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Journal articles on the topic 'Nitration'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Maryam, Rashid, Khan Rasool, and Ahmed khan Rashid. "Microwave Assisted Catalytic Regio-selective Nitration of Resorcinol and Substituted Phenols." Chemistry Research Journal 3, no. 4 (2018): 17–24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13825536.

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Nitration of the organic compounds has been an important area of research with great industrial significance. Nitration of the aromatic substrates is a widely investigated reaction and has been of great industrial significance in industry and organic synthesis. In the present studies, solid phase microwave nitration of various substituted phenols and resorcinol has been investigated. Moreover, regioselective nitration of resorcinol and substituted phenols was optimized using different nitrating agents. The results showed that Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> proved the most effective nitrating s

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2

Arasimowicz-Jelonek, Magdalena, and Jolanta Floryszak-Wieczorek. "A physiological perspective on targets of nitration in NO-based signaling networks in plants." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 17 (2019): 4379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz300.

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Abstract Although peroxynitrite (ONOO−) has been well documented as a nitrating cognate of nitric oxide (NO) in plant cells, modifications of proteins, fatty acids, and nucleotides by nitration are relatively under-explored topics in plant NO research. As a result, they are seen mainly as hallmarks of redox processes or as markers of nitro-oxidative stress under unfavorable conditions, similar to those observed in human and other animal systems. Protein tyrosine nitration is the best-known nitrative modification in the plant system and can be promoted by the action of both ONOO− and related NO

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3

Fujisawa, Yasuko, Kazunobu Kato та Cecilia Giulivi. "Nitration of tyrosine residues 368 and 345 in the β-subunit elicits FoF1-ATPase activity loss". Biochemical Journal 423, № 2 (2009): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20090594.

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Tyrosine nitration is a covalent post-translational protein modification associated with various diseases related to oxidative/nitrative stress. A role for nitration of tyrosine in protein inactivation has been proposed; however, few studies have established a direct link between this modification and loss of protein function. In the present study, we determined the effect of nitration of Tyr345 and Tyr368 in the β-subunit of the F1-ATPase using site-directed mutagenesis. Nitration of the β-subunit, achieved by using TNM (tetranitromethane), resulted in 66% ATPase activity loss. This treatment

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4

Chikina, Maya V., Daria A. Kulagina, and Sergey V. Sysolyatin. "Nitration of 2,6,8,12-Tetraacetyl-2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexaazaisowurtzitane Derivatives." Materials 15, no. 22 (2022): 7880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15227880.

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The nitration of novel bioactive derivatives of 2,6,8,12-tetraacetyl-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane in different nitrating systems was examined. The yield of CL-20, the known product from the nitration of hexaazaisowurtzitane compounds, was found to depend on the nature of substituents at the 4,1 positions and on the composition of the nitrating mixture.

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5

Li, Bin Dong, Jian Wu, and Xiao Ming Ma. "Study on the Green Nitration of Toluene in a Microglass Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 2018–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.2018.

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Continuous processing in the microreactor represents a novel way for the safe and expedient conduct of high energetic nitration. Apart from handling benefits,nitration in microreactors proceed under precisely controlled conditions providing improved yields and selectivity. This paper studied the nitration of toluene in the microglass reactor using concentrated nitric acid as the nitrating agent and SO3H-functional ionic liquids, Lanthanide(iii) trifluoroacetate as recyclable catalysts. We described a mild, efficient process for the nitration of toluene.

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6

Lukashov, V., S. Tishchenko, V. Sereda, and A. Artyukhov. "Patterns of the process of starch nitration with nitric acid." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 1 (March 2023): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2023-146-1-66-72.

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The article presents the results of the experimental study on the starch nitration process with aqueous solutions of nitric acid. This nitrating medium has a number of advantages over the nitric and sulfuric acids mixture commonly used in industry, in particular it concerns the chemical stability of resulting starch nitrate. The aim of this work is to establish the dependence of nitration degree of starch on the nitration process parameters, taking into account changes in the chemical composition of its macromolecules. The experimental research method involved the use of ferrous sulfate method

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7

Elfering, S. L., V. L. Haynes, N. J. Traaseth, A. Ettl, and Cecilia Giulivi. "Aspects, mechanism, and biological relevance of mitochondrial protein nitration sustained by mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 286, no. 1 (2004): H22—H29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00766.2003.

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The goal of this study was to explore the occurrence of nitrated proteins in mitochondria given that these organelles are endowed with a mitochondrial nitric oxide (NO·) synthase and considering the important role that mitochondria have in energy metabolism. Our hypothesis is that nitration of proteins constitutes a posttranslational modification by which NO· exhibits long-term effects above and beyond those bioregulatory ones mediated through the interaction with cytochrome c oxidase. Our studies are aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying the nitration of proteins in mitochondria an

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8

Patra, Subrata, Vasiliki Valsamidou, and Dmitry Katayev. "Simplifying Nitration Chemistry with Bench-stable Organic Nitrating Reagents." CHIMIA 78, no. 1/2 (2024): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2024.32.

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Nitro compounds play a crucial role in academia and industries, serving as building blocks for the synthesis of drugs, agrochemicals, and materials. Nitration, a fundamental process in organic synthesis, has undergone significant evolution since the 19th century. While electrophilic nitration dominates historically, recent decades have seen a focus on new reagents and their reactivity modes for achieving mild and robust synthesis of nitro compounds. Our group has a longstanding interest in developing cost-effective, readily available, recyclable nitrating reagents derived from organic scaffold

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9

Petre, Brínduşa-Alina, Nikolay Youhnovski, Juho Lukkari, Reinhold Weber, and Michael Przybylski. "Structural Characterisation of Tyrosine-Nitrated Peptides by Ultraviolet and Infrared Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 11, no. 5 (2005): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/ejms.777.

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Nitration of tyrosine residues in proteins may occur in cells upon oxidative stress and inflammation processes mediated through generation of reactive nitroxyl from peroxynitrite. Tyrosine nitration from oxidative pathways may generate cytotoxic species that cause protein dysfunction and pathogenesis. A number of protein nitrations in vivo have been reported and some specific Tyrosine nitration sites have been recently identified using mass spectrometric methods. High-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI) FT-ICR-MS) is shown here to be a highly efficien

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10

Haynes, Virginia, Nathaniel J. Traaseth, Sarah Elfering, Yasuko Fujisawa, and Cecilia Giulivi. "Nitration of specific tyrosines in FoF1 ATP synthase and activity loss in aging." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 298, no. 5 (2010): E978—E987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00739.2009.

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It has been reported that C-nitration of proteins occurs under nitrative/oxidative stress; however, its role in pathophysiological situations is not fully understood. In this study, we determined that nitration of Tyr345 and Tyr368 in the β-subunit of the mitochondrial FoF1-ATPase is a major target for nitrative stress in rat liver under in vivo conditions. The chemical characteristics of these Tyr make them suitable for a facilitated nitration (solvent accessibility, consensus sequence, and p Ka). Moreover, β-subunit nitration increased significantly with the age of the rats (from 4 to 80 wee

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11

Buan, Ivy Joyce Arenas, and Dyanne Jane Cid Duldulao. "Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Para-Nitrophenol Using Calcium Nitrate." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 1 (2021): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370134.

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Conventional process of nitrating phenolic compounds involves the use of excess corrosive reagents that impose environmental threats. Rapid and environmentally friendly microwave-assisted nitration of phenol has been employed to limit the use of corrosive nitric acid and sulfuric acid. In this study, phenol is reacted to calcium nitrate and acetic acid, which served as nitrating agents. The solution is irradiated under microwave to complete the nitration process. This microwave-assisted- synthesis is a rate- enhanced process that showed complete nitration in a short reaction time of 1 min with

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12

IFTIKHAR, A. KHAN, K. MANGLIK AJAY, and K. SANGAL S. "Nitration of p-Chlorotoluene and p-Chloroisopropylbenzene." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 65, Jun 1988 (1988): 415–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6298938.

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Department of Chemistry, Meerut College, Meerut-250 001 <em>Manuscript received  23 October 1987, accepted 12 April 1988</em> The nitrations of <em>p-</em>chlorotoluene and <em>p</em>-chloroisopropylbenzene with nitric acid in acetic anhydride have been studied. The product composition from the nitration of  <em>p</em>-chlorotoluene in acetic anhydride when examined alongwith the previously known product compositions obtained from the nitrations of <em>p</em>-chlorotoluene in varying percentages of sulphuric acid gave information of the degree of attack by the nitronium ion at variou

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13

Zhan, Xianquan, Yuda Huang, and Shehua Qian. "Protein Tyrosine Nitration in Lung Cancer: Current Research Status and Future Perspectives." Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 29 (2018): 3435–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180221140745.

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Oxidative/nitrative damage is a crucial element among the complex factors that contribute to lung carcinogenesis. Nitric oxide (NO) free radicals, through chemical modifications such as tyrosine nitration, are significantly involved in lung carcinogenesis and metastasis. NO-mediated protein nitration, which is the addition of the nitro group (–NO2) to position 3 of the phenolic ring of a tyrosine residue, is an important molecular event in lung cancer, and has been studied with mass spectrometry. Nitration is involved in multiple biological processes, including signal transduction, protein deg

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14

Aulak, Kulwant S., Thomas Koeck, John W. Crabb, and Dennis J. Stuehr. "Dynamics of protein nitration in cells and mitochondria." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 286, no. 1 (2004): H30—H38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00743.2003.

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Nitric oxide is a precursor of reactive nitrating species such as peroxynitrite and nitrogen dioxide that modify proteins to generate 3-nitrotyrosine. Many diseases are associated with increased levels of protein-bound nitrotyrosine, and this is used as a marker for oxidative damage. However, the regulation of protein nitration and its role in cell function are unclear. We demonstrate that biological protein nitration can be a specific and dynamic process. Proteins were nitrated in distinct temporal patterns in cells undergoing inflammatory activation, and protein denitration and renitration o

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15

Neveu, Kyllian, Laurent Balland, Imed Ben Talouba, Nicolas Brodu, and Nordine Mouhab. "Synthesis of a bio-additive by nitration: Modelling and estimation of kinetic parameters." MATEC Web of Conferences 407 (2025): 01003. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202540701003.

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2-Ethyl Hexyl Nitrate (2-EHN) is commonly used to improve the self-ignition properties of diesel fuels. The objective of this study is to synthesize a bio-based substitute for this molecule by nitrating a biodiesel with a sulfonitric mixture as a nitrating agent. Biodiesel was obtained by transesterification of a vegetable oil. The nitration was carried out in a RC1 calorimetric reactor in semi-batch mode, which allows to study the kinetic and exothermic behaviour of the nitration. The impact of the synthesis temperature on the thermal behaviour and composition of the reaction medium was studi

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16

Gole, Madhura D., Jose M. Souza, Irene Choi, et al. "Plasma proteins modified by tyrosine nitration in acute respiratory distress syndrome." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 278, no. 5 (2000): L961—L967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.5.l961.

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The present study identifies proteins modified by nitration in the plasma of patients with ongoing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The proteins modified by nitration in ARDS were revealed by microsequencing and specific antibody detection to be ceruloplasmin, transferrin, α1-protease inhibitor, α1-antichymotrypsin, and β-chain fibrinogen. Exposure to nitrating agents did not deter the chymotrypsin-inhibiting activity of α1-antichymotrypsin. However, the ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin and the elastase-inhibiting activity of α1-protease inhibitor were reduced to 50.3 ± 1.6 and

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17

Lakhmanov, D. E., Yu G. Khabarov, V. A. Veshnyakov, and M. R. Yokubjanov. "Nitration of Hydrolysis Lignin in Water-Aprotic Solvent Mixtures." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 5 (November 5, 2020): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2020-5-184-192.

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Industrial lignins are formed from native lignins during chemical or biochemical processing of plant raw materials. Lignins can be modified to produce valuable products, including monomers, polymeric materials, and composites. The article presents the results of a study of hydrolysis lignin nitration under various conditions. The aim of the study was to obtain a nitrated hydrolysis lignin with a maximum yield and maximum nitrogen content. Therefore, the nitration was carried out using nitric acid in a water-aprotic solvent binary mixtures (1,4-dioxane, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, dime

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18

Dong, Xiongzi, and Xinhua Peng. "Regioselective Nitration of m-Xylene Catalyzed by Zeolite Catalyst." Australian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 7 (2015): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch14551.

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Nitration with nitric acid and acetic anhydride via acetyl nitrate as nitrating species is efficient with the substrate m-xylene as solvent. Zeolite Hβ with an SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 500 was found to be the most active of the catalysts tried both in yield and regioselectivity in the nitration of m-xylene. The molecular volume of the reactants was calculated with the Gaussian 09 program at the B3LYP/6–311+G(2d, p) level and compared with the size of the zeolite Hβ channels. A range of other substrates were subjected to the nitrating system under the same conditions as those optimized for m-xylene

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19

Yamato, Takehiko, Koji Tsuchihashi, Noriko Nakamura, Mai Hirahara, and Hirohisa Tsuzuki. "Medium-sized cyclophanes, part 59:1 Nitration of [3.3]- and [3.3.3]metacyclophanes Through-space electronic interactions between two or three benzene rings." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 80, no. 2 (2002): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v02-009.

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The two tert-butyl groups of anti-6,15-di-tert-butyl-9,18-dimethoxy[3.3]metacyclophane (anti-4) are both ipso-nitrated even under mild reaction conditions such as copper(II) nitrate in an acetic anhydride solution because of the decreased deactivation of the second aromatic ring by the introduced nitro group. On the other hand, anti-5,13-di-tert-butyl-8,16-dimethoxy[2.2]metacyclophane (anti-1) undergoes replacement of only one tert-butyl group under the same reaction conditions. The higher yields of the twofold ipso-nitration product anti-7 were obtained in nitration of anti-4 with fuming nitr

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20

Moosavi-Zare, Ahmad Reza, Mohammad Ali Zolfigol, Mahmoud Zarei, Ehsan Noroozizadeh, and M. Hassan Beyzavi. "Nitration of arenes by 1-sulfopyridinium nitrate as an ionic liquid and reagent by in situ generation of NO2." RSC Advances 6, no. 92 (2016): 89572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra15922b.

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21

Yi, Xiaofei, Kai Chen, Wei Chen, Wanzhi Chen, Miaochang Liu, and Huayue Wu. "Synthesis of cyclic gem-dinitro compounds via radical nitration of 1,6-diynes with Fe(NO3)3·9H2O." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 17, no. 19 (2019): 4725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ob00431a.

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22

ANDREKOPOULOS, Christopher, Hao ZHANG, Joy JOSEPH, Shasi KALIVENDI, and B. KALYANARAMAN. "Bicarbonate enhances alpha-synuclein oligomerization and nitration: intermediacy of carbonate radical anion and nitrogen dioxide radical." Biochemical Journal 378, no. 2 (2004): 435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20031466.

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α-Synuclein, a neuronal presynaptic protein, has been reported to undergo oligomerization to form toxic Lewy bodies in neurodegenerative disorders. One of the proposed mechanisms for aggregation of α-synuclein involves oxidative and nitrative modifications. In the present study, we show that addition of 3-morpholino-sydnonimine chloride (SIN-1) or slow infusion of pre-formed peroxynitrite (ONOO−) to mixtures containing α-synuclein and HCO3− markedly enhanced both nitration and aggregation of α-synuclein through dityrosine formation. Bicarbonate-dependent peroxidase activity of Cu,Zn-superoxide

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23

Stojanovic, Srdjan, Dragana Stanic, Milan Nikolic, Smiljana Raicevic, Mihajlo Spasic, and Vesna Niketic. "Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) catalyzes NO-dependent tyrosine residue nitration." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 70, no. 4 (2005): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0504601s.

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The peroxynitrite-induced nitration of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) tyrosine residue, which causes enzyme inactivation, is well established. This led to suggestions that MnSOD nitration and inactivation in vivo, detected in various diseases associated with oxidative stress and overproduction of nitric monoxide (NO), conditions which favor peroxynitrite formation, is also caused by peroxynitrite. However, our previous in vitro study demonstrated that exposure of MnSOD to NO led to NO conversion into nitrosonium (NO+) and nitroxyl (NO?) species, which caused enzyme modifications and in

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Pérez de la Lastra, José Manuel, Celia Andrés Juan, Francisco J. Plou, and Eduardo Pérez-Lebeña. "The Nitration of Proteins, Lipids and DNA by Peroxynitrite Derivatives-Chemistry Involved and Biological Relevance." Stresses 2, no. 1 (2022): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stresses2010005.

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In recent years, much interest has been generated by the idea that nitrosative stress plays a role in the aetiology of human diseases, such as atherosclerosis, inflammation, cancer, and neurological diseases. The chemical changes mediated by reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are detrimental to cell function, because they can cause nitration, which can alter the structures of cellular proteins, DNA, and lipids, and hence, impair their normal function. One of the most potent biological nitrosative agents is peroxynitrite (ONOO−), which is produced when nitric oxide (•NO) and superoxide (•O2−) are

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25

De Caro, Silvia, Giulia De Soricellis, Simone Dell’Acqua, Enrico Monzani та Stefania Nicolis. "Biological Oxidations and Nitrations Promoted by the Hemin–Aβ16 Complex". Antioxidants 12, № 7 (2023): 1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox12071319.

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Both β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides and oxidative stress conditions play key roles in Alzheimer’s disease. Hemin contributes to the development of the disease as it possesses redox properties and its level increases in pathological conditions or traumatic brain injuries. The aim of this work was to deepen the investigation of the reactivity of the hemin–Aβ16 complex, considering its ability to catalyze oxidation and nitration reactions. We performed kinetic studies in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and nitrite with phenolic and catechol substrates, as well as mass spectrometry studies to investiga

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Hua, QIAN, LV Chunxu, and YE Zhiwen. "Synthesis of CL-20 by clean nitrating agent dinitrogen pentoxide." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 85, Apr 2008 (2008): 434–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5814988.

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Fine Chemicals Department, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China <em>E-mail :</em> jyqianhua@yahoo.com.cn              Fax : 86-025-84315030 <em>Manuscript received 15 January 2007, accepted 21 January 2008</em> CL-20 is a high energy material. It is usually prepared via nitration with concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid, but this technique pollutes the environment. In this article, CL-20 was synthesized with 2,6,8,12 tetraacetylhexaazatetracyclo [5,5,0,0<sup>3,11</sup>,0<sup>5,9</sup>) dod

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Stefanelli, Manuela, Sara Nardis, Frank R. Fronczek, Kevin M. Smith та Roberto Paolesse. "Copper β-trinitrocorrolates". Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 17, № 06n07 (2013): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424613500120.

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The β-nitration reaction carried out on the corrole macrocycle has been shown to be extremely regioselective, although the reduced symmetry of the macrocycle could potentially lead to a huge number of possible regioisomers. We recently reported that the careful use of AgNO 2/ NaNO 2 as a nitrating system enabled the achievement in good yields of mono- and dinitro-derivatives on both corrole free base and its copper complex, proving to be an efficient and cost-effective method. In this work, we present a detailed study of the scope of this method using TtBuCorrH 3 as a model corrole. A further

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Honoré, Jean-Claude, Amna Kooli, Xin Hou, et al. "Sustained hypercapnia induces cerebral microvascular degeneration in the immature brain through induction of nitrative stress." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 298, no. 6 (2010): R1522—R1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00807.2009.

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Hypercapnia is regularly observed in chronic lung disease, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. Hypercapnia results in increased nitric oxide synthase activity and in vitro formation of nitrates. Neural vasculature of the immature subject is particularly sensitive to nitrative stress. We investigated whether exposure to clinically relevant sustained high CO2 causes microvascular degeneration in the newborn brain by inducing nitrative stress, and whether this microvascular degeneration has an impact on brain growth. Newborn rat pups were exposed to 10% CO2 as inspired gas (PaC

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Livramento, Jomênica B., Gabriela S. Rodrigues, Jean Faber, et al. "Protein Nitration in Patients with Mitochondrial Diseases." Antioxidants 14, no. 2 (2025): 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14020211.

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Mitochondrial diseases are complex disorders caused by nuclear or mitochondrial DNA mutations, leading to oxidative phosphorylation deficiency and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While ROS have been well established in the pathogenesis of these diseases, the role of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) remains unclear. In this study, we performed a quantitative analysis of muscle fibers to investigate the relationship between protein nitration and mitochondrial abnormalities (mitochondrial proliferation and cytochrome-c oxidase (COX) deficiency) and factors like genotype, mus

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Vedyagin, Alexey A., Anton Koskin, and Ilya Mishakov. "In search of efficient catalysts and appropriate reaction conditions for gas phase nitration of benzene." Resource-Efficient Technologies, no. 3 (September 19, 2016): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24056529/2016/3/56.

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The present paper is dedicated to the development of a method for the nitrobenzene production using solid acid catalysts, as an alternative to industrial nitration, based on a mixture of concentrated acids. The influence of key parameters of the nitration process (temperature, reagent flow rate, nitrating agent concentration etc.) on the conversion of the initial substrate, the degree of decomposition of nitric acid and the quantity ofresulting oxygenates was studied. Recommendations for the selection of effective catalytic systems (high content of Brønsted acid sites with Ho < −4, high spe

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Besser, Charlotte, Adam Agocs, Andjelka Ristic, and Marcella Frauscher. "Implementation of Nitration Processes in Artificial Ageing for Closer-to-Reality Simulation of Engine Oil Degradation." Lubricants 10, no. 11 (2022): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10110298.

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During their service, engine oils suffer from various influencing parameters such as thermo-oxidative stress and nitration, hence, the accumulation of degradation products and the entry of contaminants. Accordingly, ICEs need to be able to operate satisfactorily, especially with a degraded lubricant, making it highly recommendable to use such oils for component testing in ICE development. Thus, a new nitrative thermo-oxidative ageing method is presented for closer-to-reality simulation of engine oil alteration with the intention to provide reproducibly aged oils for subsequent bench testing. W

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Buchczyk, Darius P., Karlis Briviba, F. Ulrich Hartl, and Helmut Sies. "Responses to Peroxynitrite in Yeast: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a Sensitive Intracellular Target for Nitration and Enhancement of Chaperone Expression and Ubiquitination." Biological Chemistry 381, no. 2 (2000): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc.2000.017.

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Abstract Peroxynitrite (ONOO−), a potent oxidizing and nitrating species, has been linked to covalent modifications of biomolecules in a number of pathological conditions. In S. cerevisiae, a model eukaryotic cell system, ONOO− was found to be more potent than hydrogen peroxide in oxidizing thiols, inducing heat shock proteins (Hsp70) and enhancing the ubiquitination of proteins. As identified by microsequence analysis following immunoprecipitation with anti-nitrotyrosine antibodies, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was especially susceptible to nitration by ONOO− in yeast cell

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Zhang, Hui, Qi Sun, Teng Liu та ін. "Alleviation of Plasma Homocysteine Level by Phytoestrogenα-Zearalanol Might Be Related to the Reduction of Cystathionineβ-Synthase Nitration". BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/143192.

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Hyperhomocysteinemia is strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies have shown that phytoestrogenα-zearalanol can protect cardiovascular system from hyperhomocysteinemia and ameliorate the level of plasma total homocysteine; however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be clarified. The aim of this research is to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms involved in ameliorating the level of plasma homocysteine byα-zearalanol. By the successfully established diet-induced hyperhomocysteinemia rat models, we found that, afterα-zearalanol treatment, the activity of cyst

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Sasmal, Sheuli, Soumya Kumar Sinha, Goutam Kumar Lahiri, and Debabrata Maiti. "A directing group-assisted ruthenium-catalyzed approach to access meta-nitrated phenols." Chemical Communications 56, no. 52 (2020): 7100–7103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc02851g.

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meta-Selective C–H nitration of phenol derivatives was developed using a Ru-catalyzed σ-activation strategy. Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·3H<sub>2</sub>O was employed as the nitrating source, whereas Ru<sub>3</sub>(CO)<sub>12</sub> was found to be the most suitable metal catalyst for the protocol.

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Sudarma, I. M., A. Shofiati, and M. G. Darmayanti. "Nitration of Methyl Eugenol Derived from Clove Oil." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 1 (2019): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22114.

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No report is available in literature for the nitration of methyl eugenol. The main goal of this work is to find an efficient method for the synthesis of 5-nitro-methyl eugenol. 5-Nitro-methyl eugenol is of considerable importance in the production of other fine chemicals such as 5-amino-methyl eugenol for further chemical synthesis and has also possible to enhance its biological properties and other applications. The methyl eugenol can be prepared from methylation of eugenol which can be isolated from clove oil. In an attempt to synthesize nitro-methyl eugenol in high yield, three different ni

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Khan, Md Asad, Md Faiz Akram, Khursheed Alam, Haseeb Ahsan, and Moshahid A. Rizvi. "Peroxynitrite-Mediated Structural Changes in Histone H2A: Biochemical and Biophysical Analysis." Protein & Peptide Letters 27, no. 10 (2020): 989–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929866527666200427213722.

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Background: Peroxynitrite, a nitrating and oxidizing agent, is formed by the interaction between nitric oxide and superoxide radicals. H2A histone is a basic nucleoprotein and is one of the major core histones responsible for packaging DNA. It has been shown that they are highly sensitive to oxidizing and nitrating agents. Objective: Nitration of tyrosine residues in proteins by peroxynitrite is regarded as a marker of nitrosative damage. The dityrosine bond, an oxidative covalent cross-link between two tyrosines in protein, is increasingly identified as a marker of oxidative stress, aging and

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LIU, MIN-HSIEN, KEN-FA CHENG, CHENG CHEN, and YAW-SUN HONG. "SOLVENT EFFECT ON ELECTROPHILIC AND RADICAL SUBSTITUTION OF TOLUENE MONONITRATION REACTIONS." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 07, no. 05 (2008): 965–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633608004222.

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Two kinds of nitrating reagents, a nitronium cation [Formula: see text] and a nitro radical (· NO 2), were used in the gaseous phase toluene mononitration reaction. The closed shell calculation for electrophilic substitution and open shell calculation for radical substitution were both performed in solventless, H 2 O -solvated, and CH 3 OH -solvated molecular reaction systems. In the series of electrophilic toluene nitration reactions, both ortho-nitro toluene (o-MNT) and para-nitro toluene (p-MNT) are more abundant products than meta-nitro toluene (m-MNT), no matter what solvent is used in th

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Brito, Cecilia, Mercedes Naviliat, Adriana C. Tiscornia, et al. "Peroxynitrite Inhibits T Lymphocyte Activation and Proliferation by Promoting Impairment of Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Peroxynitrite-Driven Apoptotic Death." Journal of Immunology 162, no. 6 (1999): 3356–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.162.6.3356.

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Abstract Peroxynitrite (ONOO−) is a potent oxidizing and nitrating agent produced by the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide. It readily nitrates phenolic compounds such as tyrosine residues in proteins, and it has been demonstrated that nitration of tyrosine residues in proteins inhibits their phosphorylation. During immune responses, tyrosine phosphorylation of key substrates by protein tyrosine kinases is the earliest of the intracellular signaling pathways following activation through the TCR complex. This work was aimed to evaluate the effects of ONOO− on lymphocyte tyrosine phosphor

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GALIÑANES, Manuel, and Bashir M. MATATA. "Protein nitration is predominantly mediated by a peroxynitrite-dependent pathway in cultured human leucocytes." Biochemical Journal 367, no. 2 (2002): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20020825.

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Protein nitration is a common characteristic of oxidative injury caused by the invasion of leucocytes into inflammatory lesions. Two distinct pathways of nitration of protein tyrosine residues, namely the peroxynitrite (ONOO-)-mediated pathway and another catalysed by the haem-containing peroxidases, have been reported under experimental conditions. However, the contribution of these two pathways in human leucocytes is still controversial. The present study demonstrates that the process of phenolic nitration of proteins in cultured human leucocytes is mainly ONOO--mediated and that it differs

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Lu, Jingyi, and Chennan He. "Nitration and flow chemistry." Applied and Computational Engineering 7, no. 1 (2023): 390–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/7/20230333.

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The paper introduced the principle of nitration reaction and flow chemistry, beginning with background information and the reaction mechanism of nitration. Then the correlation between nitration and flow chemistry is further explored by comparing the nitration reaction in conventional batch mode and under continuous flow. As the dangerous corrosive acids and strong exotherms make the reaction especially difficult to increase production scale, flow chemistry is utilized and proved to be a better alternative to the conventional production method to perform nitration. Using flow chemistry to scal

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Trostchansky, Andrés, Summer Lind, Roberto Hodara та ін. "Interaction with phospholipids modulates α-synuclein nitration and lipid–protein adduct formation". Biochemical Journal 393, № 1 (2005): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20051277.

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Intracellular aggregates of α-syn (α-synuclein) represent pathoanatomical hallmarks of neurodegenerative disorders (synucleinopathies). The molecular mechanisms underlying α-syn aggregation into filamentous inclusions may involve oxidation and nitration of the protein. Whereas the effects of oxidants and nitrating species on soluble α-syn have been studied in detail, the effect of these reactive species on α-syn associated with lipids is still unknown. In the present paper, we report that α-syn bound to small unilamellar liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidic acid is resistant

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Song, Si-Zhe, Youren Dong, Guo-Ping Ge, Qiang Li, and Wen-Ting Wei. "Recent Advances in Radical Nitration Using tert-Butyl Nitrite." Synthesis 52, no. 06 (2020): 796–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690789.

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Nitro compounds serve as valuable intermediates for pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes, and polymers. In recent years, radical nitration using tert-butyl nitrite (t-BuONO) has attracted wide attention and desirable progress has been made. On the one hand, t-BuONO is a potential active nitro radical source and can react with various functional groups. On the other hand, as a green and novel nitration reagent, t-BuONO has relatively low price and can easily produce a radical under mild conditions, which undoubtedly provides a simple and efficient way for nitration reactions. To date, some impo

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Wade, Peter A., Nicholas Paparoidamis, C. Jared Miller, and Stephanie A. Costa. "Nitration reactions of conjugated compounds employing lithium nitrate and trifluoroacetic anhydride." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 97, no. 8 (2019): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2019-0024.

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Tandem nitration and Ritter reaction of three conjugated dienes using trifluoroacetyl nitrate in acetonitrile led predominantly to 1,4-addition products and concomitant N-nitration. The major products, N-nitro-N-(4-nitrobut-2-enyl)acetamide derivatives, were obtained in 57%–70% yield. Tandem nitration and Ritter reaction of 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one led to the 1,2-addition product, a base-sensitive α-nitroketone. Nitration of N-methylacetamide and pyrrolidine by trifluoroacetyl nitrate occurs on the N-atom, whereas nitration of N-phenylacetamide occurs on the aromatic ring.

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Elias, Gracy, Bruce J. Mincher, Stephen P. Mezyk, Thomas D. Cullen, and Leigh R. Martin. "Anisole nitration during gamma-irradiation of aqueous nitrite and nitrate solutions: free radical versus ionic mechanisms." Environmental Chemistry 7, no. 2 (2010): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en09109.

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Environmental context. The nitration of aromatic compounds is an important source of toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic species in the atmosphere. Gas phase nitration typically occurs by free radical reactions. Condensed-phase free radical reactions may also be relevant in fog and cloud water in polluted areas, in urban aerosols with low pH, in water treatment using advanced oxidation processes such as e-beam irradiation, and in nuclear waste treatment applications. This paper discusses research towards an improved understanding of nitration of aromatic compounds in the condensed phase under c

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Kulkarni, Amol A. "Continuous flow nitration in miniaturized devices." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 10 (February 14, 2014): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.10.38.

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This review highlights the state of the art in the field of continuous flow nitration with miniaturized devices. Although nitration has been one of the oldest and most important unit reactions, the advent of miniaturized devices has paved the way for new opportunities to reconsider the conventional approach for exothermic and selectivity sensitive nitration reactions. Four different approaches to flow nitration with microreactors are presented herein and discussed in view of their advantages, limitations and applicability of the information towards scale-up. Selected recent patents that disclo

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Martynov, I. V., V. I. Uvarov, V. K. Brel', V. I. Anufriev, and A. V. Yarkov. "Nitration of fluoroethylenes by nitrating mixture (HNO3+H2O4+SO3)." Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Division of Chemical Science 38, no. 12 (1989): 2500–2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00962433.

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Adekunle, I. M. "Production of Cellulose Nitrate Polymer from Sawdust." E-Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 3 (2010): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/807980.

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Cellulose nitrate polymer was produced from sawdust of Nigeria origin using a method, which involved alternate alkaline and chlorination treatment to remove non-cellulosic constituents, followed by nitration reaction. The effects of nitrating acid mixture type and composition, nitrating time and nitrating acid mixture to cellulose material ratio on yield and solubility of products were investigated. Results showed that alkaline resistant α -cellulose was extracted and the yield of cellulose nitrate ranged from 35.28 to 96.02%, increasing with acid mixtures HNO3+ AC2O + ACOH < HNO3+ H2SO4+ H

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Glukhacheva, Vera S., Sergey G. Il’yasov, Elena O. Shestakova, et al. "Synthesis of Nitro- and Acetyl Derivatives of 3,7,10-Trioxo-2,4,6,8,9,11-hexaaza[3.3.3]propellane." Materials 15, no. 23 (2022): 8320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238320.

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Here, we report the study results of the nitration of 3,7,10-trioxo-2,4,6,8,9,11-hexaaza[3.3.3]propellane (THAP) by different nitrating agents such as nitric acid, mixed nitric/sulfuric acids, nitric anhydride, and mixed concentrated nitric acid/acetic anhydride to furnish 3,7,10-trioxo-2-nitro-2,4,6,8,9,11-hexaaza[3.3.3]propellane and 3,7,10-trioxo-2,8-dinitro-2,4,6,8,9,11-hexaaza[3.3.3]propellane, whereas a lactam–lactim rearrangement was found to take place upon vigorous cooling to give 10-hydroxy-2,4,6,8,9,11-hexaazatricyclo[3.3.3.01,5]undec-9-ene-3,7-dione. The two competing reactions, la

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Kai, Wang, Bo Dong, Chao-fei Yang, and Hua Qian. "Acidic ionic liquids and green and recyclable catalysts in the clean nitration of TAIW to CL-20 using HNO3 electrolyte." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 95, no. 2 (2017): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2016-0512.

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A novel method for the synthesis of CL-20 by nitration of TAIW was investigated. HNO3 electrolyte, containing generated dinitrogen pentoxide and unreacted dinitrogen tetraoxide, was directly used as a nitrating agent and the result was encouraging. A series of SO3H-functionalized ionic liquids were utilized to further improve the result. The satisfactory yield of CL-20 (94%) makes it a useful method for the green and clean synthesis of CL-20.

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Bodkhe, Arjun, Vilas Sudrik, Dnyaneshwar Karpe, and Shamrao Lawande. "Development of A Novel One-pot Process for the Synthesis of Tolcapone." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 38, no. 6 (2022): 1561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380631.

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Novel one-pot process for the preparation of tolcapone., 2-methoxy anisole compound 9 treated with 4-methyl benzoyl chloride compound 10 using aluminium chloride gives 4-hydroxy -3-methoxy-4-methyl benzophenone compound 11 Further on nitration using new nitrating agent i.e. melamine nitrate to get corresponding nitro benzophenone compound 6. After demethylation using 48% HBr-Acetic acid to get pure Tolcapone 1 by the cost-effective and commercially feasible process.

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