Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nitrates – Mesure'
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Chartrand, Jonathan. "Comparaison de méthodes d'estimation pour le calcul de la charge en nitrate à l'exutoire de petits bassins versants en milieu agricole." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25860/25860.pdf.
Full textTournebize, Julien. "Impact de l'enherbement du vignoble alsacien sur le transfert des nitrates." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13210.
Full textPham, Hoai Nam. "Estimation de nitrate, nitrite et autres composés à partir de spectres ultraviolets, pour l'agroalimentaire et les eaux résiduaires." Compiègne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008COMP1762.
Full textContents of nitrate, nitrite and some others ions can be estimated by UV spectrophotometry in wastewater also in vegetables for processing control as well as for in-situ monitoring. The method is based on the spectral identification: UV spectrum of a sample is considered as a linear combination of absorption spectra, named reference spectra. Mathematical identification of UV spectra can discriminate nitrite from nitrate, in the range of 0. 5 to 5 mg-N/L, even in presence of up to 100 mg/L chloride and up to 200 mg/L bicarbonate. The tests in different real conditions show that this method can be used for on-line monitoring in the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Paris. Several fresh vegetables as well as frozen spinaches have been tested. The nitrate content varied from 377 to 3240 mg/kg of fresh vegetables, and 545 to 1190 mg/kg of frozen spinach. The recovery of added nitrate ranged from 91 to 99%. The validation tests carried out in one industry showed the potentiality of the method of spectral identification. This method does not require almost any consumable, is quantitative and very fast reading with easy and low maintenance. The UV-Pro software identification used during this thesis has always shown similar results to those obtained by PLS or PCR, it is based on considerations and methods similar resolution. The prospects of this work will be the use of non-linear methods of identification and the use of complementary methods to expand the potential of UV spectrophotometry
Daniel, Anne. "Le cycle de l'azote en écosystème côtier : développement d'un analyseur submersible pour la mesure in situ des nitrates et nitrites ; variations saisonnières de la production azotée phytoplanctonique." Brest, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BRES2007.
Full textPaegelow, Martin. "Systeme d'information geographique et gestion de l'environnement application a l'etude des sols et de la pollution par les nitrates d'origine agricole en bassin-versant experimental." Toulouse 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU20021.
Full textNitrogen pollution in agriculture is studied in the scope of an hydrological basin (330 ha, gers, france) which is caracterized by an intensive agriculture and very diversified heavy molassic soils. A localized database (physical-geographic and agronomic parameters) and a custom software developped in the scope of geographic information systems handling the database are created. On this bases, a geostatistic method generates representative areas where pedological prospection takes place. Besides the caracterization of the principal soil facets, variography optimizes distances between soil sampling points and pedological observations are extrapolated to the whole basin. The study about nitrogen dynamics is taken up at three scale: at the scale of the entire basin, at the scale of elementary basins (comparative analysis) and finally at the scale of sensitive areas where measurement series by porous ceramic cups confirm the supposition achieved from the comparative analysis of the elementary basins that the level of nitrogen pollution is related to the agronomic or landscape features. High risk areas are identified and a package of simple localized antipollution measures are suggested and in part applied
Chu, Yin. "Flux de polluants en crue sur des petits bassins versants côtiers méditerranéens : sources, estimation et modélisation." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20015.
Full textKUNTZ, PHILIPPE. "Conception d'un systeme de mesure en continu des nitrates, des matieres organiques et des matieres en suspension dans les eaux residuaires, traitees par spectrophotometrie d'absorption dans l'ultraviolet et le visible." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STR13260.
Full textMacaigne, Peggy, and Peggy Macaigne. "Suivi du devenir de l'eau et des nitrates sous culture de pommes de terre (Solanum tuberosum L.) à l'aide du traçage isotopique ¹⁸O, ²H et ¹⁵N et d'un échantillonnage représentatif de la microtopographie." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19734.
Full textLa quantification du lessivage des engrais azotés en vue de réduire les pertes dans l’environnement sous production de pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum L.) sur sol sableux constitue un enjeu majeur de la recherche actuelle. L’objectif général de la thèse répond à cette problématique en trois parties. Le premier sous-objectif visait à suivre le devenir des pluies et du couvert neigeux fondu dans le sol tout au long de l’année par les isotopes stables de l’eau (18O et 2H), car les nitrates suivent le trajet de l’eau. Nos résultats évaluent la vitesse de percolation des pluies et de l’eau issue de la fonte du couvert neigeux à environ 1,5±0,5 mois. L’eau circule plus lentement dans la couche arable supérieure que dans la couche sous-jacente. Finalement, un modèle perceptuel permet de distinguer le lessivage sur deux périodes : une première période entre la récolte et la plantation et une seconde période durant le développement de la plante. Le deuxième sous-objectif s’est intéressé au déplacement de l’engrais dans le sol et à estimer les quantités récupérées par la plante par le suivi de l’engrais enrichi en azote 15. Des profils de sol ont été prélevés les mêmes jours que pour l’oxygène 18 et le deutérium. Les résultats montrent que l’engrais reste localisé au centre de la butte tant qu’il n’y aucune pluie supérieure à 70±10 mm. Les nitrates sont lessivés essentiellement à l’automne, ce qui confirme les résultats obtenus avec l’oxygène 18 et le deutérium. A la récolte, le tubercule a prélevé 47% de l’azote issu du fertilisant, le reste étant susceptible au lessivage. Jusqu’au maximum de couverture foliaire, la plante prélève préférentiellement l’azote issu de l’engrais comparativement à l’azote issu de la minéralisation. La situation s’inverse ensuite. Le troisième sous-objectif était de simplifier la mesure des nitrates du sol à l’intérieur de la butte en vue d’améliorer la précision des bilans azotés. La butte a été échantillonnée sur une profondeur de cinquante centimètres à quatre endroits et à cinq moments durant la saison. Une relation robuste de pente de 0.78 reliait les concentrations de nitrate du sol prélevées au centre de la butte à celles de l’intégralité du profil de sol (0-80 cm) dont la microtopographie avait été modifiée par le buttage.
Quantifying nitrogen fertilizer leaching in order to reduce environmental losses in the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production on sandy soils is a major issue of current research. The general objective of the thesis was to address this problem in three parts. The first part aimed to follow the fate of rainfall and snowmelt in the soil during an entire year with water stable isotopes (18O and 2H) since nitrates follow water pathways. Rainfall and snow melt percolation rate was approximately 1.5±0.5 months. Water percolates at slower rate in the upper soil layer than in sublayers. Finally, a perceptual model considered two periods of nitrate leaching: the first period from previous harvest to seeding and the second during the cropping season. In the second part, we followed the nitrogen fertilizer pathway through soil and estimated fertilizer recovered by plants after fortification with nitrogen 15. Soil profiles were sampled on the same days as for the oxygen 18 and deuterium samplings. Results show that the fertilizer remained in the hill until the occurrence of rainfall events exceeding 70±10 mm. Nitrates are leached away mostly during the fall, as was the case for oxygen 18 and deuterium. At harvest, the tuber took up 47% of the nitrogen from fertilizer, leaving the remainder susceptible to leaching. Until maximum foliage coverage, the plant took up nitrogen more from fertilizer than mineralized organic nitrogen, but the reverse occurred thereafter. The third part was to simplify the sampling procedure of soil nitrate within the hill for budgeting nitrate. The hill was sampled across a 0-50 cm soil profile at four places and at five moments during the cropping season. A reliable relationship with a slope of 0.78 related soil nitrate content sampled at the centre of the hill to that of the entire hill for the 0-50 cm soil profile.
Quantifying nitrogen fertilizer leaching in order to reduce environmental losses in the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production on sandy soils is a major issue of current research. The general objective of the thesis was to address this problem in three parts. The first part aimed to follow the fate of rainfall and snowmelt in the soil during an entire year with water stable isotopes (18O and 2H) since nitrates follow water pathways. Rainfall and snow melt percolation rate was approximately 1.5±0.5 months. Water percolates at slower rate in the upper soil layer than in sublayers. Finally, a perceptual model considered two periods of nitrate leaching: the first period from previous harvest to seeding and the second during the cropping season. In the second part, we followed the nitrogen fertilizer pathway through soil and estimated fertilizer recovered by plants after fortification with nitrogen 15. Soil profiles were sampled on the same days as for the oxygen 18 and deuterium samplings. Results show that the fertilizer remained in the hill until the occurrence of rainfall events exceeding 70±10 mm. Nitrates are leached away mostly during the fall, as was the case for oxygen 18 and deuterium. At harvest, the tuber took up 47% of the nitrogen from fertilizer, leaving the remainder susceptible to leaching. Until maximum foliage coverage, the plant took up nitrogen more from fertilizer than mineralized organic nitrogen, but the reverse occurred thereafter. The third part was to simplify the sampling procedure of soil nitrate within the hill for budgeting nitrate. The hill was sampled across a 0-50 cm soil profile at four places and at five moments during the cropping season. A reliable relationship with a slope of 0.78 related soil nitrate content sampled at the centre of the hill to that of the entire hill for the 0-50 cm soil profile.
Brassard, Mariane. "Développement d'outils diagnostiques de la nutrition azotée du maïs-grain pour une gestion optimale de l'engrais azoté /cMarianne Brassard." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18923.
Full textZettam, Amin. "Transfert des nitrates du bassin versant de la Tafna (Nord-Ouest de l'Algérie) vers la mer Méditerranée - approche couplant mesures, modélisation et changement d'échelle vers les grands bassins versants Nord africains." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/20542/1/ZETTAM.pdf.
Full textFortier, Elisabeth. "Utilisation d'indicateurs des besoins en azote pour atténuer les pertes en nitrate associées à l'irrigation et à la fertilisation du brocoli." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19572.
Full textEl, Gaouzi Fatima-Zahra Jihane. "Caractérisation de l'origine des eaux dans des sources karstiques du Bassin de Paris par des mesures isotopiques." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066281.
Full textDuwig, Céline. "Etude des transferts d'eau et de nitrate dans les sols ferrallitiques de Maré (Nouvelle-Calédonie) : risques de pollution des lentilles d'eau douce." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718715.
Full textCausse, Jean. "Temporalité des transferts de nutriments dans les bassins versants à algues vertes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1B012/document.
Full textIn Brittany (Western France), "green tides" are recurrent since the early 70s and have an important place in public debate in health, political and economic terms. In this thesis, a wide bibliographic review was performed on the export of nitrogen, and an innovative methodology has been set up to study the spatial and temporal variability of nutrient export in two coastal watersheds on an intra-annual basis and during extreme events (rainfall events, tourist periods of low water, ...). Watersheds selected for the field experiments are Ic and Frémur (Côtes d'Armor). 3 types of experiments were performed on these watersheds: 1) Campaigns of grab samples by dry and wet weather (32 stations, 27 campaigns); 2) automatic sampling during floods (3 stations, 8 floods); and 3) high frequency measurement (2 stations, continuous). Conventional hydrological and physicochemical parameters, suspended solids, UV spectra and all forms of macronutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus) were analyzed during these experiments. The results confirm in part a number of results of the literature. Furthermore, it highlights the relationship carbon / nitrates far little studied at different spatial and temporal scales and during rainfall events, which however seems to be crucial in understanding of nitrate export. Finally, the analysis of all forms of nutrients reveals the importance of particulate forms from soil erosion. These results raise many research questions that merit further development in order to improve knowledge on nutrient transfers in watersheds and prioritize remediation actions. The prospects of this work are both scientific and practical. At the scientific level, research efforts on the relationship carbon / nitrate and identification of the assimilable fraction of organic carbon by denitrifying organisms must be continued. Similarly, the knowledge on nutrient export must be improved through the precise identification of particulate nutrient sources during the spring floods. On a practical level, it should contribute to the improvement of agricultural practices, the recognition of the interest of natural wetlands and improvement of the types of treatment used by treatment plants. The results obtained in this study should in particular be linked to the dynamics of nutrients in the foreshore observed during the development of green algae. Finally, an effort to improve access to certain types of data on watersheds is needed to improve understanding of nutrient transfers
Laigle, Dominique. "Une application de la modelisation mathematique et de l'optimisation de parametres a la dynamique de l'eau et des nitrates dans un sol agricole. Interpretation et simulation de mesures in situ en plaine d'alsace." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991STR13151.
Full textNetto, André Maciel. "Transfert d'eau et de solutés dans un sol agricole hétérogène : analyse de différents types de mesures, de la variabilité spatiale et modélisation monodimensionnelle." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00801928.
Full textPerlot, Céline. "Influence de la décalcification de matériaux cimentaires sur les propriétés de transfert : application au stockage profond de déchets radioactifs." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30211.
Full textCementitious materials have been selected to compose engineering barrier system (EBS) of the french radioactive waste deep repository, because of concrete physico-chemical properties: the hydrates of the cementitious matrix and the pH of the pore solution contribute to radionuclides retention; furthermore the compactness of these materials limits elements transport. The confinement capacity of the system has to be assessed while a period at least equivalent to waste activity (up to 100. 000 years). His durability was sustained by the evolution of transfer properties in accordance with cementitious materials decalcification, alteration that expresses structure long-term behavior. Then, two degradation modes were carried out, taking into account the different physical and chemical interactions imposed by the host formation. The first mode, a static one, was an accelerated decalcification using nitrate ammonium solution. It replicates EBS alteration dues to underground water. Degradation kinetic was estimated by the amount of calcium leached and the measurement of the calcium hydroxide dissolution front. To evaluate the decalcification impact, samples were characterized before and after degradation in term of microstructure (porosity, pores size distribution) and of transfer properties (diffusivity, gas and water permeability). The influence of cement nature (ordinary Portland cement, blended cement) and aggregates type (lime or siliceous) was observed: experiments were repeated on different mortars mixes. On this occasion, an essential reflection on this test metrology was led. The second mode, a dynamical degradation, was performed with an environmental permeameter. It recreates the EBS solicitations ensured during the resaturation period, distinguished by the hydraulic pressure imposed by the geologic layer and the waste exothermicity. This apparatus, based on triaxial cell functioning, allows to applied on samples pressure drop between 2 and 10 MPa and temperature from 20 to 80°C. Water permeability evolution relating to experimental parameters, uncoupled or coupled, was relied to mortars microstructural modifications
Ferchaud, Fabien. "Etude des bilans d’eau, d’azote et de carbone dans des agrosystèmes dédiés à la production de biomasse en fonction des espèces et des pratiques culturales." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0037.
Full textSecond generation biofuels could provide renewable energy to the transportation sector while mitigating climate change. However, their greenhouse gas, energy and environmental balances will probably depend on the feedstock used for their production. Bioenergy crops that could be used for second generation biofuels will have to fulfil several requirements, including high productivity, low input requirements, and low environmental impacts. The objective of this work was to assess the water, N and C balances at the plot scale for various bioenergy crops with different management. The study is based on a long term field experiment, called “Biomass & Environment”, established at the INRA experimental station in Estrées-Mons, northern France. This experiment includes two perennial C4 crops (Miscanthus × giganteus and switchgrass), two semi-perennial forage C3 crops (fescue and alfalfa) and two annual C4/C3 crops (fibre sorghum and triticale). It compares two nitrogen treatments and two dates of harvest of perennial crops: early (October) or late harvest (February). Measurements have been carried out on: i) biomass production; ii) soil water stocks, monitored continuously during 7 years; iii) root depth and density; iv) drainage and nitrate concentration in drained water, assessed from soil water and mineral N content measurements (in mid-autumn and late winter) and using the STICS model; v) soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in 2006 and 2011-2012; vi) the fate of 15N-labelled fertiliser applied during 4 or 5 successive years.Thanks to their deep rooting system, perennial and semi-perennial crops consumed more water than annual crops. The amount of drained water was lower under semi-perennial than annual crops (64 vs. 133 mm yr-1 average over 7 years), despite an equivalent biomass production. It was intermediate under perennial crops (56-137 mm yr-1) and negatively correlated to biomass production, itself depending on crop species and N rate. Nitrate concentration in drained water varied between 2 and 23 mg l-1. It was generally lower under perennial than other crops, except for miscanthus on the first year of measurement. SOC stocks increased markedly over time under semi-perennial crops (+0.93 t C ha-1 yr-1), whereas no significant change occurred under perennial and annual crops. The 15N recovery in the harvested biomass was lower for perennial than other crops, particularly when harvested late, but compensated by a higher 15N recovery in belowground organs and soil. The overall 15N recovery in the soil-plant system was 69% in perennials, 61% in semi-perennials and 56% in annual crops, suggesting that important fertiliser losses occurred through volatilisation and denitrification. In our pedo-climatic conditions, the C4 perennial crops performed best in terms of production, water and nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen losses towards the groundwater and the atmosphere. However, only semi-perennial crops yielded in SOC sequestration