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Journal articles on the topic 'Nitric Oxide Assay'

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Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Kelm, Malte, Rüdiger Dahmann, David Wink, and Martin Feelisch. "The Nitric Oxide/Superoxide Assay." Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, no. 15 (1997): 9922–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.15.9922.

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Alam, M. Ashraful, Abdul Ghani, Nusrat Subhan, et al. "Antioxidant and Membrane Stabilizing Properties of the Flowering Tops of Anthocephalus Cadamba." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 1 (2008): 1934578X0800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800300114.

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The hydroethanolic extract of Anthocephalus cadamba displayed remarkable antioxidative potential in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the hydrogen peroxide, the nitric oxide scavenging, the reducing power, the total antioxidant capacity, the lipid peroxidation inhibition (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances production), and the RBC membrane stabilization assays. While in the DPPH assay the IC50 value of the extract was 146.5 μg/mL, it was 24.8 μg/mL in the nitric oxide scavenging assay.

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Darshika, Acharya Meenakshi Vaidya*. "In-vitro antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch. - Ham) Oken." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 11 (2024): 167–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14030494.

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Cellular damage can arise from the reactions of free radicals with membrane lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes, and other micro molecules. Free radical-induced cell damage seems to be a primary factor in the aging process and degenerative diseases, including but not limited to cancer, heart disease, cataracts, liver disorders, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, and renal failure. Naturally, the body produces free radicals, and antioxidants scavenge them to shield the body from harmful consequences. This dynamic equilibrium exists between the two. It's possible that there aren't enough antioxidants in the body under typical physiological circumstances to offset the production of free radicals. Thus, it stands to reason that adding antioxidants to our diet will help shield us from dangerous illnesses. Thus, the creation of "natural antioxidants" from plant material has drawn more attention from the food business and preventative medicine. Given the importance of antioxidant activity, a hydroalcoholic crude extract from the leaves of the Achariaceae family plant Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch. - Ham) Oken was made, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging Assay, the Ferric Ion Reducing Assay (FRAP), the Nitric Oxide Assay, and the H2O2 Radical Scavenging Assay were used to measure the radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extract was examined in comparison to the reference; in all four methods, solvent-based findings were observed. Higher antioxidant activity is shown by the FRAP and DPPH assays, which are followed by the nitric oxide, and H2O2 radical assays. DPPH > FRAP > H2O2 > Nitric oxide.

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G., Arunkumar* G. Chelladurai K. Bhanumathi. "BIOACTIVE POTENTIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT STATUS OF LABORATORY GROWN Calocybe indica (MILKY MUSHROOM)." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 01 (2018): 174–78. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1143847.

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Calocybe indica (Milky mushroom) is one of the easily available and culturable mushrooms at relatively low cost. It comprises economic source of protein enriched with antioxidants and immune enhancing factors required for human health. Medicinal property of C. indica is due to the presence of polysaccharides, proteins, aminoacids, terpenes, terpenoids and phenols. In this study, methanolic extract of C.indica was used for invitro antioxidant, Protein denaturation inhibition, Nitric oxide scavenging and Membrane stabilization assays. Total Antioxidant activity (TAA) and phenolic content of Laboratory grown C. indica by phosphomolybdenum method was equivalent to that of ascorbic acid. Antiinflammatory effect was estimated by protein denaturation inhibition assay exhibits inhibition of 66.80 % at 1000 µg/ml. C.indica also found to possess nitric oxide scavenging activity capable of 69.76 % inhibition at 1000 µg/ml. Membrane stabilization assay revealed that methanolic extract of C.indica provides 55.83 % membrane stabilization. Key words: C. indica, Antioxidant, Antiinflammatory, Nitric oxide, Membrane stabilization

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Chermashentsev, Grigoriy R., Ivan V. Mikheev, Daria-Mariia V. Ratova, Elena V. Proskurnina, and Mikhail A. Proskurnin. "Unveiling the Role of Fractionated Graphene Oxide in Nitric Oxide Scavenging." Molecules 30, no. 5 (2025): 1069. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30051069.

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The feasibility of saturating aqueous anoxic solutions with in situ-generated high-purity nitric oxide (NO) is shown herein. A methemoglobin assay estimated the average nitric oxide concentration to be ca. 20 ± 3 µM. Graphene oxide aqueous dispersions were prepared by ultrasound-assisted extra exfoliation. These dispersions, including unpurified (pristine) samples and samples purified from transition metal impurities (bulk) fractions (bulkGO) and (nano) separated fractions (nanoGO) in a range of 0.5 to 14 kDa were prepared with ppm level concentrations. A robust and reproducible chemiluminescence (CL) assay validated the interaction between graphene oxide and NO in a luminol-based system. The results showed a significant increase in NO scavenging activity within the bulkGO fractions to nanofractions ranging from 14 to 3.5 kDa. The different reaction pathways underlying the transformation of nitric oxide are being evaluated, focusing on understanding how its presence or absence affects these processes. Our kinetic model suggests a significant difference in nitric oxide regulation; nanoGO demonstrates an interception rate seventy-times higher than that achieved through CL quenching.

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Sabri, Gulnaaz, and Vimala Y. "ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF LEUCAS ASPERA FLOWERS FROM BIHAR, INDIA." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 2 (2018): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.21976.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to explicate antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities of Leucas aspera flowers.Methods: Antibacterial activity was done by agar diffusion method. The ethyl acetate extract of L. aspera flower was evaluated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Antifungal activity was also done by agar diffusion method. The agar used for antifungal activity was Czapek Dox Agar. Nitric oxide scavenging assay and free radical scavenging assay were used for the antioxidant activity. Griess reagent was used in nitric oxide scavenging assay. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl was used in free radical scavenging assay.Results: L. aspera flower extract showed good antibacterial activity with the highest zone of inhibition against Vibrio cholera with 23 mm followed by Bacillus polymyxa showing 20 mm zone of inhibition. The ethyl acetate extract of L. aspera flower showed quite a good results with the highest inhibitory activity against Aspergillus niger with 13 mm zone of inhibition and lowest for Trichoderma viridae with 5 mm zone of inhibition. Antioxidant activity of L. aspera flower extract was done by free radical scavenging assay and nitric oxide scavenging assay. Nitric oxide scavenging assay showed prominent results almost performed equal to standard compound Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) The values for 10 μl of L. aspera extract was 50.27, for the standard (BHA) showed 50.81. L. aspera extract values for 50 μl was 69.73 and for BHA, the values was 77.30. For 100 μl, the extract gave 82.70, and for standard BHA, the reading was 89.73.Conclusion: The results showed that L. aspera flower has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity ranging from 23 to 13 mm zone of inhibition. L. aspera flower has strong antioxidative power on nitric oxide radicals. The medicinal properties of plant species have made an outstanding contribution to the origin and evolution of many traditional herbal therapies.

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Marques, Simone M., and Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva. "A nitric oxide quantitative assay by a glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase/phosphoglycerate kinase/firefly luciferase optimized coupled bioluminescent assay." Anal. Methods 6, no. 11 (2014): 3741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ay00317a.

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Dawson, John, and Richard G. Knowles. "Microtiter-Plate Assay of Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity." Molecular Biotechnology 12, no. 3 (1999): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/mb:12:3:275.

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Schmidt, Kurt, and Bernd Mayer. "Assay of Tissue Activity of Nitric Oxide Synthase." Current Protocols in Toxicology 00, no. 1 (1999): 10.2.1–10.2.13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471140856.tx1002s00.

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Goode, Helen F., Nigel R. Webster, Peter D. Howdle, and Barry E. Walker. "Nitric Oxide Production by Human Peripheral Blood Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes." Clinical Science 86, no. 4 (1994): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0860411.

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1. We describe a rapid and reliable technique for the assessment of basal nitric oxide release in clinical situations, using peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes isolated by a single-step density gradient procedure. The assay is based on the quantitative conversion of oxyhaemoglobin to methaemoglobin by nitric oxide. We have further examined the ability of these cells to respond to various stimuli. 2. Basal (unstimulated) nitric oxide release occurred, which was augmented by superoxide dismutase. The mean value for healthy subjects was 283 ±96.7 pmolmin−1 10−6 cells. 3. Both phorbol myristate acetate and N-formyl-methionyl-leucylphenylalanine induced further release of nitric oxide, which was increased by preincubation with lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-6 and interferon-γ. 4. Preincubation of cells with NG-monomethyl-l-arginine or l-canavanine sulphate inhibited nitric oxide production. 5. The procedure provides a valuable tool for monitoring nitric oxide up-regulation in clinical situations.

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Chika C Abba, Chineze B Nsofor, Chioma C Udeozor, et al. "In-vitro comparative study of solvent effect on antioxidant properties of leaf extracts of Anthocleista djalonensis." Magna Scientia Advanced Biology and Pharmacy 11, no. 2 (2024): 072–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/msabp.2024.11.2.0020.

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This study demonstrated that the extraction solvents play an important role in the extraction of important bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties from the leaves of Anthocleista djalonensis. Anthocleista djalonensis, a plant native to tropical Africa, is believed to have antioxidant properties due to its bioactive composition. The powdered leaves were macerated using local gin, hot distilled water, and analytical ethanol to extract bioactive compounds. The in vitro antioxidant activity of these extracts was assessed using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assays, nitric oxide scavenging assay, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. Ascorbic acid was used as a reference. The DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging tests showed concentration-dependent responses. Distilled water had the lowest IC50 value of 0.079 mg/ml and showed the most antioxidant potential in DPPH. Local gin demonstrated significant hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability with an IC50 value of 0.12 mg/ml, surpassing the standard drug. The nitric oxide scavenging assay showed a concentration-dependent increase in both ethanol and local gin extracts. Ethanol and local gin extracts showed maximum antioxidant activity, with ethanol extract showing 22.84% inhibition and local gin extract showing a higher activity of 46.29% inhibition. However, ascorbic acid showed the highest inhibition of nitric oxide production at 57.10%. The study highlights the importance of solvent selection in herbal preparation for optimal health benefits regarding antioxidant activity.

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Olaitan, Michael O., Cosmas O. Ujowundu, Chiamaka P. Nzebude, et al. "Organic wastes of Citrus sinensis Peels- a source of eco-friendly and sustainable bioactive compounds for promoting health." Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology 16, no. 2 (2024): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i2358.

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To determine the phytochemicals, radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of orange peel extract. Citrus sinensis were subjected to extraction with ethanol. Gas chromatography (GC) was utilized to determine the phytochemical composition of orange peel extract. Hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays were conducted to assess radical scavenging potential of the extract. Antioxidant activities of the peel extracts were determined via the 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, ABTS scavenging, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay. The GC-FID analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, sapogenin, and steroids in the orange peel extract. The results of radical scavenging assays demonstrated the extract’s ability to scavenge hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, nitric oxide and hydroxyl radicals. The scavenging capacity of the extract was observed to be concentration-dependent, with comparisons made to standard antioxidants ascorbic acid and BHT. Peels from citrus sinensis represent a valuable source of phytochemicals, demonstrating significant antioxidant and radical scavenging activities.

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Afrasyap, Lale, and Guler Ozturk. "NO Level and Endothelial NO Synthase Gene Polymorphism (Glu298Asp) in the Patients with Coronary Artery Disease from the Turkish Population." Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 36, no. 10 (2004): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/36.10.661.

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Abstract Nitric oxide is synthesized from L-arginine by endothelial nitric oxide synthase encoded by eNOS gene. This study was performed to investigate the relationship between the serum nitric oxide level and eNOS gene polymorphism in the Turkish population with angiographically diagnosed coronary artery disease (63.47 ± 9.10 years old, n=250) and control subjects without any history and/or risk factors of coronary artery disease (60.71 ± 9.14 years old, n=150). Griess assay and PCR-RFLP analysis were used to measure the serum nitric oxide metabolites and genotypes, respectively. It was found that Glu/Glu, Glu/Asp and Asp/ Asp genotype frequencies of the eNOS were 49.3%, 41.3% and 9.3% respectively in the control group, and 45.6%, 41.2% and 13.2% in the patient group. Serum nitric oxide levels were (32.56 ± 17.26) μM in controls and (29.84 ± 11.88) μM in patients. Neither the frequencies of the Glu298Asp genotypes nor the serum nitric oxide levels showed a significant difference between the groups. There was also no correlation between serum nitric oxide levels and the frequencies of the eNOS genotypes. Result showed that the coronary artery disease of the Turkish population seemed to develop without any alterations in eNOS Glu298Asp genotype frequency and the serum nitric oxide level.

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Anitha, Thirugnanasambandhar Sivasubramanian, Krishnagopal Srikanth, Subrayan Suganya, and Subramanian Muthukumar. "A comparative clinical study on the generation of nitrosative stress in cataractous lenses of smokers and non-smoker tobacco patients." European Journal of Ophthalmology 29, no. 2 (2018): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672118785101.

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Aim: To quantify the levels of nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and 3-nitrotyrosine in cataractous lenses of smokers and smokers who chewed tobacco in comparison with non-smokers and non-smokers who chewed tobacco. Study design: A total of 80 cataractous lenses from smokers, non-smokers, smokers with tobacco chewing habit, and non-smokers with tobacco chewing habit were collected from the patients who had enrolled in the Department of Ophthalmology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Puducherry. Methods: Levels of nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and 3-nitrotyrosine were quantified using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results: The mean concentrations of lens nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and 3-nitrotyrosine are as follows: (a) smokers—112.01, 59.57, and 88.91 µmol/L; (b) smokers who chewed tobacco—175.15, 93.95, and 128.72 µmol/L; (c) non-smokers—76.15, 40.65, and 70.20 µmol/L; and (d) non-smokers who chewed tobacco—96.56, 52.87, and 83.88 µmol/L, respectively. Conclusion: Nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and 3-nitrotyrosine at high levels are the major causative agents for cataractogenesis. The results of this study suggest that smoking and tobacco chewing habit generate nitrosative stress that could enhance the pathogenesis for early cataractogenesis.

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Majumder, Syamantak, Ravi Gupta, Himabindu Reddy, et al. "Cadmium attenuates bradykinin-driven nitric oxide production by interplaying with the localization pattern of endothelial nitric oxide synthase." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 87, no. 4 (2009): 605–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o09-018.

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Cadmium, a ubiquitous heavy metal, interferes with endothelial functions and angiogenesis. Bradykinin is a Ca-mobilizing soluble peptide that acts via nitric oxide to promote vasodilation and capillary permeability. The objective of the present study was to explore the Cd implications in bradykinin-dependent endothelial functions. An egg yolk angiogenesis model was employed to evaluate the effect of Cd on bradykinin-induced angiogenesis. The results demonstrate that 100 nmol/L Cd attenuated bradykinin-dependent angiogenesis. The results of the in vitro wound healing and tube formation assays by using EAhy 926, a transformed endothelial cell line, suggest that Cd blocked bradykinin-mediated endothelial migration and tube formation by 38% and 67%, respectively, while nitric oxide supplementation could reverse the effect of Cd on bradykinin-induced endothelial migration by 94%. The detection of nitric oxide by using a DAF-2DA fluorescent probe, Griess assay, and ultrasensitive electrode suggests that Cd blocked bradykinin-induced nitric oxide production. Fluorescence imaging of eNOS-GFP transfected endothelial cells, immunofluroscence, and Western blot studies of Cd and bradykinin-treated cells show that Cd interfered with the localization pattern of eNOS, which possibly attenuates nitric oxide production in part. Additionally, Ca imaging of Cd- and bradykinin-treated cells suggests that Cd blocked bradykinin-dependent Ca influx into the cells, thus partially blocking Ca-dependent nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. The results of this study conclude that Cd blunted the effect of bradykinin by interfering with the Ca-associated NOS activity specifically by impeding subcellular trafficking of eNOS.

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Ambe, D. A., C. E. Odiete, J. D. Buba, and E. E. Odion. "Antioxidant Effects of Cocos nucifera L. (Asteraceae) Stem Bark Extracts using Diphenyl-I-picrylhydrazyl; Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide Scavenging Assay." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 27, no. 10 (2023): 2291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i10.21.

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Coconut (Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae)) supplies nearly all of the basics of life, including food, oil and phyto-medicines. However, reports on the antioxidant effects of the stem bark of C. nucifera are scanty. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant effects of coconut stem bark extracts using diphenyl-i-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay using standard techniques The stem bark of the plant was pulverized and macerated with 70% ethanol. Antioxidant analysis was evaluated on the extract using diphenyl-I-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay. Results indicated that the ethanol extract possesses dose-dependent antioxidant activity. DPPH scavenging activity assay showed an IC50 of 7.65 g/mL, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity assay revealed an IC50 of 22.92 μg/mL and an IC50 of 79.83 μg/mL for the nitric oxide scavenging activity. In conclusion, the ability of the extract to scavenge for free radicals, demonstrates its ability to neutralize numerous radicals in different systems, suggesting that it might be helpful as a cheap source of phyto-antioxidant for the management of pathologies associated with free radicals' damaging effects.

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Ye, Ju Ri, Ha Yeon Lee, Yea-Jin Park, et al. "Accelerated Oral Healing by Angelica gigas Nakai from Hot Melt Extrusion Technology: An In Vitro Study." Medicina 59, no. 12 (2023): 2066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina59122066.

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Background and Objectives: In spite of the oral environment being healing-prone, its dynamic changes may affect wound healing. The purpose of this study was to assess the oral wound healing effect of Angelica gigas Nakai (AG) prepared by hot-melt extrusion. Materials and Methods: Human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells were treated with AG or AG via hot-melt extrusion (AGH) for 24 h to determine the optimal concentration. For evaluating the anti-inflammatory effect of AG and AGH, a nitric oxide assay was performed under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The wound-healing effects of AG and AGH were evaluated using cell proliferation/migration assays and wound-healing marker expression through qRT-PCR. Results: Both AG and AGH showed no cytotoxicity on HGH cells. Regarding nitric oxide production, AGH significantly decreased LPS-induced nitric oxide production (p < 0.05). AGH showed a significantly positive result in the cell proliferation/cell migration assay compared with that in AG and the control. Regarding wound healing marker expression, AGH showed significantly greater VEGF and COL1α1 expression levels than those in the others (p < 0.05), whereas α-SMA expression was significantly different among the groups. Conclusions: Within the limits of this study, AGH accelerated oral wound healing in vitro.

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Linsky, Thomas, and Walter Fast. "A Continuous, Fluorescent, High-Throughput Assay for Human Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase-1." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 16, no. 9 (2011): 1089–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057111417712.

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Inhibitors of human dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (DDAH-1) are of therapeutic interest for controlling pathological nitric oxide production. Only a limited number of biologically useful inhibitors have been identified, so structurally diverse lead compounds are desired. In contrast with previous assays that do not possess adequate sensitivity for optimal screening, herein is reported a high-throughput assay that uses an alternative thiol-releasing substrate, S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline, and a thiol-reactive fluorophore, 7-diethylamino-3-(4′-maleimidylphenyl)-4-methylcoumarin, to enable continuous detection of product formation by DDAH-1. The assay is applied to query two commercial libraries totaling 4446 compounds, and two representative hits are described, including a known DDAH-1 inhibitor. This is the most sensitive DDAH-1 assay reported to date and enables screening of compound libraries using [S] = KM conditions while displaying Z′ factors from 0.6 to 0.8. Therefore, this strategy now makes possible high-throughput screening for human DDAH-1 inhibitors in pursuit of molecular probes and drugs to control excessive nitric oxide production.

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Ojo, Oluwafemi Adeleke, Adebola Busola Ojo, Olukemi Adetutu Osukoya, and Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye. "Aqueous Extract of Carica Papaya Linn Roots Halts Sodium Arsenite-Induced Renal Inflammation through Inhibiting Adenosine Deaminase, 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine, C-Reactive Protein and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity." Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 18, no. 4 (2017): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjecr-2017-0029.

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AbstractObjectives: Inflammation plays a crucial role in many of the metabolic abnormalities. The prototypic marker of inflammation is C-reactive protein (CRP), Nitric Oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and their inhibition is considered a promising strategy to combat inflammation. Here, we report the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Carica papaya root aqueous extract in sodium arsenic-induced renal dysfunction.Methodology: Thirty-five rats were used for the experiments. Griess assay was used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of Carica papaya roots aqueous extract on the overproduction of nitric oxide (NO). ELISA was used to determine the level of pro-inflammatory markers including c-reactive protein (CRP). ELISA was used to analyze 8-OHdG. The inhibitory effect on the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), adenosine deaminase (ADA), malondialdehyde (MDA) was tested by enzyme activity assay kits.Results:Carica papaya roots aqueous extract suppressed sodium arsenite-stimulated NO production and proinflammatory secretion, such as CRP. Carica papaya roots aqueous extract significantly (p < 0.05) decrease the activities of iNOS, 8-OHdG, ADA and MDA.Conclusion: These results indicated that potent inhibition on CRP, NO, iNOS, ADA, 8-OHdG might constitute the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Carica papaya roots aqueous extract.

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Levine, Jeremiah J., Michael J. Pettei, Elsa Valderrama, David M. Gold, Bradley H. Kessler, and Howard Trachtman. "Nitric Oxide and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Evidence for Local Intestinal Production in Children with Active Colonic Disease." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 26, no. 1 (1998): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.1998.tb00722.x.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Active colitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease is associated with mucosal vasodilation, increased intestinal permeability and abnormal colonic motility. Nitric oxide is a messenger molecule with many functions, including regulation of local blood flow, vasomotor tone, and inflammation. Increased nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity have been demonstrated in experimental models of colitis. This study was designed to determine the relationship between nitric oxide production and colonic inflammation in children with active colitis and in control subjects and whether expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase protein is demonstrable in the intestinal epithelium of these patients.Methods:Nitrate + nitrite were measured in urine, stool, and plasma using the Griess assay. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase protein in intestinal tissue was determined by immunohistochemical localization.Results:Urinary nitrate + nitrite levels were not significantly different in patients and control subjects. In contrast, stool and plasma nitrate + nitrite concentrations were significantly higher in children with inflammatory bowel disease compared with levels in control children (stool: 162.4 ± 31.0μmol/l versus 77.2 ± 22.1 μmol/l; plasma 65.2 ± 9.9μmol/l versus 38.1 ± 6.6 μmol/L; p < 0.05). Stool nitrate + nitrite levels significantly correlated with plasma values. Immunohistochemical staining of colonic tissue from children with inflammatory bowel disease demonstrated inducible nitric oxide synthase protein located exclusively in epithelial cells.Conclusion:Increased nitric oxide production and enhanced intestinal epithelial cell expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase protein are associated with active colonic inflammation.

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Kalaiyarasi, D., V. Manobharathi, and S. Mirunalini. "Capsaicin in hot chili peppers as a potent free radical scavenger: An in vitro approach." Research Journal of Biotechnology 17, no. 4 (2022): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1704rjbt6875.

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In humans, countless chronic conditions are connected with the accumulation of free radicals. Antioxidants can scavenge free radicals and reduce their effect. The hunt for natural antioxidants of plant provenance becomes an urgent primary concern. So, the present study was to investigate the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Capsaicin by using various in vitro assays such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3- ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS●+), hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and reducing power. The findings from this study indicated that Capsaicin exhibited significant inhibition of free radical which was calculated as IC50 value compared with standard ascorbic acid. IC50 values of capsaicin and ascorbic acid were found to be 44.12μg/mL and 42.52μg/mL in DPPH radical assay, 39.89μg/mL and 37.75μg/mL in ABTS●+ radical assay, 43.65μg/mL and 48.33μg/mL in hydroxyl radical assay, 39.79μg/mL and 42.16μg/mL in superoxide anion radical assay, 31.37μg/mL and 30.90μg/mL in hydrogen peroxide radical assay, 43.30μg/mL and 42.45μg/mL in nitric oxide radical assay and 39.33μg/mL and 38.79 μg/mL in reducing power assay respectively. Therefore, capsaicin might be a good plant-based pharmaceutical product recommended as a potential antioxidant for various oxidative degenerative diseases and often serve as an effective radical scavenger or blocker.

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Shatavisa, Mukherjee. "Exploring Antioxidant Potential of Some Common Marketed NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs." International Journal of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology 1, no. 3 (2018): 112. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1160872.

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Considerable controversy exists on the effect of NSAIDs on the oxidative status. Despite being held pro-oxidant in few instances, there are many studies which have commented on the antioxidant effect of NSAIDs and its relevance and beneficial utilization in clinical set-up. The present study probed into the antioxidant potential of some common marketed NSAIDs in in-vitro set up using DPPH and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay. Nitric oxide radical scavenging procedure showed maximum scavenging activity for paracetamol and mefenamic acid, followed by aspirin. Results from DPPH assay showed maximum scavenging activity from aspirin followed by ibuprofen. Other NSAIDs also showed considerable radical scavenging activity indicative of antioxidant potential.

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Soonthornsit, Nattaporn, Chetsadaporn Pitaksutheepong, Warinkarn Hemstapat, Pongsak Utaisincharoen, and Tasana Pitaksuteepong. "In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Morus alba L. Stem Extract in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3928956.

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Morus alba L., also known as white mulberry or Mhon, has long been used in traditional medicines. This study was aimed to investigate anti-inflammatory activities of mulberry stem ethanolic extract (MSE) in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. The MSE was first prepared and then investigated for cell viability using the MTT assay. The anti-inflammatory activities were investigated through the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2 mRNA expression, and iNOS protein expression using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay and immunoblotting analysis, respectively. The inhibition of nitric oxide production of the MSE was also investigated using the Griess reaction assay. The MSE concentration ranging from 10 to 40 µg/ml yielded cell viability higher than 80%. The MSE at concentrations of 20 and 40 µg/ml demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of nitric oxide production via suppression of both the iNOS mRNA and protein. It was also found to inhibit the expression of COX-2 mRNA in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. This study is the first to report the anti-inflammatory potential of the extract prepared from the stem of mulberry.

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Wood, Michael W., Richard C. Hastings, and Linda A. Sygowski. "A Homogeneous Fluorescent Cell-Based Assay for Detection of Heterologously Expressed Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 10, no. 8 (2005): 849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057105280640.

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Arhodamine-derived, membrane-permeable fluorophore (DAR-4MAM) sensitive to nitric oxide production has been developed recently. The authors evaluated this reagent in both 96 and 384-well formats using heterologously expressed neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). nNOS transfected into HEK-293T cellswas stimulated by the addition of ionomycin. The calcium mobilization resulting from ionomycin treatment of nNOS-expressing 293T cells induced a robust increase in emission intensity, as measured using a standard rhodamine filter set. The effect was time dependent, and a 3 to 4-fold stimulation could be achieved in a 2-h time period. Ionomycin-dependent nitric oxide (NO) production was completely inhibited by several arginine analogs at micromolar concentrations (e.g., L-NAME IC 50= 3.0 µ M). Several arginine analog inhibitors of nNOS were revealed to be differentially reversible over increasing substrate concentrations. The assay is a facile method for characterizing inhibitors of nNOS in a relatively unperturbed cell environment.

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Yin, Shixue, Mayuree Fuangthong, William P. Laratta, and James P. Shapleigh. "Use of a Green Fluorescent Protein-Based Reporter Fusion for Detection of Nitric Oxide Produced by Denitrifiers." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 7 (2003): 3938–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.7.3938-3944.2003.

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ABSTRACT To determine if green fluorescent protein could be used as a reporter for detecting nitric oxide production, gfp was fused to nnrS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.3. nnrS was chosen because its expression requires nitric oxide. The presence of the fusion in R. sphaeroides 2.4.3 resulted in a significant increase in fluorescent intensity of the cells, but only when nitrite reductase was active. Cells lacking nitrite reductase activity and consequently the ability to generate nitric oxide were only weakly fluorescent when grown under denitrification-inducing conditions. One of the R. sphaeroides strains unable to generate nitric oxide endogenously was used as a reporter to detect exogenously produced nitric oxide. Incubation of this strain with sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide generator, significantly increased its fluorescence intensity. Mixing of known denitrifiers with the reporter strain also led to significant increases in fluorescence intensity, although the level varied depending on the denitrifier used. The reporter was tested on unknown isolates capable of growing anaerobically in the presence of nitrate, and one of these was able to induce expression of the fusion. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of this isolate placed it within the Thauera aromatica subgroup, which is known to contain denitrifiers. These experiments demonstrate that this green fluorescent protein-based assay provides a useful method for assessing the ability of bacteria to produce nitric oxide.

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Hogaboam, C. M., A. D. Befus, and J. L. Wallace. "Modulation of rat mast cell reactivity by IL-1 beta. Divergent effects on nitric oxide and platelet-activating factor release." Journal of Immunology 151, no. 7 (1993): 3767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.151.7.3767.

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Abstract Release of inflammatory mediators by mast cells can be modulated by certain cytokines and by nitric oxide. An in vitro platelet aggregation bioassay was used to assess the effects of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) on the release of platelet-activating factor and nitric oxide from resting or ionophore-activated peritoneal mast cells (PMC) from rat. PMC spontaneously released a substance that inhibits thrombin-stimulated platelet aggregation. The activity of this substance is abolished by addition of hemoglobin to the platelet suspension and augmented by preincubation of the PMC with L-arginine, suggesting that it is nitric oxide. Within minutes, IL-1 beta concentration-dependently (1 pg/ml-100 ng/ml) enhanced the release from activated PMC of nitric oxide, as measured by its ability to inhibit thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, and as confirmed with a biochemical assay for nitrite. This action of IL-1 beta was inhibited by pretreatment of PMC with a calmodulin antagonist (calmidazolium), an IL-1 receptor antagonist, or either of two nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (L-NAME and LY-83583). IL-1 beta also inhibited the release of platelet-activating factor from PMC through a nitric-oxide-dependent mechanism. These results demonstrate that IL-1 beta is a potent and rapid-acting modulator of mast cell reactivity, stimulating nitric oxide release while inhibiting the production of platelet-activating factor.

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Gangwar, Mayank, Manish Kumar Gautam, Amit Kumar Sharma, Yamini B. Tripathi, R. K. Goel, and Gopal Nath. "Antioxidant Capacity and Radical Scavenging Effect of Polyphenol RichMallotus philippenensisFruit Extract on Human Erythrocytes: AnIn VitroStudy." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/279451.

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Mallotus philippinensisis an important source of molecules with strong antioxidant activity widely used medicinal plant. Previous studies have highlighted their anticestodal, antibacterial, wound healing activities, and so forth. So, present investigation was designed to evaluate the total antioxidant activity and radical scavenging effect of 50% ethanol fruit glandular hair extract (MPE) and its role on Human Erythrocytes. MPE was tested for phytochemical test followed by its HPLC analysis. Standard antioxidant assays like DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, superoxide radical, nitric oxide, and lipid peroxidation assay were determined along with total phenolic and flavonoids content. Results showed that MPE contains the presence of various phytochemicals, with high total phenolic and flavonoid content. HPLC analysis showed the presence of rottlerin, a polyphenolic compound in a very rich quantity. MPE exhibits significant strong scavenging activity on DPPH and ABTS assay. Reducing power showed dose dependent increase in concentration absorption compared to standard, Quercetin. Superoxide, hydroxyl radical, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide assay showed a comparable scavenging activity compared to its standard. Our finding further provides evidence thatMallotusfruit extract is a potential natural source of antioxidants which have a protective role on human Erythrocytes exhibiting minimum hemolytic activity and this justified its uses in folklore medicines.

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Alimullah, Mirza, Nishad Anjum, Md Junaeid Rahman та ін. "Identification of Polyphenols and Evaluation of Antioxidant and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Wheat Bran Extracts". Journal of Biosciences and Experimental Pharmacology 1, № 1 (2023): 91–114. https://doi.org/10.62624/jbep00.0006.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactive compounds identification and determine the potential antioxidant and alpha(α)-amylase inhibitory activities of Wheat Bran (WB) extract. Phytochemical analysis was done by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) in ethanol and n-hexane extract. Antioxidant potential was determined by nitric oxide scavenging and DPPH free radical scavenging assays. HPLC analysis showed the presence of dihydroxybenzoic acid, catechin hydrate, (-) epicatechin, caffeic acid, rutin hydrate, p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, quercetin; and kaempferol. GC analysis showed a good number of compounds present in the WB extracts. The extracts showed considerable free radicles scavenging activity in both nitric oxide scavenging and DPPH free radical scavenging assays. IC50 of WB ethanol extract in DPPH scavenging assay was found 39.00 μg/mL and 14.57 μg/mL for ascorbic acid. In the in vitro α-amaylase inhibitory activity assay, the IC50 value of WB ethanol extract was 61.97 μg/mL, whereas the IC50 value for standard drug acarbose was 35.80 μg/mL. This investigation revealed that, WB extract is a potential source of bioactive compounds which can be used as alternative supplements for natural antioxidants.

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Tran, Anh Thi, Binh Thanh Nguyen, Hoai Thi Cam Ho, Huong Dang Thien Bui, and Mai Thi Thanh Nguyen. "ANTIOXIDATIVE ACTIVITIES AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT FROM JASMINUM UNDULATUM KER-GAWL." Science and Technology Development Journal 14, no. 2 (2011): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v14i2.1943.

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From the total crude ethanol extract of Jasminum undulatum Ker Gawl.’s leaves and stems, five fractionss were obtained by partitioning with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol solvents. These five fractions were investigated for antioxidative activity using the DPPH radical scavenging and nitric oxide-inhibitory assay. All the fractions showed antioxidative activity except the petroleum ether fraction. Among the fractionss, the ethyl acetate fraction was the most potent fraction in both assays with the SC50 values of 5.30 μg/ml and 80.90 μg/ml, respectively. Further investigation on the eight sub-fractions isolated and extracted from the ethyl acetate fraction showed that one of these sub-fractions, the TE6 sub-fraction, showed the most significant antioxidative activity with the SC50 values of 3.15 μg/ml and 61.83 μg/ml respectively in the DPPH radical scavenging and nitric oxide-inhibitory assay. From the TE4 and TE6 sub-fractions, three compounds were isolated, including p-tyrosol (1), protocatechuic acid (2) and hydroxytyrosol (3). The structure of those compounds were elucidated by spectrometric methods IR, MS, 1D-NMR, and 2D-NMR.

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Prabhakaran D, Rajeshkanna A, and Senthamilselvi M M. "Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory activities of the flower extracts of Argemone mexicana L." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 1 (2020): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1824.

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To assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the powder sample derived from the ethyl acetate fraction of the floral Argemone mexicana L. For antioxidant efficiency, the floral extract was evaluated using 1, 1–diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the FRC (Ferric Reduction Capacity) assay. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the production method of nitric oxide (NO). The powder sample extracted from ethyl acetate fraction of the floral of Argemone Mexicana L showed good antioxidant activity with the comparative standard sample in scavenging DPPH radicals and in FRC assay. In the cell viability (PBMC influenced by LPS) method and the Nitric oxide (NO) assay, this sample showed even able anti-inflammative activities. Such results indicate a significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in the powder sample obtained from ethyl acetate fraction in the flower of Argemone mexicana L.

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Palani, Kokila, Nithya Palaniappan, Saranya Karuppannan, Archana Lakshmanan, Viji Maluventhan, and Maruthupandian Arumugam. "Proximate composition and physicochemical properties of Red seaweed Hypnea valentiae (Turnur) and their potential of antioxidant activities." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 7, no. 5 (2022): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2022.v07.i05.sp003.

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The present study focused on proximate composition, moisture, ash, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, dietary fiber and physicochemical properties to determine the water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, and water swelling capacity of H. valentiae red seaweed. The antioxidant properties of methanol extract were performed by superoxide and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. The superoxide scavenging radical (50-250 μg/mL) was an inhibition of 89.06 ± 0.44μg/mL which is significantly higher than the standard ascorbic acid 75.67 ± 0.20μg/mL. Nitric oxide assay observed that (15-100 μg/mL) exhibited the maximum nitric oxide scavenging was 87.22 ± 0.80μg/mL which is significantly higher than the standard ascorbic acid 74.35 ± 0.67μg/mL. The results were establishing the potential of the seaweed was exploited the nutritional value and pharmaceutical applications.

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Murata, Jun-Ichi, Mitsuhiro Tada, Richard D. Iggo, Yutaka Sawamura, Yumiko Shinohe, and Hiroshi Abe. "Nitric oxide as a carcinogen: analysis by yeast functional assay of inactivating p53 mutations induced by nitric oxide." Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 379, no. 2 (1997): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0027-5107(97)00149-8.

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Akdeniz, N., M. Esrefoglu, MS Keles, A. Karakuzu, and M. Atasoy. "Serum Interleukin-2, Interleukin-6, Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Nitric Oxide Levels in Patients With Behçet’s Disease." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 33, no. 5 (2004): 596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v33n5p596.

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Introduction: Behçet’s disease (BD) is a chronic systemic disorder characterised by oral and genital ulcerative lesions, ocular and cutaneous manifestations. Cytokines are the major mediators of immunologic and inflammatory reactions. Nitric oxide is reactive nitrogen intermediate which plays a key role in pathogenesis of many inflammatory and autoimmune skin diseases. The study was conducted to determine serum interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and nitric oxide levels in relation to the pathogenesis of Behçet’s disease. Materials and Methods: Serum IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-alpha levels were measured with test kits by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, while serum nitric oxide levels were determined with a test kit by colorimetric method. Serum IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha and nitric oxide concentrations in 27 patients with Behçet’s disease and in 16 healthy controls were determined by extrapolation from their standard curves. The significance of the mean differences between the 2 groups was assessed by the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and nitric oxide concentrations in patients with BD were significantly higher than those of the controls (P <0.001). Conclusion: Our results suggest that elevated levels of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and nitric oxide in Behçet’s disease appear to be related to the disease.

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De, A., P. Chattopadhyay, and M. Singh. "In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Phlorizin Derived Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 4 (2019): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4.3038.

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Objectives- In vitro antioxidant activity assay is the preliminary step to determine a drug’s efficacy in combating oxidative stress when used in a clinical condition. The current study was aimed to determine the in vitro antioxidant activity of antidiabetic drug-SGLT-2 inhibitor (canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin) in combating the oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. Methods- A total of five methods were adopted for determining the antioxidant potential of the drugs. The methods were DPPH radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide radical scavenging assay, phosphomolybdenum assay, assessment of inhibition of lipid peroxidation and FRAP. Results- The results indicated canagliflozin as best DPPH radical scavenger and empagliflozin as the best scavenger of nitric oxide radicals. Also, empagliflozin showed best reducing power and canagliflozin showed promising results in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Conclusion- These findings suggest that use of canagliflozin and empagliflozin in diabetic patient will control the hyperglycemic conditions well as other complications that are caused by hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress. Keywords- DPPH radicals, Lipid peroxidation, Oxidative stress, Phosphomolybdenum assay, SGLT-2 inhibitor

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Joseph, Maries, and Poonam Vijayavargia. "Exhaled Nitric Oxide Assay in Asthma Control Assessment in Children." Chest 140, no. 4 (2011): 375A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.1117788.

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Kumar, Vijaya B., Adonis E. Bernardo, M. M. Alshaher, M. Buddhiraju, R. Purushothaman, and John E. Morley. "Rapid Assay for Nitric Oxide Synthase Using Thin-Layer Chromatography." Analytical Biochemistry 269, no. 1 (1999): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abio.1999.4013.

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El Dayem, Soha M., Ahmed A. Battah, Abo El Maged El Bohy, Solaf Ahmed, Mona Hamed, and Safa Nabil Abd El Fattah. "Nitric Oxide Gene Polymorphism is a Risk Factor for Diabetic Nephropathy and Atherosclerosis in Type 1 Diabetic Patients." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 19 (2019): 3132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.831.

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AIM: To assess the risk factor for diabetic atherosclerosis nephropathy and diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetic patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty healthy volunteers age and sex-matched and Sixty-five type 1 diabetic patient were in rolled in the study. The mean age of patients was 17.99 ± 2.59 years, mean age of onset of diabetes was 7.00 ± 3.28 years, mean duration of diabetes was 10.91 ± 3.54 years. Glycosylated sex-matched (HbA1c) was assessed in blood samples, serum lipid profile was determined, and serum level of oxidised low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), and nitric oxide was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Nitric oxide 894G > T genotype was analysed by (PCR-RFLP) method and confirmed by Sequencing. Assessment of the albumin / creatinine ratio was done in urine samples. Renal Doppler and Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) via ultrasound was also performed. RESULTS: OxLDL, lipid profile, albumin/creatinine ratio, cIMT and resistivity index were significantly higher in diabetic patients while nitric oxide was significantly lower. Nitric oxide genotype shows no significant difference between diabetic’s patients and controls. Diabetic patients with homozygous NO had a significantly lower serum level of Nitric oxide, a significantly higher OxLDL, albumin / creatinine ratio and lipid profile. CONCLUSION: diabetic patients are liable for the occurrence of early diabetic nephropathy and atherosclerosis as a result of the presence of low level of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide gene polymorphism 894G > T in diabetic patients is a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy and atherosclerosis.

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Kharat, Amol R., Farooqui Zakerab, and Kiran Ramesh Kharat. "Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Mentha arvensis of South Gujarat: Evidence from In-vitro Assay." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 3 (2019): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i3.2866.

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Present work was undertaken to evaluate efficacy of aqueous and methanol extracts Mentha arvensis leaves as free radical scavenger. The free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by nitric oxide scavenging method, hydrogen peroxide scavenging method and ferric thiocyanate method. The result of the studies was compared with the standard solution of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) treated with same reagent. The results of all the studies showed significant free radical scavenging activity in both aqueous and methanolic extracts of Mentha arvensis and methanolic extract showed the highest free radical scavenging potential than aqueous extract. Keywords: Free radical, Mentha arvensis, Nitric oxide, Hydrogen peroxide, ferric thiocyanate

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E.P., Anisha, Pradeep Seema, and PM Manjunatha. "In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Kokilaksha (Hygrophila spinosa T Ander.) in Osteosarcoma Cell Lines." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 12, no. 10 (2022): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20221003.

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Introduction: The drug Kokilaksha (Hygrophila spinosa T Ander.) found growing as a weed in the paddy fields is one of the commonly used drugs to treat Vatarakta (Gouty arthritis) as per classical texts of Ayurveda. A thorough literary search on the disease Vatarakta reveals that in Gambhira awastha (chronic stage) the disease involves deeper dhatus like Sandhi, Asthi, Majja; and Arbuda is mentioned as one of the upadravas (complications) of Gambhira Vatarakta according to Acharya Sushruta. Both malignant as well as benign tumours are considered under the term Arbuda. The research profile of Kokilaksha reveals its potent anti-tumour activity and efficacy in the Erythropoietic system. The current study is intended to evaluate the in vitro anticancer activity of Kashaya and hydroalcoholic extract of the drug Kokilaksha (Hygrophila spinosa T Ander.) in osteosarcoma cell lines. Materials and Methods: The in vitro study consisting of two osteosarcoma cell lines namely MG-63 and SAOS-2 were subjected to the hydro alcoholic extract and kashaya of Kokilaksha (Hygrophila spinosa T Ander.). The anticancer activity was carried out using three assays namely MTT assay, Nitric oxide scavenging activity and LDH assay. Results: The in vitro study showed both the hydro alcoholic extract and kashaya of Kokilaksha (Hygrophila spinosa T Ander.) exhibited anticancer activity in a time and concentration dependent manner with respect to all the three assays in both MG-63 and SAOS-2 osteosarcoma cell lines. Key words: Kokilaksha (Hygrophila spinosa T Ander.), osteosarcoma cell lines, MTT assay, Nitric oxide scavenging activity, LDH assay, hydro alcoholic extract, Kashaya

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Hossin, A., B. Chakma, and M. A. I. Raju. "Assessment of Anti-oxidant Activity of Aerial Parts of Mangrove Plant, Derris trifoliata ( Leguminosae)." European Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 1, no. 1 (2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejpharma.2021.1.1.4.

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The current study was conducted to verify the traditional medicinal use and to carry out the in-vitro antioxidant activity of various solvent extracts of Derris trifoliata (aerial part). The percentage yield of ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts were found 2.5% w/w. Freshly prepared extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. All extracts revealed the presence of several important phytochemicals which might be responsible for its medicinal properties. In vitro Electron transfer (ET) reaction-based assays of ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts have been investigated using various model systems viz., DPPH, total phenolic, tannin and flavonoid content, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power assay. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction-based assays have been conducted using Nitric Oxide (NO) scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity assay methods. Ethanol extract was found to possess highest DPPH (IC50=16.824 µg/ml), total phenolic content (44.51 GAE/g of dried plant extract), reducing power assay (0.387±0.0006), FRAF assay (IC50=133.51 µg/ml), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (IC50=144.888 µg/ml) and nitric oxide scavenging activities (IC50=152.655 µg/ml). Whereas ethyl acetate extract was found to possess the highest total tannin content (42.56 GAE/g of dried plant extract) and total flavonoid content (78.08 QE/g of dried plant extract). In vitro antioxidant study was also performed in terms of chelation power on ferrous ions. The highest chelation power was found for ethyl acetate extract (IC50=62.489 µg/ml). The above study suggests that Derris trifoliata may be a vital source of nutraceuticals.

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Suresh, Parepalli. "Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Dicliptera cuneata Nees aerial parts." Bioinformation 19, no. 12 (2023): 1193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/973206300191193.

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Dicliptera cuneata Nees is a traditional medicinal plant but its extract or phytochemicals are less known. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of aerial part hydroalcoholic extract of Dicliptera cuneata Nees. Hence, we used protein denaturation assay, FRAP assay, Nitric oxide and peroxide scavenging assays methods following standard developed techniques. The hydro-alcoholic extract exhibited dose-dependent effectiveness in all the assays and showed maximum efficacy in the assays at higher doses selected. Data shows that hydroalcholic extract of Dicliptera cuneata Nees showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in in vitro settings. It should be noted that more data is needed to further develop the extract into suitable formulations.

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Choi, Yun-Hyeok, Jae Yeon Lee, Ji Eun Lee, et al. "Skin-Related Properties and Constituents from the Aerial Parts Extract of Persicaria senticosa." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (December 19, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6627752.

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In the course of screening for cosmetic ingredients by measuring antioxidant and antiwrinkle and whitening and anti-inflammatory activities, skin-related activity was tested using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2 ′ -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, elastase inhibition, tyrosinase inhibition, and nitric oxide assay. Several Polygonaseae extracts were found to show potent activity. The results showed that the Persicaria senticosa methanolic extract has the 1,1diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS radical scavenging activities (IC50 61.0 and 17.5 μg/mL). In the elastase inhibition assay and nitric oxide assay, the IC50 of methanolic extract of Persicaria senticosa was 739.7 μg/mL and 71.8 μg/mL. The Persicaria senticosa 70% ethanolic extract partitioned with n-hexane, CH2Cl2, EtOAc, n-BuOH, and aqueous fractions. The purification of EtOAc soluble layer was by column chromatography separation and MPLC analysis of Compounds 1-7. It was identified as loliolide (1), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (2), quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (3), 4-methoxy caftraric acid (4), kaempferol-3-(6-methylglucuronide) (5), quercetin-3-(6-methylglucuronide) (6), and quercetin (7). Structure was elucidated by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR and MS spectrometry as well as comparison with reported literatures. Radical scavenging effect on DPPH, tyrosinase inhibition, and nitric oxide assay on several compounds from Persicaria senticosa was found to show potent activity. The results showed that Compound 7 has the NO assay (IC5029.7 μM). For DPPH, the IC50 of Compounds 2, 3, 5, and 7 was 39.6, 31.2, 37.0, and 22.7 μM. In tyrosinase inhibitory activity, the IC50 of Compound 7 was 14.3 μM.

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Jassal, Prabhjot Singh, and Gagandeep Kaur. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENTS IN ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACTS OF IN VITRO AND FIELD GROWN WITHANIA SOMNIFERA." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, no. 5 (2016): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i5.13370.

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ABSTRACTObjective: The present study was planned to compare antioxidant activity in vitro and field grown Withania somnifera was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) assays. Medicinal plants are a major source of phytochemicals used for the treatments ofhuman diseases. W. somnifera has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties.Methods: Antioxidant activity and phytochemical contents in W. somnifera were determined spectrophotometrically.Results: The results of antioxidant activity of field grown ethanolic leaf extract of W. somnifera showed maximum inhibition of 72.08% and 77.85%in DPPH (50 µg/ml) and NO (100 µg/ml) scavenging assays, respectively. Field grown ethanolic leaf extract of W. somnifera showed maximumconcentrations of phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids, as active phytochemicals, determined spectrophotometrically, which were found as676.5 µg/ml, 557.5 µg/ml, and 469 µg/ml, respectively, as compared to in vitro plant extracts.Conclusions: This study demonstrated that antioxidant activity and phytochemical contents of field grown ethanolic leaf extract of W. somnifera werefound to be comparatively higher than in vitro plant extracts. Leaf extracts of W. somnifera are a potential source of antioxidants and could preventmany free radical-related diseases.Keywords: Carotenoids content, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay, Flavonoids content, Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay, Phenoliccontent.

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Batool, Saba, Saima Noreen, Tooba Malik, Javaria Fatima, Bushra Shaheen, and Sheikh Maria Qammar. "Evaluation of Nitric Oxide Activity of Torilis Leptophyllain Indomethacin Induced Gastric Ulcer in Mice." Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal 73, no. 6 (2023): 1590–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v73i6.6904.

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Objective: To evaluate the Nitric Oxide activity of Torilis leptophylla in Indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in mice. Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study Place and Duration of Study: Pharmacology Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore Pakistan, from Jan to Dec2016. Methodology: Thirty-six adult healthy male BALB/C mice with a weight range of 25-35 g were equally divided into six groups and designated as Group-I (Control), Group-II (Positive Control), Groups III to V (Torilis leptophylla extract trial Groups) and Group-VI (Omeprazole). Gastric ulceration was induced by a single dose of Indomethacin (20mg/kg) in Groups II–VI. The plant extract was administered in Groups III-V (100, 200, 300 mg/kg) whereas Omeprazole (3mg/kg) in Group-VI by gavage daily for three days as treatment of gastric ulceration. Nitric Oxide content was measured in gastric juice and serum of all groups by Nitric Oxide assay kit. Results: The positive Control-Group showed little Nitric Oxide in gastric juice and serum. Torilis leptophylla treated Groups (100 mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) showed significantly raised Nitric Oxide content in both gastric juice and serum than the Control Group (p<0.001). Conclusion: The study has determined that Torilis leptophylla possesses antiulcer and mucosal protective effects owing to the antioxidant activity of nitric oxide. This supports the use of the plant for the treatment of gastric ulcers.

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Smul, Thorsten M., Markus Lange, Andreas Redel, Natalie Burkhard, Norbert Roewer, and Franz Kehl. "Desflurane-induced Preconditioning against Myocardial Infarction Is Mediated by Nitric Oxide." Anesthesiology 105, no. 4 (2006): 719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200610000-00018.

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Background Volatile anesthetics induce myocardial preconditioning through a signal transduction pathway that is remarkably similar to that observed during ischemic preconditioning. Nitric oxide-dependent signaling plays an important role in anesthetic and ischemic preconditioning. Therefore, the authors tested the hypothesis that desflurane-induced preconditioning is mediated by nitric oxide. Methods Barbiturate-anesthetized rabbits were instrumented for measurement of hemodynamics. All rabbits were subjected to 30-min coronary artery occlusion followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Myocardial infarct size was assessed with triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Myocardial nitric oxide synthase activity was assessed with a [H]L-arginine-conversion assay. Rabbits were randomized to five separate experimental groups. They received 0.0 or 1.0 minimum alveolar concentration desflurane for 30 min, which was discontinued 30 min before ischemia in the absence or presence of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA). L-NA was given either 20 min before or 10 min after desflurane administration, respectively. Data are mean +/- SEM. Results Infarct size was 56 +/- 8% in control experiments. Desflurane significantly (P &lt; 0.05) reduced infarct size to 35 +/- 4%. Preconditioning by desflurane was totally blocked by administration of L-NA either during or after desflurane inhalation (58 +/- 4 and 59 +/- 9%, respectively). L-NA alone had no effect on infarct size (56 +/- 7%). Nitric oxide synthase activity was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased by desflurane. Conclusion The results demonstrate that desflurane-induced preconditioning markedly reduced myocardial infarct size. This beneficial effect was blocked by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NA either during or after desflurane-administration. These data suggest that early desflurane-induced preconditioning is mediated by nitric oxide.

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Choudhary, N. K., J. Dwivedi, and S. Sharma. "IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND ALPHA-AMYLASE, ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF FLOWERS OF CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA." INDIAN DRUGS 51, no. 10 (2014): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.51.10.10104.

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The present investigations were carried out to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant as well as antidiabetic activity of flowers of Calotropis gigantea. Different extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanolic extract) were prepared using successive solvent extraction method (soxhlet) and screened for its in vitro antioxidant activity using Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ABT S radical cation decolorization assay and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity and IC50 were calculated. In vitro antidiabetic activity was studied using α – amylase and α – glucosidase inhibitory assay. Chloroform extract, among the three extracts (i.e. petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanolic), showed maximum antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 151.23µg/ml, 73.56 µg/ml and 158.92µg/ml against DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation decolorization assay and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity respectively. The chloroform extract produced a significant in vitro antidiabetic activity with IC50 of 52.3µg/ml 18.2µg/ml against α – amylase and α – glucosidase enzymes but less inhibitory effect than standard acarbose.

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Shimomura, T., F. Murakami, K. Kotani, S. Ikawa, and S. Kono. "Platelet Nitric Oxide Metabolites in Migraine." Cephalalgia 19, no. 4 (1999): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1999.019004218.x.

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Nitric oxide (NO) is a candidate as a causative molecule in migraine. We determined nitrite, total nitrate/nitrite, and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) concentrations in platelets from 30 migraine without aura (MwoA) patients and 17 migraine with aura (MwA) patients. All migraine patients were studied during their migraine attacks. The control group consisted of 28 healthy volunteers. Concentrations of platelet nitrite and total nitrate/nitrite were determined using simple and sensitive nitrate/nitrite fluorometric assay techniques. High concentrations of platelet nitrite and total nitrate/nitrite were found in patients with MwoA and MwA when compared with healthy controls. High concentrations of platelet cGMP were also found in patients with MwoA and MwA. The levels of platelet total nitrate/nitrite significantly decreased in headache-free periods after treatment with oral propranolol. These findings suggest that NO is produced in platelets during migraine attacks. It maylilso be related to the migrainous pain and the changes in cerebral blood flow experienced during migraine attacks. These data may provide new strategies for the treatment of migraine.

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Sarwar, Shammy, Asif Hasan Malik, Muhammad Ashikur Rahman, Md Zakiur Rahman, and Md Sohel Rana. "Antioxidant, cytotoxic and analgesic activities of the methanolic fruit extract of Terminalia chebula Retz." International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 3, no. 1 (2013): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i1.17296.

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The present study was aimed to investigate antioxidant, analgesic and cytotoxic activity of the methanolic extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. fruits. Antioxidant potential of the extract was evaluated by using nitric oxide scavenging assay, reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. The extract showed significant activities in all antioxidant assays compared to ascorbic acid in a dose dependent mode. In nitric oxide scavenging assay, the IC50 value of the extract was found to be 51.3 µg/mL while the IC50 value of ascorbic acid was 77.4 µg/mL. In addition to strong reducing power, total antioxidant activity of the extract was also found to increase in a dose dependent manner. The analgesic activity was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. The extract, at a dose of 500 mg/kg, showed a maximum of 44.17 % inhibition (p < 0.05) of writhing reaction compared to the reference drug diclofenac-sodium (66.96 %). The extract also showed moderate cytotoxic activity in brine shrimp lethality bioassay and the LC50 value was found to be 97.36 µg/mL.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v3i1.17296 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, December 2013, 3(1): 219-222

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Devi, Khoirom Ratipiyari, Paonam Priyobrata Singh, Moirangthem Medhapati Devi, and Gurumayum Jitendra Sharma. "Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 15, no. 4 (2018): 899–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2700.

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Present research was designed to evaluate the free radical scavenging capacities and antioxidant activities of rhizome extracts of Alpinia galanga prepared in different solvent systems (60% aqueous methanol, 60% aqueous ethanol and distilled water) using different in vitro chemical assays. Antioxidant components such as total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and ascorbic acid contents of the ginger species were screened. Antioxidant assays employed included sulphur free radical reactivity assay, ferric ion reducing power assay, DPPH free radical scavenging capacity assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide scavenging activity assay and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. The obtained data reveal that the plant extracts contained significant amount of the observed antioxidant components and also exhibited significant free radical scavenging capacities. Methanol (60%) extract exhibited highest antioxidant activity than other solvents. The polyphenolic constituents of the plant extracts appear to be largely responsible for the radical scavenging capacity. The plant extracts act as promising source of antioxidants, and may be useful for development of nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical drugs.

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Gokce, Aylin Hande, Feridun Suat Gokce, Sinem Durmus, et al. "The effect of nitric oxide, endothelial nitric oxide synthetase, and asymmetric dimethylarginine in hemorrhoidal disease." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 66, no. 8 (2020): 1128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.8.1128.

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SUMMARY AIM The aim of this study was to examine the roles of nitric oxide (NOx), endothelial nitric oxide synthetase (eNOS), and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), which is the major endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthases (NOS), in the pathophysiology of hemorrhoidal disease. METHODS This study included 54 patients with grades 3 and 4 internal hemorrhoidal disease and 54 patients without the disease who attended the General Surgery Clinic. NOx, eNOS, and ADMA levels were measured with the Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS The patients had higher NO and eNOS levels and lower ADMA levels than the control subjects (p<0.001). A significant highly positive correlation was found between NO and eNOS (p<0.001). Nevertheless, there was a highly negative correlation between ADMA and NO-eNOS(p<0.001, p<0.001). CONCLUSION This preliminary study reveals that higher NOx and eNOS activities and lower ADMA levels in the rectal mucosa are observed in patients with hemorrhoidal disease than in those with normal rectal tissue. The imbalance between endothelium-derived relaxing factors, such as NO and endogenous competitive inhibitor of NOS, ADMA, may cause hemorrhoidal disease. Our study proposes that hemorrhoids display apparent vascular dilatation and present with bleeding or swelling. ADMA is an effective NOS inhibitor and may be a promising therapeutic option for hemorrhoidal disease.

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