of Sudan disintegrating into two sovereign states as per Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement and Sudan's emergence as an oil-exporting country have provided new political events that serve as important factors to be used to analyse Sudan's position and power under the hydro-hegemony theory. Furthermore, Sudan's historical hydro-political objective, the ‘midstream doctrine’ which strives to reconcile the competing demands of downstream and upstream Nile riparians shall be brought to the fore. The methodology utilised in this paper to evaluate hydro-hegemony shall be based on Viotti and Kauppi's definition of Hegemony, Yoffe's Water Event Intensity Scale and Naff and Matson's Power Ratio.
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49

Cascão, Ana Elisa. "Ethiopia–Challenges to Egyptian hegemony in the Nile Basin." Water Policy 10, S2 (November 1, 2008): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2008.206.

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The Framework of Hydro-Hegemony (described by Zeitoun & Warner, in Water Policy8, pp 435–460, 2006) challenges mainstream analyses of hydro-political relations in transboundary river basins and highlights the role of power. The approach asserts that asymmetric power relations represent the cornerstone of the analysis of hydro-political relations. Varying hegemonic configurations and the unequal control of water resources among riparian states are characteristic of these relations. The hegemonic riparian in a given international transboundary water setting deploys several strategies to attain and maintain control, sometimes unilaterally, over the shared water resources. But is the control always as deep and entrenched as it sometimes seems to be? The starting point of this paper is that hydro-hegemony is not incontestable. An established hegemonic order may often be challenged and resisted through a variety of counter-hegemonic strategies. Through examination of Ethiopian contest and consent of Egyptian hydro-hegemony, this study attempts to provide insights into the condition of counter hydro-hegemony and to provide a framework for further analysis in the field of transboundary water relations. The approach explores the options available for non-hegemonic riparians to challenge a particular hydro-hegemony and finds that these come from unexpected or unacknowledged sources. An assessment of these strategies shows how non-hegemonic riparians might challenge unequal hydro-political configurations and eventually contribute towards a more sustainable and equitable water and benefit-sharing regime.
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Gebrehiwot, S. G., U. Ilstedt, A. I. Gärdenas, and K. Bishop. "Hydrological characterization of watersheds in the Blue Nile Basin." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (July 2, 2010): 4089–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-4089-2010.

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Abstract. We made a hydrological characterization of 32 watersheds (31–4350 km2) in the Blue Nile Basin, using data from a study of water and land resources in the Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia published in 1964 by the US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR). The USBR document contains data on flow, climate, topography, geology, soil type, and land use for the period from 1959 to 1963. The aim of the study was to identify which combination of watershed variables best explain the variation in the hydrological regime, with special focus to low flow and, what kind of land use low flow might benefit from. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square (PLS) were used to analyze the relationship between hydrologic variables (total flow, maximum flow, minimum flow, runoff coefficient, and low flow index) and 30 potential watershed variables. We found that three groups of watershed variables – climate and topography, geology and soil, and land use had almost equal influence on the variation in the hydrologic variables (R2 values ranging from 0.3 to 0.5). The individual variables which were selected based on statistical significance from all groups of explanatory variables were better in explaining the variation. Low flow was positively correlated most strongly to wetland, wood land, rainfall, luvisols, and alluvial soils. Low flow was negatively correlated to grazing land, bush land, tuffs/basalts, eutric-vertisols and riverine forest. We concluded that low flow benefits from the land use types that preserve soil quality and water storage, such as wetland, savannah and woodland, while it was lower in land use resulting in soil degradation. Therefore it provides support to the theory that some land use such as grassland, can promote higher low flow
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