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Academic literature on the topic 'Nile River Delta (Egypt)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Nile River Delta (Egypt)"
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Saleh, Amgad A., Kurt A. Zeller, Abou-Serie M. Ismael, Zeinab M. Fahmy, Elhamy M. El-Assiuty, and John F. Leslie. "Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Diversity in Cephalosporium maydis from Egypt." Phytopathology® 93, no. 7 (2003): 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.7.853.
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Cephalosporium maydis, the causal agent of late wilt of maize, was first described in Egypt in the 1960s, where it can cause yield losses of up to 40% in susceptible plantings. We characterized 866 isolates of C. maydis collected from 14 governates in Egypt, 7 in the Nile River Delta and 7 in southern (Middle and Upper) Egypt, with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The four AFLP primer-pair combinations generated 68 bands, 25 of which were polymorphic, resulting in 52 clonal haplotypes that clustered the 866 isolates into four phylogenetic lineages. Three lineages were found in both the Nile River Delta and southern Egypt. Lineage IV, the most diverse group (20 haplotypes), was recovered only from governates in the Nile River Delta. In some locations, one lineage dominated (up to 98% of the isolates recovered) and, from some fields, only a single haplotype was recovered. Under field conditions in Egypt, there is no evidence that C. maydis reproduces sexually. The nonuniform geographic distribution of the pathogen lineages within the country could be due to differences in climate or in the farming system, because host material differs in susceptibility and C. maydis lineages differ in pathogenicity.
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Mabrouk, M. B., A. Jonoski, D. Solomatine, and S. Uhlenbrook. "A review of seawater intrusion in the Nile Delta groundwater system – the basis for assessing impacts due to climate changes and water resources development." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 8 (2013): 10873–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-10873-2013.
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Abstract. Serious environmental problems are emerging in the River Nile basin and its groundwater resources. Recent years have brought scientific evidence of climate change and development-induced environmental impacts globally as well as over Egypt. Some impacts are subtle, like decline of the Nile River water levels, others are dramatic like the salinization of all coastal land in the Nile Delta – the agricultural engine of Egypt. These consequences have become a striking reality causing a set of interconnected groundwater management problems. Massive population increase that overwhelmed the Nile Delta region has amplified the problem. Many researchers have studied these problems from different perspectives using different methodologies, following different objectives and, consequently, arrived at different findings. However, they all confirmed that significant groundwater salinization has affected the Nile Delta and this is likely to become worse rapidly in the future. This article presents, categorizes and critically analyses and synthesizes the most relevant research regarding climate change and development challenges in relation to groundwater resources in the Nile Delta. It is shown that there is a gap in studies that focus on sustainable groundwater resources development and environmentally sound protection as an integrated regional process in Nile Delta. Moreover, there is also a knowledge gap related to the deterioration of groundwater quality. The article recommends further research that covers the groundwater resources and salinization in the whole Nile Delta based on integrated three-dimensional groundwater modelling of the Nile delta aquifer.
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Mączyńska, Agnieszka. "The Nile Delta as a Center of Cultural Interaction Between Upper Egypt and the Southern Levant in the 4th Millennium BC." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 18 (December 30, 2014): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.18.2014.18.03.
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The societies occupying the Nile Delta in the 4th millennium BC were not cut off from the neighboring regions of Upper Egypt and the Southern Levant. The Nile River, which served as a transport route between southern and northern Egypt, and the geographical proximity of the Southern Levant to the Nile Delta were probably both factors that allowed contact to occur between the regions. Whilst a significant number of Southern Levantine and Upper Egyptian imports have been found at Lower Egyptian cultural sites, the quantity of Lower Egyptian items from the same period found in the Southern Levant and in southern Egypt is more limited. This state of affairs did not occur by chance, which suggests that the scarcity of northern Egyptian finds outside Lower Egypt can probably be attributed to the nature of trade and the position of the Nile Delta in this period.Although our knowledge of the contact of the Delta with Upper Egypt and the Southern Levant is constantly expanding, many issues still remain unclear, including that of trading patterns. Archeological research currently being conducted in northern Egypt (mainly at Tell el-Farkha, Tell el-Iswid, Sais and Buto) has provided us with new material that adds to our understanding of the field. From the most recent excavation results, it would appear that from the very beginnings of its existence, the Tell el-Farkha site in the eastern Delta was as an important exchange center where the influence of the east and the south came together.The aim of this paper is to portray the interaction occurring between the Delta, Upper Egypt and the Southern Levant in the 4th millennium BC on the basis of material found at the excavation site of Tell el-Farkha in the eastern Nile Delta and to explain the role of the Nile Delta in political and cultural relations between these regions.
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Proussakov, Dmitry. "From the delta to the Delta: Natural Conditions and Settlers on the Main Nile in the Fifth Millennium BC. Part II." Oriental Courier, no. 3 (2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310023759-2.
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The primordial neolithization on the banks of the Nile River is associated with the archaeological culture of the Early Khartoum, or Khartoum Mesolithic. The bulk of its monuments date back to the 7th–6th millennia BC and is located on a long stretch of the river valley from the Gezira at the confluence of the White and Blue Nile to the 2nd cataract of the Main Nile at the current border of Sudan and Egypt. Khartoum Mesolithic shows a tendency of enlarging its sites southwards probably connected with a progress of settled way of life of the early Neolithic population of this stretch approaching to the Gezira. The latter at that time was dissected by the paleochannels of the inner Blue Nile delta that discharged into the White Nile and was a swampy fertile alluvial plain, very similar to the Egyptian Delta that was formed two or three millennia later. Favorable climatic conditions of the African Humid Period (about 14.8 — 5.5 cal. yr BP) did not favor the mass migration of the inhabitants of the blooming Sahara to the Nile, as evidenced by numerous sites of the Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic in the Western Desert. According to recent paleoclimatic reconstruction by S. Kröpelin, a large-scale demographic shift from the Desert to the River, caused by abrupt desiccation of the North Africa and resulted in the epoch-making progress of the Neolithic communities on the Nile, including Egypt, took place starting from 5300 BC. This model, however, contradicts the available scientifical data and has no archaeological confirmation. An absolute majority of studies at the junction of archeology and paleoecology show that cooling and aridization that could have caused a mass migration of people from the Sahara to the banks of the Nile, developed only with the completion of the Holocene Atlantic optimum and, in general, the African Humid Period in the 4th millennium BC having reached the extremum at about 4500 uncal. yr BP ≈ 3221 BC. All earlier manifestations of neolithization on the Nile from the natural point of view should be obviously explained primarily by the attractiveness for people of the Nile Valley itself or of its individual parts and basins, such as the delta of the Gezira.
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Dessouki, Sami, Mohamed Deyab, and Jelan Mofeed. "PHYCOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF RIVER NILE DELTA - EGYPT." Egyptian Journal of Phycology 5, no. 1 (2004): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/egyjs.2004.113980.
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Ullmann, Tobias, Leon Nill, Robert Schiestl, et al. "Mapping buried paleogeographical features of the Nile Delta (Egypt) using the Landsat archive." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 69, no. 2 (2020): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-69-225-2020.
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Abstract. The contribution highlights the use of Landsat spectral-temporal metrics (STMs) for the detection of surface anomalies that are potentially related to buried near-surface paleogeomorphological deposits in the Nile Delta (Egypt), in particular for a buried river branch close to Buto. The processing was completed in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) for the entire Nile Delta and for selected seasons of the year (summer/winter) using Landsat data from 1985 to 2019. We derived the STMs of the tasseled cap transformation (TC), the Normalized Difference Wetness Index (NDWI), and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). These features were compared to historical topographic maps of the Survey of Egypt, CORONA imagery, the digital elevation model of the TanDEM-X mission, and modern high-resolution satellite imagery. The results suggest that the extent of channels is best revealed when differencing the median NDWI between summer (July/August) and winter (January/February) seasons (ΔNDWI). The observed difference is likely due to lower soil/plant moisture during summer, which is potentially caused by coarser-grained deposits and the morphology of the former levee. Similar anomalies were found in the immediate surroundings of several Pleistocene sand hills (“geziras”) and settlement mounds (“tells”) of the eastern delta, which allowed some mapping of the potential near-surface continuation. Such anomalies were not observed for the surroundings of tells of the western Nile Delta. Additional linear and meandering ΔNDWI anomalies were found in the eastern Nile Delta in the immediate surroundings of the ancient site of Bubastis (Tell Basta), as well as several kilometers north of Zagazig. These anomalies might indicate former courses of Nile river branches. However, the ΔNDWI does not provide an unambiguous delineation.
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Mahrous, Mohamed Alsaid, Ali Radwan, Tharwat Abd El-Hafez, Salah Mahmoud, Mahmoud Gomaa, and Mahmoud Zayed. "The Current State of Deformation Parameters in the Nile Delta, Egypt, Using GNSS and Seismological Data." Iraqi Geological Journal 55, no. 2A (2022): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.2a.2ms-2022-07-18.
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Nile Delta region in northern Egypt and the Nile River separates it into two branches in the west, at Rosetta, and in the east, at Damietta, before draining into the Mediterranean Sea. Nile Delta is the most valuable commercial, agricultural, and industrial supply as well as over 70% of the country’s industrial and economic operations. More than half of Egypt 100 million population live there. Due to the vital value of the Nile Delta, the crustal deformation study in the Nile Delta has become one of the most essential researche. Using precise and accurate geodetic data, such as the Global Navigation Satellite System has been applied in the current work to evaluate the rates of crustal movements, including regional and local velocities, as well as the assessment of deformation characteristics, such as rates of dilatation, maximum shear and principal strain component analysis. Bernese 5.2 software was used to process data between 2013 and 2020 for fourteen Global Navigation Satellite System permanent sites. The result shows that the Delta has different geodynamic behaviors related to its structural properties as well assuffering from heterogeneous crustal movement. The northeastern side of the Nile Delta may suffer from sinking under the Mediterranean Sea more than the northwestern side because of its high subsidence rates, Crustal movements and deformation parameters Show; VN average values: 0.56 mm/yr, VE average values: 0.62 mm/yr for local velocities and average values -4.60 mm/yr for vertical subsidence. Also, the area is characterized by medium shear strain, indicating that the risk of an earthquake is low.
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Kheir, Ahmed Mohammed Saad, Aly Abdelaal, Gerrit Hoogenboom, and Senthold Asseng. "Experimental and simulated wheat data from across a temperature gradient along the River Nile in Egypt." Open Data Journal for Agricultural Research 6 (June 4, 2020): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/odjar.v6i0.16318.
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The dataset includes detailed field experiments from four locations across a temperature gradient along the River Nile. The data covering four contrasting environments from North (low temperature) to South (high temperature), includes Sakha (North delta, lower Egypt), Menofya (Middle delta), Benisuef (Middle Egypt) and Aswan (upper Egypt). Measurements included plant density, aboveground biomass, anthesis and maturity dates, grain yield, grains m-2, kernel weight and N content in grains as well as daily weather data (solar radiation, maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation, surface wind, relative humidity, dew point and vapor pressure) and soil characteristics and crop management. Wheat was sown under full irrigation and fertilization with two planting dates. Simulations include three DSSAT-Wheat models (CERES, NWHEAT and CROPSIM).
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Elewa, Hossam Hamdy. "Potentialities of Water Resources Pollution of the Nile River Delta, Egypt." Open Hydrology Journal 4, no. 1 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874378101004010001.
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Proussakov, Dmitry. "From the Delta to the Delta: Natural Conditions and Settlers on the Main Nile in the Fifth Millennium BC. Part I (Introductory)." Oriental Courier, no. 2 (2022): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310021599-6.
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The 5th millennium BC is marked by the transition to agriculture in the Egyptian Nile valley, rather late for the Fertile Crescent. This was preceded by the Quaternary epic of discovery of the Nile banks by hominids, from the Olduvian Pithecanthropus of the lower Palaeolithic to the Neolithic settlers of the Predynastic period, who laid the socio-economic foundation of the Pharaonic civilization. In the Pleistocene geological epoch, the Main Nile underwent a complex evolutionary transformation from palaeo-rivers with such powerful watercourses as the Prenile to the much inferior in volume Neonile on which, at the 2nd marine isotope stage (27.8–14.7 ka) when the Sahara was a hyperarid desert, comparatively frequent Paleolithic sites of gatherers, fishermen and hunters arose in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia (the archaeological cultures Halfa, Fakhuri, Qadan, Ballana, Silsila, Afia, Makhadma et al.). Warming and humidification of the climate with the onset of the 1st marine isotope stage was accompanied by an “abrupt return” of the summer monsoon rains to East Africa and an episode of the “Wild Nile” with the incision of the River, which probably made its Egyptian valley unsuitable for settlement by the beginning of the Holocene (11700 ± 99 ka); thus, the Epipalaeolithic is represented here by rare industries of Elkab in Upper Egypt and Karun in the Fayum oasis. At the same time, from the 9th millennium BC there was an increase in the population of the Sahara, where during the African humid period of the early Holocene grassy and woody savannahs were spreading. The Nile Delta with its “historical” network of branches had not yet formed and represented a barren sandy plain which (as well as the Valley) was unsuitable for life and the establishment of the food-producing economy. Simultaneously in Sudan, in the Gezira region at the confluence of the White and Blue Nile, an inner delta was formed, which may have been the cause of the later Neolithization of the lower reaches of the Main Nile.