Books on the topic 'NIR sensor'

“This book offers an account of the life of Shibusawa Eiichi, who may be considered the first ‘internationalist’ in modern Japan, written by his great grandson Masahide and published in 1970 under the title, Taiheiyo ni kakeru hashi (Building Bridges Over the Pacific). Japan had a tortuous relationship with internationalism between 1840, when Shibusawa was born, and 1931, the year the nation invaded Manchuria and when he passed away. The key to understanding Shibusawa’s thoughts against the background of this history, the author shows, lies in the concept of ‘people’s diplomacy,’ namely an approach to international relations through non-governmental connections. Such connections entail more transnational than international relations. In that sense, Shibusawa was more a transnationalist than an internationalist thinker. Internationalism presupposes the prior existence of sovereign states among which they cooperate to establish a peaceful order. The best examples are the League of Nations and the United Nations. Transnationalism, in contrast, goes beyond the framework of sovereign nations and promotes connections among individuals and non-governmental organizations. It could be called “globalism” in the sense that transnationalism aims at building bridges across the globe apart from independent nation-states. In that sense Shibusawa was a pioneering globalist. It was only in the 1990s that expressions like globalism and globalization came to be widely used. This was more than sixty years after Shibusawa Eiichi’s death, which suggests how pioneering his thoughts were.” [Akira Iriye]

Prior to becoming Crown Prince of Japan in 1989, following the death of his grandfather Emperor Showa, Prince Naruhito studied at Merton College, Oxford, from June 1983 to October 1985. His research topic was the River Thames as a commercial highway in the eighteenth century. This marked the first time that anyone in direct succession to the throne had ever studied outside Japan. In 1992, he published a record of his time at Oxford under the title Thames no tomo ni . The memoir, which includes a colour plate section incorporating photographs taken by the Prince, explores his daily life, studies and recreational experiences, including discovering beer and being banned from entering a disco because he was wearing jeans. The Thames and I is a remarkable record, not least because of its candour, but equally because it reveals the Crown Prince as an individual, including his personal charm and sense of humour. It will be of special interest to those wishing to know more about the future emperor of Japan.

This chapter presents a general theory of color perception that focuses on something close to what Wilfred Sellars called “the sensory core”, something well-described in a passage from H. H. Price’s Perception. It develops the implications of that theory for (i) the distinctive epistemology of perception, which in the best case involves something better than mere knowledge, (ii) the nature of ganzfelds, film color, highlights, lightened and darkened color, auras, after-images, color hallucinations and the like, (iii) the account of when things are predicatively colored, and (iv) the nature of the category of quality. The chapter argues that as a consequence of understanding the sensory core we should reject the two most influential views in the philosophical theory of perception. Our most basic perceptual experiences are not adequately modeled as attitudes directed upon propositions. Nor are they adequately modeled as directed upon facts, understood as items in our perceived environment.

The book focuses on novel sensor materials and their environmental and healthcare applications, such as NO2 detection, toxic gas and biosensing, hydrazine determination, glucose sensing and the detection of toxins and pollutants on surfaces. Materials covered include catalytic nanomaterials, metal oxides, perovskites, zeolites, spinels, graphene-based gas sensors, CNT/Ni nanocomposites, glucose biosensors, single and multi-layered stacked MXenes, black phosphorus, transition metal dichalcogenides and P3OT thin films.

The purpose of this article is to examine whether or not having senior managers who are personally committed to socially responsible causes is either necessary or sufficient for firms to implement socially responsible activities. While not denying that having such senior managers may increase the probability that a firm will pursue a socially responsible agenda, this article concludes that senior manager commitment to socially responsible causes is neither necessary nor sufficient for a firm to implement socially responsible activities. This article has important practical implications for those seeking to increase the amount of socially responsible corporate behavior in the economy. In particular, the arguments developed here suggest that efforts that focus exclusively on changing the social responsibility preferences of senior managers in firms may be misguided, and at the least should be augmented by efforts focused on different firm stakeholders.

Malebranche, in his telling of the Fall of Man, provides the core of his account of our distinctively human perception. At the moment of the Fall, Adam comes to see the apple not simply as something serving his self-preservation, but as an object with particular properties. The key to that shift is the pleasure Adam takes in the apple. This puzzling account sheds light on both Malebranche’s account of the ‘interior sentiment’ that constitutes our phenomenal consciousness of objects and his account of sensation as natural judgments. Malebranche positions pleasure as centrally involved in sensory perception in helping structure our representations. For him, it is neither representational in itself nor epiphenomenal.

Everyday aesthetics is becoming established as a subdiscipline of aesthetics. In one sense, it is ironic that such a subdiscipline be created anew, because neither the original Greek meaning of the term aesthesis nor Baumgarten’s formulation of aesthetics as a discourse regarding senses excluded any dimensions of our lives from deliberation. Furthermore, until about a century ago, the subject matters of aesthetics in the Western philosophical tradition ranged from natural objects and phenomena, built structures, utilitarian objects, and human actions, to what is today regarded as fine arts....

This chapter describes the key challenges and rewards of the implementation and delivery of a programme of advanced communication skills training (ACST) for senior healthcare professionals working in cancer and palliative care in Northern Ireland (NI). It enables participants to reflect and critically appraise their own and others communication skills and to demonstrate the skills required to facilitate a structured patient-centred assessment/consultation using specific strategies to handle complex communication scenarios. Participants should also be able to tailor complex information to meet the needs of patients and carers. The course is based on an experiential, learner-centred approach, which is known to enhance effective person-centred communication and includes cognitive, behavioural, and affective components. A 2014 analysis of the programme recommends the two-day as opposed to the three-day model for ACST, as no disadvantages have been identified and this programme is better meeting the needs of the participants.

In late imperial China, interpersonal relationships played a crucial role in Chinese officials’ reactions to international law in 1900. Shaped by Confucianism, interpersonal relationships significantly influenced Li Hongzhang in his internal relations with his rivals and his relations with foreign diplomats. They determined his strategy for dealing with the West more than the contents of any Confucian code. However, there was nothing mysterious about the Chinese system. The British ambassador, Ernest Satow was fully competent to penetrate Chinese bureaucracy and could work to uphold a British understanding of the balance of power, which included maintaining the unity of China. Satow formed partnerships with many other senior Chinese officials besides Li. So, neither the ideologies nor idea systems of Confucianism and Western international law as bodies of rules played a significant role. Everything depended upon the individual skills and sense of responsibility of particular persons such as Li and Satow.

If the objects of enjoyment are activities such as listening, isn’t enjoyment a higher-order mental act? If it is, how can this be squared with Brentano’s (plausible) claims that we take sensory pleasure in physical phenomena? In response to these questions I develop Brentano’s same-order view of enjoyment. Brentano conceptualizes the fact that neither enjoyment nor enjoyed activity are attended to with his notion of a secondary object: both smelling and enjoyment are secondary objects of the act. The question of whether Brentano had two different views of enjoyment, first one that allows for enjoyment of physical phenomena and then later a Higher-Order View of enjoyment, is also addressed. Sensory enjoyment turns out to be a multiple relation to several objects. The assumption that there is only one object of sensory enjoyment is therefore unfounded.

Chapter 8 demonstrates the ways in which ideological constraints in studio-era Hollywood shaped the aesthetic properties of an entire body of crime films, now commonly known as film noir. The ideological restrictions of the Production Code Administration posed creative problems that noir filmmakers solved through visual and narrative contortion. The contortions created challenges for audiences, who had to decode and make sense of films that may not show complete clarity or coherence in their storytelling. Film noir remains aesthetically engaging because it operates near the boundaries of classicism without sacrificing classical Hollywood’s accessibility and formal unity.

This chapter focuses on three prominent noir figures: Jerry Wald, Adrian Scott, and Mark Hellinger—the “pragmatist,” the “ideologue,” and the “realist,” respectively—each of whom significantly impacted the development of classic noir as a creative and commercial production cycle. What unites the work of these very different men was a shared sense that film noir was a vehicle through which to realize their ambitions and a way to engage contemporary audiences whose tastes were changing. Moreover, each saw the producer's role as pivotal, straddling the worlds of commerce and creativity, positioned to make the key decisions that shaped a film—choosing source materials, collaborating closely with writers and directors, and overseeing casting and locations.

Abstract Why do we listen to music? How does it produce its effects? Neither historical records nor conventional modes of analysis nor even the neurosciences addresses these fundamental questions. In Making Sense of Music, Susan McClary engages with problems in music interpretation in readings based on metaphors of the body, gesture, temporality, sexuality, and subjectivity. Her chapters focus variously on ribald songs of the Renaissance, the performance of Bach fugues, time-bending in seventeenth-century keyboard works, Grieg’s Norwegian swerve, Florence Price’s mergers of the spiritual with twentieth-century idioms, erotic scenarios in Mahler, representations of motherhood Kaija Saariaho’s operas, and queer elements in classical and popular repertories. A capstone for a career marked with controversy, this collection presents some of the ways McClary has attempted to make sense of music.

This concluding chapter argues that the New Deal food writing does not provide lessons on how to eat better, nor a cause to dismiss it as a bigoted or failed nation-building attempt. Rather, it offers a reminder that contemporary anxieties about the sensory, political, environmental, social, and moral consequences of the global industrial food system, as well as the drive toward the celebration of local traditions and knowledge, are not a late-twentieth and early-twenty-first-century affair but part of a longer historical trend. New Deal food writing offers tools to better understand the challenges of establishing sustainable, pleasurable, and equitable food systems. This is not to disparage efforts at changing industrial foodways, but to emphasize how social and sensory histories of food can create spaces for debates about social, cultural, and environmental equity challenges.

This first-ever history of the US National Intelligence Council (NIC) is told through the reflections of its eight chairs in the period from the end of the Cold War until 2017. Coeditors Robert Hutchings and Gregory Treverton add a substantial introduction placing the NIC in its historical context going all the way back to the Board of National Estimates in the 1940s, as well as a concluding chapter that highlights key themes and judgments. The historic mission of this remarkable but little-understood organization is strategic intelligence assessment in service of senior American foreign policymakers. It has been at the center of every critical foreign policy issue during the period covered by this volume: helping shape America’s post–Cold War strategies, confronting sectarian conflicts around the world, meeting the new challenge of international terrorism, and now assessing the radical restructuring of the global order. Each chapter places its particular period of the NIC’s history in context (the global situation, the administration, the intelligence community) and assesses the most important issues with which the NIC grappled during the period, acknowledging failures as well as claiming successes. With the creation of the director of national intelligence in 2005, the NIC’s mission mushroomed to include direct intelligence support to the main policymaking committees in the government. The mission shift took the NIC directly into the thick of the action but may have come at the expense of weakening its historic role of providing over-the horizon strategic analysis.

Romanticism and Civilization examines romantic alternatives to modern life in Rousseau’s foundational novel Julie. It argues that Julie is a response to the ills of modern civilization, and that Rousseau saw that the Enlightenment’s combination of science and of democracy degraded human life by making it bourgeois. The bourgeois is man uprooted by science and attached to nothing but himself. He lives a commercial life and his materialism and calculations penetrate all aspects of his existence. He is neither citizen, nor family man, nor lover in any serious sense: his life is meaningless. Rousseau’s romanticism in Julie is an attempt to find connectedness through the sentiments of private life and wholeness through love, marriage, and family.

In unserer Fachdisziplin bezeichnen wir komplexe technische Systeme als resilient, wenn sie auch beim Auftreten innerer und äußerer Ausfälle und Störungen die angeforderten Systemleistungen aufrechterhalten. Hier sind alle Ingenieurdisziplinen und insbesondere die Automation gefragt, denn eines ist offensichtlich: Die Herausforderungen können wir nur gemeinsam mit einem „Blick über den Tellerrand“ meistern. Unser jährlicher Kongress AUTOMATION ist technologisch geprägt. Das ist Teil des Erfolgsrezepts, welches theoretische Grundlagen, aktuelle Technologieentwicklungen und die Anwendungen in der Produktion – gleichermaßen in der Fertigungs- wie in der Prozessindustrie – vereint. Gerade in Zeiten großer Herausforderungen sind Austausch, Orientierung und Navigation unserer Community besonders notwendig und gefordert. Zugleich gilt es herauszuarbeiten, welche unverzichtbaren Beiträge die Automation ab sofort leisten kann und muss, um die nicht weniger aktuellen und wichtigen Klimaschutzziele zu erreichen. Inhalt (Auszüge) Fertigungsautomation – Digitaler Zwilling A Reference Architecture enabling Sensor Networks based on homogeneous AASs ..... 5 V. Gowtham, A. ...

This book explores the connection between economic activities and integration—how did economic activities contribute to the unification of Italy in the Republican period in the civic, legal, social, and cultural senses? On the one hand, this book will investigate whether Italy became more integrated in an economic sense after the Roman conquest, and will trace the widely varying local reactions to the globalization of the Italian economy. On the other hand, it will investigate whether and how economic activities carried out by Italians contributed to the integration of the Italian peoples into the Roman framework. Throughout the Republican period, Italians had been able to profit from the expansion of the Roman dominion in the Mediterranean; through overseas trade and commercial agriculture they had gained significant wealth, which they invested in the Italian landscape. They were often ahead of Romans when it came to engagement with Hellenistic culture. However, their economic prosperity and cultural sophistication did not lead to civic equality with Roman citizens, nor to equal opportunities to exploit the territories that the Italians had conquered under Rome’s lead. Eventually, the Italians rebelled against Rome in the Social War (91–88 BC), after which they were granted Roman citizenship. This stimulated further interaction and integration between Romans and Italians in the economic, political, social, and cultural senses. This book will investigate how, if at all, economic interaction was related to civic integration, as well as cultural change, and will highlight the importance of the Roman citizenship as an instrument of integration.

The thalamus and cerebral cortex are active and necessary partners in the processing of signals essential for sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. This partnership is absolute, as neither the thalamus nor the cortex can be understood in any meaningful way in isolation from the other. This book provides readers with fundamental knowledge about the cells and circuits that mediate thalamocortical interactions and then explores new ideas that often challenge conventional understanding. Some of the major themes emphasized throughout the book include the need for a proper classification of thalamocortical and corticothalamic circuits, the role of spike timing for thalamocortical and corticothalamic communication and the mechanisms for modulating spike timing, the organization and function of corticothalamic feedback projections, the role of higher order thalamic nuclei in cortico-cortical communication and cortical functioning, attentional modulation of thalamocortical interactions, and a rethinking of efference copies and distinguishing neural signals as sensory versus motor. Importantly, to encourage readers to think beyond the material and views provided throughout the book, each chapter closes with a section on “Some Outstanding Questions” to stimulate creative approaches to increase our understanding of thalamocortical interactions.

Hume and the Demands of Philosophy: Science, Skepticism, and Moderation offers a comprehensive interpretation of the relationship between Hume’s scientific project and his skepticism. Nathan I. Sasser argues that Hume is a radical epistemic skeptic who has purely practical reasons for retaining the beliefs that are essential for ordinary life and scientific research. On Sasser’s reading, the key to Hume’s epistemology is his conception of philosophy as a normative method of inquiry governing the special sciences. Philosophy approves of the mental faculties that produce reasoning and sensory beliefs. But sensory beliefs and the products of reason themselves face insuperable rational defeater arguments, and because they do, philosophy demands that we suspend these beliefs. Hume’s solution to this skeptical dilemma is to point out the fatal practical consequences of doing so. He advises us not to submit to the demands of philosophy when doing so is neither agreeable nor useful to ourselves or others. Hume’s moderate approach to philosophy recognizes that if the human mind is not created by a beneficent deity, then we must learn to live with the divergence between the epistemic demands of philosophy and the practical demands of life.

Underwater navigation in turbid water for exploration in catastrophic conditions or navigation in confined unstructured environments is still a challenge for robotics. In these conditions, neither vision nor sonar can be used. Pursuing a bio-inspired approach in robotics, one can seek solutions in nature to solve this difficult problem. Several hundred fish species in families Gymnotidae and Mormyridae have developed an original sense well adapted to this situation: the electric sense. Gnathonemus petersii first polarizes its body with respect to an electric organ discharge located at the base of its tail and generates a dipolar electric field in its near surroundings. Then, using many transcutaneous electro-receptors distributed along its body, the fish “measures” the distortion of the electric field and infers an image of its surroundings. Understanding and implementing this bio-inspired sense offers the opportunity to enhance the navigation abilities of our underwater robots in confined spaces bathed by turbid waters.

Both historical and contemporary trends suggest that the meaning of diplomacy varies considerably over time and across space. Diplomacy is defined neither by the types of actors on behalf of which it is undertaken nor by the status of those actors vis-à-vis one another, in the sense of their being, for example, sovereign and equal. There are, however, four common threads underlying these historical variations on diplomacy. The first is an assumption about the necessarily plural character of social relations, namely that people live in groups which regard themselves as separate from, yet needing or wanting relations with, one another. The second is that this plural social fact gives rise to relations that are somehow distinctive to and different from relations within groups. People believe and feel themselves to be under fewer obligations to those whom they regard as others than to those whom they regard as their own. Third, therefore, if these relations are to remain peaceful and productive, they require careful handling by specialists who should be treated neither as one’s own nor, at least in the usual sense, as others. Fourth, these specialists develop a measure of solidarity as the managers of relations in worlds distinguished by the plural social fact. Where these four elements are in play, then there emerges a system of relations which can be recognized as having the character of diplomacy.

This book is a collective history about imprisoned women in post-1945 Poland. It focuses on how these women adapted to confinement and remade their lives in a prison cell through words during interrogations; through their senses, by which they oriented themselves in the prison’s spatial organization and created a feeling of security; and through their physicality as a confirmation of their gender identity and a means of exerting pressure on authorities. Their creativity helped them rebuild a semblance of normal life in a cell despite confinement and the abuses that they encountered from interrogation officers and guards. The sense of normalcy was based on a return to traditional women’s roles and political passivity, which was a reversal from their prewar activism. The underlying question is whether Communist ideology had any impact on these women. In oral interviews, they denied Communism had any impact on them. However, the prisons do not appear to be a school of resistance either. The women remained disengaged from prison reality, instead withdrawing into a world they created in their cells. In general, they did not reject, nor did they accept the system. Their disengagement continued after their release. They began reconstructing stories and creating circles of former prisoners in the 1980s during the time of Solidarity, but during this moment of growing opposition in Poland, these female prisoners did not participate in the outburst of independent activism.

Robert de Niro and Al Pacino have acted opposite each other only once, inHeat, Michael Mann's operatic 1995 heist thriller. De Niro is Neil McCauley, a skilled professional thief at the centre of a tight-knit criminal team; Pacino is Vincent Hanna, the haunted, driven cop determined to hunt him down. Boasting a series of meticulously orchestrated setpieces that underline Mann's sense of scale and architecture,Heatalso presents a rhapsody to Los Angeles, as Hanna closes in on his prey. For Nick James, the pleasures and virtues ofHeatare mixed and complex. Its precise compositions and minimalist style are entangled with a particular kind of extravagant bombast. And while its vision of male teamwork is richly compelling it comes close to glorifying machismo. But these complexities only add to the interest of this hugely ambitious and accomplished film, which confirmed Mann's place in the front rank of American film-makers. In his afterword to this new edition, published to coincide with the film's 30th anniversary, Nick James reflects upon its lasting impact and on Michael Mann's subsequent film-making career.

Descartes’s third model of perception is stated in the sixth Replies. This chapter explores the three ‘grades of sensory perception’ and argues that, for the first and only time in his career, Descartes here claims that we must use our awareness of color to judge the common sensibles. Descartes’s final model abandons this claim. Instead, his later works posit a purely causal explanation for the occurrence of sensations and ideas. It is still up to the mind to ‘refer’ these things to objects in the subject’s environment. This chapter concludes with an argument from Nicolas Malebranche that makes all four stages problematic. According to this ‘selection argument,’ there is no way for the mind to know which of its ideas or sensations it should summon (stage one), nor is there any way to know which object should be paired with which idea or sensation (stages two, three, and four).

This chapter develops a novel non-theistic (quasi-)Berkeleyan idealism. The strategy is to peel away the attributes of God that aren’t essential for the role he plays in idealist metaphysics. Neither God’s desires, intentions, beliefs, nor his status as an agent is relevant to the metaphysical work he does in sustaining a robust reality. When we peel away these things, we’re left with a view on which reality is a vast unity of consciousness, weaving together sensory experiences into the familiar world around us. The chapter argues that if reality is fundamentally phenomenal in this way, we can give a unique account of perception that robustly captures direct realist intuitions of reality forming the ‘constituents’ of our experiences. The chapter assesses the unique virtues and challenges such a view faces, paying particular attention to the question of whether idealism entails a profligacy of physical laws.

This chapter makes sense, for the first time, of G.E. Moore’s 1900–01 paper ‘Identity’, which has hitherto baffled Moore’s commentators. Based upon his reflections upon Leibniz and Kant, the chapter argues that Moore belatedly introduced the particular–universal distinction into the analytic tradition in this paper. But neither Moore’s description of the distinction nor his reasons for it fit our familiar preconceptions about particulars or universals. Crucial to the movement of Moore’s thought was his appreciation of the structural significance of relations for our ordinary ways of thinking and talking about the identity and distinctness of things.

This chapter is concerned with exploring the way that engineers sought to reframe and make sense of user experiences of battle. The chapter shows how Britain’s engineers tried to introduce an innovative design of assault rifle into the British Army. The arguments they developed in turn had a range of impacts on American engineers who were themselves going through a series of discussions on how to update rifle technology. In terms of military innovation, this represented neither top-down nor bottom-up innovation. Instead, we might describe the efforts of these engineers as middle-out innovation.

Chapter 5 treats Ellison’s music criticism as an expression of his commitment to durational time and a critique of cultural forms like bebop that, in Ellison’s estimation, lend form to a discontinuous present. Rather than suggest, as many critics have, that Ellison was simply nostalgic for danceable swing music or hostile toward emerging musical forms, this chapter shows that Ellison’s primary criticism of bebop is that it formalizes a discontinuous sense of time and thereby affirms an historical view of the past structured by an analogous, sequentially static sense of time. Ellison’s problem with bebop, in other words, is neither musicological nor sociological, but temporal. Folk jazz and the blues, by contrast, affirm a durational view of time in the form of a “pocket” or groove entirely unlike the spatialized groove of history described in Invisible Man. In short, Ellison finds in musical grooves antidotes to the groove of history.

There are quantitative and qualitative approaches to discovering causes in science. Quantitative approaches involve numeric values. The search for mechanisms falls on the qualitative side where the concern is not just with the what causes what and how often, but also with the how and the why. There can be some cases of strong support for a causal hypothesis on the grounds of mechanistic knowledge alone rather than evidence of a frequency of occurrence or repetition. Some traditional conceptions of mechanism involve a necessitating role on the production of effects. Mechanisms need not play a necessitating role in causation, however, nor need they involve activity in an occurrent sense.

The main question of this Element is whether God has a personality. The authors show what the question means, why it matters, and that good sense can be made of an affirmative answer to it. A God with personality - complete with particular, sometimes peculiar, and even seemingly unexplainable druthers - is not at war with maximal perfection, nor is the idea irredeemably anthropomorphic. And the hypothesis of divine personality is fruitful, with substantive consequences that span philosophical theology. But problems arise here too, and new perspectives on inquiry itself. Our cosmos is blessed with weirdness aplenty. To come to know it is nothing less than to encounter a strange and untamed God.

How can theatre and Shakespearean performance be used with different communities to assist personal growth and development, while advancing social justice goals? Employing an integrative approach that draws from science, actor training, therapeutical practices and current research on the senses, this study reveals the work being done by drama practitioners with a range of specialized populations, such as incarcerated people, neurodiverse individuals, those with physical or emotional disabilities, veterans, people experiencing homelessness and many others. With insights drawn from visits to numerous international programs, it argues that these endeavors succeed when they engage multiple human senses and incorporate kinesthetic learning, thereby tapping into the diverse benefits associated with artistic, movement and mindfulness practices. Neither theatre nor Shakespeare is universally beneficial, but the syncretic practices described in this book offer tools for physical, emotional and collaborative undertakings that assist personal growth and development, while advancing social justice goals. Among the practitioners and companies whose work is examined here are programs from the Shakespeare in Prison Network, the International Opera Theater, Blue Apple Theatre, Flute Theatre, DeCruit and Feast of Crispian programs for veterans, Extant Theatre and prison programs in Kolkata and Mysore, India

This chapter demonstrates that the Kelsen–Merkl Stufenbau theory of the hierarchy of norms avoids many of the misconceptions of orthodox scholarship. This theory is the closest there is to a legal common-sense theory of the sources of international law. It is close to the mainstream, but provides a solid theoretical basis. False necessities are here deconstructed: the sources are neither a priori nor external to the law. Applying the Stufenbau theory to international law, the chapter concludes by sketching out the possibilities of ordering the sources of international law. A structural analysis of the international legal order clears the way for level-headed research on this legal order’s daily operations: norm-conflict and its application and interpretation.

How has Australia developed, culturally? What is the relationship between European theatre and Aboriginal performance? How do the concepts of memory, space, and love intersect and inform all Australian drama?Theatre and Australiais a stark look at the signal contradictions that make up the nation’s sense of self. Exploring how race, gender, and community have influenced Australia’s cultural development, this book reveals the history of Australian theatre as a tussle with questions of identity that can neither be entirely repudiated nor fully resolved. This concise study traverses the narrative of Australian theatre since white settlement, examining some of the main plays and performances of the last 230 years, and illuminating the relationship between European, non-Indigenous, and First Nations drama.

Na monografię składają się teksty przygotowane przez autorów z kilku ośrodków akademickich, którzy wzięli udział w IV Letniej Szkole Kognitywistycznej odbywającej się w dniach 9-12 września 2020 roku, w Kazimierzu nad Wisłą, zorganizowanej przez dwa Instytuty Filozofii – Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej oraz Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, przy współpracy z Kołem Kognitywistyki KUL oraz pod patronatem Polskiego Towarzystwa Kognitywistycznego; również przy wsparciu grantowych MNiSzW. Czterodniowe spotkanie odbywało się pod hasłem „Metafory ucieleśnione” i zgromadziło na ogół młodych badaczy – filozofów, kognitywistów, językoznawców i kulturoznawcą – którzy problem tytułowy analizowali z wielu punktów widzenia i w oparciu o różne założenia teoretyczne i metodologie. Agnieszka Libura w tekście zatytułowanym „Integracja pojęciowa w memach internetowych zawierających wyobrażenia gestów” analizuje memy oparte na binarnych opozycjach gestów. Memy te przywołują uniwersalne znaki myśli wpisane w reakcje ludzkiego ciała, niekiedy wsparte dobrze rozpoznawanymi artefaktami, które mogą stanowić swoiste „przedłużenie ciała”. Analiza dowodzi, że konstrukcja podstawowej serii memów oparta jest na integracji pojęciowej w siatce jednozakresowej, w której skonwencjonalizowana przestrzeń wyjściowa, dostarczająca ramy organizującej amalgamat, jest łączona zazwyczaj z przestrzenią aktualnych wydarzeń, dzięki czemu nowe znaczenie może służyć jako komentarz polityczny, uwaga obyczajowa itp. Skonwencjonalizowane ramy służące do organizacji tych amalgamatów przekazują bardzo precyzyjne i zrozumiałe przez użytkowników sieci znaczenia, które współtworzą ponowoczesny folklor. Mateusz Hohol w tekście zatytułowanym w formie pytania „Matematyka w metaforach? O wyjaśnianiu pojęć matematycznych za pomocą metafor kognitywnych” przedstawia w zarysie główne założenia teoretyczne głośnej książki George’a Lakoffa i Rafaela Nǔñeza „Where Mathematics Comes From?”, w której autorzy sugerowali, iż znaczna część pojęć matematycznych daje się wyjaśnić co do swojej natury oraz genezy w ramach teorii metafory pojęciowej; są one w sensie dosłownym ucieleśnione, ugruntowane w działaniu i percepcji człowieka. Autor tekstu krytycznie odnosi się do tych założeń i pokazuje, że wprawdzie pojęcia matematyczne są w szerokim sensie ucieleśnione, to jednak żadne z empirycznych badań nie potwierdzają hipotezy lakoffa i Nǔñeza. W oparciu o szeroko przytaczaną literaturę przedmiotu, a własne badania, Mateusz Hohol proponuje tzw. hybrydową teorię ucieleśnienia pojęć matematycznych, która bazuje na koncepcji podwójnego kodowania reprezentacji poznawczych oraz specyficznej roli języka jako środka tworzenia pojęć abstrakcyjnych, w tym matematycznych. Mirosław Sopek w przeglądowym tekście „Metafory w sztucznej inteligencji” pokazuje jak powstawały i wciąż powstają, w kolejnych paradygmatach, metaforyczne określenia procesów i zjawisk poznawczych z użyciem terminologii z informatyki i nauki o komputerach. Są one już od połowy minionego stulecia szeroko stosowane w filozofii umysłu i psychologii do opisu stanów umysłowych i czynności poznawczych człowieka. Pokazuje także zjawisko odwrotne – wpływ terminologii biologicznej, neurologicznej i psychologicznej na określanie i definiowanie pojęć i terminów z informatyki i sztucznej inteligencji jak sieci, obliczanie, uczenie maszynowe, głębokie uczenie itp. W szczególności analizuje metafory z języka wielu dyscyplin informatycznych, za pomocą których definiuje się różne wersje sztucznej inteligencji. W zakończeniu Autor postuluje włączenie metaforycznego języka do teoretycznych podstaw oraz dydaktyki dyscypliny badawczej, jaką jest sztuczna inteligencja. Ewa Schreiber w tekście „Metafory pojęciowe w muzyce II połowy XX wieku na przykładzie twórczości Györgya Ligetiego” pokazuje, jak metafory funkcjonują w muzyce co najmniej na dwa sposoby – jako metaforyczne określenia służące do opisu specyficznych dla muzyki własności jak melodia, rytm, tonacja czy kolorystyka oraz jako metaforyczność samej muzyki, a więc jako rodzaju języka odnoszącego się poza siebie samego. Na przykładzie stanowiska kompozytora i muzykologa Ligetiego Autorka charakteryzuje metaforyczność głównie muzyki nowoczesnej, w której podstawowym terminem, w którym muzyka znajduje swoje ucieleśnienie jest dźwięk i jego brzmienie w najróżnorodniejszych postaciach. Ukazane zostają w wypowiedziach i kompozycjach Ligetiego liczne metafory o przestrzennych, dotykowych i manualnych konotacjach odnoszące się do muzycznych własności dźwięku i jego brzmienia we współczesnej muzyce. Przykładem analiz metaforyczności w szczególny sposób ucieleśnionej, związanej niemniej z językiem, lecz odnoszącej się do ciała oraz jego poetyckich, wielojęzycznych określeń, jest tekst Mateusza Kusio „Kolorystyka biblijna i metafory ucieleśnione na przykładzie czerni w Pieśni nad pieśniami 1,5-6 i jej wczesnej recepcji”. Egzegeza językoznawcza i biblistyczna wybranych fragmentów słynnego starożytnego tekstu biblijnego jest dokonana w oparciu o podstawowe założenia teorii pojęciowej metafory Lakoffa i Johnsona, dzięki której Autor tekstu wyróżnia znaczenia barwy czerni pojawiającej się w tekście i które odnoszą się do pozacielesnych, nie literalnych, lecz metaforycznych znaczeń – niewiedzy, grzechu, niskiego położenia społecznego, w końcu także odrzucenia w sensie religijnym. Metafor odnoszących się do cech charakteryzujących ruch ciała ludzkiego podczas tańca dotyczy tekst Joanny Pędzisz „Reprezentacja ciała w ruchu: Między metaforą, wizualizacją a realizacją”, w którym wykorzystane są pojęcia i klasyfikacja ruchów opracowane przez niemieckiego choreografa Rudolfa Labana. Autorka wykorzystuje teoretyczne i metodologiczne założenia tej koncepcji do analizy przykładów ruchu charakteryzującego taniec współczesny. Celem jest określenie, dzięki jakim rodzajom metafor konceptualnych, formułowanych w postaci instrukcji tanecznych, następuje w umyśle tancerzy konstytuowanie się obrazu ich ciała oraz jakości ruchowych uwarunkowanych przestrzenią, ciężarem, czasem, przepływem i wysiłkiem. Podobnej tematyce poświęcony jest tekst Pauliny Zarębskiej „Wielopoziomowość metafor w improwizacji tanecznej”, w którym zarówno teoria Lakoffa i Johnsona, jak i Zoltána Kővecsesa, mówiąca o wielopoziomowości i schematyczności metafor wielomodalnych, jest wykorzystana do scharakteryzowania i weryfikacji wyników z autorskich badań empirycznych nad sposobem reprezentowania pojęć ogólnych za pomocą samego ruchu, jak i mentalnych reprezentacji przez tancerzy podczas improwizacji. Autorka, w oparciu o zebrany materiał z rejestracji wizualnej improwizowanych ruchów oraz wywiadów z tancerzami, dokonuje weryfikacji niektórych założeń koncepcji metafor orientacyjnych Lakoffa i Johnsona, pokazując w szczególności, jak pojęcia ogólne dobro oraz zło są reprezentowane przez tancerzy ruchowo i mentalnie. Problematykę blisko związana z koncepcjami metafor pojęciowych podejmuje Hanna Bytniewska w tekście „Amalgamaty koncepcyjne w designie”, w którym w oparciu o teorię amalgamatu koncepcyjnego (mieszanin pojęciowych) Gillesa Fauconniera i Marka Turnera dokonuje analiz wybranych przykładów projektów designerskich. Rozważany jest specyficzny język wizualny przedmiotów codziennego użytku, którym designerzy posługują się podczas swoich prac projektowych. Autorka rozważa design jako formę komunikacji między projektantem a użytkownikiem, w której ten pierwszy przekazuje drugiemu nie tylko informację o przedmiocie, ale również swoją wizję świata i codzienności; koncepcja metafory pojęciowej jest przydatna do zrozumienia tej komunikacji. Albert Łukasik w tekście „Emocje i nieświadome procesy w ucieleśnionych metaforach” rozpatruje, z punktu widzenia badań nad neuronalnymi korelatami leżącymi u podstaw używania i rozumienia języka figuratywnego, specyficzny sposób ucieleśnienia metafor. Znaczna część procesów odpowiedzialnych za posługiwanie się metaforami przebiega na poziomie nieświadomym. W szczególności Autor pokazuje, jak ucieleśnione metafory wpływają na procesy decyzyjne, a nawet moralny osąd i wskazuje na możliwości wykorzystania tego zjawiska w psychoterapii i edukacji. Tematyką neurologicznych i psychologicznych uwarunkowań posługiwania się metaforami w specyficznej komunikacji międzyludzkiej zajmuje się Kaja Brusik w tekście „Metafory w komunikacji osób chorych na schizofrenię: koncepcja Gregory’ego Batesona”. Omawia w szczególności przykłady zakłóceń w rozumieniu metaforycznych wypowiedzi przez schizofreników, którzy mają trudności rozpoznawania poziomów wypowiedzi – literalnego i metaforycznego – podczas kontaktów z terapeutami lub też, szerzej rzecz ujmując, w zaburzeniach kontaktów rodzinnych, które Bateson scharakteryzował i zdefiniował jako podwójne wiązanie. Do problemu cielesności, rozpatrywanego od strony kulturowej oraz literaturoznawczej, podchodzi Daria Targosz w „Metaforyczności ciała i sposobach obrazowania doświadczenia cielesnego”. Autorka większą uwagę poświęca podmiotowemu, a nie przedmiotowemu (jak w teoriach masowej komunikacji) ujęciu ciała, w szczególności analizując kwestię językowych zdolności i stylów mówienia o cielesności człowieka. W oparciu o koncepcje filozoficzne (fenomenologia cielesności Maurice’a Merleau-Ponty’ego) i literaturoznawcze (somatopoetyka Anny Łebkowskiej) ukazuje, że elementarne doświadczenie cielesności, jakie przeżywa każdy człowiek, a które jest przedstawiane w dziele literackim jako temat, nie odnosi się wyłącznie do ciała, ale również do jego kulturowych sensów i znaczeń. W tekście Marcina Kozaka „Poza reżimem do-słowności. Myślenie metaforą w prawie” scharakteryzowane jest funkcjonowanie metafor w dyskursie prawniczym. Autor pokazuje, jak zwroty metaforyczne pojawiają się w języku prawnym oraz w języku prawniczym, czym różni się ich funkcjonowanie w obu przypadkach. Ilustruje to przykładami z dyskursu prawniczego, uwikłanego w konteksty polityczne i ideologiczne, dotyczącego takich kwestii jak obowiązywanie prawa, władza, regulacje prawne dotyczące ciała, także technologii informatycznych. Omawia również dyskusje i spory w teorii i doktrynie prawa na temat metafor w nim funkcjonujących.

This chapter on “Causation” examines the determination of the causes of neurologic disease. Considered are Koch-Henle postuates and Bradford Hill criteria. When we talk about “cause,” we make a distinction between necessary and sufficient causes, as well as those causes of disease that are neither necessary nor sufficient, that contribute to the development of a disease but cannot by themselves cause the disease. Probabilistic causes show their effects in combination with other probabilistic causes, known and unknown. In the absence of experimental evidence for cause, we rely on observational information. Observational study may be prospective or retrospective (case-control study). The criteria for medicolegal causation in the courtroom and in the clinic differ, and the neurologist asked to determine cause in a court of law must rely on experience, good judgment, and common sense.

This article examines what purports to be a core standing problem in the explanation of genocide — how to account for the large number of people willing to participate in mass murders. It contends that research in social psychology has already answered the question of ‘perpetrator production’. Recruiting people to be perpetrators proves to be alarmingly easy. In addition, the application of social psychology to genocide has also become entangled in an ongoing moral debate, a debate that focuses on whether an emphasis on the extrinsic predictors of behaviour fits with a sense that people should be held morally and legally responsible for the choices they make. The discussion also argues that social psychology neither casts a pall of inevitability over such events nor provides moral exculpation for those involved.

This chapter examines Michael Oakeshott's political thought, beginning with a discussion of his scepticism and its relation to the background theory of British idealism that informs all aspects of his philosophy. It then considers Oakeshott's belief that philosophy is the uncovering and questioning of the postulates upon which all our forms of understanding rest. Oakeshott has been characterized as a conservative, a liberal, and an ideologist, but this chapter argues that he was neither conservative nor liberal in any party-political sense. It goes on to analyse Oakeshott's views on the rationalist in politics, civil association and the rule of law, and politics and law as well as his characterization of the modern European state. The chapter concludes by assessing the importance Oakeshott attached to myth and legend in the self-consciousness of a society.

According to George Berkeley, there is fundamentally nothing in the world but minds and their ideas. Ideas are understood as pure phenomenal ‘feels’ which are momentarily had by a single perceiver, then vanish. Surprisingly, Berkeley tries to sell this idealistic philosophical system as a defense of common sense and an aid to science. However, both common sense and Newtonian science take the perceived world to be highly structured in a way that Berkeley’s system does not appear to allow. This book argues that Berkeley’s solution to this problem lies in his innovative philosophy of language. The solution works at two levels. At the first level, it is by means of our conventions for the use of physical object talk that we impose structure on the world. At a deeper level, the orderliness of the world is explained by the fact that, according to Berkeley, the world itself is a discourse ‘spoken’ by God—the world is literally an object of linguistic interpretation. The structure that our physical object talk—in common sense and in Newtonian physics—aims to capture is the grammatical structure of this divine discourse. This approach yields surprising consequences for some of the most discussed issues in Berkeley’s metaphysics. Most notably, it is argued that, in Berkeley’s view, physical objects are neither ideas nor collections of ideas. Rather, physical objects, like forces, are mere quasi-entities brought into being by our linguistic practices.

“I didn’t even know that was a question I could ask.” That remark from a student in an introductory philosophy course points to the primary body of knowledge philosophy produces: a detailed record of what we do not know. When we come to view a philosophical question as well-formed and worthwhile, it is a way of providing as specific a description as we can of something we do not know. The creation or discovery of such questions is like noting a landmark in a territory we’re exploring. When we identify reasonable, if conflicting, answers to this question, we are noting routes to and away from that landmark. And since proposed answers to philosophical questions often contain implied answers to other philosophical questions, those routes connect different landmarks. The result is a kind of map: a map of the unknown. Yet when it comes to the unknown, and all the more so to its cartography, might it not make sense to take our orientation from Borges: What’s in question here, with respect to philosophical questions, is an incipient, unlocalizable threshold—a terrain neither subjective, nor entirely objective, one neither of representation, nor finally of simple immediacy—there where the map perceptibly fails to diverge from the territory. Amid Inclemencies of weather and fringed, as per Borges, with ruin and singular figures—with Animals and Beggars—what’s enclosed is an attempt to chart the contours of this curious immanence.