Academic literature on the topic 'NIR sensor'
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Journal articles on the topic "NIR sensor"
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de Souza, Romina, Claudia Buchhart, Kurt Heil, Jürgen Plass, Francisco M. Padilla, and Urs Schmidhalter. "Effect of Time of Day and Sky Conditions on Different Vegetation Indices Calculated from Active and Passive Sensors and Images Taken from UAV." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (2021): 1691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091691.
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Optical sensors have been widely reported to be useful tools to assess biomass, nutrition, and water status in several crops. However, the use of these sensors could be affected by the time of day and sky conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of time of day and sky conditions (sunny versus overcast) on several vegetation indices (VI) calculated from two active sensors (the Crop Circle ACS-470 and Greenseeker RT100), two passive sensors (the hyperspectral bidirectional passive spectrometer and HandySpec Field sensor), and images taken from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The experimental work was conducted in a wheat crop in south-west Germany, with eight nitrogen (N) application treatments. Optical sensor measurements were made throughout the vegetative growth period on different dates in 2019 at 9:00, 14:00, and 16:00 solar time to evaluate the effect of time of day, and on a sunny and overcast day only at 9:00 h to evaluate the influence of sky conditions on different vegetation indices. For most vegetation indices evaluated, there were significant differences between paired time measurements, regardless of the sensor and day of measurement. The smallest differences between measurement times were found between measurements at 14:00 and 16:00 h, and they were observed for the vehicle-carried and the handheld hyperspectral passive sensor being lower than 2% and 4%, respectively, for the indices NIR/Red edge ratio, Red edge inflection point (REIP), and the water index. Differences were lower than 5% for the vehicle-carried active sensors Crop Circle ACS-470 (indices NIR/Red edge and NIR/Red ratios, and NDVI) and Greenseeker RT100 (index NDVI). The most stable indices over measurement times were the NIR/Red edge ratio, water index, and REIP index, regardless of the sensor used. The most considerable differences between measurement times were found for the simple ratios NIR/Red and NIR/Green. For measurements made on a sunny and overcast day, the most stable were the indices NIR/Red edge ratio, water index, and REIP. In practical terms, these results confirm that passive and active sensors could be used to measure on-farm at any time of day from 9:00 to 16:00 h by choosing optimized indices.
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Ou, Fang, Anne van Klinken, Petar Ševo, et al. "Handheld NIR Spectral Sensor Module Based on a Fully-Integrated Detector Array." Sensors 22, no. 18 (2022): 7027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22187027.
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For decades, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been a valuable tool for material analysis in a variety of applications, ranging from industrial process monitoring to quality assessment. Traditional spectrometers are typically bulky, fragile and expensive, which makes them unsuitable for portable and in-field use. Thus, there is a growing interest for miniaturized, robust and low-cost NIR sensors. In this study, we demonstrate a handheld NIR spectral sensor module, based on a fully-integrated multipixel detector array, sensitive in the 850–1700 nm wavelength range. Differently from a spectrometer, the spectral sensor measures a limited number of NIR spectral bands. The capabilities of the spectral sensor module were evaluated alongside a commercially available portable spectrometer for two application cases: to quantify the moisture content in rice grains and to classify plastic types. Both devices achieved the two sensing tasks with comparable performance. Moisture quantification was achieved with a root mean square error (RMSE) prediction of 1.4% and 1.1% by the spectral sensor and spectrometer, respectively. Classification of the plastic type was achieved with a prediction accuracy on unknown samples of 100% and 96.4% by the spectral sensor and spectrometer, respectively. The results from this study are promising and demonstrate the potential for the compact NIR modules to be used in a variety of NIR sensing applications.
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Milella, A., M. Nielsen, and G. Reina. "Sensing in the visible spectrum and beyond for terrain estimation in precision agriculture." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, no. 2 (2017): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017000152.
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A multi-sensor approach for terrain estimation is proposed using a combination of complementary optical sensors that cover the visible (VIS), near infrared (NIR) and infrared (IR) spectrum. The sensor suite includes a stereovision sensor, a VIS-NIR camera and a thermal camera, and it is intended to be mounted on board an agricultural vehicle, pointing downward to scan the portion of the terrain ahead. A method to integrate the different sensor data and create a multi-modal dense 3D terrain map is presented. The stereovision input is used to generate 3D point clouds that incorporate RGB-D information, whereas the VIS-NIR camera and the thermal sensor are employed to extract respectively spectral signatures and temperature information, to characterize the nature of the observed surfaces. Experimental tests carried out by an off-road vehicle are presented, showing the feasibility of the proposed approach.
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Gianquinto, Giorgio, Francesco Orsini, Giuseppina Pennisi, and Stefano Bona. "Sources of Variation in Assessing Canopy Reflectance of Processing Tomato by Means of Multispectral Radiometry." Sensors 19, no. 21 (2019): 4730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214730.
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Canopy reflectance sensors are a viable technology to optimize the fertilization management of crops. In this research, canopy reflectance was measured through a passive sensor to evaluate the effects of either crop features (N fertilization, soil mulching, appearance of red fruits, and cultivars) or sampling methods (sampling size, sensor position, and hour of sampling) on the reliability of vegetation indices (VIs). Sixteen VIs were derived, including seven simple wavelength reflectance ratios (NIR/R460, NIR/R510, NIR/R560, NIR/R610, NIR/R660, NIR/R710, NIR/R760), seven normalized indices (NDVI, G-NDVI, MCARISAVI, OSAVI, TSAVI, TCARI), and two combined indices (TCARI/OSAVI; MCARI/OSAVI). NIR/560 and G-NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index on Greenness) were the most reliable in discriminating among fertilization rates, with results unaffected by the appearance of maturing fruits, and the most stable in response to different cultivars. Black mulching film did not affect NIR/560 and G-NDVI behavior at the beginning of the growing season, when the crop is more responsive to N management. Due to a moderate variability of NIR/560 and G-NDVI, a small sample size (5–10 observations) is sufficient to obtain reliable measurements. Performing the measurements at 11:00 and 14:00 and maintaining a greater distance (1.8 m) between plants and instrument enhanced measurement consistency. Accordingly, NIR/560 and G-NDVI resulted in the most reliable VIs.
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Jo and Kim. "NIR Reflection Augmentation for DeepLearning-Based NIR Face Recognition." Symmetry 11, no. 10 (2019): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11101234.
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Face recognition using a near-infrared (NIR) sensor is widely applied to practical applications such as mobile unlocking or access control. However, unlike RGB sensors, few deep learning approaches have studied NIR face recognition. We conducted comparative experiments for the application of deep learning to NIR face recognition. To accomplish this, we gathered five public databases and trained two deep learning architectures. In our experiments, we found that simple architecture could have a competitive performance on the NIR face databases that are mostly composed of frontal face images. Furthermore, we propose a data augmentation method to train the architectures to improve recognition of users who wear glasses. With this augmented training set, the recognition rate for users who wear glasses increased by up to 16%. This result implies that the recognition of those who wear glasses can be overcome using this simple method without constructing an additional training set. Furthermore, the model that uses augmented data has symmetry with those trained with real glasses-wearing data regarding the recognition of people who wear glasses.
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Pereira, Luciana Escalante, Giancarlo Lastoria, Bruna Semler de Almeida, et al. "APPLICATION OF AERIAL AND ORBITAL SENSOR PHOTOGRAPHS TO IDENTIFY AND DELINEATE WATER BODIES." Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas 23, no. 4 (2017): 591–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1982-21702017000400039.
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Abstract: The application of orbital sensors to identify and delineate water bodies was evaluated in this study. Reference aerial photos were used to measure the surface area of three water bodies in São Gabriel do Oeste, MS, Brazil and assess seven sensors commonly used in environmental studies: ALOS-AVNIR, CBERS 2B-CCD, CBERS 2B-HRC, IRS P6-LISS3, LANDSAT-TM, LANDSAT-ETM+, and LANDSAT-OLI. The images were analyzed with the near infrared (NIR) band, and digital processing techniques including image fusion (spatial enhancement), false-color composition, and pre-processed radiometric correction were applied to some sensors. Image fusion and radiometric correction were applied to three sensors; only color composition was not conducted on the HRC sensor. In all water bodies analyzed, images from the CCD sensor showed the greatest values of imprecision, reaching 192% for Water Body #3 without digital processing. Considering the spectral properties of the NIR band, we expected more precise data from the analyses using this spectral range. However, color composite analyses obtained greater percent precision compared with analyses that only used the NIR band.
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Zhu, Banghe, and Henry Jonathan. "A Review of Image Sensors Used in Near-Infrared and Shortwave Infrared Fluorescence Imaging." Sensors 24, no. 11 (2024): 3539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24113539.
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To translate near-infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) fluorescence imaging into the clinic, the paired imaging device needs to detect trace doses of fluorescent imaging agents. Except for the filtration scheme and excitation light source, the image sensor used will finally determine the detection limitations of NIR and SWIR fluorescence imaging systems. In this review, we investigate the current state-of-the-art image sensors used in NIR and SWIR fluorescence imaging systems and discuss the advantages and limitations of their characteristics, such as readout architecture and noise factors. Finally, the imaging performance of these image sensors is evaluated and compared.
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Sharma, Anuj K., Ankit Kumar Pandey, and Baljinder Kaur. "Fluoride Fiber-Based Plasmonic Biosensor with Two-Dimensional Material Heterostructures: Enhancement of Overall Figure-of-Merit via Optimization of Radiation Damping in Near Infrared Region." Materials 12, no. 9 (2019): 1542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091542.
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Two-dimensional (2D) heterostructure materials show captivating properties for application in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors. A fluoride fiber-based SPR sensor is proposed and simulated with the inclusion of a 2D heterostructure as the analyte interacting layer. The monolayers of two 2D heterostructures (BlueP/MoS2 and BlueP/WS2, respectively) are considered in near infrared (NIR). In NIR, an HBL (62HfF4-33BaF2-5LaF3) fluoride glass core and NaF clad are considered. The emphasis is placed on figure of merit (FOM) enhancement via optimization of radiation damping through simultaneous tuning of Ag thickness (dm) and NIR wavelength (λ) at the Ag-2D heterostructure–analyte interfaces. Field distribution analysis is performed in order to understand the interaction of NIR signal with analyte at optimum radiation damping (ORD) condition. While the ORD leads to significantly larger FOM for both, the BlueP/MoS2 (FOM = 19179.69 RIU−1 (RIU: refractive index unit) at dm = 38.2 nm and λ = 813.4 nm)-based sensor shows massively larger FOM compared with the BlueP/WS2 (FOM = 7371.30 RIU−1 at dm = 38.2 nm and λ = 811.2 nm)-based sensor. The overall sensing performance was more methodically evaluated in terms of the low degree of photodamage of the analyte, low signal scattering, high power loss, and large field variation. The BlueP/MoS2-based fiber SPR sensor under ORD conditions opens up new paths for biosensing with highly enhanced overall performance.
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Ren, Guangxin, Xusheng Zhang, Rui Wu, Lingling Yin, Wenyan Hu, and Zhengzhu Zhang. "Rapid Characterization of Black Tea Taste Quality Using Miniature NIR Spectroscopy and Electronic Tongue Sensors." Biosensors 13, no. 1 (2023): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13010092.
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The taste of tea is one of the key indicators in the evaluation of its quality and is a key factor in its grading and market pricing. To objectively and digitally evaluate the taste quality of tea leaves, miniature near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and electronic tongue (ET) sensors are considered effective sensor signals for the characterization of the taste quality of tea leaves. This study used micro-NIR spectroscopy and ET sensors in combination with data fusion strategies and chemometric tools for the taste quality assessment and prediction of multiple grades of black tea. Using NIR features and ET sensor signals as fused information, the data optimization based on grey wolf optimization, ant colony optimization (ACO), particle swarm optimization, and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II were employed as modeling features, combined with support vector machine (SVM), extreme learning machine and K-nearest neighbor algorithm to build the classification models. The results obtained showed that the ACO−SVM model had the highest classification accuracy with a discriminant rate of 93.56%. The overall results reveal that it is feasible to qualitatively distinguish black tea grades and categories by NIR spectroscopy and ET techniques.
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Cho, Yongjin, Kenneth A. Sudduth, and Scott T. Drummond. "Profile Soil Property Estimation Using a VIS-NIR-EC-Force Probe." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 3 (2017): 683–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12049.
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Abstract. Combining data collected in-field from multiple soil sensors has the potential to improve the efficiency and accuracy of soil property estimates. Optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) has been used to estimate many important soil properties, such as soil carbon, water content, and texture. Other common soil sensors include penetrometers that measure soil strength and apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) sensors. Previous field research has related these sensor measurements to soil properties such as bulk density, water content, and texture. A commercial instrument that can simultaneously collect reflectance spectra, ECa, and soil strength data is now available. The objective of this research was to relate laboratory-measured soil properties, including bulk density (BD), total organic carbon (TOC), water content (WC), and texture fractions to sensor data from this instrument. At four field sites in mid-Missouri, profile sensor measurements were obtained to 0.9 m depth, followed by collection of soil cores at each site for laboratory measurements. Using only DRS data, BD, TOC, and WC were not well-estimated (R2 = 0.32, 0.67, and 0.40, respectively). Adding ECa and soil strength data provided only a slight improvement in WC estimation (R2 = 0.47) and little to no improvement in BD and TOC estimation. When data were analyzed separately by major land resource area (MLRA), fusion of data from all sensors improved soil texture fraction estimates. The largest improvement compared to reflectance alone was for MLRA 115B, where estimation errors for the various soil properties were reduced by approximately 14% to 26%. This study showed promise for in-field sensor measurement of some soil properties. Additional field data collection and model development are needed for those soil properties for which a combination of data from multiple sensors is required. Keywords: NIR spectroscopy, Precision agriculture, Reflectance spectra, Soil properties, Soil sensing.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "NIR sensor"
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Jonsson, Patrik. "Surface Status Classification, Utilizing Image Sensor Technology and Computer Models." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-24828.
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There is a great need to develop systems that can continuously provide correct information about road surface status depending on the prevailing weather conditions. This will minimize accidents and optimize transportation. In this thesis different methods for the determination of the road surface status have been studied and analyzed, and suggestions of new technology are proposed. Information about the road surface status is obtained traditionally from various sensors mounted directly in the road surface. This information must then be analyzed to create automated warning systems for road users and road maintenance personnel. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how existing technologies can be used to obtain a more accurate description of the current road conditions. Another purpose is also to investigate how existing technologies can be used to obtain a more accurate description of the current road conditions. Furthermore, the aim is to develop non-contact technologies able to determine and classify road conditions over a larger area, since there is no system available today that can identify differences in road surface status in the wheel tracks and between the wheel tracks. Literature studies have been carried out to find the latest state of the art research and technology, and the research work is mainly based on empirical studies. A large part of the research has involved planning and setting up laboratory experiments to test and verify hypotheses that have emerged from the literature studies. Initially a few traditional road-mounted sensors were analyzed regarding their ability to determine the road conditions and the impact on their measured values when the sensors were exposed to contamination agents such as glycol and oil. Furthermore, non-contact methods for determining the status of the road surface have been studied. Images from cameras working in the visible range, together data from the Swedish Transportation Administration road weather stations, have been used to develop computerized road status classification models that can distinguish between a dry, wet, icy and snowy surface. Field observations have also been performed to get the ground truth for developing these models. In order to improve the ability to accurately distinguish between different surface statuses, measurement systems involving sensors working in the Near-Infrared (NIR) range have been utilized. In this thesis a new imaging method for determining road conditions with NIR camera technology is developed and described. This method was tested in a field study performed during the winter 2013-2014 with successful results. The results show that some traditional sensors could be used even with future user-friendly de-icing chemicals. The findings from using visual camera systems and meteorological parameters to determine the road status showed that they provide previously unknown information about road conditions. It was discovered that certain road conditions such as black ice is not always detectable using this technology. Therefore, research was performed that utilized the NIR region where it proved to be possible to detect and distinguish different road conditions, such as black ice. NIR camera technology was introduced in the research since the aim of the thesis was to find a method that provides information on the status of the road over a larger area. The results show that if several images taken in different spectral bands are analyzed with the support of advanced computer models, it is possible to distinguish between a dry, wet, icy and snowy surface. This resulted in the development of a NIR camera system that can distinguish between different surface statuses. Finally, two of these prototype systems for road condition classification were evaluated. These systems were installed at E14 on both sides of the border between Sweden and Norway. The results of these field tests show that this new road status classification, based on NIR imaging spectral analysis, provides new information about the status of the road surface, compared to what can be obtained from existing measurement systems, particularly for detecting differences in and between the wheel tracks.
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Manso, Jalice Y. "Sensor fusion of IR, NIR, and Raman spectroscopic data for polymorph quantitation of an agrochemical compound." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 37 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1694432951&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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da, Silva Albuquerque Jackson. "Desenvolvimento de um sensor óptico para a determinação de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos em águas empregando a espectroscopia no infravermalho próximo (NIR)." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2004. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/6771.
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Previous issue date: 2004<br>A contaminação de águas subterrâneas e superficiais com poluentes orgânicos,
como os hidrocarbonetos presentes nos derivados de petróleo, causa um perigo
potencial à saúde das populações, tornando-se necessário à avaliação contínua dos
níveis de concentração destas substâncias. Para isso, é importante o desenvolvimento de
técnicas analíticas de baixo custo para o monitoramento contínuo e remoto de águas de
drenagem contaminadas e para o controle de efluentes industriais. Os hidrocarbonetos
aromáticos, como o benzeno, o tolueno, o etilbenzeno e os xilenos (BTEX), são os
constituintes da gasolina mais solúveis em água e, assim, podem se difundir com
facilidade no lençol freático. A espectroscopia na região do Infravermelho Próximo
(NIR) vem sendo adotada em várias áreas, como na agricultura, nas indústrias
alimentícias, farmacêuticas, químicas e petroquímicas, por ser uma técnica simples,
rápida, não-destrutiva e de baixo custo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento
de um sensor óptico à base de uma fase sensora de silicona acoplada a um
espectrofotômetro NIR (Infravermelho Próximo) para a determinação de BTEX em
amostras aquosas. Inicialmente foram avaliados diferentes tipos de silicona com
características apropriadas para construção do sensor, como transparência e
plasticidade, tendo-se selecionado a silicona à base de Polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS). Um
estudo dinâmico foi efetuado para avaliação do tempo de resposta da sonda para cada
constituinte dos BTEX, adotando-se a resposta da sonda como sendo de um sistema de
primeira ordem. Com este estudo, comprovou-se que o sistema tem um comportamento
de primeira ordem, tornando válido o modelo proposto para a difusão de
hidrocarbonetos aromáticos em silicona à base de PDMS. Os tempos de resposta para o
benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e m-xileno foram de 0,48 h, 1,34 h, 2,00 h e 1,97 h,
respectivamente. Realizando-se uma análise por componentes principais dos dados
espectrais obtidos para cada composto individualmente, misturas contendo BTEX e
amostras contaminadas por gasolina e diesel, verificou-se que é possível distinguir se
uma amostra aquosa tem um dos aromáticos em estudo e se a mesma foi contaminada
por gasolina ou óleo diesel. Diante disso, pode-se concluir que o sistema sensor-NIR
pode ser utilizado para determinação qualitativa de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos em
águas superficiais e subterrâneas
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Dai, Bin. "SIMULATIONS-GUIDED DESIGN OF PROCESS ANALYTICAL SENSOR USING MOLECULAR FACTOR COMPUTING." UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/483.
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Many areas of science now generate huge volumes of data that present visualization, modeling, and interpretation challenges. Methods for effectively representing the original data in a reduced coordinate space are therefore receiving much attention. The purpose of this research is to test the hypothesis that molecular computing of vectors for transformation matrices enables spectra to be represented in any arbitrary coordinate system. New coordinate systems are selected to reduce the dimensionality of the spectral hyperspace and simplify the mechanical/electrical/computational construction of a spectrometer. A novel integrated sensing and processing system, termed Molecular Factor Computing (MFC) based near infrared (NIR) spectrometer, is proposed in this dissertation. In an MFC -based NIR spectrometer, spectral features are encoded by the transmission spectrum of MFC filters which effectively compute the calibration function or the discriminant functions by weighing the signals received from a broad wavelength band. Compared with the conventional spectrometers, the novel NIR analyzer proposed in this work is orders of magnitude faster and more rugged than traditional spectroscopy instruments without sacrificing the accuracy that makes it an ideal analytical tool for process analysis. Two different MFC filter-generating algorithms are developed and tested for searching a near-infrared spectral library to select molecular filters for MFC-based spectroscopy. One using genetic algorithms coupled with predictive modeling methods to select MFC filters from a spectral library for quantitative prediction is firstly described. The second filter-generating algorithm designed to select MFC filters for qualitative classification purpose is then presented. The concept of molecular factor computing (MFC)-based predictive spectroscopy is demonstrated with quantitative analysis of ethanol-in-water mixtures in a MFC-based prototype instrument.
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Al-Asadi, Raed. "Combined sensor of dielectric constant and visible and near infrared spectroscopy to measure soil compaction using artificial neural networks." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9334.
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Soil compaction is a widely spread problem in agricultural soils that has negative agronomic and environmental impacts. The former may lead to poor crop growth and yield, whereas the latter may lead to poor hydraulic properties of soils, and high risk to flooding, soil erosion and degradation. Therefore, the elimination of soil compaction must be done on regular bases. One of the main parameters to quantify soil compaction is soil bulk density (BD). Mapping of within field variation in soil BD will be a main requirement for within field management of soil compaction. The aim of this research was to develop a new approach for the measurement of soil BD as an indicator of soil compaction. The research relies on the fusion of data from visible and near infrared spectroscopy (vis-NIRS), to measure soil gravimetric moisture content (ω), with frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) data to measure soil volumetric moisture content (θv). The values of the estimated ω and θv, for the same undisturbed soil samples were collected from selected locations, textures, soil moisture contents and land use systems to derive soil BD. A total of 1013 samples were collected from 32 sites in the England and Wales. Two calibration techniques for vis-NIRS were evaluated, namely, partial least squares regression (PLSR) and artificial neural networks (ANN). ThetaProbe calibration was performed using the general formula (GF), soil specific calibration (SSC), the output voltage (OV) and artificial neural networks (ANN). ANN analyses for both ω and θv properties were based either on a single input variable or multiple input variables (data fusion). Effects of texture, moisture content, and land use on the prediction accuracy on ω, θv and BD were evaluated to arrive at the best experimental conditions for the measurement of BD with the proposed new system. A prototype was developed and tested under laboratory conditions and implemented in-situ for mapping of ω, θv and BD. When using the entire dataset (general data set), results proved that high measurement accuracy can be obtained for ω and θv with PLSR and the best performing traditional calibration method of the ThetaProbe with R2 values of 0.91 and 0.97, and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEp) of 0.027 g g-1 and 0.019 cm3 cm-3, respectively. However, the ANN – data fusion method resulted in improved accuracy (R2 = 0.98 and RMSEp = 0.014 g g-1 and 0.015 cm3 cm-3, respectively). This data fusion approach gave the best accuracy for BD assessment when only vis-NIRS spectra and ThetaProbe V were used as an input data (R2 = 0.81 and RMSEp = 0.095 g cm-3). The moisture level (L) impact on BD prediction revealed that the accuracy improved with soil moisture increasing, with RMSEp values of 0.081, 0.068 and 0.061 g cm-3, for average ω of 0.11, 0.20 and 0.28 g g-1, respectively. The influence of soil texture was discussed in relation with the clay content in %. It was found that clay positively affected vis-NIRS accuracy for ω measurement and no obvious impact on the dielectric sensor readings was observed, hence, no clear influence of the soil textures on the accuracy of BD prediction. But, RMSEp values of BD assessment ranged from 0.046 to 0.115 g cm-3. The land use effect of BD prediction showed measurement of grassland soils are more accurate compared to arable land soils, with RMSEp values of 0.083 and 0.097 g cm-3, respectively. The prototype measuring system showed moderate accuracy during the laboratory test and encouraging precision of measuring soil BD in the field test, with RMSEp of 0.077 and 0.104 g cm-3 of measurement for arable land and grassland soils, respectively. Further development of the prototype measuring system expected to improve prediction accuracy of soil BD. It can be concluded that BD can be measured accurately by combining the vis-NIRS and FDR techniques based on an ANN-data fusion approach.
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Giachero, Eduardo Alberto. "Construção e avaliação de um espectrofotometro infravermelho proximo (NIR) baseado em arranjo de sensores de PbS." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249952.
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Orientador: Celio Pasquini<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T04:25:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2009<br>Resumo: Este trabalho propõe o projeto e construção de um espectrofotômetro infravermelho próximo (NIR), compacto e de baixo custo, e a avaliação do seu desempenho na determinação de propriedades físico-químicas de combustíveis líquidos derivados do petróleo, visando a utilização do equipamento no controle dos processos de fabricação destes combustíveis. Na fase inicial do trabalho, foram investigados os tipos mais representativos de espectrofotômetros NIR utilizados atualmente pela indústria, analisando vantagens e desvantagens para auxiliar na definição dos componentes básicos do protótipo. Numa segunda etapa do projeto, foi executada a montagem de um protótipo baseado num detector de arranjo de sensores de PbS operando na faixa espectral de 2.100 a 2.500 nm, com a finalidade de determinar os parâmetros básicos do desempenho do equipamento (linearidade, repetibilidade, ruído e estabilidade do sinal). Numa terceira etapa foram introduzidas melhoras significativas no controle de temperatura do detector e optou-se pela mudança da faixa espectral de trabalho para 1600 a 2000 nm. Na última etapa foram construídos modelos PLS multivariados empregando-se espectros de 90 amostras de óleo diesel, visando a determinação de 5 parâmetros de qualidade deste combustível (índice de cetano e temperaturas de destilação de 10, 50, 85 e 90 % do volume do diesel). Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os obtidos por um instrumento FT-NIR comercial, verificando-se desempenho equivalente. Os erros de estimação obtidos no protótipo (RMSECV) foram de 0,41 para o índice de cetano e de 3,1, 2,6, 3,4 e 4,0 °C para as temperaturas de destilação de 10, 50, 85 e 90 % do volume do diesel, respectivamente. Estes valores são inferiores ao erro de reprodutibilidade dos métodos analíticos de referência especificados pelas normas D86 e D4737 da ASTM.<br>Abstract: This work proposes the design and construction of a compact and low cost near infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer, and the evaluation of its performance in determination of physico-chemical properties of liquids fuels derived from petroleum with the aim of using the instrument in the process control of production of these fuels. In the initial step of this work, the more representatives NIR spectrophotometers used by the industry were investigated, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages to help in the definition of the basics components of the prototype. In a second step, a prototype was assembled using a PbS array detector, working in a spectral range from 2100 to 2500 nm to determine the basic parameters of system performance (linearity, repeatibility, signal noise, stability). In a third step, a critical improvement was made to better control the detector temperature. The spectral range was changed to 1600 ¿ 2000 nm, too. In the last step, PLS multivariate models were developed using the spectra set obtained for 90 samples of diesel with the objective of determine 5 quality parameters of this fuel (cetane index, distillation temperatures of 10, 50, 85 and 90% volume of diesel). The results were compared with those obtained by an FT-NIR commercial instrument, achieving equivalent performance. The estimated error obtained for the prototype (RMESV) were 0.41 to the cetane index and 3.1, 2.6, 3.4 and 4.0 for the distillation temperatures of 10, 50, 85 and 90% volume of diesel, respectively. These values are under the reproductibility error of the reference analytical methods especified by the D86 and D4737 ASTM standards.<br>Mestrado<br>Quimica Analitica<br>Mestre em Química
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Benselfelt, Tobias. "Flow Cytometry Sensor System Targeting Escherichia Coli as an Indicator of Faecal Contamination of Water Sources." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Teknisk biologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108004.
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Poor water quality is a global health concern affecting one billion people around the world. It is important to monitor water sources in order to maintain the quality of our drinking water and to avoid disease outbreaks. Targeting Escherichia coli as a faecal indicator is a widely used procedure, but the current methods are time consuming and not adequate to prevent spreading of faecal influence. This Master thesis demonstrates the development of a near infrared fluorescence flow cytometer sensor system targeting Escherichia coli, using fluorescently labeled chicken IgY antibodies. The near infrared light was chosen to avoid fluorescence from blue-green algae that are present in the water source. The hardware was developed with a 785 nm laser line to detect Alexa Fluor 790 labeled antibodies, using a photomultiplier tube or two different CMOS cameras. The antibodies were labeled using a commercial labeling kit, and evaluated using antibody binding assays and the developed hardware. The IgY antibodies were successfully labeled with Alexa Fluor 790 and the function was maintained after the labeling process. The result demonstrates the principles of the sensor system and how it solved to the problem with fluorescence from blue-green algae. An aperture was used to overcome the suboptimal laser and filter setup, and to increase the sensitivity of the system. However, only a small fraction of the cells could be detected, due to challenges with the focal depth and loss of sensitivity in the photomultiplier tube at near infrared wavelengths. Further development is required to create a working product.
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TUGNOLO, ALESSIO. "FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND ENGINEERING OF OPTICAL SIMPLIFIED AND STAND-ALONE DEVICES FOR AGRI-FOOD APPLICATIONS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/913669.
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The food industry needs to comply with more strict rules (from regulatory agencies) and meet customers’ demands for higher quality. Emerging technologies for quality and safety inspection are becoming fundamental and needful to fulfil these purposes.
The optical techniques have been using in different fields (agriculture, food, chemistry etc.). During harvest, post-harvest and food processing these techniques are well applied to predict crucial quality parameters. Spectra of intact food samples can be measured in few seconds without any sample preparation and expert personnel trained. Compared to this technology, chemical techniques are time-consuming, require sample preparation and use of chemical reagents which are often not sustainable for the environment.
This PhD project regards different applications of non-destructive optical techniques to evaluate the quality of agri-food products as well as the development of customized optical devices to fulfil the needs of agri-food chain which is going toward a concept of industry 4.0.
This thesis starts with a focus on optical sensing in terms of concept, data management and general applications in agri-food chains highlighting the attitude to be a green technology. Then, in two chapters were set the stage for models' development using commercial benchtop and portable optical devices to enhance the advantages of this technique in terms of performance (compared to other analytical instruments) and versatility in coffee industry and in the olive supply chain. Moreover, thanks to the need of the winemaking industry to improve the production of high-quality wines, another chapter was developed to show the latest frontiers in terms of data collection for maturation control of wine grapes. Therefore, optical hand-held and stand-alone prototypes were designed, built, and tested in order to shift the current paradigm of grape maturation monitoring (based on lab analysis) with a new one that allows a low-cost non-destructive real-time monitoring providing information with temporal and spatial resolution.
Finally, a last chapter has been introduced as an initial step for future developments in the field of hyperspectral imaging sensors. Therefore, a cost-effective hyperspectral device was developed to drastically reduce the cost of these instruments comparing it with those present on the market. To clarify, for these instruments the cost limitations are not strictly related to the device itself but for the specific applications. Indeed, even though the hyperspectral imaging technique can collect a large amount of data, the application of only one device (in some cases) is not enough to cover all the critical points the industry has to face. The production process in a firm or the monitoring in field require distributed systems to collect data and provide information. In these circumstances, considering the application of several hyperspectral devices, the costs become prohibitive for the majority of the companies and the research is going toward the development of hyperspectral sensors taking into account a considerable cost reduction.
To conclude, this PhD project has proved advantages and frontiers of optical sensing as one of the most efficient and advanced tools for safety and quality evaluation in the food industry throughout the entire production process.
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Rivera, Sarrate Laia. "Desarrollo de sensores optoquímicos miniaturizados basados en medidas de fluorescencia y el uso de fluoroionóforos VIS-NIR." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3320.
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En el presente trabajo se han diseñado, construido y evaluado dos fluorosensores miniaturizados y portátiles, que pueden representar una alternativa a la instrumentación analítica clásica de elevado coste, gran tamaño y elevado consumo de reactivos, que necesita de mantenimiento y de personal especializado para su utilización. El empleo de fluorescencia representa intrínsecamente una ventaja en términos de sensibilidad y minimización de interferencias, ya que existen muy pocas moléculas que sean fluorescentes, y menos aún en la zona vis-NIR del espectro electromagnético. Asimismo, los dos dispositivos desarrollados presentan una gran versatilidad para su posible uso en la detección de diversos analitos en función del optodo seleccionado. Los optodos empleados en los dispositivos desarrollados incluyen cromo(fluoro)ionóforos que han sido diseñados, sintetizados y caracterizados en el presente trabajo para operar con la instrumentación miniaturizada y de bajo coste disponible. Se han diseñado, sintetizado y caracterizado nuevos colorantes cianina (croconinas, cetocianinas y (nor)cianinas-anilinas) para su utilización como cromo(fluoro)ionóforos en optodos, tanto en medidas basadas en absorbancia como en fluorescencia.<br/>El primer dispositivo opera integrado como detector en un sistema de análisis por inyección de flujo continuo (FIA), y tanto con un optodo selectivo a potasio, como con uno selectivo a plomo, ha mostrado unas apropiadas características analíticas. Su utilización en la determinación de potasio en muestras dopadas de agua potable de red y de plomo en extractos de suelos contaminados ha demostrado su aplicabilidad en muestras reales. <br/>El segundo dispositivo consiste en una sonda más portátil y manejable y en la que la intercambiabilidad de la membrana es más fácil, para realizar medidas in-situ y en discontinuo. Ésta se ha activado químicamente con un optodo selectivo a plomo y ha mostrado adecuadas propiedades analíticas de respuesta. Finalmente, se ha aplicado a la determinación de plomo en muestras naturales, verificándose su buen funcionamiento.<br>In this study two miniaturized and portable fluorosensors were designed, constructed and evaluated. These sensors represent an alternative to classical analytical instrumentation which can be expensive, bulky and reagent dependent, not to mention the need for specialized technicians for its use and maintenance. <br/>The use of fluorescence represents an intrinsic advantage with regard to sensibility and interference minimization, since few fluorescent molecules exist in the vis-NIR region of the electromagnetic spectrum. These devices are also versatile; depending on the selected optode they can be used in the detection of diverse analytes. The optodes employed in these devices include chromo(fluoro)iononophores and were designed, synthesized and characterized in this study to operate with miniaturized and low-cost instrumentation. New cyanine dyes (croconines, ketocyanines and (nor)cyanine-anilines) were designed, synthesized and characterized for use as chromo(fluoro)iononophores in optodes for absorbance-based measurements as well as for fluorescence-based measurements. <br/>The first device operates as an integrated detector in a continuous flow injection analysis (FIA) system and showed excellent analytical performance with a potassium-selective optode, as well as with a lead-selective one. Its use in the determination of potassium in doped potable water samples, and of lead in contaminated soil extracts, demonstrates its applicability to natural samples. <br/>The second device consists of a more portable and user-friendly dip-probe which facilitates the interchangeability of the membrane when in-situ and continuous measurements are carried out. The dip-probe device was chemically activated with a lead-selective optode and also demonstrated good analytical response properties.<br/>Finally, this second device was applied to lead determination in natural samples, resulting in positive verifiable performance.
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Barros, Sergio Bitencourt Araújo 1982. "Síntese e caracterização de material cerâmico condutor SiO2/C modificado com ftalocianina de níquel (II) e do compósito cerâmico SiO2-NiO : aplicação na construção de sensores eletroquímicos." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249706.
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Orientador: Yoshitaka Gushikem<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T21:51:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2013<br>Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta a síntese, caracterização e aplicação de matrizes cerâmicas condutoras SiO2/C morfologicamente e texturalmente diferentes e do compósito cerâmico microporoso SiO2-NiO não modificado e modificado com hidróxido de níquel. Assim, três materiais carbono cerâmicos SiO2/C com diferentes porosidades foram preparados pelo método sol-gel, usando como catalisador HNO3, HF e HNO3/HF, sendo as áreas superficiais (SBET) dos produtos obtidos determinadas como 246, 201 e 356 m g, respectivamente. Os materiais foram caracterizados usando isotermas de adsorção-dessorção de N2, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e medidas de condutividade. As matrizes SiO2/C foram usadas como suporte para imobilização in situ de ftalocianina de Ni(II) (NiPc) em suas superfícies. Medidas de XPS foram usadas para determinar as razões atômicas Ni/Si dos materiais modificados com NiPc. Eletrodos de disco rígido preparados a partir das matrizes SiO2/C modificadas com NiPc foram testados como sensores para dopamina. O eletrodo modificado preparado usando HNO3 mostrou excelente atividade catalítica para determinação simultânea de ácido ascórbico (H2AA) e dopamina (DA), com sensibilidade de 53,02 e 104,17 mA mmol dm, respectivamente. Numa segunda etapa, um composito SiO2-NiO preparado pelo método sol-gel foi calcinado a 673 K e caracterizado por infravermelho, difração de raios X, isotermas de adsorção-dessorção de N2, MEV, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, XPS e condutividade. O material obtido mostrou-se microporoso e microestruturalmente caracterizado pela formação de nanopartículas de NiO, na fase cristalina cúbica, bem distribuídas na matriz de sílica amorfa. Eletrodos do compósito microporoso SiO2-NiO apresentaram um bom desempenho na oxidação eletrocatalítica de H2AA, exibindo alta sensibilida(61,57 mA mmol dm), baixo limite de detecção (8,54 mmol dm) e longo tempo de estabilidade. Um sensor não enzimático sensível e seletivo para detecção de glicose foi preparado a partir do eletrodo SiO2-NiO modificado com hidróxido de níquel na fase estrutural a-Ni(OH)2. Os resultados obtidos para o eletrodo SiO2-NiO modificado com hidróxido mostraram a viabilidade da aplicação do material no desenvolvimento de um sensor amperométrico altamente sensível a glicose<br>Abstract: This work presents the synthesis, characterization an application of SiO2/C conductive ceramic matrices morphologically and texturally different and of microporous SiO2-NiO ceramic composite unmodified and modified with nickel hydroxide. Thus three SiO2/C carbon ceramic materials with different porosities were prepared by the sol-gel method, using HNO3, HF, and HNO3/HF as catalyst and the surface areas (SBET) of products were determined as 246, 201, and 356 m g, respectively. The materials were characterized using N2 adsorption¿desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and conductivity measurements. The SiO2/C matrices were used as supports for the in situ immobilization of Ni(II) phthalocyanine (NiPc) on their surfaces. XPS was used to determine the Ni/Si atomic ratios of the NiPc-modified materials. Pressed disk electrodes were prepared with the NiPc-modified matrices, and tested as sensors for dopamine. The electrode prepared using HNO3 showed excellent catalytic activity for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (H2AA) and dopamine (DA), with sensitivities of 5.02 and 104.17 mA mmol dm, respectively. In a second step, a SiO2-NiO composite prepared by the sol-gel method was calcined at 673 K and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption¿desorption isotherms, SEM, transmission electron microscopy, XPS, and conductivity. The material obtained was found to be microporous and microstructurally characterized by the formation of NiO nanoparticles in the cubic crystalline phase, well distributed in the amorphous silica matrix. Electrodes of the microporous SiO2-NiO composite showed a good performance in the electrocatalytic oxidation of H2AA, exhibiting high sensitivity (61.57 mA mmol dm), low detection limit (8.54 mmol dm), and long term stability. A sensitive and selective nonenzymatic glucose sensor was prepared from the SiO2-NiO electrode modified with nickel hydroxide in the structural phase a-Ni(OH)2. The results obtained for the SiO2-NiO modified electrode showed the viability of applying the material in developing a highly sensitive amperometric glucose sensor<br>Doutorado<br>Quimica Inorganica<br>Doutor em Ciências
Books on the topic "NIR sensor"
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United States. Government Accountability Office. NIH conflict of interest: Recusal policies for senior employees need clarification : report to congessional requesters. GAO, 2007.
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Böttger, F. Jasmin. N3--ein Programm zwischen Kulturauftrag und Medienalltag: Entstehung und Entwicklung des Dritten Fernsehprogramms der Nordkette NDR/SFB/RB, 1960-1982. Pro Universitate Verlag, 1994.
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Natan, Ben Sinyor, ред. Halakhot u-minhagim Ner Tsiyon: Le-ḥodesh Ḥeshṿan, Ḥanukah ṿe-10 be-Ṭevet : be-tosefet pesaḳaṿ ṿe-horaʼotaṿ shel ... Rabi Ben Tsiyon Aba Shaʼul , z.l.l.h.h. ṿe-ʻa. p. ha-nahug ... Rabi Natan Ben Senyor, sheliṭa. Mosdot Binyan Tsiyon, 2011.
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Masahide, Shibusawa. The Private Diplomacy of Shibusawa Eiichi. Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9781898823810.
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“This book offers an account of the life of Shibusawa Eiichi, who may be considered the first ‘internationalist’ in modern Japan, written by his great grandson Masahide and published in 1970 under the title, Taiheiyo ni kakeru hashi (Building Bridges Over the Pacific). Japan had a tortuous relationship with internationalism between 1840, when Shibusawa was born, and 1931, the year the nation invaded Manchuria and when he passed away. The key to understanding Shibusawa’s thoughts against the background of this history, the author shows, lies in the concept of ‘people’s diplomacy,’ namely an approach to international relations through non-governmental connections. Such connections entail more transnational than international relations. In that sense, Shibusawa was more a transnationalist than an internationalist thinker. Internationalism presupposes the prior existence of sovereign states among which they cooperate to establish a peaceful order. The best examples are the League of Nations and the United Nations. Transnationalism, in contrast, goes beyond the framework of sovereign nations and promotes connections among individuals and non-governmental organizations. It could be called “globalism” in the sense that transnationalism aims at building bridges across the globe apart from independent nation-states. In that sense Shibusawa was a pioneering globalist. It was only in the 1990s that expressions like globalism and globalization came to be widely used. This was more than sixty years after Shibusawa Eiichi’s death, which suggests how pioneering his thoughts were.” [Akira Iriye]
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Naruhito. The Thames and I. Translated by Hugh Cortazzi. Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9781898823988.
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Prior to becoming Crown Prince of Japan in 1989, following the death of his grandfather Emperor Showa, Prince Naruhito studied at Merton College, Oxford, from June 1983 to October 1985. His research topic was the River Thames as a commercial highway in the eighteenth century. This marked the first time that anyone in direct succession to the throne had ever studied outside Japan. In 1992, he published a record of his time at Oxford under the title Thames no tomo ni . The memoir, which includes a colour plate section incorporating photographs taken by the Prince, explores his daily life, studies and recreational experiences, including discovering beer and being banned from entering a disco because he was wearing jeans. The Thames and I is a remarkable record, not least because of its candour, but equally because it reveals the Crown Prince as an individual, including his personal charm and sense of humour. It will be of special interest to those wishing to know more about the future emperor of Japan.
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Johnston, Mark. Sensory Disclosure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732570.003.0007.
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This chapter presents a general theory of color perception that focuses on something close to what Wilfred Sellars called “the sensory core”, something well-described in a passage from H. H. Price’s Perception. It develops the implications of that theory for (i) the distinctive epistemology of perception, which in the best case involves something better than mere knowledge, (ii) the nature of ganzfelds, film color, highlights, lightened and darkened color, auras, after-images, color hallucinations and the like, (iii) the account of when things are predicatively colored, and (iv) the nature of the category of quality. The chapter argues that as a consequence of understanding the sensory core we should reject the two most influential views in the philosophical theory of perception. Our most basic perceptual experiences are not adequately modeled as attitudes directed upon propositions. Nor are they adequately modeled as directed upon facts, understood as items in our perceived environment.
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Iwasaki, Koji. Taiheiyo Senso kaisoroku: Umi no gunjin 30-nin no shogai. Kojinsha, 1993.
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Goldberg, Naomi. Sensory and chemical analysis of 1997 Oregon Pinot noir enzyme treated wines. 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "NIR sensor"
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Naresh, M., Samineni Peddakrishna, and M. Thirupathi. "Non-invasive Glucose Measurement with 940 nm Sensor Using Short Wave NIR Technique." In Intelligent Computing and Optimization. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36246-0_10.
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Carvalho, Juliana, Sully Quintero, Marbey M. Mosso, Luiz Carlos Guedes Valente, and Marcos Sebastião De Paula Gomes. "Development of Gas Sensor Systems in the Infrared Region." In Terahertz (THz), Mid Infrared (MIR) and Near Infrared (NIR) Technologies for Protection of Critical Infrastructures Against Explosives and CBRN. Springer Netherlands, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2082-1_16.
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Ioannidis, Konstantinos, Georgios Orfanidis, Marios Krestenitis, Stefanos Vrochidis, and Ioannis Kompatsiaris. "Sensor Data Fusion and Autonomous Unmanned Vehicles for the Protection of Critical Infrastructures." In Terahertz (THz), Mid Infrared (MIR) and Near Infrared (NIR) Technologies for Protection of Critical Infrastructures Against Explosives and CBRN. Springer Netherlands, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2082-1_1.
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Šimon, Peter, and Frank Kvasnik. "NIR Dyes for Ammonia and HCI Sensors." In Optical Sensors. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09111-1_8.
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Diezma Iglesias, Belén. "Soil sensors." In Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche. Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-044-3.15.
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Sensors for estimation of soil properties will be explained in this topic. Principles about soil sensors based on different technologies (electroconductivity, magnetic response, NIR optical signals, mechanical resistance…) will be presented. Relation between these sensors and soil attributes related to fertility are important in order to extract relevant agronomical information out of soil maps.
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Kumar, Hemant, and Satyabrata Jit. "CdSe – Based Photodetectors for Visible-NIR Spectral Region." In Handbook of II-VI Semiconductor-Based Sensors and Radiation Detectors. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20510-1_10.
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Giri, Arnab, Dilip Sing, Sudarshana Ghosh Dastidar, et al. "Application of NIR Spectroscopy with Chemometrics for Discrimination of Indian Black Pepper Berries." In Smart Sensors Measurement and Instrumentation. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6913-3_32.
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El-Dib, Mohamed. "Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)." In Neonatal Brain Injury. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55972-3_17.
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AbstractNear-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive technique that can measure tissue oxygen saturation in organs such as the brain, kidney, and intestine. By monitoring changes in the attenuation of near-infrared light passing through the brain, NIRS can provide cerebral regional oxygen saturation measurements (CrSO2). NIRS has been used in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) for various indications, including monitoring extremely premature infants and neonates with encephalopathy, congenital heart disease (CHD), anemia, respiratory support, and CNS injuries. Factors such as device type, sensor position, head position, and care procedures can affect NIRS measurements. NIRS has demonstrated potential in reducing cerebral hypoxia and predicting outcomes in neonatal encephalopathy and CHD. It is also being used in anesthesia and surgery settings. Proper training and monitoring are necessary to minimize complications associated with NIRS monitoring. NIRS provides valuable insights into cerebral perfusion and oxygenation, aiding in personalized care and neuroprotection in newborns.
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Roggo, Yves, Laurent Pellegatti, Anna Novikova, Alexander Evers, Simon Ensslin, and Markus Krumme. "Embedded NIR Spectroscopy for Rotary Tablet Press." In Sense the Real Change: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4884-8_25.
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Kiesewetter, Olaf, Alexander Kraußer, Nils Kiesewetter, Jürgen Müller, Annika Ludewig, and Matthias May. "NDIR- und photoakustische VOC/CO2-Sensoren zur Detektion der Luftqualität." In Automobil-Sensorik. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48944-4_5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "NIR sensor"
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Ye, Xiaohua, William Grube, Huiling Zhu, Debbie Gustafson, Vikram Singh, and Megan Dube. "Enhanced Sensor Characterization with Visible and NIR Spectrum-Simulation Light Sources." In Frontiers in Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/fio.2024.jtu4a.13.
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A spectrum-simulating light source covering 380nm to 1100nm, powered by a laser driven light source, is proposed to facilitate sensor characterizations. Key features investigated include high color accuracy, linearity, and flexibility in the spectral output.
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Divya, V., and S. Sendil Kumar. "Expression of Concern for: Efficient Detection and Reduction of Noise from Near-Infrared (NIR) Sensor and Improving the Spatial Resolution in Nano Sensor Applications." In 2020 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsp48568.2020.10702847.
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Gebauer, Lucie, Julius Krause, Xiaorong Zheng, et al. "Developing a handheld NIR sensor for the detection of ripening in grapevine." In OCM 2021 - 5th International Conference on Optical Characterization of Materials. KIT Scientific Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.58895/ksp/1000128686-7.
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It has already been proven that near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy can be used to measure the maturity of grapes by the determination of the sugar and acid content. Until now, winegrowers frequently collect a random one hundred berries sample per plot, to measure these parameters destructively for the estimation of the ideal harvest time of the gained product. Meanwhile, inexpensive sensors are available, to build convenient instruments for the non-destructive, low-priced and fast control of ripening parameters in the vineyard. For this, a small handheld device including a NIR sensor (1350nm – 2600 nm) was built from a Raspberry Pi 3 single-board computer and a NIR sensor. Spectra of individual berries, sampled from Riesling (Vitis vinifera, L.) were collected. Corresponding reference data were determined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Samples were taken from different fruit as well as cluster zones and from the beginning of v´eraison until after harvest, to ensure a broad range of ingredients and the ripening properties of different berries from the vine. This study is the first that systematically investigates the ripening parameters of a whole vineyard with a handheld sensor. The sensor can be used in viticulture practice to detect the ripening progress and determining the ideal harvest time effective, simple, and nondestructively.
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Lee, Anthony S. "Miniature PbS sensor for NIR spectroscopy." In Photonics East '99, edited by Stephanus Buettgenbach. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.370275.
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Chin, Robert C., William Halliday, Clay Cruce, et al. "NIR-PRFS fiber optic corrosion sensor." In Photonics West '96, edited by Kurt J. Linden and Prasad R. Akkapeddi. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.237663.
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Kaur, Baljinder, and Anuj Kumar Sharma. "SPR-based fiber optic sensor in NIR region." In Optical Sensors, edited by Robert A. Lieberman, Francesco Baldini, and Jiri Homola. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2522125.
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Hyvärinen, Timo, Esko Herrala, Wes Procino, and Oliver Weatherbee. "Compact high-resolution VIS/NIR hyperspectral sensor." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Mark A. Druy and Richard A. Crocombe. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.887003.
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Chesser, Douglas E., Darius Vunck, Terry Born, Wayne Axelson, Karl Rehder, and Robert S. Medrano. "NIR daylight acquisition sensor improves mission capabilities." In AeroSense 2003, edited by Michael K. Masten and Larry A. Stockum. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.497204.
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Wang, Wei-Chih, Chun-Wei Wu, and Ling-Chih Chen. "NIR intensity sensor for water pressure monitoring." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Tribikram Kundu. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2260432.
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Antila, Jarkko E., Uula Kantojärvi, Jussi Mäkynen, Matti Tammi, and Janne Suhonen. "Advanced MEMS spectral sensor for the NIR." In SPIE OPTO, edited by Wibool Piyawattanametha and Yong-Hwa Park. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2078635.
Full textReports on the topic "NIR sensor"
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Olchowski, Frederick M., Christopher M. Stellman, and Joseph V. Michalowicz. Summer 1999 Mount Weather/Aberdeen Proving Grounds Field Test Report: Real-Time Detection of Military Ground Targets Using a VIS/NIR Hyperspectral Sensor. Defense Technical Information Center, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada384852.
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Burks, Thomas F., Victor Alchanatis, and Warren Dixon. Enhancement of Sensing Technologies for Selective Tree Fruit Identification and Targeting in Robotic Harvesting Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591739.bard.
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The proposed project aims to enhance tree fruit identification and targeting for robotic harvesting through the selection of appropriate sensor technology, sensor fusion, and visual servo-control approaches. These technologies will be applicable for apple, orange and grapefruit harvest, although specific sensor wavelengths may vary. The primary challenges are fruit occlusion, light variability, peel color variation with maturity, range to target, and computational requirements of image processing algorithms. There are four major development tasks in original three-year proposed study. First, spectral characteristics in the VIS/NIR (0.4-1.0 micron) will be used in conjunction with thermal data to provide accurate and robust detection of fruit in the tree canopy. Hyper-spectral image pairs will be combined to provide automatic stereo matching for accurate 3D position. Secondly, VIS/NIR/FIR (0.4-15.0 micron) spectral sensor technology will be evaluated for potential in-field on-the-tree grading of surface defect, maturity and size for selective fruit harvest. Thirdly, new adaptive Lyapunov-basedHBVS (homography-based visual servo) methods to compensate for camera uncertainty, distortion effects, and provide range to target from a single camera will be developed, simulated, and implemented on a camera testbed to prove concept. HBVS methods coupled with imagespace navigation will be implemented to provide robust target tracking. And finally, harvesting test will be conducted on the developed technologies using the University of Florida harvesting manipulator test bed. During the course of the project it was determined that the second objective was overly ambitious for the project period and effort was directed toward the other objectives. The results reflect the synergistic efforts of the three principals. The USA team has focused on citrus based approaches while the Israeli counterpart has focused on apples. The USA team has improved visual servo control through the use of a statistical-based range estimate and homography. The results have been promising as long as the target is visible. In addition, the USA team has developed improved fruit detection algorithms that are robust under light variation and can localize fruit centers for partially occluded fruit. Additionally, algorithms have been developed to fuse thermal and visible spectrum image prior to segmentation in order to evaluate the potential improvements in fruit detection. Lastly, the USA team has developed a multispectral detection approach which demonstrated fruit detection levels above 90% of non-occluded fruit. The Israel team has focused on image registration and statistical based fruit detection with post-segmentation fusion. The results of all programs have shown significant progress with increased levels of fruit detection over prior art.
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Handler, A. NIF 192 beam 3w power sensor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1798021.
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Chen, Pictiaw, Boaz Zion, and Michael J. McCarthy. Utilization of NMR Technology for Internal Nondestructive Quality Evaluation of Fruits and Vegetables. United States Department of Agriculture, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568778.bard.
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Objective: The objective of this research was to investigate the potential use of NMR for evaluating various internal quality factors of fruits and vegetables, leading to the eventual development of practical techniques that are useful for future development of NMR sensors. Summary: Investigation on NMR imaging, one-dimension NMR projection, and single-pulse free-induction-decay (FID) spectrum led to the development of high-speed NMR techniques for real-time sensing of internal quality of selected fruits. NMR imaging can be used for detecting internal defects and various quality factors such as bruises, dry regions, worm damage, stage of ripeness, tissue breakdown, and the presence of voids, seeds, sprouts, and pits. The one-dimension (1-D) image profile technique, in which the 1-D projection of the NMR signal of a selected slice of the intact fruit is recorded, is suitable for detecting tissue breakdown regions, presence of pits, and other defects in fruits. The oil and sugar content of fruits can be determined from the single-pulse FID spectrum measurement, in which a surface coil is used to acquire the FID spectrum and the ratio of the resonance peaks is used as the quality index. The latter two techniques are suitable for high-speed sorting of fruits. The most important accomplishment is the successful development of high-speed NMR techniques for determining internal quality of fruits while they are moving at speed up to 30 cm/s. This accomplishment is an important step toward the development of NMR techniques for on-line sorting of fruits and vegetables.
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Johnsen, Linda, and John David Didriksen. Rapport: Åpen forskning på UiS. University in Stavanger, 2019. https://doi.org/10.31265/usps.304.
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I 2017 fastsatte Regjeringen nasjonale retningslinjer for åpen tilgang. Alle vitenskapelige artikler som er offentlig finansierte skal som hovedregel gjøres åpent tilgjengelige. Internasjonalt, spesielt i EU, har det også lenge vært et stort fokus på åpen forskning. Norges Forskningsråd (NFR) fastsatte i 2017 en politikk for åpne forskningsdata. Dette danner bakgrunnen for at Universitetsdirektøren har nedsatt en arbeidsgruppe som skal utrede en politikk for åpen forskning ved UiS. NFR legger opp en forskningspolitikk som fokuserer på at forskningsresultater skal komme samfunnet til gode. For å oppnå dette må forskningsproduksjonen være åpent tilgjengelig. Plan S er et europeisk initiativ lansert i 2018 for å sikre en rask overgang til åpen tilgang for all offentlig finansiert forskning. Hovedprinsippet er at alle vitenskapelige publikasjoner som støttes av offentlige midler skal utgis åpent, uten embargo. NFR har sluttet seg til, og vil la kravene gjelde fra og med 2021. I praksis betyr dette at de vil gjelde for artikler som sendes inn for publisering fra 2022. DORA-deklarasjonen er et sett med anbefalinger vedrørende evaluering av forskning. Hensikten er å komme frem til egnede metoder, uten å lene seg for mye på bibliometriske faktorer. Forskningens egenverdi skal evalueres, og man skal unngå å legge overdreven vekt på publisering i de mest prestisjetunge tidsskriftene. Open Journal Systems (OJS) og Open Monograph Press (OMP) er åpne publiseringsplattformer på UiS, for henholdsvis tidsskrifter og bøker. Biblioteket har ansvaret for driften av dem. OJS stiller samme krav til kvalitet, fagfellevurdering og redaksjonsarbeid som andre forlag. OMP har ikke krav til fagfellevurdering, og er derfor ikke poenggivende. Gjennom Direktoratet for IKT og fellestjenester i høyere utdanning og forskning (Unit) har UiS inngått avtaler med Wiley og Elsevier, der det ikke lenger er nødvendig å betale publiseringsgebyr (på engelsk: «article processing charge», APC) for å publisere åpent i deres tidsskrifter. Fra 2020 vil konsortiet også ha avtaler med Springer, samt Taylor & Francis. EU, NFR og andre forskningsfinansiører krever at forskningsdata skal være åpent tilgjengelige så sant det er mulig. Både NFR og Europakommisjonen følger «åpen som standard»-prinsippet når det gjelder tilgang til forskningsdata: «Så åpne som mulig, så lukkede som nødvendig». Forskningsdata fra UiS skal behandles på en måte som samsvarer med de internasjonalt anerkjente FAIR- prinsippene. UiS har signert avtale med UiO for lagring av sensitive data. Tjeneste for Sensitive Data (TSD) er et fullt sett med tjenester, fra innsamling av data, til analyse, behandling og lagring, i sikrede omgivelser. En datahåndteringsplan er et dokument som beskriver hvordan data fra et prosjekt skal håndteres gjennom hele prosjektets livssyklus. NFR krever datahåndteringsplan for prosjekter de støtter, med mindre man kan gi gode grunner for at det ikke er nødvendig. Arbeidsgruppen anbefaler bruk av Norsk senter for forskningsdata (NSD) sin datahåndteringsplan. Arbeidsgruppen anbefaler fem tiltak som vi mener er hensiktsmessige for å få en mer åpen forskning ved UiS, se siste avsnitt i rapporten.
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Leeladee, Pannee. Cooperative small-molecule activation toward sustainable catalysis. Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 2018. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2018.47.
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In this research, a series of copper complexes containing polypyridyl ligands were designed to study the influence from ligands, nuclearity, solvents and secondary coordination on reactivity toward small-molecule activation. This structure-reactivity relationship was used in investigation for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR), and applied in detection of ascorbic acid (AsH₂). Firstly, copper (II) complexes containing polypyridyl derivatives ligands (i.e., Cu(dpa), Cu(adpa) and Cu₂ (addpa)) were synthesized and fully characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography. Their electrochemical behaviors were studied by cyclic voltammetry. The Cu(I) complexes which are active species for ORR were generated using AsH₂ as a reducing agent. Redox states of the metal were examined by UV-Vis, NMR and EPR. It was found that copper complexes with various ligand topologies exhibited different reactivity toward O₂. Anthracence moiety in Cu(adpa) and Cu₂ (addpa) played a vital role in facilitating reduction of Cu(II) as well as stability enhancement of Cu(I). The dinuclear complex, Cu₂ (addpa) showed significantly higher ORR activity than that of the mononuclear analogue. The product of ORR was found to be H₂O₂, indicating 2e, 2H⁺ reduction process. Being stable and inactive towards ORR, Cu(adpa) was further investigated as a fluorescence sensor for AsH₂. Reaction of [Cu(adpa)]²⁺ with AsH₂ in CH3CN resulted in turn-on fluorescence due to [Cu(adpa)]⁺ formation.However, when the same reaction was carried out in aqueous solution, the Cu(I) species was gradually oxidized to Cu(II) which hampered the accurate measurement. Notably, addition of Zn(II) in combination with acetate anions helped to stabilize the Cu(I) complex and allowed an accurate detection of ascorbic acids in vitamin C tablets. Secondary coordination sphere modulation of the copper center was proposed to account for this stability enhancement. Overall, the findings obtained from this research have been shown to be applicable in various fields. Also, this can be further used in design for efficient catalysts as well as molecular sensors in the future.
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Desk, Front. Out-of-School Children and Youth: A Contemporary View from Selected African Commonwealth Countries. Commonwealth of Learning (COL), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/11599/4057.
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This publication on out-of-school children (OOSC) in Commonwealth Africa is already informing priorities in COL’s work in open schooling. The report provides an overview of key indicators for all nineteen Commonwealth Africa countries as well as contextual case studies of eight countries for which representatives were available to verify or update the data that had been collected. While significant progress has been made towards universal primary education, there remain challenges in primary and secondary completion, and in the key transitions from primary to secondary and from lower secondary to senior secondary. Many countries have large and growing numbers of youths who are not in employment nor in education and training, for whom some form of alternative open schooling provision will be needed.
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Smith, Hinekura, Aotea Frandi, Danielle Squire, et al. Growing Kaupapa Māori Research Capabilities and Confidence Through Whanaungatanga as Research Mentorship. Unitec ePress, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.098.
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The Ngā Wai a Te Tūī – Hiringa Hauora Summer Research Mentorship is a kaupapa Māori collaboration to increase hauora Māori (Māori wellbeing) research capacity. The idea of research internships is not new, nor is a focus on hauora Māori. What is distinctive about this summer mentorship is its kaupapa Māori approach to support a diverse range of Māori into research that is by Māori, for Māori, and holds Māori values, beliefs and aspirations at its centre. Holding fast to our ways of being throughout the programme has produced a set of learnings and experiences amongst six ‘interns’ that we suggest offers a useful example of how to grow kaupapa Māori research in the hauora space, and beyond. Like many great Māori ideas, this mentorship programme was enabled through whanaungatanga (relationships) – in this case an email from one colleague to another that went something like, “Hey mete I have an idea I want to run past you.” A senior researcher at Te Hiringa Hauora, an evidence-based health-promotions organisation, approached her colleague, co-author Hinekura Smith, a senior lecturer and researcher at Unitec’s Ngā Wai a Te Tūī Māori and Indigenous Research Centre, with a funding opportunity to develop and facilitate a summer internship programme.
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Kristoffersson, Anders. Hållbara Smarta Parker : digitalt stöd för utemiljöskötsel. Fakulteten för landskapsarkitektur, trädgårds- och växtproduktionsvetenskap, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.7d6liv65g9.
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Projektet Planeringssystem för behovsstyrd utemiljöskötsel genom användning av mätdata från sensorer har drivits under 2021 och 2022. Medverkande parter har varit Göteborgs stad, Husqvarna AB och Institutionen för Landskapsarkitektur, planering och förvaltning på SLU. Finansieringen kommer från Movium Partnerskap och parterna i lika delar. Resultatet har blivit ett spännande sökande efter användning av smart teknik för att se vilka möjligheter det finns att i högre grad arbeta med behovsstyrda skötselaktiviteter, i motsats till frekvensstyrda sådana. Tillförda projektmedel har möjliggjort tester och uppföljning av sådant som inte rymts inom Vinnovatestbädden Hållbara Smarta Parker där, utöver ovannämnda parter, även Johanneberg Science Park och Decerno medverkat. Geografiskt har fokus varit på Trädgårdsföreningen och Slottsskogen, kompletterat med ett antal andra platser i Göteborg. De inledande försöken i detta projekt under 2021 fokuserade på ett system för uppkopplade handhållna maskiner (t ex trimrar, lövblåsar och motorsågar) och hur data från maskinerna skulle kunna användas i planeringen av utemiljöskötseln. Parallellt utforskades hur data från olika typer av sensorer skulle kunna användas för ökad behovsstyrning av skötseln. Baserat på en workshop för uppföljning av erfarenheterna från 2021 avslutades försöken med de uppkopplade maskinerna, då utvecklingsmöjligheterna inom projektet betraktades som begränsade. Istället planererades inför 2022 nya försök med fokus på möjligheten att ta fram lösningar för identifiering av skötselbehov kopplade till de resurskrävande skötselaktiviteterna gräsklippning, ogräsrensning och renhållning. Parallellt undersöktes också ett system för planering och automatiska arbetsordrar i anslutning till skötsel av förskolegårdar inom Lokalförvaltningen i Göteborg. I denna rapport beskrivs arbetet med de olika försöken baserat på en inledande mer teoretisk utgångspunkt för vad hållbara smarta parker kan vara och hur de kan sättas i ett större sammanhang. Resultatet är att det finns många möjligheter att använda de testade lösningarna för att öka behovsstyrningen av utemiljöskötseln. Det finns när rapporten skrivs många olika möjligheter att via sensorer och annan teknik ta fram dataunderlag för att i högre grad styra skötseln baserat på behov. Det finns dock ett stort behov att utveckla lösningar som täcker större del av de skötselaktiviteter som utförs i utemiljöer. De lösningar som finns tillgängliga för t ex fuktsensorer som via en app kan guida beslut om när bevattning bör ske är avgränsade till mindre delar av arbetet och ger inte grund för att planera det samlade arbetet med skötsel. Här finns ett behov av ett utvecklat system som kan ligga till grund för behovsstyrd planering av skötselarbetet där olika delar kan integreras. Erfarenheterna från projektet pekar på att det finns en intressant utmaning i att balansera hur ett samlande system kan hjälpa till att skapa överblick mot att undvika att samma system blir alltför styrande och administrativt tungt att arbeta med. Både ett samlande system och de olika delarna för indata via sensorer, kameror, drönare och satellit är under utveckling och det kommer att dröja ett antal år innan det finns samlande system som inkluderar indata från merparten av utemiljön.
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Bonfil, David J., Daniel S. Long, and Yafit Cohen. Remote Sensing of Crop Physiological Parameters for Improved Nitrogen Management in Semi-Arid Wheat Production Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696531.bard.
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To reduce financial risk and N losses to the environment, fertilization methods are needed that improve NUE and increase the quality of wheat. In the literature, ample attention is given to grid-based and zone-based soil testing to determine the soil N available early in the growing season. Plus, information is available on in-season N topdressing applications as a means of improving GPC. However, the vast majority of research has focused on wheat that is grown under N limiting conditions in sub-humid regions and irrigated fields. Less attention has been given to wheat in dryland that is water limited. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine accuracy in determining GPC of HRSW in Israel and SWWW in Oregon using on-combine optical sensors under field conditions; (2) develop a quantitative relationship between image spectral reflectance and effective crop physiological parameters; (3) develop an operational precision N management procedure that combines variable-rate N recommendations at planting as derived from maps of grain yield, GPC, and test weight; and at mid-season as derived from quantitative relationships, remote sensing, and the DSS; and (4) address the economic and technology-transfer aspects of producers’ needs. Results from the research suggest that optical sensing and the DSS can be used for estimating the N status of dryland wheat and deciding whether additional N is needed to improve GPC. Significant findings include: 1. In-line NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to rapidly and accurately (SEP <5.0 mg g⁻¹) measure GPC of a grain stream conveyed by an auger. 2. On-combine NIR spectroscopy can be used to accurately estimate (R² < 0.88) grain test weight across fields. 3. Precision N management based on N removal increases GPC, grain yield, and profitability in rainfed wheat. 4. Hyperspectral SI and partial least squares (PLS) models have excellent potential for estimation of biomass, and water and N contents of wheat. 5. A novel heading index can be used to monitor spike emergence of wheat with classification accuracy between 53 and 83%. 6. Index MCARI/MTVI2 promises to improve remote sensing of wheat N status where water- not soil N fertility, is the main driver of plant growth. Important features include: (a) computable from commercial aerospace imagery that include the red edge waveband, (b) sensitive to Chl and resistant to variation in crop biomass, and (c) accommodates variation in soil reflectance. Findings #1 and #2 above enable growers to further implement an efficient, low cost PNM approach using commercially available on-combine optical sensors. Finding #3 suggests that profit opportunities may exist from PNM based on information from on-combine sensing and aerospace remote sensing. Finding #4, with its emphasis on data retrieval and accuracy, enhances the potential usefulness of a DSS as a tool for field crop management. Finding #5 enables land managers to use a DSS to ascertain at mid-season whether a wheat crop should be harvested for grain or forage. Finding #6a expands potential commercial opportunities of MS imagery and thus has special importance to a majority of aerospace imaging firms specializing in the acquisition and utilization of these data. Finding #6b on index MCARI/MVTI2 has great potential to expand use of ground-based sensing and in-season N management to millions of hectares of land in semiarid environments where water- not N, is the main determinant of grain yield. Finding #6c demonstrates that MCARI/MTVI2 may alleviate the requirement of multiple N-rich reference strips to account for soil differences within farm fields. This simplicity will be less demanding of grower resources, promising substantially greater acceptance of sensing technologies for in-season N management.