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1
Sumithran, Stephen. "Status and Ecology of the Nilgiri Tahr in the Mukurthi National Park, South India." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40511.
Full textAbstract:
The Nilgiri tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius) is an endangered
mountain ungulate endemic to the Western Ghats in South India.
I studied the status and ecology of the Nilgiri tahr in the
Mukurthi National Park, from January 1993 to December 1995.
To determine the status of this tahr population, I conducted
foot surveys, total counts, and a three-day census and
estimated that this population contained about 150 tahr.
Tahr were more numerous in the north sector than the south
sector of the park. Age-specific mortality rates in this
population were higher than in other tahr populations.
I conducted deterministic computer simulations to determine
the persistence of this population. I estimated that under
current conditions, this population will persist for 22 years.
When the adult mortality was reduced from 0.40 to 0.17, the
modeled population persisted for more than 200 years.
Tahr used grasslands that were close to cliffs (p <0.0001),
far from roads (p <0.0001), far from shola forests
(p <0.01), and far from commercial forestry plantations
(p <0.001). Based on these criteria I mapped the suitability
of tahr habitat using a GIS and estimated that only 20% of
the park area had >50% chance of being used by tahr.
I used the GIS to simulate several management options to
improve the quality of tahr habitat. Suitable habitat for
tahr increased two-fold when roads within the park were
closed to vehicular access. Similarly, removal of
commercial forestry plantations also resulted in a two-fold
increase of suitable habitat, and finally when both road
access was restricted and commercial forests were removed,
suitable tahr habitat increased three-fold. I used
micro-histological analysis on tahr fecal pellets to
determine food habits. Grasses constituted 64.2% of their
diet. Five plant species (Eulalia phaeothrix, Chrysopogon
zeylanicus, Ischaemum rugosum, Andropogon sp., and Carex sp.)
accounted for 84.6% of the tahr' diet. These species were
found in higher densities in the grasslands of the
north sector than the south sector of the park (p <0.001).
Predators such as leopard (Panthera pardus) and tiger
(Panthera tigris), killed and consumed tahr.
Tahr constituted 56% of the leopards' diet and 6% of the
tigers' diet. I estimated that leopards and tigers in the
park killed and consumed 30 to 60 tahr per year, and this
accounted for 19% to 38% of the tahr population. The tahr
population in the park has undergone a decline, possible
causes for this decline includes high mortality from
predation and poaching and loss of habitat.Ph. D.
2
Prabhakar, R. "Resource, Use, Culture And Ecological Change: A Case Study Of The Nilgiri Hills Of Southern India." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 1994. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/143.
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Over the last two decades, there have been increasing concerns about environmental degradation and its consequences on the long-term sustainability of socio-economic systems around the world. The publication of the report of the Club of Rome in 1972, (Meadows et al. 1972) focused on the issue of limits to growth. Since then, there has been a profusion of literature and general models have been developed to address the causes of environmental degradation and the unsustainability of current patterns of growth (Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1970; 1990). Essentially these models used parameters that included population growth, consumption levels and aspects of technology, and their effects on the environment. While these models and studies were at a macro level that helped focus attention on the patterns of growth and their unsustainability, they did not provide insights into the mechanisms that were driving ecological change, nor suggest alternative models of growth. An entry point into the current study is to understand the mechanisms that drive ecological change.
Motivated by concerns for environmental degradation, and the need to understand the mechanisms that drive ecological change, the study is situated in the academic domain of studies on human-nature interactions. The complex nature of interactions between human groups with their environment and their dependence on the situational context, requires that such studies be at a regional and local scale for which sufficient detail is available. This particular study is situated in the Nilgiri hills in the Western Ghats of Southern India for which such detailed information is available. The study reconstructs the ecological history of the Nilgiri area during the last 200 years, and from this laboratory of human-nature interactions, attempts to derive general patterns.
3
Prabhakar, R. "Resource, Use, Culture And Ecological Change: A Case Study Of The Nilgiri Hills Of Southern India." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/143.
Full textAbstract:
Over the last two decades, there have been increasing concerns about environmental degradation and its consequences on the long-term sustainability of socio-economic systems around the world. The publication of the report of the Club of Rome in 1972, (Meadows et al. 1972) focused on the issue of limits to growth. Since then, there has been a profusion of literature and general models have been developed to address the causes of environmental degradation and the unsustainability of current patterns of growth (Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1970; 1990). Essentially these models used parameters that included population growth, consumption levels and aspects of technology, and their effects on the environment. While these models and studies were at a macro level that helped focus attention on the patterns of growth and their unsustainability, they did not provide insights into the mechanisms that were driving ecological change, nor suggest alternative models of growth. An entry point into the current study is to understand the mechanisms that drive ecological change.
Motivated by concerns for environmental degradation, and the need to understand the mechanisms that drive ecological change, the study is situated in the academic domain of studies on human-nature interactions. The complex nature of interactions between human groups with their environment and their dependence on the situational context, requires that such studies be at a regional and local scale for which sufficient detail is available. This particular study is situated in the Nilgiri hills in the Western Ghats of Southern India for which such detailed information is available. The study reconstructs the ecological history of the Nilgiri area during the last 200 years, and from this laboratory of human-nature interactions, attempts to derive general patterns.
4
Hinnewinkel, Christelle. "La montagne convoitée : contribution à l'étude des dynamiques environnementales et sociales dans les Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu, Inde)." Bordeaux 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR30044.
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La mise en valeur du haut pays des monts Nilgiri dans le sud de l'Inde a connu au cours du dernier siècle des mutations considérables. L'époque où la densité de population était faible et où il existait un système de partage du terrtoire entre les différentes communautés selon leurs activités, seules les terres faciles d'accès à proximité des villages étaient cultivés, les autres étaient utilisés comme pâturage par la communauté des pasteurs ou bien étaient sous couvert forestier. A partir de l'époque coloniale, la mise en valeur économique de cette région (développement des cultures maraîchères et des plantations de théiers) a suscité un mouvement de migration vers les Nilgiri. A la même époque ont été créées dans cette région des retenues d'eau destinées à l'irrigation des terres agricoles de la plaine. Les programmes de développement actuels tendent de concilier la nécessité de maintenir une abondante ressource en eau avec le développement économique de cette régionThe land use of the Nilgiri Plateau in South of India has been totally changed since last century. When population wasn't large, the communities shared the land according to their activities : only the lands near the villages were cultivated. The others were grassland for buffaloes or under forest. Since the coloniale time, the area development (english vegetable and tea plantations) has caused immigration from the plain. At the same time, reservoirs were built in order to stock water for the agriculture in plain. The development schemes try to match up the area development with the need to preserve water ressources
5
Chapoullié, Véronique. "Développement durable et populations tribales dans les Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu - Inde du sud) : une approche dynamique de l'interface envrironnement / populations." Bordeaux 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR30039.
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Au sommet des Nilgiri (Ghâts occidentaux, Inde du Sud) s'isole un haut plateau habité jusqu'au XIXe siècle par des populations tribales, les Toda, Kota et Alu Kurumba, et une communauté provenant de la région de Mysore entre le XIIe et le XVIe siècle, les Badaga. Elles s'organisent et s'articulent par des relations socioéconomiques et un étagement dans l'espace et dans le temps. À partir du début du XIXe siècle, le développement des cultures de plantations et l'installation d'un grand nombre de travailleurs des plaines et de colons britanniques transforment les milieux et bouleversent le développement de ces communautés. Les Toda forment un petit groupe de pasteurs, concentrés principalement dans les Wenlock Downs, entre 2 000 et 2 400 m dans le milieu savane-shola. Les Alu Kurumba, peuple de la forêt subtropicale sempervirente et semi-décidue, sont des agriculteurs itinérants, des cueilleurs-chasseurs, localisés sur les versants abrupts du sud-est au sud-ouest des monts Nilgiri, entre 800 et 1 600 m. Les Kota, communauté d'artisans vivent parsemés dans 7 hameaux sur le plateau des Nilgiri entre 1600 et 2000 m. L'étude de l'interface environnement et communautés tribales est réalisée selon une analyse fonctionnelle et institutionnelle de leurs espaces par l'organisation et la symbolique du territoire et par les déplacements sociaux et culturels. Sous l'angle d'un développement durable, sont étudiés l'impact de l'évolution et des transformations d'une montagne tropicale sur les structures et les fonctions des populations tribales et la question d'une reconnaissance identitaireAt the top of the Nilgiri (Western Ghâts, South of India) stands out a high plateau inhabited until the XIXe century by tribal populations, the Toda, Kota and Alu Kurumba, and a community coming from the area of Mysore between XIIe and XVIe century, the Badaga. They are organised and are based on socio-economic relations and a staging in space and time. Starting from the beginning of the XIXe century, the development of the cultures of plantations and the settlement of a great number of workers from the plains and British colonists transform the milieu and upset the development of these communities. The Toda form a small group of pastors, concentrated mainly in Wenlock Downs, between 2 000 and 2 400 m in the savanna-shola milieu. The Alu Kurumba, people of the subtropical forest, are itinerant farmers, hunter-gatherers, localised on the steep slopes from the south-east to the south-west of the Nilgiri mounts, between 800 and 1 600 m. And the Kota, craftsmen community live in 7 hamlets on the Nilgiri plateau between 1 600 and 2 000 m. The study of the interface environment and tribal communities is carried out according to a functional and institutional analysis of their spaces by the organisation and the symbolic system of the territory and by social and cultural displacements. From the angle of a sustainable development, are studied the impact of the evolution and the transformations of a tropical mountain on the structures and the functions of the tribal populations and the question of a identity's recognition
6
Veale, Lucy. "An historical geography of the Nilgiri cinchona plantations, 1860-1900." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13041/.
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In 1859, the British government launched an expedition to South America with the aim of collecting seeds and plants of the quinine-producing cinchona tree for establishing plantations in British India, so as to relieve the British Government of the escalating costs and uncertainties in the supply of this valuable, and increasingly popular anti-malarial drug. Drawing on recent work on the commodities of empire, tropical acclimatization, and imperial medicine, this thesis provides a detailed study of the first British cinchona plantations established on the Nilgiri Hills of Southern India. Focused on the period between 1860 and 1900, and at the local geographic scale, the research critically examines the engagement and connections between government officials, planters, venture capitalists, labourers, plant material and ideas in the context of the cinchona plantations through a thorough study of archival and secondary sources. Contributions are also made to the study of the spaces of science and the management of the tropical environment. Cinchona is placed in a wider context of the history of botany and plantations in the Nilgiri region, and the major events in the development of cinchona plantations described. In the resulting historical geography the Nilgiri cinchona plantations emerge as a 'nodal' point in the global cinchona network that also relied upon global networks of imperial power, capital and leisure tourism. The experiment was essentially an exertion of power but one that also demonstrated the very vulnerable nature of the empire.
7
Thin, Neil. "High spirits and heteroglossia : forest festivals of the Nilgiri Irulas." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20244.
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Irula people of the Nilgiri Mountains in southern India live in partial seclusion in the forest, and have been classified as adivasis or 'Scheduled Tribals'. Though they are often described as hunter-gatherers, for at least the last hundred years their modes of livelihood have predominantly been subsistence horticulture, plantation labour, and marketing of garden and forest products. One-day village-based festivals are among their most significant cultural activities, involving collective excursions into the forest to worship deities and ancestors. The dialectical interplay between scripted ritualism and ad hoc improvisation in these festivals gives rise to numerous contradictions in meaning, making them highly entertaining events. Analysis therefore emphasises the playful nature of Hindu festivity, and reference is made to comparable practices of Hindus on the plains. Within the Irula festival, there is invariably a lengthy se*ance at which participants communicate with dieties, ancestors, and a variety of spirits, through entranced human mediums. Transcribed recordings of these se*ance-dramas are discussed, with detailed analysis of authorship, visible and invisible participants, content, and style. The language of the se*ance, like the encompassing festival, oscillates between predictable, scripted ritualism and unpredictable improvisation; this ethnography therefore challenges assumptions about ritual entelechy, since Irula rites are celebrations of both order and chaos. This feature echoes the combination, in Irula society, of formal, role-centred hierocracy and informal, person-centred adhocracy. A variety of interpretations of the social role of heteroglossia are offered. The metaphorical construction and social uses of divinity are dominating concerns throughout. The anaytical importance of non-belief is emphasised, and this is linked to the role of skepticism, whereby counter-rational faith is subverted within religious behaviour by irony and parody. The concept of metahoric resonance is offered as an aid to the analysis of ritual, enabling us to recognise the mobility and elusiveness of ritual metaphor. Four 'levels' at which ritual metaphors have meaning are distinguished: instrumental, expressive, aesthetic, and metacommunicative.
8
Owen, Nisha Rachelle. "Conservation, conflict and costs : living with large mammals in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5069/.
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Human-wildlife conflict is a growing obstacle to biodiversity conservation, while the resulting consequences continue to hamper sustainable development. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in the Western Ghats in South India, characterises a mosaic of land use and biodiversity conservation, human privilege and poverty, and is a case-study for a wide range of conflicts with endangered large mammals such as tiger and Asian elephant. This thesis explored the social, ecological and economic contexts to conflicts with wildlife over livelihood production systems, namely agriculture and livestock, taking an interdisciplinary approach to determine key drivers of conflict losses and perceptions, ascertain the effectiveness of and decision-making process behind the choices of mitigation measures, and understand how the implementation of more effective community-based solutions may be established. The presence and intensity of conflict is driven by habitat degradation, forest proximity, and crop or livestock holding extent, while perceptions are strongly linked to proportional loss and economic investment. The most effective intervention methods were electric fences to protect crops, and guarding or the use of sheds and corrals to protect livestock. Households prefer to establish electric fences around fields, given the institutional failings in effectively maintaining electric fences around protected areas; or to utilise more effective guarding practices, but are hampered by issues of cost and labour effort. The majority of households believe that the government Forest Department should be responsible for managing conflicts, accepting very little personal responsibility. Collective action through community co-operatives can enable access to expensive but effective technologies such as electric fencing, and co-operation can be improved if schemes recognise the importance of landholder demographics in assessing costs and benefits, base contributions on risk, minimise pre-imposed constraints, and understand the problems of community heterogeneity. Reducing risks from conflict and improving livelihood production systems can be a potential and powerful incentive for biodiversity conservation.
9
Sathianathan, Sudarshan. "Tribes, politics and social change in India : a case study of the Mullukurumbas of the Nilgiri Hills." Thesis, University of Hull, 1993. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:10769.
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Mainstream studies on Indian politics have delineated the people of India into two categories, variously described as the rich and the poor, the elite and the masses, the bourgeoise and the proletariat, among others. This has resulted in the emergence of a common theme which suggests that a powerful dominant minority have been able to use the forces of social change to subject the masses to a position of weakness. Nowhere else is this more obvious than in studies analysing the politics of tribal people in India, which goes further to suggest that except for a few groups, the rest are politically naive and placid. This study takes issue with such a view by describing the political behaviour of the Mullukurumbas: a tribal group in Nilgiris, South India numbering around 1300. In spite of their low numbers and cumulative wealth - which places them squarely within the category of the so-called exploited - the Mullukurumbas reveal by their actions that they are not social dummies but actors. Analysis of their behaviour shows that they, by discernment of the socio-political contexts and through evaluation and reflection of their relative standing with others, find methods to manoeuvre social change in a direction preferable to them. This study also highlights the following: the fact that mainstream studies on Indian politics has focused attention almost entirely on the terrain of high politics. It sees in it a discrepancy that leads to the emergence of a view, which varying in degrees suggest, an active and powerful strong placing under their domination a subjected and powerless weak. This study stretches the parameters of analysis further into the terrain of low politics where much of the transactions of the weak with the state, society and the strong take place. It shows how valued means of politics - land, money and identity - universally accepted within the context of the political culture in Nilgiris is acquired and conserved by the Mullukurumbas. This study moves beyond the mainstream theorists in describing the politics of tribal people in India today by showing how the actions of the weak are (1) sustained in subtle and well calculated ways in the terrain of low politics and (b) is institutionalised within so called non-political structures such as family and religion. This, in spite of the pressures of change, set in motion (1) by the underlying conflict between the state and society and (2) by the settling in of the strong in niches that emerge in the power structure. By doing so, this study sheds light on the active role of the tribal people, conventionally presented merely as the weak.
10
Dudley, Ann. "Indigenous forest use practices and sustainability, a case study of the adivasis of the nilgiri biosphere region, south India." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ40349.pdf.
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Quitté, Jean-Marc. "La filière maraîchère de Mettupalaiyam : une approche géographique des échanges marchands en Inde du Sud." Bordeaux 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR30058.
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Notre thèse vise à décomposer l'amont de la filière des légumes européens depuis les lieux où ils sont produits (District des Nilgiri au Tamil Nadu), vers 2000 mètres, jusque sur le centre de leur première mise en marché à Mettupalaiyam (District de Coimbatore au Tamil Nadu), dans la plaine. Cette thèse tente d'apporter un nouveau regard sur les filières maraîchères en milieux tropicaux, qui tienne compte des dimensions économiques informelles mais aussi socio-spatiales des relations entre acteurs. Notre problématique s'oriente donc sur les formes de pouvoir relationnelles dans les échanges marchands spatialisés, en amont de la filière, autour du centre de rassemblement des productions légumières de Mettupalaiyam. Notre intérêt se porte sur les construits d'action collective qui émanent des acteurs situés en amont de la filière, de leur capacité stratégique et de leurs rapports de pouvoir, au sens des possibilités d'influence que chacun a sur l'autre et des ressources qu'il est en mesure de mobiliser. Néanmoins, nous ne nous privons pas d'analyser les rapports sociaux qui sont utilisés quotidiennement et qui consacrent l'autonomie des individus. Une autonomie qui bien évidemment en Inde pourrait paraître inégalitaire, mais qui cependant traduit une très grande souplesse quand elle est prise dans les échanges économiques marchands. Dans le cadre d'une géographie du développement micro-économique et social, nous souhaitons que cette étude offre un moyen d'appréhender les échanges marchands en IndeThis thesis aims at analysing european vegetable channel from productive area in Nilgiris mountains to the first assembling centre in the plain of Mettupalaiyam (Tamil Nadu). Our work tries to explore a new approach of vegetable channel study in tropical areas in insisting on informal economic system and socio-spatial relation ships. Our interest focus on broker/wholesaler strategies and specific joint actions about vegetable marketing. These trade exchanges tend to enhance individual authonomy facing indian cast system. Moreover, this thesis comes withing the frame of social and microeconomic development issue and it offers a means of better understanding trade organization in India
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Sutra, Jean-Pierre. "Contribution palynologique à la connaissance de l'histoire de la végétation et du climat au cours des 30 derniers millenaires dans le massif des Nilgiri, Inde du Sud." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30069.
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Afin de comprendre les fluctuations climatiques qui ont marque le massif des nilgiri (inde du sud) sur une tranche chronologique d'environ 30 000 ans avant le present et leurs repercussions sur la couverture vegetale de cette region montagneuse de la zone intertropicale, une etude paleoecologique a ete entreprise. C'est une approche palynologique qui a ete ici choisie pour tenter d'aborder a la fois les variations de la mousson du sud-ouest et les evolutions de la mosaique foret/savane au cours du temps. L'etude a tout d'abord porte sur la representation pollinique moderne pour 25 stations forestieres en s'attachant au contenu pollinique de la partie superficielle de sols et a celui de mousses pour 49 echantillons. L'etude d'echantillons fossiles a porte sur 8 sondages effectues dans 5 marecages du massif. Ils ont ete selectionnes en fonction d'un gradient de pluviosite ouest-est. 332 echantillons ont ainsi ete analyses. L'etude de la representation pollinique moderne a permis une caracterisation tres effective du couvert forestier des formations sempervirentes d'altitude. Parmi les taxons polliniques les plus marquants de ces zones forestieres maintenant tres fragmentees, on retrouve a la fois dans les sols et les mousses ilex, olea, rapanea, daphniphyllum, meliosma, syzygium, symplocos ainsi que des sapotaceae et des rutaceae. Outre ce resultat qualitatif, l'aspect quantitatif de l'etude de la pluie pollinique montre que les recueils au sol restent faibles dans la plupart des cas. Les deux types de resultats obtenus sur les echantillons de surface peuvent servir de guide pour une meilleure interpretation des resultats d'analyse d'echantillons fossiles. Grace aux resultats paleopalynologiques, on peut suivre une alternance de periodes seches et d'autres plus humides avec dominance de la savane ou bien de la foret dans le paysage. Il parait cependant possible d'affirmer qu'a aucun moment sur la periode couverte (30 000 ans bp - actuel) ce massif n'a connu qu'un seul type de formation vegetale : savane en periode seche ou foret en periode humide. De fait, le maintien d'hygrophytes, meme pendant une periode d'affaiblissement de la mousson du sud-ouest au pleistocene final -plus sec et frais que le climat actuel des nilgiri- permet de penser que le climat est toujours reste assez humide dans cette region montagneuse.
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Evans, Barbara A. (Barbara Ann). "British tea planters and the Madras planters' labour law of 1903 : the creation and coercion of a migrating labour force in the Nilgiri Hills of southern India." Phd thesis, Department of History, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8914.
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Caner, Laurent. "LES SOLS HUMIFERES DES “HAUTES TERRES” DU MASSIF DES NILGIRI EN INDE DU SUDFORMATION D'ANDOSOLS SUR UNE ANCIENNE COUVERTURE FERRALLITIQUE EN RELATION AVEC LES EVOLUTIONS CLIMATIQUES DES DERNIERS MILLENAIRES." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00259491.
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Les sols humifères des “Hautes Terres” du massif des Nilgiri peuvent être considérés comme le résultat d'une évolution polycyclique : les altérites ferrallitiques correspondent à une ancienne pédogenèse sous climat tropical chaud et humide ; la pédogenèse actuelle n'expliquant que la formation des horizons humifères supérieurs.Les sols les plus humifères sont caractérisés par la présence de grandes quantités d'associations organo-métalliques et vérifient les nouveaux critères d'appartenance aux Andosols des classifications des sols et sont, de plus, non-allophaniques.
Les Andosols des Nilgiri, développés sur un matériau ferrallitique ancien, présentent une pédogenèse originale. En l'absence de verres volcaniques et d'autres minéraux altérables dans le matériau ferrallitique de profondeur, les sources potentielles d'aluminium et de fer sont constituées par des oxydes. La gibbsite et les oxydes de fer, considérés comme minéraux ultimes de l'altération ferrallitique, sont instables en milieu acide et organique. La formation des associations organo-métalliques est due à l'acido-complexolyse de la gibbsite et des oxydes de fer. Du fait des fortes teneurs en oxydes, les associations organo-métalliques sont pourvues d'une forte charge métallique et s'accumulent dans le profil, ce qui conduit à l'apparition des propriétés andiques.
Les datations au 14C et la détermination du delta13C des horizons humifères ont mis en évidence que l'accumulation de matière organique était à relier à l'existence d'une période plus froide à la fin du Pléistocène sous une végétation graminéenne.
L'étude de ces sols présente un intérêt certain pour la compréhension des processus d'accumulation de carbone dans les sols à différentes époques, et montre que la caractérisation des associations organo-métalliques à différentes échelles permet de comprendre les mécanismes d'interaction entre la matière organique et les cations métalliques, clé de la stabilisation de la matière organique.
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Caner, Laurent. "Les sols humifères des Hautes Terres du massif des Nilgiri en Inde du Sud : formation d'andosols sur une ancienne couverture ferrallitique en relation avec les évolutions climatiques des derniers millénaires." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN10009.
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Les sols humifères des “Hautes Terres” du massif des Nilgiri peuvent être considérés comme le résultat d'une évolution polycyclique : les altérites ferrallitiques correspondent à une ancienne pédogenèse sous climat tropical chaud et humide ; la pédogenèse actuelle n'expliquant que la formation des horizons humifères supérieurs. Les sols les plus humifères sont caractérisés par la présence de grandes quantités d'associations organo-métalliques et vérifient les nouveaux critères d'appartenance aux Andosols des classifications des sols et sont, de plus, nonallophaniques. Les Andosols des Nilgiri, développés sur un matériau ferrallitique ancien, présentent une pédogenèse originale. En l'absence de verres volcaniques et d'autres minéraux altérables dans le matériau ferrallitique de profondeur, les sources potentielles d'aluminium et de fer sont constituées par des oxydes. La gibbsite et les oxydes de fer, considérés comme minéraux ultimes de l'altération ferrallitique, sont instables en milieu acide et organique. La formation des associations organo-métalliques est due à l'acido-complexolyse de la gibbsite et des oxydes de fer. Du fait des fortes teneurs en oxydes, les associations organo-métalliques sont pourvues d'une forte charge métallique et s'accumulent dans le profil, ce qui conduit à l'apparition des propriétés andiques. Les datations au 14C et la détermination du δ13C des horizons humifères ont mis en évidence que l'accumulation de matière organique était à relier à l'existence d'une période plus froide à la fin du Pléistocène sous une végétation graminéenne. L'étude de ces sols présente un intérêt certain pour la compréhension des processus d'accumulation de carbone dans les sols à différentes époques, et montre que la caractérisation des associations organo-métalliques à différentes échelles permet de comprendre les mécanismes d'interaction entre la matière organique et les cations métalliques, clé de la stabilisation de la matière organiqueHigh elevation humiferous soils from the Nilgiri Hills may be considered as the result of a polycyclic genesis: the ferrallitic regoliths corresponding to an old pedogenesis under a tropical wet and hot climate; the present pedogenesis concerning only the surface humiferous horizons. The most humiferous soils are marked by the presence of high amounts of organo-metallic complexes and verify the criteria of identification of Andosols in recent soils classifications and are moreover non-allophanic. The Nilgiri Andosols developed on an ancient ferrallitic material present and original pedogenesis. In the absence of volcanic glasses and any other weatherable minerals the potential sources of aluminium and iron to form the organometallic complexes are the secondary oxides. Gibbsite and iron oxides, considered as stable minerals of ferrallitic weathering, are instable in acidic conditions and in presence of organic matter. Due to high amounts of oxides the organo-metalllic associations are provided with a substantial metallic charge which leads to the emergence of andic properties. 14C datings and δ13C of soil organic matter revealed that the formation of the organic matter-rich horizons was related to the existence of a cold period at the transition Pleistocene / Holocene with grassland vegetation. The study of these soils gives information on the processes of organic matter accumulation in soils at different periods and show that the characterisation of the organo-metallic complexes at different scales allows to understand the interactions of the organic matter with metallic-cations which is the key process of its stabilisation
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Persson, Sofie. "Do the voices of the local people really count when sustainable development is being built? : A study about the importance of the local people and the collaboration between the local organisations and WWF." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle (HOS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-19208.
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The ambition in this study is to acknowledge the importance of involving local people in sustainable development work. Also to emphasize the great value of collaboration between global organisations, grassroots organisations and local people in the progress of development work. The method being used in this thesis is mainly semi-structured interviews with six representatives from four different non-governmental organisations, NGOs. Two of these organisations have a more environmental and conservation purpose while the other two focus more on the human perspective as they are working with empowerment, education and food security.The area that I have chosen for this research is called Nilgiris which is located in south India. In this research I focused on World Wildlife Fund, WWF, as a global organisation and the purpose is to see whether or not they collaborate with some of the local grassroots organisations in the area. Local organisations generally have good contact with the local people so I consider them as a link between the global organisation and the local people. The theories I have used are a theory of sustainable development, which argues that none of the three approaches, economic, environmental or social can be excluded when sustainable development is pursued. I have also focused on Participatory Rural Appraisal, PRA, this theory is underlying the importance of the local people’s involvement and that organisations must trust the local people’s capacity. The third theory for this research is three interpretations of environment. The conclusion is that co-operation between the global and local organisations are essential in the process of making good sustainable development. The local people that are being affected and emerged in various development projects need to be involved and informed about the project´s aim for the projects to be successful.
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Srinivasan, Madhusudan P. "THE ECOLOGY OF DISTURBANCES AND GLOBAL CHANGE IN THE MONTANE GRASSLANDS OF THE NILGIRIS, SOUTH INDIA." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/213.
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Biodiversity rich regions worldwide face threats from various global change agents. This research quantifies environmental influences on vegetation, and the impacts of exotic woody plant invasion and anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition in a global biodiversity hotspot. The study was conducted in the montane grasslands of the Nilgiris, Western Ghats, and outlines potential management options for this region. Specifically, I examined (1) the role of environmental factors in influencing native plant distribution and ecosystem properties, (2) the status and impact of exotic shrub (Scotch broom, henceforth broom) invasion, (3) the role of disturbances in the success of broom, (4) the role of fire in restoring invaded grasslands, and (5) the impacts of terrestrial N loading on the grassland ecosystem. I used experiments and surveys to assess these. Distributions of several key species were explained by a few complex environmental gradients. In invaded-grasslands, broom populations consisted mainly of intermediate size and age classes, with no clear indication of population decline. Invasion negatively impacted plant community structure and drastically changed composition, favoring shade-tolerant and weedy species. However, invasion did not greatly alter ecosystem function. Fire successfully eliminated mature broom stands, but resulted in a short-term increase in broom seedling recruitment. At the end of 18 months, the fire effects on uninvaded-grasslands were not apparent, but there was no conclusive evidence of the formerly invaded patches attaining the composition of uninvaded-grasslands following burning. N fertilization strongly influenced soil N dynamics, and shoot N concentrations, but effects on aboveground production were weak. Surprisingly, N enrichment had positive effects on diversity in the short-term. It is clear that these grasslands need immediate management intervention to forestall degradation from invasion. Fire could be used to eliminate mature broom stands and deplete persistent seedbanks, which will facilitate colonization by shade-intolerant grassland plants. Active restoration should be mindful of environmental preferences of framework species. Long-term studies of the impacts of N deposition in the context of disturbances will help determine realistic critical thresholds and utilize disturbances to buffer the potential adverse effects of increasing N loading.
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Samuel, Vinod Oommen. "The Crustal Evolution of Nilgiri Block, Southern India : A Study on Archean Tectonics and Crustal Growth." Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4004.
Full textAbstract:
The oldest dated rocks from the Acasta gneisses of the western Slave Province, Canada present an igneous age of ~4030 Ma. Following this the detrital zircons from the Jack Hills, Narryer Gneiss Terrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia are identified as 4404 ±8 Ma. These discoveries suggest that crustal formation started as early as the Priscian Eon. Hitherto the Earth has gone through a series of interactions involving the atmosphere, hydrosphere, crust, mantle and core. However, only limited remnants of these early processes remain on the accessible crust due to extensive crustal reworking. The Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT) in the southern part of India represents the most extensive exposure of lower crustal granulite terranes in the world. This study mainly focuses on the characteristics of Archean (~2500 Ma) tectonics and nature of subsequent crustal growth, which led to the formation of Archean Nilgiri Block. Detailed fieldwork in this terrane and subsequent petrographic analysis revealed charnockites, hornblende-biotite gneiss, metagabbro/mafic granulite, websterite, amphibolite, Grt-Ky metasediment, metatuff and banded iron formation as the main rock types in this terrane. Field and petrographic results show a regional trend with garnet-orthopyroxene-biotite-quartz-plagioclase-K- feldspar bearing charnockites in the southern part which gets subsequently enriched in clinopyroxene that forms garnet-absent two pyroxene granulites consisting of orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene-quartz-plagioclase-K-feldspar towards the central part. Further north, metagabbro/mafic granulite is enriched in garnet-clinopyroxene-plagioclase assemblage. Websterite, amphibolite, metasediment, metatuff and banded iron formation are stacked and closely associated within this mafic belt in the north. The metagabbro represents peak P-T conditions of ~850°C and ~14kbar compared to the charnockites, which recorded a peak P-T of ~850°C and 9-10kbar. Petrographic results of oxide minerals show that the southern charnockitic part is abundant in rutile-ilmenite association represent reduced conditions compared to the oxidized magnetite-hematite-ilmenite associations in the mafic rocks. This oxidation trend is followed by pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite enriched southern charnockitic region that transforms to pyrite rich northern mafic belt. Ilmenite¬titanite association with no sulphides characterizes the hornblende-biotite gneiss in the entire Nilgiri Block. The geochemical variations of major, trace and rare earth elements show that the granulite-amphibolite grade felsic rocks evolved in an arc magmatic process leaving behind mafic magma, which later intruded into these rocks, in a subduction related arc magmatic process. The U-Pb LA-ICPMS and SHRIMP dating of charnockite, hornblende-biotite gneiss and met gabbros shows ca. 2550 Ma formation age and ca. 2450 Ma metamorphism in this terrane.
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Samuel, Vinod Oommen. "The Crustal Evolution of Nilgiri Block, Southern India : A Study on Archean Tectonics and Crustal Growth." Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3924.
Full textAbstract:
The oldest dated rocks from the Acasta gneisses of the western Slave Province, Canada present an igneous age of ~4030 Ma. Following this the detrital zircons from the Jack Hills, Narryer Gneiss Terrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia are identified as 4404 ±8 Ma. These discoveries suggest that crustal formation started as early as the Priscian Eon. Hitherto the Earth has gone through a series of interactions involving the atmosphere, hydrosphere, crust, mantle and core. However, only limited remnants of these early processes remain on the accessible crust due to extensive crustal reworking. The Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT) in the southern part of India represents the most extensive exposure of lower crustal granulite terranes in the world. This study mainly focuses on the characteristics of Archean (~2500 Ma) tectonics and nature of subsequent crustal growth, which led to the formation of Archean Nilgiri Block. Detailed fieldwork in this terrane and subsequent petrographic analysis revealed charnockites, hornblende-biotite gneiss, metagabbro/mafic granulite, websterite, amphibolite, Grt-Ky metasediment, metatuff and banded iron formation as the main rock types in this terrane. Field and petrographic results show a regional trend with garnet-orthopyroxene-biotite-quartz-plagioclase-K- feldspar bearing charnockites in the southern part which gets subsequently enriched in clinopyroxene that forms garnet-absent two pyroxene granulites consisting of orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene-quartz-plagioclase-K-feldspar towards the central part. Further north, metagabbro/mafic granulite is enriched in garnet-clinopyroxene-plagioclase assemblage. Websterite, amphibolite, metasediment, metatuff and banded iron formation are stacked and closely associated within this mafic belt in the north. The metagabbro represents peak P-T conditions of ~850°C and ~14kbar compared to the charnockites, which recorded a peak P-T of ~850°C and 9-10kbar. Petrographic results of oxide minerals show that the southern charnockitic part is abundant in rutile-ilmenite association represent reduced conditions compared to the oxidized magnetite-hematite-ilmenite associations in the mafic rocks. This oxidation trend is followed by pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite enriched southern charnockitic region that transforms to pyrite rich northern mafic belt. Ilmenite¬titanite association with no sulphides characterizes the hornblende-biotite gneiss in the entire Nilgiri Block. The geochemical variations of major, trace and rare earth elements show that the granulite-amphibolite grade felsic rocks evolved in an arc magmatic process leaving behind mafic magma, which later intruded into these rocks, in a subduction related arc magmatic process. The U-Pb LA-ICPMS and SHRIMP dating of charnockite, hornblende-biotite gneiss and met gabbros shows ca. 2550 Ma formation age and ca. 2450 Ma metamorphism in this terrane.
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Bendíková, Soňa. "Kótové z modrých hor: Mýty a pověsti." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-308478.
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Soňa Bendíková:Soňa Bendíková:Soňa Bendíková:Soňa Bendíková: Kotas of Blue Mountains: Myths and LegendsKotas of Blue Mountains: Myths and LegendsKotas of Blue Mountains: Myths and LegendsKotas of Blue Mountains: Myths and Legends AbstractAbstractAbstractAbstract The dissertation The Kotas from the Blue Mountains: Myths and Legends deals with the tradition of the Kota tribe living in the Nilgiri mountain range in southern India. The work discusses the oral tradition of the tribe on the background of the regional development in the last two centuries. The Kotas used to live symbiotically with a few other local tribes with whom they developed a unique system of barter trade and services. The microregion remained isolated until new settlers started to arrive from the valley (in the beginning of 19th century). The arrival of the people from the valley and of the English people in the course of the last two hundred years caused a significant change of all aspects of life in the Blue Mountains: economic, social, cultural and ecological. This work has two aims: (i) to interpret the results of my fieldwork and to analyze the recordings of the remnants of the oral heritage of the tribe with approximately 2,000 members, and to do it on the background of the changes in the area; and (ii) to determine whether and how...
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Ashamanjari, K. G. "Chemical Petrology of the granulite complex in parts in Nilgiri hills and in Bhavani shear zone Tamilnadu, South India." Thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/2557.
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Bala, P. Ramya. "Evaluating Geochemical Proxies for Paleoclimate Reconstruction in Tropical Montane Peat : A Case Study from the Nilgiris, Southern India." Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/3537.
Full textAbstract:
Peat from the temperate regions has been used for paleoenvironmental reconstruction using diverse proxies for over a century now. Peat is rare and severely understudied in the tropics. The montane peat bogs of the Nilgiris, southern India have been found to preserve global climatic signals including the Holocene Optimum and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). At Sandynallah, one of the oldest peat accumulations in the world at >40 kyr BP, we had undertaken a high resolution paleoenvironmental reconstruction using multiple proxies which are yet to be evaluated in the tropical context. The study consists of 3 main objectives, i. Establishing an accurate high resolution chronology for the peat profile using radiocarbon dating, ii. Extracting vegetation and climate information from C/N ratio and Rock-Eval indices and iii. Using elemental profiles to establish the utility of inorganic geochemical proxies for processes such as weathering and dust transport. High resolution chronology for the site was built using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates. To improve accuracy of the age-depth model, we also tested 4 samples for the effects of the AAA (Acid-Alkali-Acid) extraction method, the most common pre-treatment method for peat in the world. We compared ages on bulk samples (acid washed) and AAA treated samples from 4 different depths. We find that for all depths, the ages of the untreated samples do not lie within the internal uncertainty window and differ from the AAA treated sample age by at least an order of magnitude of the internal error, if not more. Based on these results we argue that the internal error should be used in conjunction with a reliable estimate of external error in an age-depth model for more realistic dating of paleoclimatic events. C/N ratios were explored for their paleoclimatic potential in conjunction with Rock-Eval indices and it was found that decomposition in tropical peat, as opposed to temperate peat, may not be sensitive to climatic perturbations. Inorganic geochemical proxies were also evaluated through this study. We see that the major and trace elements, except the lanthanide series do not show many significant trends for paleoenvironmental interpretation. But the lanthanides show some promise for identifying potential sources of dust and weathered material. Our study has addressed the gap in knowledge about the utility of recent geochemical proxies in tropical peat and has attempted to provide a solution to improve reliability in constructing age-depth models.
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Bala, P. Ramya. "Evaluating Geochemical Proxies for Paleoclimate Reconstruction in Tropical Montane Peat : A Case Study from the Nilgiris, Southern India." Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3537.
Full textAbstract:
Peat from the temperate regions has been used for paleoenvironmental reconstruction using diverse proxies for over a century now. Peat is rare and severely understudied in the tropics. The montane peat bogs of the Nilgiris, southern India have been found to preserve global climatic signals including the Holocene Optimum and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). At Sandynallah, one of the oldest peat accumulations in the world at >40 kyr BP, we had undertaken a high resolution paleoenvironmental reconstruction using multiple proxies which are yet to be evaluated in the tropical context. The study consists of 3 main objectives, i. Establishing an accurate high resolution chronology for the peat profile using radiocarbon dating, ii. Extracting vegetation and climate information from C/N ratio and Rock-Eval indices and iii. Using elemental profiles to establish the utility of inorganic geochemical proxies for processes such as weathering and dust transport. High resolution chronology for the site was built using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates. To improve accuracy of the age-depth model, we also tested 4 samples for the effects of the AAA (Acid-Alkali-Acid) extraction method, the most common pre-treatment method for peat in the world. We compared ages on bulk samples (acid washed) and AAA treated samples from 4 different depths. We find that for all depths, the ages of the untreated samples do not lie within the internal uncertainty window and differ from the AAA treated sample age by at least an order of magnitude of the internal error, if not more. Based on these results we argue that the internal error should be used in conjunction with a reliable estimate of external error in an age-depth model for more realistic dating of paleoclimatic events. C/N ratios were explored for their paleoclimatic potential in conjunction with Rock-Eval indices and it was found that decomposition in tropical peat, as opposed to temperate peat, may not be sensitive to climatic perturbations. Inorganic geochemical proxies were also evaluated through this study. We see that the major and trace elements, except the lanthanide series do not show many significant trends for paleoenvironmental interpretation. But the lanthanides show some promise for identifying potential sources of dust and weathered material. Our study has addressed the gap in knowledge about the utility of recent geochemical proxies in tropical peat and has attempted to provide a solution to improve reliability in constructing age-depth models.