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Journal articles on the topic "Nineteen seventy-five, A.D"
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Gill, K. S., E. L. Lubbers, B. S. Gill, W. J. Raupp, and T. S. Cox. "A genetic linkage map of Triticum tauschii (DD) and its relationship to the D genome of bread wheat (AABBDD)." Genome 34, no. 3 (June 1, 1991): 362–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-058.
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One hundred and seventy-eight loci have been mapped in Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. (2n = 14, DD) and Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell. (2n = 42, AABBDD). Thirty-five loci were mapped by aneuploid analysis in T. aestivum. One hundred and fifty-two loci, including 143 restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), 8 proteins, and 1 leaf rust resistance gene, were mapped in an F2 population (60 plants) of T. tauschii. One hundred and twenty-seven loci were placed in linkage groups belonging to seven D-genome chromosomes of T. tauschii. The source of the probes was a PstI genomic library of T. tauschii, which gave 13% single-low copy clones. Four restriction endonucleases (DraI, EcoRI, EcoRV, HindIII) gave 75% polymorphism between the two parents. Nineteen clones detected multiloci ranging from two to nine in number. Deletions–insertions and point mutations were equally important for generating RFLPs. A hypervariable sequence was identified, which may have potential use in varietal fingerprinting. One marker was found to be linked to a rust-resistance gene. The map will be useful for determining genetic relationships in the Triticeae and for tagging genes of economic importance.Key words: restriction fragment length polymorphism, Triticum aestivum, leaf rust, isozymes, Aegilops squarrosa.
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Schalock, Robert L., Brent Wolzen, Irv Ross, Barb Elliott, Ginger Werbel, and Kathy Peterson. "Post-Secondary Community Placement of Handicapped Students: A Five-Year Follow-Up." Learning Disability Quarterly 9, no. 4 (November 1986): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1510383.
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This article presents the results of an evaluation of the employment and living status of 108 moderately to severely handicapped individuals who had graduated during a five-year period (1979–1983) from rural schools employing a community-based job exploration and training model. Nineteen predictor variables including student characteristics, school variables, and county characteristics were statistically related to nine employment-related outcome variables. The results showed that (a) 61% of the graduates were working competitively; (b) 22% were living independently; (c) the specific-learning disabled student was more likely to be employed, live independently and be self-sufficient than the educable mentally handicapped or the student with mental retardation; (d) students whose families were moderately to highly involved with the students' programs were more successful on the employment-related outcome variables; and (e) significant predictors included both student characteristics and environmental variables. Implications are discussed relative to the current emphasis on post-graduation job placement, program accountability, training in the natural environment and support systems.
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Alfaham, Mazin, Stuart Woodhead, Gunilla Pask, and David Davies. "Vitamin D deficiency: a concern in pregnant Asian women." British Journal of Nutrition 73, no. 6 (June 1995): 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19950093.
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Vitamin D status of Asian mothers in Cardiff was investigated during early pregnancy and at the time of the birth of their babies, using serum parathyroid hormone (PTH). Median values in Asian (n 32) and Caucasian (n 63) mothers in early pregnancy were 1·56 and 0·81 pmol/1 respectively. PTH levels from a separate sample of nineteen Asian and twenty-five Caucasian mothers at the time of birth were 3·0 and 2·20 pmol/1 respectively. Altogether twelve Asian and two Caucasian women had elevated PTH. All Asian women who had high PTH values also had a very low serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol level (25OHD). All samples were taken from women with no significant medical history and normal obstetric history. These findings suggest that subclinical vitamin D deficiency is still a cause for concern in Asian women. More active measures need to be taken to implement current recommendations to improve their vitamin D intake in pregnancy.
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Chang, Sue-Joan, Li-Ju Hsiao, Yi-Chun Lee, and Shou-Ying Hsuen. "Vitamin B6 status assessment in relation to dietary intake in high school students aged 16–18 years." British Journal of Nutrition 97, no. 4 (March 9, 2007): 764–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507665167.
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The vitamin B6 status of high school students and its relationship with dietary intake were investigated in this cross-sectional study by face-to-face interview. A total of 157 healthy students aged 16–18 years (eighty-three boys and seventy-four girls) were randomly recruited from two out of nineteen senior high schools in Tainan, Taiwan. Vitamin B6 intakes were calculated from three 24-h dietary records. Direct and indirect vitamin B6 status indicators were measured in plasma, erythrocytes and urine. The anthropometric data, being similar to those of the first Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (1993–1996), showed the normal growth and development of these students. All students except one girl (28·7 nmol/l) had plasma pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) levels >35 nmol/l, indicating an adequate vitamin B6 status. The mean dietary vitamin B6 intakes of boys and girls were 1·04 (sd 0·29) and 0·96 (sd 0·27) mg/d, respectively. Vitamin B6 status indicators, including plasma PLP, erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase activity coefficient (EALT-AC), aspartate aminotransferase activity coefficient (EAST-AC) and urinary 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA), were correlated with vitamin B6 intake. Students with adequate values of plasma PLP (>35 nmol/l), EALT-AC ( < 1·25), EAST-AC ( < 1·8) and urinary 4-PA (>3·0 μmol/d) had median intakes of 1·08 and 1·01 mg/d, respectively, for boys and girls. This study suggests that vitamin B6 requirements for boys and girls aged 16–18 years were approximately 1·1 and 1·0 mg/d, respectively.
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Ibrahimovic, Mirela, Elizabeth Franzmann, Alison M. Mondul, Katherine M. Weh, Connor Howard, Jennifer J. Hu, W. Jarrard Goodwin, and Laura A. Kresty. "Disparities in Head and Neck Cancer: A Case for Chemoprevention with Vitamin D." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (August 29, 2020): 2638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092638.
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Blacks experience disproportionate head and neck cancer (HNC) recurrence and mortality compared to Whites. Overall, vitamin D status is inversely associated to HNC pointing to a potential protective linkage. Although hypovitaminosis D in Blacks is well documented it has not been investigated in Black HNC patients. Thus, we conducted a prospective pilot study accessing vitamin D status in newly diagnosed HNC patients stratified by race and conducted in vitro studies to investigate mechanisms associated with potential cancer inhibitory effects of vitamin D. Outcome measures included circulating levels of vitamin D, related nutrients, and risk factor characterization as well as dietary and supplemental estimates. Vitamin D-based in vitro assays utilized proteome and microRNA (miR) profiling. Nineteen patients were enrolled, mean circulating vitamin D levels were significantly reduced in Black compared to White HNC patients, 27.3 and 20.0 ng/mL, respectively. Whites also supplemented vitamin D more frequently than Blacks who had non-significantly higher vitamin D from dietary sources. Vitamin D treatment of HNC cell lines revealed five significantly altered miRs regulating genes targeting multiple pathways in cancer based on enrichment analysis (i.e., negative regulation of cell proliferation, angiogenesis, chemokine, MAPK, and WNT signaling). Vitamin D further altered proteins involved in cancer progression, metastasis and survival supporting a potential role for vitamin D in targeted cancer prevention.
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Baselga, J., D. Rischin, M. Ranson, H. Calvert, E. Raymond, D. G. Kieback, S. B. Kaye, et al. "Phase I Safety, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Trial of ZD1839, a Selective Oral Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, in Patients With Five Selected Solid Tumor Types." Journal of Clinical Oncology 20, no. 21 (November 1, 2002): 4292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2002.03.100.
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PURPOSE: To establish the safety and tolerability of ZD1839 (Iressa), a selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and to explore its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects in patients with selected solid tumor types. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a phase I dose-escalating trial of oral ZD1839 150 mg/d to a maximum of 1,000 mg/d given once daily for at least 28 days. Patients with either advanced non–small-cell lung, ovarian, head and neck, prostate, or colorectal cancer were recruited. RESULTS: Eighty-eight patients received ZD1839 (150 to 1,000 mg/d). At 1,000 mg/d, five of 12 patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity (grade 3 diarrhea [four patients] and grade 3 somnolence [one patient]). The most frequent drug-related adverse events (AEs) were acne-like rash (64%) and diarrhea (47%), which were generally mild (grade 1/2) and reversible on cessation of treatment. No change in ZD1839 safety profile was observed with prolonged administration. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed steady-state exposure to ZD1839 in 98% of patients by day 7. Nineteen patients had stable disease and received ZD1839 for ≥ 3 months; seven of these patients remained on study drug for ≥ 6 months. Serial skin biopsies taken before treatment and at approximately day 28 revealed changes indicative of inhibition of the EGFR signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: ZD1839 was generally well tolerated, with manageable and reversible AEs at doses up to 600 mg/d and dose-limiting toxicity observed at 1,000 mg/d. ZD1839 treatment resulted in clinically meaningful disease stabilization across a range of tumor types and doses. Pharmacodynamic changes in skin confirmed inhibition of EGFR signaling, which was predicted from the mode of action of ZD1839.
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Fynes, Jamie M., and Leslee A. Fisher. "Is Authenticity and Integrity Possible for Sexual Minority Athletes? Lesbian Student-Athlete Experiences of U.S. NCAA Division I Sport." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 24, no. 1 (April 2016): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2014-0055.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the congruence of identity in 10 former U.S. NCAA Division I (DI) lesbian student-athletes using a semistructured personal identity interview guide (adapted from Fisher, 1993) and Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) (Hill, 2012; Hill, Knox, Thompson, Williams, Hess, & Ladany, 2005). Five domains, nineteen categories, and related core ideas were found in the transcribed interviews. The five domains were: (a) stereotypes and perceptions of female athletes; (b) stereotypes and perceptions of lesbians and lesbian athletes; (c) climate for LGBT athletes; (d) negotiating identities; and (e) recommendations for college campuses. The main goal of the current study was to determine whether lesbian athletes felt comfortable being who they are in the context of U.S. DI sport. Recommendations for how applied sport psychology consultants, coaches, and administrators, all of whom play an important role in athletes’ collegiate sport experience, could change the structure of U.S. universities to help lesbian student-athletes become more comfortable are given.
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Gavala, Alexandra, Konstantinos Makris, Anna Korompeli, and Pavlos Myrianthefs. "Evaluation of Bone Metabolism in Critically Ill Patients Using CTx and PINP." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1951707.
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Background. Prolonged immobilization, nutritional and vitamin D deficiency, and specific drug administration may lead to significant bone resorption. Methods and Patients. We prospectively evaluated critically ill patients admitted to the ICU for at least 10 days. Demographics, APACHE II, SOFA scores, length of stay (LOS), and drug administration were recorded. Blood collections were performed at baseline and on a weekly basis for five consecutive weeks. Serum levels of PINP, β-CTx, iPTH, and 25(OH)vitamin D were measured at each time-point. Results. We enrolled 28 patients of mean age 67.4 ± 2.3 years, mean APACHE II 22.2 ± 0.9, SOFA 10.1 ± 0.6, and LOS 31.6 ± 5.7 days. Nineteen patients were receiving low molecular weight heparin, 17 nor-epinephrine and low dose hydrocortisone, 18 transfusions, and 3 phenytoin. 25(OH)vitamin D serum levels were very low in all patients at all time-points; iPTH serum levels were increased at baseline tending to normalize on 5th week; β-CTx serum levels were significantly increased compared to baseline on 2nd week (peak values), whereas PINP levels were increased significantly after the 4th week. Conclusions. Our data show that critically ill patients had a pattern of hypovitaminosis D, increased iPTH, hypocalcaemia, and BTMs compatible with altered bone metabolism.
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Shill, Lincon Chandra, Nafisa Habib Purba, Marjia Sultana, Towhid Hasan, Mahmudur Rahman, and Nahid Sultana. "An update on osteoporosis research: effect of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 4120. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20194028.
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Osteoporosis is the most common systemic skeletal disease characterized by increased bone fragility. There lies an incongruity among research regarding combined supplementation of calcium (Ca) plus vitamin D and loss of bone health. Hence, the present review is aimed to highlight the current development of osteoporosis research and try to solve the inconsistency among the present knowledge. Electronic databases like PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE were searched from their inception to December 2018 using terms “calcium,” “vitamin D,” and “osteoporosis.” A systemic approach was followed to reach a final of 23 studies assessing the synergetic effect of calcium and vitamin D on osteoporosis and fractures risk. Among the included studies, nineteen have revealed that calcium and vitamin D decrease bone resorption, reduce the incidence of fractures, increase bone mineral density (BMD) and overall bone health. However, no significant osteogenic response was reported in five trials after supplementation with calcium and vitamin D together. Osteoporosis results in a reduced quality of life, increased disability-adjusted life span, and big economic burden to health care systems of countries. Early diagnosis before the occurrence of fractures and by assessing BMD and with early treatment, osteoporosis can be prevented. It is not entirely possible to draw a conclusion regarding beneficial effects of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation; future research based on the fundamentals of bone biology focusing on molecular genetics, and influencing factors of the acquisition of bone mass during growth and bone loss can alleviate present controversies.
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Cunningham, Kay, M. J. Gibney, A. Kelly, J. Kevany, and M. Mulcahy. "Nutrient intakes in long-stay mentally handicapped persons." British Journal of Nutrition 64, no. 1 (July 1990): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19900004.
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A study of the dietary intake of 115 male and 217 female mentally handicapped persons aged 15–64 years in five long-stay institutions was carried out using a semi-weighed technique over 4 d. Nineteen per cent of males and 5% of females were classified as being underweight and 15% of males and 27% of females were classified as being obese. The average daily intakes of nutrients were: energy 8.8 MJ, protein 92 g, carbohydrate 218 g, fat 101 g, dietary fibre 18 g, calcium 1024 mg, iron 12.5 mg, vitamin B6 1.4 mg, vitamin B12 10.8 μg, ascorbic acid 68 mg. The distribution of energy between protein, carbohydrate and fat was 18, 39 and 43% respectively. Energy intakes were not related to ambulatory status, degree of mental handicap, the level of drug usage or body mass index. Energy intakes varied significantly between hospitals and between the sexes.
Books on the topic "Nineteen seventy-five, A.D"
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National Museums of Canada. National Museum of Man. Archaeological Survey. Nineteen Seventy-Five and 1978 Rescue Excavations at the Draper Site: Introduction and Settlement Patterns. S.l: s.n, 1985.
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Terner, Ron. Nudes Nineteen Seventy-Five to Nineteen Eighty-Five. Focal Point Pr, 1986.
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Schreier, Konrad F. Jr. Vw Kubelwagen Nineteen-Forty to Nineteen Seventy-Five. Portrayal Press, 1986.
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Eagleton, Terry. Against the Grain: Essays Nineteen Seventy-Five to Nineteen Eighty-Five. Verso, 1996.
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White, Gleeson. English Illustration, Eighteen Fifty Five to Nineteen Seventy. Albert Saifer, 2000.
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Nichols, Donald D. The Delirious Decade Nineteen Sixty-Five to Nineteen Seventy-Five: A Social History of a Community College. Tri-Nic Press, 1990.
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Stewart, Alva W. Arms Control from Nineteen Seventy to Nineteen Eighty-Five: A Checklist (Public Administration Series--Bibliography,). Not Avail, 1986.
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Nineteen Seventy-Five: A Year in the Life of a College Sophomore : Taking it Apart (Part 1). Sunstone Press, 2003.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Nineteen seventy-five, A.D"
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Shoemaker, Nancy. "By a Lady." In Pursuing Respect in the Cannibal Isles, 105–31. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501740343.003.0005.
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This chapter analyzes sea captain's wife Mary D. Wallis's Life in Feejee: Five Years Among the Cannibals, By a Lady (1851) to illustrate how she challenged the double standard of gendered respectability in her own society by claiming the credentials to speak about Fijians' moral inequities. On its surface, Life in Feejee is formulaic in its awe for sublime scenery, lurid fantasies of cannibal feasting, and hopes for Christian redemption. On a deeper level, Wallis's book endures as one of the most highly regarded sources for nineteenth-century Fiji history. Since Life in Feejee had origins in Wallis's private journals, presumably she initially wrote with only herself and intimate acquaintances as audience. However, as a published book, Life in Feejee became useful to others—people in her own time and historians, who would later appreciate her careful recordkeeping of events and personages. For her contemporaries, Life in Feejee's advocacy of the missionary cause sounded a call to arms for changing Fijian culture through foreign intervention. More profoundly, the example Wallis set of a bold and knowing woman conducting a kind of personal conquest in Fiji offered readers an entry point into questioning and reframing their own society's rules surrounding gendered propriety.
Conference papers on the topic "Nineteen seventy-five, A.D"
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Nava Castro, Rau´l, Wilbert E. Koh Cambranis, and Paul Baerenwald. "Vertical and Horizontal Migration of Gas Through the Marine Sediments of the Gulf of Mexico." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49073.
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Since petroleum exploitation began activity in the Gulf of Mexico, geophysical studies have been carried out to detect geological hazards and features, which can affect the design or installation of platforms or pipelines. In some of the studies it was noted that shallow gas accumulations increase their size and number through time. This paper presents a comparison of three geophysical studies which were carried out in 1978 [1], 1997 [2] and 2002 [3]. The comparison is complemented with results obtained from geotechnical studies performed in 2002 [4–7] to evaluate the influence of the gas on the properties of the foundation zone soils. In the 1997 geophysical study, there were more detected gas accumulations than in 1978. The existing gas accumulations (originally detected in 1978) also increased in size over the nineteen-year period. The same phenomenon was also identified in the geophysical study of 2002, when the results were compared with the study performed in 1997, it appeared that the shallow gas accumulations increased both their size and number considerably over a period of only five years. The only explanation found for this phenomenon was that gas migrates vertically from the reservoir along a major geological fault that crosses the entire area, forming a chimney. Once the gas reached the shallow strata, the gas spread laterally, saturating the area around the geological fault with gas. Sand Strata A, B, C and D (identified in the geotechnical investigation) were the primary gas-charged strata, that is, the gas migrates laterally within these strata until encountering soils that can not confine the pressure developed by the gas accumulation [8] or until the gas finds a route to escape upwards. As a consequence, a sudden or gradual emanation occurs, altering the initial characteristics of the foundation zone soils and/or possibly damaging marine structures, resulting in economic loss.
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Rooth, R. A. "The KEMA Gas Turbines Target Project: Overview and Status." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-283.
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Recently, in the Netherlands a number of 11 combi blocks with prefitted gas turbines have been built. Additionally, there are preparations for five 335 MWe units at the Eems power station and plans for a further seven 250 MW heat and power stations. This means that by 2002 the generating industry will be operating seventy-five gas turbines with a total gas turbine power of 5700 MWe. These data serve to illustrate that gas turbines will be the workhorse of the Dutch generating industry in the coming decades, and that security of supply, efficiency, emissions and generating cost will to a large extent be determined by the gas turbine. However, the introduction of the gas turbine, the increase in scale of the machines and the fact that they are increasingly being used in base load units have also led to problems and forced unavailability. The problems are related to creep, thermal stresses and fatigue of combustion chambers, turbine rotor blades, rotors etc. Apart from these problem areas, other subjects of interest are optimization of inlet air filtering and compressor cleaning. It is the Dutch Electricity Production industry who realized that a substantial R&D effort is necessary to solve those user related problems and who formulated and ordered the execution of the target project Gas turbines
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Rooth, R. A. "User-Oriented Gas Turbine Research at KEMA." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-291.
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In the 80’s and early 90’s, in the Netherlands 11 combi blocks with prefitted gas turbines have been built. This repowering programme increased the efficiency of the units involved by several percentage points. Additionally, the commissioning of the five 335 MWe units at the Eems power station is in progress and plans exist for a farther seven 250 MW heat and power stations. This means that by 2002 the generating industry will be operating seventy-five gas turbines with a total gas turbine power of 5700 MWe. These data serve to illustrate mat gas turbines will be the workhorse of the Dutch generating industry in the coming decades, and that security of supply, efficiency, emissions and generating cost will to a large extent be determined by the gas turbine. However, the introduction of the gas turbine, driven by the possibility of high-efficiency electricity generation in e.g. combined cycle units, the increase in scale of the machines and the fact that they are increasingly being used in base load units have also led to problems and forced unavailability, as will be shown under goals of the project. The problems are related to creep, thermal stresses and fatigue of combustion chambers, turbine rotor blades, rotors etc. Apart from these problem areas, other subjects of interest are optimization of inlet air filtering and compressor cleaning. It is the Dutch Electricity Production industry who realized that a substantial R&D effort is necessary to solve those user related problems and formulated the execution of the target project Gas Turbines.
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Iovene, Maddalena, Graciela Fernandéz De Córdova, Ombretta Romice, and Sergio Porta. "Towards Informal Planning: Mapping the Evolution of Spontaneous Settlements in Time." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5441.
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Maddalena Iovene¹, Graciela Fernandéz De Córdova2, Ombretta Romice¹, Sergio Porta¹ ¹Urban Design Studies Unit (UDSU). Department of Architecture. University of Strathclyde. 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, G11XJ, UK. 2Centro de Investigación de la Arquitectura y la Ciudad (CIAC), Departamento de Arquitectura, PUCP. Av. Universitaria 1801, 32 San Miguel, Lima, Peru. E-mail: maddalena.iovene@strath.ac.uk, gdcfernandez@pucp.edu.pe, ombretta.r.romice@strath.ac.uk, sergioporta@strath.ac.uk Keywords (3-5): Informal Settlement, Peru, Lima, Model of Change, Urban Morphology Conference topics and scale: Reading and Regenerating the Informal City Cities are the largest complex adaptive system in human culture and have always been changing in time according to largely unplanned patterns of development. Though urban morphology has typically addressed studies of form in cities, with emphasis on historical cases, diachronic comparative studies are still relatively rare, especially those based on quantitative analysis. As a result, we are still far from laying the ground for a comprehensive understanding of the urban form’s model of change. However, developing such understanding is extremely relevant as the cross-scale interlink between the spatial and social-economic dynamics in cities are increasingly recognized to play a major role in the complex functioning of urban systems and quality of life. We study the urban form of San Pedro de Ate, an informal settlement in Lima, Peru, along its entire cycle of development over the last seventy years. Our study, conducted through a four-months on-site field research, is based on the idea that informal settlements would change according to patterns similar to those of pre-modern cities, though at a much faster pace of growth, yet giving the opportunity to observe the evolution of an urban organism in a limited time span. To do so we first digitalize aerial photographs of five different time periods (from 1944 to 2013), to then conduct a typo-morphological analysis at five scales: a) unit, b) building, c) plot, d) block, and e) settlement (comprehensive of public spaces and street network). We identify and classify patterns of change in the settlement’s urban structure using recognised literature on pre-modern cities, thus supporting our original hypothesis. We then suggest a unitary model of analysis that we name Temporal Settlement Matrix (TSM). Reference List Caniggia, G., & Maffei, G. L. (2008). Lettura dell’edilizia di base (Vol. 215). Alinea Editrice. Conzen, M. R. G. (1958). The growth and character of Whitby. A Survey of Whitby and the Surrounding Area, 49–89. Hernández, F., Kellett, P. W., & Allen, L. K. (2010). Rethinking the informal city: critical perspectives from Latin America (Vol. 11). Berghahn Books. Kropf, K. (2009). Aspects of urban form. Urban Morphology, 13(2), 105–120. Muratori, S. (1960). Studi per una operante storia urbana di Venezia. Palladio, 1959, 1–113. 22. Porta, S., Romice, O., Maxwell, J. A., Russell, P., & Baird, D. (2014). Alterations in scale: patterns of change in main street networks across time and space. Urban Studies, 51(16), 3383–3400. Watson, V. (2009). “The planned city sweeps the poor away…”: Urban planning and 21st century urbanisation. Progress in Planning, 72(3), 151–193. Whitehand, J. W. R. (2001). Changing suburban landscapes at the microscale. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 92(2), 164–184.