Journal articles: 'Nile River Delta (Egypt)'

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Saleh, Amgad A., Kurt A. Zeller, Abou-Serie M. Ismael, Zeinab M. Fahmy, Elhamy M. El-Assiuty, and John F. Leslie. "Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Diversity in Cephalosporium maydis from Egypt." Phytopathology® 93, no. 7 (July 2003): 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.7.853.

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Cephalosporium maydis, the causal agent of late wilt of maize, was first described in Egypt in the 1960s, where it can cause yield losses of up to 40% in susceptible plantings. We characterized 866 isolates of C. maydis collected from 14 governates in Egypt, 7 in the Nile River Delta and 7 in southern (Middle and Upper) Egypt, with amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The four AFLP primer-pair combinations generated 68 bands, 25 of which were polymorphic, resulting in 52 clonal haplotypes that clustered the 866 isolates into four phylogenetic lineages. Three lineages were found in both the Nile River Delta and southern Egypt. Lineage IV, the most diverse group (20 haplotypes), was recovered only from governates in the Nile River Delta. In some locations, one lineage dominated (up to 98% of the isolates recovered) and, from some fields, only a single haplotype was recovered. Under field conditions in Egypt, there is no evidence that C. maydis reproduces sexually. The nonuniform geographic distribution of the pathogen lineages within the country could be due to differences in climate or in the farming system, because host material differs in susceptibility and C. maydis lineages differ in pathogenicity.

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Mabrouk, M. B., A. Jonoski, D. Solomatine, and S. Uhlenbrook. "A review of seawater intrusion in the Nile Delta groundwater system – the basis for assessing impacts due to climate changes and water resources development." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 8 (August 19, 2013): 10873–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-10873-2013.

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Abstract. Serious environmental problems are emerging in the River Nile basin and its groundwater resources. Recent years have brought scientific evidence of climate change and development-induced environmental impacts globally as well as over Egypt. Some impacts are subtle, like decline of the Nile River water levels, others are dramatic like the salinization of all coastal land in the Nile Delta – the agricultural engine of Egypt. These consequences have become a striking reality causing a set of interconnected groundwater management problems. Massive population increase that overwhelmed the Nile Delta region has amplified the problem. Many researchers have studied these problems from different perspectives using different methodologies, following different objectives and, consequently, arrived at different findings. However, they all confirmed that significant groundwater salinization has affected the Nile Delta and this is likely to become worse rapidly in the future. This article presents, categorizes and critically analyses and synthesizes the most relevant research regarding climate change and development challenges in relation to groundwater resources in the Nile Delta. It is shown that there is a gap in studies that focus on sustainable groundwater resources development and environmentally sound protection as an integrated regional process in Nile Delta. Moreover, there is also a knowledge gap related to the deterioration of groundwater quality. The article recommends further research that covers the groundwater resources and salinization in the whole Nile Delta based on integrated three-dimensional groundwater modelling of the Nile delta aquifer.

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Mączyńska, Agnieszka. "The Nile Delta as a Center of Cultural Interaction Between Upper Egypt and the Southern Levant in the 4th Millennium BC." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 18 (December 30, 2014): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.18.2014.18.03.

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The societies occupying the Nile Delta in the 4th millennium BC were not cut off from the neighboring regions of Upper Egypt and the Southern Levant. The Nile River, which served as a transport route between southern and northern Egypt, and the geographical proximity of the Southern Levant to the Nile Delta were probably both factors that allowed contact to occur between the regions. Whilst a significant number of Southern Levantine and Upper Egyptian imports have been found at Lower Egyptian cultural sites, the quantity of Lower Egyptian items from the same period found in the Southern Levant and in southern Egypt is more limited. This state of affairs did not occur by chance, which suggests that the scarcity of northern Egyptian finds outside Lower Egypt can probably be attributed to the nature of trade and the position of the Nile Delta in this period.Although our knowledge of the contact of the Delta with Upper Egypt and the Southern Levant is constantly expanding, many issues still remain unclear, including that of trading patterns. Archeological research currently being conducted in northern Egypt (mainly at Tell el-Farkha, Tell el-Iswid, Sais and Buto) has provided us with new material that adds to our understanding of the field. From the most recent excavation results, it would appear that from the very beginnings of its existence, the Tell el-Farkha site in the eastern Delta was as an important exchange center where the influence of the east and the south came together.The aim of this paper is to portray the interaction occurring between the Delta, Upper Egypt and the Southern Levant in the 4th millennium BC on the basis of material found at the excavation site of Tell el-Farkha in the eastern Nile Delta and to explain the role of the Nile Delta in political and cultural relations between these regions.

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Proussakov, Dmitry. "From the delta to the Delta: Natural Conditions and Settlers on the Main Nile in the Fifth Millennium BC. Part II." Oriental Courier, no. 3 (2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310023759-2.

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The primordial neolithization on the banks of the Nile River is associated with the archaeological culture of the Early Khartoum, or Khartoum Mesolithic. The bulk of its monuments date back to the 7th–6th millennia BC and is located on a long stretch of the river valley from the Gezira at the confluence of the White and Blue Nile to the 2nd cataract of the Main Nile at the current border of Sudan and Egypt. Khartoum Mesolithic shows a tendency of enlarging its sites southwards probably connected with a progress of settled way of life of the early Neolithic population of this stretch approaching to the Gezira. The latter at that time was dissected by the paleochannels of the inner Blue Nile delta that discharged into the White Nile and was a swampy fertile alluvial plain, very similar to the Egyptian Delta that was formed two or three millennia later. Favorable climatic conditions of the African Humid Period (about 14.8 — 5.5 cal. yr BP) did not favor the mass migration of the inhabitants of the blooming Sahara to the Nile, as evidenced by numerous sites of the Saharo-Sudanese Neolithic in the Western Desert. According to recent paleoclimatic reconstruction by S. Kröpelin, a large-scale demographic shift from the Desert to the River, caused by abrupt desiccation of the North Africa and resulted in the epoch-making progress of the Neolithic communities on the Nile, including Egypt, took place starting from 5300 BC. This model, however, contradicts the available scientifical data and has no archaeological confirmation. An absolute majority of studies at the junction of archeology and paleoecology show that cooling and aridization that could have caused a mass migration of people from the Sahara to the banks of the Nile, developed only with the completion of the Holocene Atlantic optimum and, in general, the African Humid Period in the 4th millennium BC having reached the extremum at about 4500 uncal. yr BP ≈ 3221 BC. All earlier manifestations of neolithization on the Nile from the natural point of view should be obviously explained primarily by the attractiveness for people of the Nile Valley itself or of its individual parts and basins, such as the delta of the Gezira.

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Dessouki, Sami, Mohamed Deyab, and Jelan Mofeed. "PHYCOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF RIVER NILE DELTA - EGYPT." Egyptian Journal of Phycology 5, no. 1 (December 28, 2004): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/egyjs.2004.113980.

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Ullmann, Tobias, Leon Nill, Robert Schiestl, Julian Trappe, Eva Lange-Athinodorou, Roland Baumhauer, and Julia Meister. "Mapping buried paleogeographical features of the Nile Delta (Egypt) using the Landsat archive." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 69, no. 2 (December 9, 2020): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-69-225-2020.

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Abstract. The contribution highlights the use of Landsat spectral-temporal metrics (STMs) for the detection of surface anomalies that are potentially related to buried near-surface paleogeomorphological deposits in the Nile Delta (Egypt), in particular for a buried river branch close to Buto. The processing was completed in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) for the entire Nile Delta and for selected seasons of the year (summer/winter) using Landsat data from 1985 to 2019. We derived the STMs of the tasseled cap transformation (TC), the Normalized Difference Wetness Index (NDWI), and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). These features were compared to historical topographic maps of the Survey of Egypt, CORONA imagery, the digital elevation model of the TanDEM-X mission, and modern high-resolution satellite imagery. The results suggest that the extent of channels is best revealed when differencing the median NDWI between summer (July/August) and winter (January/February) seasons (ΔNDWI). The observed difference is likely due to lower soil/plant moisture during summer, which is potentially caused by coarser-grained deposits and the morphology of the former levee. Similar anomalies were found in the immediate surroundings of several Pleistocene sand hills (“geziras”) and settlement mounds (“tells”) of the eastern delta, which allowed some mapping of the potential near-surface continuation. Such anomalies were not observed for the surroundings of tells of the western Nile Delta. Additional linear and meandering ΔNDWI anomalies were found in the eastern Nile Delta in the immediate surroundings of the ancient site of Bubastis (Tell Basta), as well as several kilometers north of Zagazig. These anomalies might indicate former courses of Nile river branches. However, the ΔNDWI does not provide an unambiguous delineation.

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Mahrous, Mohamed Alsaid, Ali Radwan, Tharwat Abd El-Hafez, Salah Mahmoud, Mahmoud Gomaa, and Mahmoud Zayed. "The Current State of Deformation Parameters in the Nile Delta, Egypt, Using GNSS and Seismological Data." Iraqi Geological Journal 55, no. 2A (July 31, 2022): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.2a.2ms-2022-07-18.

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Nile Delta region in northern Egypt and the Nile River separates it into two branches in the west, at Rosetta, and in the east, at Damietta, before draining into the Mediterranean Sea. Nile Delta is the most valuable commercial, agricultural, and industrial supply as well as over 70% of the country’s industrial and economic operations. More than half of Egypt 100 million population live there. Due to the vital value of the Nile Delta, the crustal deformation study in the Nile Delta has become one of the most essential researche. Using precise and accurate geodetic data, such as the Global Navigation Satellite System has been applied in the current work to evaluate the rates of crustal movements, including regional and local velocities, as well as the assessment of deformation characteristics, such as rates of dilatation, maximum shear and principal strain component analysis. Bernese 5.2 software was used to process data between 2013 and 2020 for fourteen Global Navigation Satellite System permanent sites. The result shows that the Delta has different geodynamic behaviors related to its structural properties as well assuffering from heterogeneous crustal movement. The northeastern side of the Nile Delta may suffer from sinking under the Mediterranean Sea more than the northwestern side because of its high subsidence rates, Crustal movements and deformation parameters Show; VN average values: 0.56 mm/yr, VE average values: 0.62 mm/yr for local velocities and average values -4.60 mm/yr for vertical subsidence. Also, the area is characterized by medium shear strain, indicating that the risk of an earthquake is low.

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Kheir, Ahmed Mohammed Saad, Aly Abdelaal, Gerrit Hoogenboom, and Senthold Asseng. "Experimental and simulated wheat data from across a temperature gradient along the River Nile in Egypt." Open Data Journal for Agricultural Research 6 (June 4, 2020): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/odjar.v6i0.16318.

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The dataset includes detailed field experiments from four locations across a temperature gradient along the River Nile. The data covering four contrasting environments from North (low temperature) to South (high temperature), includes Sakha (North delta, lower Egypt), Menofya (Middle delta), Benisuef (Middle Egypt) and Aswan (upper Egypt). Measurements included plant density, aboveground biomass, anthesis and maturity dates, grain yield, grains m-2, kernel weight and N content in grains as well as daily weather data (solar radiation, maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation, surface wind, relative humidity, dew point and vapor pressure) and soil characteristics and crop management. Wheat was sown under full irrigation and fertilization with two planting dates. Simulations include three DSSAT-Wheat models (CERES, NWHEAT and CROPSIM).

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Elewa, Hossam Hamdy. "Potentialities of Water Resources Pollution of the Nile River Delta, Egypt." Open Hydrology Journal 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874378101004010001.

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Proussakov, Dmitry. "From the Delta to the Delta: Natural Conditions and Settlers on the Main Nile in the Fifth Millennium BC. Part I (Introductory)." Oriental Courier, no. 2 (2022): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310021599-6.

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The 5th millennium BC is marked by the transition to agriculture in the Egyptian Nile valley, rather late for the Fertile Crescent. This was preceded by the Quaternary epic of discovery of the Nile banks by hominids, from the Olduvian Pithecanthropus of the lower Palaeolithic to the Neolithic settlers of the Predynastic period, who laid the socio-economic foundation of the Pharaonic civilization. In the Pleistocene geological epoch, the Main Nile underwent a complex evolutionary transformation from palaeo-rivers with such powerful watercourses as the Prenile to the much inferior in volume Neonile on which, at the 2nd marine isotope stage (27.8–14.7 ka) when the Sahara was a hyperarid desert, comparatively frequent Paleolithic sites of gatherers, fishermen and hunters arose in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia (the archaeological cultures Halfa, Fakhuri, Qadan, Ballana, Silsila, Afia, Makhadma et al.). Warming and humidification of the climate with the onset of the 1st marine isotope stage was accompanied by an “abrupt return” of the summer monsoon rains to East Africa and an episode of the “Wild Nile” with the incision of the River, which probably made its Egyptian valley unsuitable for settlement by the beginning of the Holocene (11700 ± 99 ka); thus, the Epipalaeolithic is represented here by rare industries of Elkab in Upper Egypt and Karun in the Fayum oasis. At the same time, from the 9th millennium BC there was an increase in the population of the Sahara, where during the African humid period of the early Holocene grassy and woody savannahs were spreading. The Nile Delta with its “historical” network of branches had not yet formed and represented a barren sandy plain which (as well as the Valley) was unsuitable for life and the establishment of the food-producing economy. Simultaneously in Sudan, in the Gezira region at the confluence of the White and Blue Nile, an inner delta was formed, which may have been the cause of the later Neolithization of the lower reaches of the Main Nile.

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Radwan, Taher M., G. Alan Blackburn, J. Duncan Whyatt, and Peter M. Atkinson. "Dramatic Loss of Agricultural Land Due to Urban Expansion Threatens Food Security in the Nile Delta, Egypt." Remote Sensing 11, no. 3 (February 8, 2019): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11030332.

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Egypt has one of the largest and fastest growing populations in the world. However, nearly 96% of the total land area is uninhabited desert and 96% of the population is concentrated around the River Nile valley and the Delta. This unbalanced distribution and dramatically rising population have caused severe socio-economic problems. In this research, 24 land use/land cover (LULC) maps from 1992 to 2015 were used to monitor LULC changes in the Nile Delta and quantify the rates and types of LULC transitions. The results show that 74,600 hectares of fertile agricultural land in the Nile Delta (Old Lands) was lost to urban expansion over the 24 year period at an average rate of 3,108 ha year-1, whilst 206,100 hectares of bare land was converted to agricultural land (New Lands) at an average rate of 8,588 ha year-1. A Cellular Automata-Markov (CA-Markov) integrated model was used to simulate future alternative LULC change scenarios. Under a Business as Usual scenario, 87,000 hectares of land transitioned from agricultural land to urban areas by 2030, posing a threat to the agricultural sector sustainability and food security in Egypt. Three alternative future scenarios were developed to promote urban development elsewhere, hence, with potential to preserve the fertile soils of the Nile Delta. A scenario which permitted urban expansion into the desert only preserved the largest amount of agricultural land in the Nile Delta. However, a scenario that encouraged urban expansion into the desert and adjacent to areas of existing high population density resulted in almost the same area of agricultural land being preserved. The alternative future scenarios are valuable for supporting policy development and planning decisions in Egypt and demonstrating that continued urban development is possible while minimising the threats to environmental sustainability and national food security.

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El-Gamal, Ayman A., Sherif H. Balbaa, Mohamed A. Rashed, and Ahmed S. Mansour. "Three Decades Monitoring of Shoreline Change Pattern of Damietta Promontory, Nile Delta, Egypt." Aquatic Science and Technology 8, no. 2 (May 25, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ast.v8i2.17087.

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The Nile Delta is located on the Egyptian Mediterranean coast extending along nearly 240 km from the east of Alexandria to Port Said. The coastal area of the Nile Delta Promontories has been suffering extensive erosion problem. This was achieved after the construction of many water regulation structures in Nile River as dams and barrages, particularly the Aswan High Dam. It has nearly stopped the sediment flux carried by the Nile River to the Delta. This process has caused the Mediterranean Sea to reshape the Nile Delta coastal area. In order to cease these problems several engineering hard structures have been built. These structures avoided in ceasing the problem in the site of construction but shifted the erosion problem to the adjacent sites. This study aimed to analyze the shoreline change pattern on the term of three decades during the period between 1985 to 2015 at the coastal strip of Damietta Promontory and the impact of these protective structures on the coastal area. This was accomplished by the automated delineation of the successive shorelines covering this period using remote sensing imagery. The shorelines were extracted using the MNDWI index. The extracted shorelines were manipulated through the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) software. The shoreline change rates were compared with sediments grain size for the past thirty years, heavy minerals content and radioactivity of recent marine sediment samples collected from different locations of marine profiles over the study area. The study revealed that Damietta Promontory has suffered from erosion during the study period reached its maximum shoreline retreat at the eastern side, nearly – 43 m/y. The total cumulative shoreline regression during the study period at this area was 1311m. The relation between the shoreline change process (erosion or accretion) and the physical parameters of coastal sediment showed that; as erosion increases, the heavy minerals content and radioactivity increases, while the mean grain size decreases and vice versa.

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Mancy, Khalil H. "The Control of Pollution from River Discharges in the Mediterranean." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0094.

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The pollution burden of river discharges in the Mediterranean far exceeds all other sources, e.g. land based sources. The main contributors are the Rhone, Po and Ebro. Contributions from the River Nile are expected to be much less than those from rivers in the European continent. Recent Nile management schemes and irrigation projects in Egypt are posing direct impacts on the Mediterranean. This includes the erosion of the Nile Delta and off-shore pollution due to wastewater discharges. In view of the prevailing circulation patterns in the Mediterranean, these impacts are dominant in the South Levantin region. Cutrent practices of river management do not necessarily include the protection of marine resources. Similarly, sea protection programs do not include pollution from sources in the river basin. Marine management programs are largely concerned with pollution loads at the points of river discharge. In the case of a land-locked sea, such as the Mediterranean, it is particularly important to integrate river basin management schemes in the sea protection program. Under a suitable management plan, it could be possible to determine main sources of sea pollution within the river basin. This should serve as the basis for the implementation of control measures, since the problem is not exclusively within the river basin.

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Abd-Elaty, Ismail, Hala M. Ghanayem, Martina Zeleňáková, Peter Mésároš, and Osama K. Saleh. "Numerical Investigation for Riverbank Filtration Sustainability Considering Climatic Changes in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions; Case Study of RBF Site at Embaba, Nile Delta, Egypt." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 1897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041897.

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Changes in riverine hydrography and reduced aquifer recharge due to projected climate changes in arid and semi-arid regions are the main issues of water supply, especially in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Continuous degradation results from reduced Nile water flow, poor management of groundwater extraction, and human activities throughout the Nile’s course and drainage channels. Contamination of this water with heavy metals and dissolved organic solids reduces the quality of this water, which increases the price of treatment. River Bank Filtration (RBF) is a water treatment technology used for improving the quality of drinking water taken from polluted rivers where abstraction wells are installed on the banks. This study was applied to the RBF site at Embaba, Nile Delta, Egypt using the numerical code MT3D. The study was simulated and calibrated for the current situation and number of scenarios to investigate the effect of climatic changes on RBF sustainability. Four scenarios were simulated to identify and estimate the RBF portion and the total water travel time from the river to the wells. The first scenario involves a reduction in river stages, the second a decrease in aquifer recharge, the third a combination of the first two scenarios, and the fourth scenario combines scenarios 1, 2, and 3. The results indicate that the RBF portion decreased from 67.42% in the base case to 35.46% and 64.99% with a reduction in river stage by 75% from the base case and a decrease in aquifer recharge from 182.50 (base case) to 50 mm per year, respectively. Moreover, the RBF portion increased to reach 87.75% with a reduction in the General Head Boundary of 75% from the base case, while the combination of the three scenarios decreased the RBF portion to 67.24%. Finally, the water supply systems in arid and semi-arid regions should be extended by installing and operating RBF facilities to manage the negative effects of climatic change through reduction in river stages and aquifer recharge, and increasing abstraction due to overpopulation.

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Ismail, Eman M., Mona Kadry, Esraa A. Elshafiee, Eman Ragab, Eman A. Morsy, Omar Rizk, and Manal M. Zaki. "Ecoepidemiology and Potential Transmission of Vibrio cholerae among Different Environmental Niches: An Upcoming Threat in Egypt." Pathogens 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020190.

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Cholera is a negative public health event caused by Vibrio cholerae. Although V. cholerae is abundant in natural environments, its pattern and transmission between different niches remain puzzling and interrelated. Our study aimed to investigate the occurrence of nonpathogenic V. cholerae in the natural environment during endemicity periods. It also aimed to highlight the role of molecular ecoepidemiology in mapping the routes of spread, transmission, and prevention of possible future cholera outbreaks. V. cholerae was detected in different aquatic environments, waterfowl, and poultry farms located along the length of the Nile River in Giza, Cairo, and Delta provinces, Egypt. After polymerase chain reaction amplification of the specific target outer membrane gene (Omp W) of suspected isolates, we performed sequence analysis, eventually using phylogenetic tree analysis to illustrate the possible epidemiological relationships between different sequences. Data revealed a significant variation in the physicochemical conditions of the examined Nile districts related to temporal, spatial, and anthropogenic activities. Moreover, data showed an evident association between V. cholerae and the clinically diseased Synodontis schall fish. We found that the environmental distress triggered by the salinity shift and elevated temperature in the Middle Delta of the Nile River affects the pathogenesis of V. cholerae, in addition to the characteristics of fish host inhabiting the Rosetta Branch at Kafr El-Zayat, El-Gharbia province, Egypt. In addition, we noted a significant relationship between V. cholerae and poultry sources that feed on the Nile dikes close to the examined districts. Sequence analysis revealed clustering of the waterfowl and broiler chicken isolates with human and aquatic isolated sequences retrieved from the GenBank databases. From the obtained data, we hypothesized that waterfowl act as a potential vector for the intermediate transmission of cholera. Therefore, continuous monitoring of Nile water quality and mitigation of Nile River pollution, in addition to following good managemental practices (GMPs), general hygienic guidelines, and biosecurity in the field of animal production and industry, might be the way to break this cyclic transmission between human, aquatic, and animal sectors.

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Stanley, Jean-Daniel, and Sarah E. Wedl. "Significant depositional changes offshore the Nile Delta in late third millennium BCE: relevance for Egyptology." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 70, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-83-2021.

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Abstract. No environmental factor has been as critically important for Egypt's ancient society through time as sufficiently high annual flood levels of the Nile River, the country's major source of fresh water. However, interpretation of core analysis shows reduced depositional accumulation rates and altered compositional attributes of the sediment facies deposited seaward of the Nile Delta during a relatively brief period in the late third millennium BCE. These changes record the effects of displaced climatic belts, decreased rainfall, lower Nile flows, and modified oceanographic conditions offshore in the Levantine Basin, primarily from 2300 to 2000 BCE, taking place at the same time as important geological changes identified by study of cores collected in the Nile Delta. It turns out that integrated multi-disciplinary Earth science and archaeological approaches at dated sites serve to further determine when and how such significant changing environmental events had negative effects in both offshore and landward areas. This study indicates these major climatically induced effects prevailed concurrently offshore and in Nile Delta sites and at about the time Egypt abandoned the Old Kingdom's former political system and also experienced fragmentation of its centralized state. In response, the country's population would have experienced diminished agricultural production leading to altered societal, political, and economic pressures during the late Old Kingdom to First Intermediate Period at ca. 2200 to 2050 BCE.

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Smith, N. A., D. E. Welch, and L. W. Tunbridge. "Investigation of the Properties of Recent Nile Delta Deposits, Port Said, Egypt." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 2, no. 1 (1986): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.1986.002.01.65.

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AbstractIn 1978 Golder Associates carried out a major geotechnical investigation over an area of 1200 ha surrounding Port Said, Egypt. The investigation was primarily directed to the design of a land reclamation scheme and future development of the area. The soils investigated were deep deltaic deposits of the River Nile, laid down within the past 10000 years.The methods of investigation used, both for drilling and sampling, differed from those commonly used in the UK. The results of the work demonstrate the quality of results which can be achieved by wash boring methods, and stress the need for a suitable level of geotechnical engineering input whatever the method of investigation. The investigation techniques included the establishment of an on-site laboratory capable of handling a large volume of testing during the course of the site work. The reductions in both delay and transport between sampling and testing are considered to have been instrumental in obtaining much more reliable data on the soil properties.Some data are presented as examples of the quality of results. The stratum of most interest and importance was a thick layer of highly plastic clay, which prior to this investigation had been considered to be soft and possibly underconsolidated. The clay was demonstrated to be firm to stiff and overconsolidated, and the overconsolidation was shown to have been at least partially the result of secondary compression effects and, additionally, fluctuations in sea level since deposition.

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Amer, Said, Shereif Zidan, Haileeyesus Adamu, Jianbin Ye, Dawn Roellig, Lihua Xiao, and Yaoyu Feng. "Prevalence and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy cattle in Nile River delta provinces, Egypt." Experimental Parasitology 135, no. 3 (November 2013): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2013.09.002.

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Abdel-Messih, Ibrahim Adib, Thomas F. Wierzba, Remon Abu-Elyazeed, Abdel Fatah Ibrahim, Salwa F. Ahmed, Karim Kamal, John Sanders, and Robert Frenck. "Diarrhea Associated with Cryptosporidium parvum among Young Children of the Nile River Delta in Egypt." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 51, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmh105.

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Ramadan, Elsayed M., Heba F. Abdelwahab, Zuzana Vranayova, Martina Zelenakova, and Abdelazim M. Negm. "Optimization-Based Proposed Solution for Water Shortage Problems: A Case Study in the Ismailia Canal, East Nile Delta, Egypt." Water 13, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 2481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182481.

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Water conflicts in transboundary watersheds are significantly exacerbated by insufficient freshwater sources and high water demands. Due to its increasing population and various development projects, as well as current and potential water shortages, Egypt is one of the most populated and impacted countries in Africa and the Middle East in terms of water scarcity. With good future planning, modeling will help to solve water scarcity problems in the Ismailia canal, which is one of the most significant branches of the Nile River. Many previous studies of the Nile river basin depended on quality modeling and hydro-economic models which had policy or system control constraints. To overcome this deficit position and number, the East Nile Delta area was investigated using LINDO (linear interactive, and discrete optimizer) software; a mathematical model with physical constraints (mass balances); and ArcGIS software for canals and water demands from the agriculture sector, which is expected to face a water shortage. Using the total capital (Ismailia canal, groundwater, and water reuse) and total demand for water from different industries, the software measures the shortage area and redistributes the water according to demand node preferences (irrigation, domestic, and industrial water demands). At the irrigation network’s end, a water deficit of 789.81 MCM/year was estimated at Al-Salhiya, Ismailia, El Qantara West, Fayed, and Port Said. The model was then run through three scenarios: (1) the Ismailia Canal Lining’s effect, (2) surface water’s impact, and (3) groundwater’s impact. Water scarcity was proportional to lining four sections at a length of 61.0 km, which is considered to be optimal—based on the simulation which predicts that the Ismailia canal head flow will rise by 15%, according to scenarios—and the most effective way to reduce water scarcity in the face of climate change and limited resources as a result of the increasing population and built-in industrial projects in Egypt.

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Michelaki, Kostalena, and Ronald G. V. Hancock. "Reassessment of elemental concentration data of sediments from the western delta of the Nile River." Open Journal of Archaeometry 1, no. 1 (June 27, 2013): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/arc.2013.e2.

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The present study re-examines geochemical data produced by instrumental neutron activa- tion analysis (INAA) of sixty-two fired clay sed- iment samples from the western Nile delta in Egypt. The goal is to assess the strengths and weaknesses of principal component analysis (PCA) and bivariate data splitting (BDS), two widely used data analysis methods, in success- fully sorting differing sediment chemistries. Both PCA and BDS are performed using vari- ous data formats [i.e. original, calcium (Ca)- corrected, scandium (Sc)-normalized, or loga- rithmically (log10) transformed]. Both PCA and BDS are shown to sort differing chemistries well. While PCA has the advantage of speed, BDS has the advantage of providing specific chemical clarity and the opportunity to assess the degree of sand dilution more precisely. In PCA, the data format is semi-immaterial, while in BDS, different formats of the data may hin- der, rather than enhance, data interpretation, depending on the questions being asked.

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Badawy, Wael M., Octavian G. Duliu, Marina V. Frontasyeva, Hussien El-Samman, and Sergey V. Mamikhin. "Dataset of elemental compositions and pollution indices of soil and sediments: Nile River and delta -Egypt." Data in Brief 28 (February 2020): 105009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.105009.

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Abbas, Waleed, and Islam Hamdi. "Satellite-Based Discrimination of Urban Dynamics-Induced Local Bias from Day/Night Temperature Trends across the Nile Delta, Egypt: A Basis for Climate Change Impacts Assessment." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 14510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114510.

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The Nile Delta is the most vital region of the desert-dominated country of Egypt. Due to its prominent level of vulnerability to climate change’s negative impacts and its low capacity for adaptation and mitigation, the current study aims to provide accurate quantification of temperature change across the Nile Delta as an integral basis for sustainability and climate change impacts assessment studies. This was achieved through monitoring urban dynamics and detecting LST trends in 91 cities and their rural surroundings. The relevant local urban bias was discriminated from regional/background changes present in diurnal/nocturnal temperature records. The temperature records were then corrected/adjusted by removing this urban bias. Owing to the insufficiency of ground-based meteorological observatories, the investigation utilized moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperatures (LSTs) and Landsat-based datasets (2000–2021). The widely used Mann–Kendall test (MKT) and Theil–Sen estimator (TSE) were employed to assess trends in urban sprawl, LST time series, and the implied association. The analysis revealed that the region has experienced dramatic urbanization, where the total urban expansion was greater than two-thirds (69.1%) of the original urban area in 2000. This was accompanied by a notable warming trend in the day/night and urban/rural LST records. The nocturnal LST exhibited a warming tendency (0.072 °C year−1) larger than the diurnal equivalent (0.065 °C year−1). The urban dynamics were positively correlated with LST trends, whereas the Mediterranean Sea appeared as a significant anti-urbanization moderator, in addition to the Nile River and the prevailing northerly/northwesterly winds. The urban–rural comparison approach disclosed that the urbanization process caused a warming bias in the nighttime LST trend by 0.017 °C year−1 (21.8%) and a cooling bias in the daytime by −0.002 °C year−1 (4.4%). All results were statistically significant at a confidence level of 99%. It is recommended that studies of climate-related sustainability and climate change impact assessment in the Nile Delta should apply a distinction of urban-induced local effect when quantifying the actual regional temperature change.

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Abd-Elziz, Sherien, Martina Zeleňáková, Branislav Kršák, and Hany F. Abd-Elhamid. "Spatial and Temporal Effects of Irrigation Canals Rehabilitation on the Land and Crop Yields, a Case Study: The Nile Delta, Egypt." Water 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050808.

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Shortage of surface water is considered an international problem that has even extended to countries that have rivers, in particular countries sharing the same river basins and downstream countries, such as Egypt. This issue requires intensive management of available water resources. Irrigation Canals Rehabilitation (ICR) has become essential to protect surface water in irrigation canals from losses due to seepage. Egypt is one of the countries that has started using this technique. This paper aims to evaluate the impact of ICR using concrete on the land and on crop yields. The SEEP/W model is used in the current study to estimate changes in the groundwater table and moisture in the root zone. Three cases studies have been simulated and compared including unlined, lined, and lined canals with a drainage pipe. The methodology is applied to three canals in the Nile Delta: Sero, Dafan, and New-Aslogy. The results demonstrate that ICR has decreased the losses from canals which resulted in lowering the groundwater, where the case of lining gave a higher reduction than the case of lining with a drainage pipe. In addition, the water table underneath the embankment was lowered. Decreasing the groundwater table could help to protect the land from logging and increase crop yields, but it may reduce the recharging of groundwater aquifers. Such a study is highly recommended in arid regions to decrease water losses where many countries are suffering from water shortage.

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Silverstein, Jay E., Robert J. Littman, Stacey Anne Bagdi, Elsayed F. Eltalhawy, Hamdy Ahmed Mashaly, Emad Hassan Mohamed, and Mohamed Gabr. "Nilometer from Graeco-Roman Thmouis." Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 35, no. 1 (September 7, 2022): 56–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jma.23769.

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In 2010, a construction project for a new water pumping station on the west side of Tell Timai (Egyptian Delta) encountered a limestone structure. This discovery triggered a salvage excavation that exposed a rare example of a well-preserved Delta nilometer. The architectural features of the nilometer reveal some specific and even unique adaptations consonant with the hydrological situation of the Graeco-Roman city of Thmouis. Unlike other examples of nilometers, an aqueduct runs from the north, spilling into the stairwell leading down into the stilling well. A dam stone in the aqueduct appears to have regulated the release of water. The nilometer was also articulated with an adjacent hill by a staircase. Folk tradition memorialised the stair and nilometer location in local fertility and healing rituals performed during Nile flood-related festivals; this tradition preserved the sacred space long after the nilometer and its associated architecture were buried and forgotten. The multifaceted role of the Thmouis nilometer in the cultural and economic life of the city and nome carries wider implications for the political organisation of the nome and the dynamic between syncretic forces and imperial appropriation in Graeco-Roman Egypt. Here we review the shape, function, archaeological context, ideological significance and hydrography of the nilometer and consider the implications of the nilometer for the history of the Mendesian nome and its sacred relationship with the Nile River.

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Corwin, Andrew, James Olson, Mustafa Habib, Douglas Watts, Matthew Kleinosky, Robert Shope, Ho Wang Lee, et al. "Community-Based Prevalence Profile of Arboviral, Rickettsial, and Hantaan-Like Viral Antibody in the Nile River Delta of Egypt." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 48, no. 6 (June 1, 1993): 776–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1993.48.776.

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Corwin, Andrew, Moustafa Habib, James Olson, Daniell Scott, Thomas Ksiazek, and Douglas M. Watts. "The prevalence of arboviral, rickettsial, and Hantaan-like viral antibody among schoolchildren in the Nile river delta of Egypt." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 86, no. 6 (November 1992): 677–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(92)90189-j.

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Zaremba, Małgorzata, Jerzy Trzciński, and Fabian Welc. "Holocene Lake Sediments as a Source of Building Material in Ancient Egypt; Archeometric Evidence from Wadi Tumilat (Nile Delta)." Studia Quaternaria 34, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/squa-2017-0009.

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Abstract The Tell el-Retaba archaeological site is located in the middle part of Wadi Tumilat, which extends along the north-eastern margin of the Nile Delta. It contains fragments of fortified and domestic objects of the ancient fortress and other constructions built of mud bricks. The establishment and functioning of the fortress is dated at the times of the reign of two great pharaohs, Ramesses II and Ramesses III (13th and 12th centuries BC). The grain size composition of the sediments used for mud brick production had significant influence on their physical and mechanical properties, which was used by the ancient Egyptians for the improvement of bricks. The finest fractions, clay and silt, which generally comprise clay minerals and organic matter played a significant role. These components significantly influenced the mud brick properties and resulted in a structural cohesion of the material. The second important component of mud bricks were coarse fractions – sand and gravel. The source of material used for brick production were the natural sediments located in the vicinity of the fortress, i.e. the Holocene lake clay and the Pleistocene gravel and sand of the gezira formation, deposited by a braided river. Clay sediments have a variable lithology as can be deduced from grain size composition of mud bricks and their properties. This variability was caused by a variable regime of the Nile, which supplied material to the lake basin. Geological studies were used to recognize ancient environment and morphology of the area, and to find clay, sand and gravel open-pits that existed in the area. The fortress site was selected optimally in relation to the landscape morphology and close vicinity of the source of basic material and water used for mud brick production. The area around the fortress was substantially transformed by humans due to settlement.

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Ashour, Mohamed A., Tawab E. Aly, and Yousra A. Eldegwee. "An Investigation Concerning the Impact of Climate Changes on the Water Equilibrium in the Egyptian Nile Delta." Annals of Valahia University of Targoviste, Geographical Series 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/avutgs-2017-0006.

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AbstractIn such problematic water situation in Egypt, control and saving of the available limited quantity takes great importance from both technical and national points of view. In addition to all the well-known traditional reasons of the problem such as pollution, over usage, and bad traditions of dealing with water, a new very important reason is added nowadays, called “Climate Changes” which has a direct impact on sea water rising, that causes a serious attack of the salt water to the fresh water especially in River Deltas., Not only the surface water, but also the ground water. Since that process proved some acceleration, several investigations have recently considered the worst impacts of climate change and sea water level rise on sea water intrusion. Most of them have revealed the severity of such problem, and the significance of the land movement of the dispersion zone under the sea water level rise situation. In this paper, we try to introduce a technical review and study for the most popular studies concerning our topic, and its most important conclusions, as an approach for preparing the Ph.D. thesis about the Nile Delta water equilibrium in the light of the expected Mediterranean Sea water level rise. Nile Delta, which located between Damietta Branch on the East, and Rosetta Branch on the west, occupies about 20000 square kilometers of the most rich, productive land in Egypt. About 50% of Egyptian population live in that area, agriculture is the main human activities on them, so water is the prime factor in their life, and their agriculture investments. The great amount of this investment depends on the ground water, which faces a serious challenge due to, two reasons, first, is the overuse, and over pumping, while the second is the attack of the salt water due to the Mediterranean Seawater level rise, because of the climate changes. These two reasons must be overcome, if the first reason can be controlled by law, and technical roles, the second reason needs intensive studies and investigations concerning the interaction between seawater and fresh ground water.

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Corwin, A., M. Habib, D. Watts, J. Olson, M. Darwis, R. Hibbs, B. Botros, M. Kleinosky, R. Shope, and M. Kilpatrick. "Prevalence of antibody to Rift Valley fever virus in the Nile river delta of Egypt, 13 years after a major outbreak." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87, no. 2 (March 1993): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(93)90470-b.

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Xu, Zhuang, Alaa Salem, Zhongyuan Chen, Weiguo Zhang, Jing Chen, Zhanghua Wang, Qianli Sun, and Daowei Yin. "Pb-210 and Cs-137 distribution in Burullus lagoon sediments of Nile river delta, Egypt: sedimentation rate after Aswan High Dam." Frontiers of Earth Science in China 2, no. 4 (December 2008): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11707-008-0059-0.

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Abd-Elaty, Isamil, Shaimaa M. Abd-Elmoneem, Gamal M. Abdelaal, Jakub Vrána, Zuzana Vranayová, and Hany F. Abd-Elhamid. "Groundwater Quality Modeling and Mitigation from Wastewater Used in Irrigation, a Case Study of the Nile Delta Aquifer in Egypt." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 13, 2022): 14929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214929.

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Groundwater is an essential freshwater source because traditional sources of freshwater, such as rainfall and rivers, are unable to provide all residential, industrial, and agricultural demands. Groundwater is replenished by different sources: rivers, canals, drains, and precipitation. This research aims to apply numerical models for a real case study (Bahr El Baqar drain) in the Eastern Nile aquifer to monitor groundwater quality due to the use of wastewater from drains directly in irrigation due to the shortage of freshwater in this area. In addition, the effect of over-pumping from the aquifer is studied to show the extent of contaminants in groundwater. Moreover, a management strategy was achieved through mixing treated wastewater with freshwater to reduce the contamination of groundwater and overcome water shortage. Visual MODFLOW is used to simulate groundwater flow and contaminant transport into the Eastern Nile aquifer (ENDA), Egypt. In this study, three stages including 15 scenarios (five scenarios for each stage) were settled to achieve the study objectives. The first stage was carried out to investigate the impact of using untreated wastewater for irrigation due to the shortage of freshwater in this area. The results of this stage showed that increasing the use of untreated wastewater increased the contamination of the aquifer. The average COD concentrations in the five scenarios reached 23.73, 33.76, 36.49, 45.13, and 53.15 mg/L. The second stage was developed to evaluate the impact of over-pumping and using untreated wastewater for irrigation due population increase and a reduction of freshwater in the Nile Delta. The results revealed that over-pumping has increased the contamination of the aquifer and the average COD concentrations increased to 25.3, 33.34, 40.66, 48.6, and 54.17 mg/L. The third stage was applied to investigate the impact of mixing treated wastewater with freshwater for irrigation to support the freshwater quantity. The results of this stage led to enhanced water quality in the aquifer and the average COD concentrations decreased to 20.26, 23.13, 26.03, 30, and 32.83 mg/L. The results showed that mixing freshwater with treated wastewater has a good influence on water quality, can be safely used in irrigation and reduces the effects on farmers’ health and life.

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Hussein, Mohamed, Ahmed Abu El-Ata, and Mohamed El-Behiry. "AVO analysis aids in differentiation between false and true amplitude responses: a case study of El Mansoura field, onshore Nile Delta, Egypt." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 10, no. 3 (November 27, 2019): 969–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-019-00806-2.

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AbstractThe seismic amplitude versus offset (AVO) analysis has become a prominent in the direct hydrocarbon indicator in last decade, aimed to characterizing the fluid content or the lithology of a possible reservoir and reducing the exploration drilling risk. Our research discusses the impact of studying common depth point gathers on Near, Mid and Far-offsets, to verify the credibility of the amplitude response in the prospect evaluation, through analyzing a case study of two exploratory wells; one has already penetrated a gas-bearing sandstone reservoir and the second one is dry sand, but drilled in two different prospects, using the AVO analysis, to understand the reservoir configuration and its relation to the different amplitude response. The results show that the missing of the short-offset data is the reason of the false anomaly encountered in the dry sand, due to some urban surface obstacles during acquiring the seismic data in the field, especially the study area is located in El Mansoura city, which it is a highly cultivated terrain, with multiple channels and many large orchards on the edge of the river, and sugar cane and rice fields. Several lessons have been learned, which how to differentiate between the gas reservoirs and non-reservoirs, by understanding the relation between the Near and Far-offset traces, to reduce the amplitude anomalies to their right justification, where missing of Near-offset data led to a pseudo-amplitude anomaly. The results led to a high success of exploration ratio as the positives vastly outweigh the negatives.

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Abbassy, M. S., H. Z. Ibrahim, and MM Abu El-Amayem. "Occurrence of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in water of the Nile river at the estuaries of Rosetta and Damiatta branches, north of delta, Egypt." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 34, no. 2 (March 1999): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601239909373196.

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Omar, Mohie Eldin M., Mohamed A. Ghareeb, and Shaimaa El Sherbini. "Effectiveness of dredging and drains’ treatment on water quality of Rosetta branch." Environmental Engineering Research 27, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 200525–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.525.

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Rosetta Branch of Nile River in Egypt receives drainage water from five agricultural drains deteriorating its water quality. Since the branch is used for irrigation and municipal purposes, its water quality should be enhanced. Hence, the current paper aimed at providing the most effective intervention to improve the branch water quality. Preventing drainage disposal was excluded due its significance to downstream users. The paper investigated the impacts of drains' treatment and branch dredging on hydrodynamics and water quality. The branch was numerically simulated using HECRAS model, and calibrated using measured water levels and quality parameters. The paper selected constructed wetlands as the most suitable method for drainage treatment based on conditions of study area. SUBWET model predicted optimal designs of wetlands achieving the desired treatment efficiency. SUBWET model was calibrated with experimental wetlands at Delta Barrage. Results showed that 1-m dredging dropped water surface elevations by 22 to 50 cm. Dredging had no significant changes in the backwater zone of Edfina Barrage at the branch end except for the maximum flow case. Simulation of dissolved oxygen and ammonium showed that dredging and treatment improved water quality. Drains’ treatment by constructed wetlands with selected designs was much more effective than dredging.

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Sawires, Rashad, José A. Peláez, Federica Sparacino, Ali M. Radwan, Mohamed Rashwan, and Mimmo Palano. "Seismic and Geodetic Crustal Moment-Rates Comparison: New Insights on the Seismic Hazard of Egypt." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 7836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177836.

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A comparative analysis of geodetic versus seismic moment-rate estimations makes it possible to distinguish between seismic and aseismic deformation, define the style of deformation, and also to reveal potential seismic gaps. This analysis has been performed for Egypt where the present-day tectonics and seismicity result from the long-lasting interaction between the Nubian, Eurasian, and Arabian plates. The data used comprises all available geological and tectonic information, an updated Poissonian earthquake catalog (2200 B.C.–2020 A.D.) including historical and instrumental datasets, a focal-mechanism solutions catalog (1951–2019), and crustal geodetic strains from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data. The studied region was divided into ten (EG-01 to EG-10) crustal seismic sources based mainly on seismicity, focal mechanisms, and geodetic strain characteristics. The delimited seismic sources cover the Gulf of Aqaba–Dead Sea Transform Fault system, the Gulf of Suez–Red Sea Rift, besides some potential seismic active regions along the Nile River and its delta. For each seismic source, the estimation of seismic and geodetic moment-rates has been performed. Although the obtained results cannot be considered to be definitive, among the delimited sources, four of them (EG-05, EG-06, EG-08, and EG-10) are characterized by low seismic-geodetic moment-rate ratios (<20%), reflecting a prevailing aseismic behavior. Intermediate moment-rate ratios (from 20% to 60%) have been obtained in four additional zones (EG-01, EG-04, EG-07, and EG-09), evidencing how the seismicity accounts for a minor to a moderate fraction of the total deformational budget. In the other two sources (EG-02 and EG-03), high seismic-geodetic moment-rates ratios (>60%) have been observed, reflecting a fully seismic deformation.

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Reda, Amira, Mustafa Eissa, Ibrahim El Shamy, Elissavet Dotsika, Mostafa Saied, and Sayed Mosaad. "Using Geochemical and Environmental Isotopic Tracers to Evaluate Groundwater Recharge and Mineralization Processes in Qena Basin, Eastern Nile Valley, Egypt." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 8391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178391.

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The Qena basin (16,000 km2) represents one of the largest dry valleys located in the arid Eastern Desert of Egypt. Groundwater resources in this watershed are scarce due to limited recharge from annual precipitation. Hydrogeochemistry and environmentally stable isotopes were utilized to determine the main sources of recharge and geochemical processes affecting groundwater quality. The studied basin comprises three main groundwater aquifers: the Quaternary aquifer, the Post-Nubian aquifer (PNA) of the Paleocene-Eocene age, and the Nubian Sandstone aquifer (NSA) of the Lower Cretaceous age. Groundwater types vary from fresh to brackish groundwater. The groundwater salinity of the Quaternary aquifer ranges from 426 to 9975 mg/L with an average of 3191 mg/L, the PNA’s groundwater salinity ranges from 1134 to 6969 mg/L with an average of 3760 mg/L, and the NSA’s groundwater salinity ranges from 1663 to 1737 mg/L with an average of 1692 mg/L. The NSA’s groundwater is relatively depleted of stable isotopes’ signatures (ranges: δ18O from −9‰ to −4.81‰; δ2H from −71‰ to −33.22‰), whereas the Quaternary aquifer’s groundwater is relatively enriched (ranges: δ18O from −5.51 to +4.70‰; δ2H from −40.87 to +37.10‰). Geochemical and isotopic investigations reveal that the NSA groundwater is a paleo-water recharged in a cooler climate. In contrast, the upstream Quaternary groundwater receives considerable recharge from recent meteoric water and upward leakage from the artesian NSA. The downstream Quaternary aquifer in the delta of the Qena basin is composed of original groundwater mixed with recharge from the River Nile. Isotopic analysis confirms that the PNA’s groundwater recharge (ranges: δ18O from −5.90 to −0.10; δ2H −58.21 to −7.10‰) mainly originates from upward leakage from the NSA under the artesian condition and seepage from the upper unconfined Quaternary aquifer. NETPATH geochemical model results show that water–rock interaction, evaporation, and mixing are the main geochemical and physical processes controlling the groundwater quality. NSA groundwater has a significant regional extension and salinity suitable for use in expanding agricultural projects; it should be well managed for sustainable development.

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Elatrash, Ahmed M., Mohammad A. Abdelwahhab, Hamdalla A. Wanas, Samir I. El-Naggar, and Hasan M. Elshayeb. "Multi-disciplinary approach to sedimentary facies analysis of Messinian Salinity Crisis tectono-sequences (South-Mansoura Area, Nile Delta): Incised-valley fill geological model reconstruction and petroleum geology–reservoir element delineation." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 11, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 1643–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01124-2.

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AbstractThe quality of a hydrocarbon reservoir is strongly controlled by the depositional and diagenetic facies nature of the given rock. Therefore, building a precise geological/depositional model of the reservoir rock is critical to reducing risks while exploring for petroleum. Ultimate reservoir characterization for constructing an adequate geological model is still challenging due to the in general insufficiency of data; particularly integrating them through combined approaches. In this paper, we integrated seismic geomorphology, sequence stratigraphy, and sedimentology, to efficiently characterize the Upper Miocene, incised-valley fill, Abu Madi Formation at South Mansoura Area (Onshore Nile Delta, Egypt). Abu Madi Formation, in the study area, is a SW-NE trending reservoir fairway consisting of alternative sequences of shales and channel-fill sandstones, of the Messinian age, that were built as a result of the River Nile sediment supply upon the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Hence, it comprises a range of continental to coastal depositional facies. We utilized dataset including seismic data, complete set of well logs, and core samples. We performed seismic attribute analysis, particularly spectral decomposition, over stratal slices to outline the geometry of the incised-valley fill. Moreover, well log analysis was done to distinguish different facies and lithofacies associations, and define their paleo-depositional environments; a preceding further look was given to the well log-based sequence stratigraphic setting as well. Furthermore, mineralogical composition and post-depositional diagenesis were identified performing petrographical analysis of some thin sections adopted from the core samples. A linkage between such approaches, performed in this study, and their impact on reservoir quality determination was aimed to shed light on a successful integrated reservoir characterization, capable of giving a robust insight into the depositional facies, and the associated petroleum potential. The results show that MSC Abu Madi Formation constitutes a third-order depositional sequence of fluvial to estuarine units, infilling the Eonile-canyon, with five sedimentary facies associations; overbank mud, fluvial channel complex, estuarine mud, tidal channels, and tidal bars; trending SW-NE with a Y-shape channel geometry. The fluvial facies association (zone 1 and 3) enriches coarse-grained sandstones, deposited in subaerial setting, with significantly higher reservoir quality, acting as the best reservoir facies of the area. Although the dissolution of detrital components, mainly feldspars, enhanced a secondary porosity, improving reservoir quality of MSC Abu Madi sediments, continental fluvial channel facies represent the main fluid flow conduits, where marine influence is limited.

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Fergany, Elsayed, and Khaled Omar. "Liquefaction potential of Nile delta, Egypt." NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics 6, no. 1 (June 2017): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nrjag.2017.01.004.

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Riad, S., E. M. Abdelrahman, E. Refai, and H. M. El-Ghalban. "Geothermal studies in the Nile Delta, Egypt." Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East) 9, no. 3-4 (January 1989): 637–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(89)90048-1.

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Abdel-Fattah, S., A. Amin, and L. C. Van Rijn. "Sand Transport in Nile River, Egypt." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 130, no. 6 (June 2004): 488–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2004)130:6(488).

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YIMER, Nigusu Adem. "ETHIOPIA: THE CHANGING ASPECTS OF THE ETHIO-EGIPT WATER DIPLOMACY – KEY DRIVES, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS." Conflict Studies Quarterly, no. 41 (October 5, 2022): 78–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/csq.41.5.

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Starting the inception of the 2010s, Ethiopia’s relations with Egypt have been experiencing one of the deepest crises in the relationship of the two countries’ history. Ethiopia, one of the upper riparian states of the Nile River not only theoretically challenged the exclusive veto power of Egypt over the Nile River but also practically start constructing one of Africa’s largest hydropower dams on the Blue Nile since 2011. The challenging behavior of Ethiopia over the Nile River worried the long-standing regional hegemon, Egypt. Against this background, this paper aims to forward a new insight into how and why Ethiopia challenged the long-standing superior-subordinate Egypt-led order over the Nile River. Moreover, in its discussion, the paper tries to address key drives, challenges, and prospects of Ethiopia-Egypt water diplomacy. The paper also illustrates how and why the Ethio-Egypt water diplomacy strain becomes a cross-cut on the two nation’s foreign policy matters. The paper has also attempted to understand how the superior-subordinate power duality approach works over the Nile River against the new balancer. Keywords: Ethiopia, Egypt, Relation, Nile River, Challenges, Prospects

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El-Beheiry, M., Dalia Ahmed, Esraa ammar, and Kamal Shaltout. "Diversity of crop plants in Nile Delta, Egypt." Taeckholmia 35, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/taec.2015.12219.

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Abdel-Aziz, FA. "Freshwater fungi from the River Nile, Egypt." Mycosphere 7, no. 6 (2016): 741–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/7/6/4.

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Flaux, Clément, Matthieu Giaime, Valérie Pichot, Nick Marriner, Mena el-Assal, Abel Guihou, Pierre Deschamps, Christelle Claude, and Christophe Morhange. "The late Holocene record of Lake Mareotis, Nile Delta, Egypt." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 70, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-70-93-2021.

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Abstract. Lake Maryut (northwestern Nile Delta, Egypt) was a key feature of Alexandria's hinterland and economy during Greco-Roman times. Its shores accommodated major economic centers, and the lake acted as a gateway between the Nile valley and the Mediterranean. It is suggested that lake-level changes, connections with the Nile and the sea, and possible high-energy events considerably shaped the human occupation history of the Maryut. To reconstruct Lake Maryut hydrology in historical times, we used faunal remains, geochemistry (Sr isotopic signature of ostracods) and geoarcheological indicators of relative lake-level changes. The data show both a rise in Nile inputs to the basin during the first millennia BCE and CE and a lake-level rise of ca. 1.5 m during the Roman period. A high-energy deposit, inferred from reworked radiocarbon dates, may explain an enigmatic sedimentary hiatus previously attested to in Maryut's chronostratigraphy.

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Megahed, Ayman Mohamed, Hesham Dahshan, Mahdy A. Abd-El-Kader, Amr Mohamed Mohamed Abd-Elall, Mariam Hassan Elbana, Ehab Nabawy, and Hend A. Mahmoud. "Polychlorinated Biphenyls Water Pollution along the River Nile, Egypt." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/389213.

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Ten polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were determined in water samples collected along the River Nile using gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). PCB concentrations ranged from 14 to 20 μg/L, which were higher than those reported in previous studies, indicating serious PCB pollution in the River Nile. PCB congener profiles varied depending on the sampling sties. PCB-138 was the predominant congener accounting for more than 18% of total PCBs. The composition of PCB congeners in the water revealed that highly chlorinated PCB technical mixtures such as Aroclor 1254 was the main PCB production historically used in Egypt. An increasing trend in PCB levels from the upper stream to the Nile estuaries was observed. The calculated flux of PCBs indicated that 6.8 tons of PCBs is dumped into the Mediterranean Sea each year from the River Nile. The hazard quotients and carcinogenic risk caused by PCB pollution in the River Nile were above the acceptable level indicating that PCBs in the River Nile water pose adverse health effects for all age groups. Our findings revealed that PCBs possess a serious risk to the Egyptian population that depends mainly on the River Nile as a source of water. Thus, stricter legislation and regulatory controls should be applied to reduce the risk of PCBs in Egypt.

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SWAIN, ASHOK. "Ethiopia, the Sudan, and Egypt: The Nile River Dispute." Journal of Modern African Studies 35, no. 4 (December 1997): 675–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x97002577.

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The Nile flows for 6,700 kilometres through ten countries in north-eastern Africa – Rwanda, Burundi, Zaïre/Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Eritrea, Ethiopia, the Sudan, and Egypt – before reaching the Mediterranean, and is the longest international river system in the world – see Map 1. Its two main tributaries converge at Khartoum: the White Nile, which originates from Burundi and flows through the Equatorial Lakes, provides a small but steady flow that is fed by the eternal snows of the Ruwenzori (the ‘rain giver’) mountains, while the Blue Nile, which suffers from high seasonal fluctuations, descends from the lofty Ethiopian ‘water tower’ highlands. They provide 86 per cent of the waters of the Nile – Blue Nile 59 per cent, Baro-Akobo (Sobat) 14 per cent, Tekesse (Atbara) 13 per cent – while the contribution from the Equatorial Lakes region is only 14 per cent.

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Salama, Usama Y. Abou, Gamal MA Lashin, Ekram M. Abdelhaliem, and Gehad AA Hamouda. "Mosses of Daqahlia Province with one new record for Africa and three new records for Egypt." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 28, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v28i1.54221.

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Thirty six moss species were recorded from Daqahlia province, Nile Delta. Weissia perligulata Flow. (Pottiaceae) was new record to Afr1. In addition, Hyophila involute (Hook.) Jaeg., (Pottiaceae), Ptychostomum arcticum (R. Brown) J. R. Spence ex Holyoak & N. Pederson and P. cyclophyllum (Schwagr) J. R. Spence (Bryaceae) were new records for Egypt. Fifteen species were new to Nile delta. This raised the number of identified moss taxa recorded from Egypt up to 192 taxa, from Nile delta 51 taxa and Daqahlia province 39 taxa. Data on the up-to-date classification, habitats, voucher specimens and distribution of the enumerated species and the descriptions of the new records including the photos have been provided. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 28(1): 257-270, 2021 (June)

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Hussein, Maged, and Ebtisam Mohamed. "Temperature Trend over Nile Delta, Egypt in 20th Century." Advances in Research 7, no. 2 (January 10, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/air/2016/25466.

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AYYAD, S. M., P. D. MOORE, and M. A. ZAHRAN. "Modern pollen rain studies of the Nile Delta, Egypt." New Phytologist 121, no. 4 (August 1992): 663–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb01138.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nile River Delta (Egypt)'

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