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1
Crust, Glen Alexander. "The nitriding of high speed steel cutting tools." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2379.
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There is an interest in industry in cost reduction. Tool wear constitutes an important element in the cost of many metal working processes, not only because of the cost of the tool, but also because of the cost of machine downtime. Saltbath nitriding of high speed steel tools adds only about 1% to the cost of a finished tool, but has been found to confer benefits considerably in excess of this over a range of cutting conditions . A series of cutting tests is described, during which cutting forces and tool temperatures were recorded simultaneously using microcomputer based instrumentation developed at the Polytechnic as part of this study. The shear mechanism for tools with a nose radius is investigated, and methods for evaluating the primary shear plane area are proposed and discussed. The variation in primary shear plane area with chip flow angle is evaluated. The method for predicting chip flow angle from tool geometry is presented, and results from this analysis compared with experimental data . A method for predicting primary shear angle from tool geometry, force measurements and workpiece material properties is developed. A number of methods for measuring tool temperature are described . Temperature distributions obtained from finite element heat transfer analysis are presented, and a mechanism for the catastrophic failure of the toolnose is proposed. A range of cutting conditions is described, over which the performance of high speed steel cutting tools is enhaced by saltbath nitriding.
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Parascandola, S. "Nitrogen transport during ion nitriding of austenitic stainless steel." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-29591.
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Parascandola, S. "Nitrogen transport during ion nitriding of austenitic stainless steel." Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, 2001. https://hzdr.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21786.
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Cleugh, Damien. "Effects of rare earth additions on plasma nitriding of En40B steel." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289443.
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Wang, Xiaolan. "Activated atmosphere case hardening of steels." Digital WPI, 2011. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/413.
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"Case hardening, a process which includes a wide variety of techniques, is used to improve the wear resistance, by diffusing carbon (carburization), nitrogen (nitriding) and/or boron (boriding) into the outer layer of the steel at high temperature, and then heat treating the surface layer to the desired hardness without affecting the softer, tough interior of the part. In this research, a nitrogen-hydrocarbon gas mixture was used as the process atmosphere for carburizing steels. It can offer a cost and part quality alternative to the conventional endothermic atmosphere and vacuum processes. It can hold the promise for matching the quality of work parts processed in vacuum furnace, i.e. eliminating the intergranular oxidation which normally occurs in the endogas atmosphere. The process control of nitrogen-hydrocarbon atmosphere is also investigated in the research. Modified shim stock method is used to measure the carbon pickup and constant carbon flux modeling tool is used afterwards to predict the carbon profile. With minimum modification, commercially available equipment or sensors can be used to monitor non-equilibrium process atmosphere. Gas nitriding was also studied. For nitriding, the kinetics of the nitriding process with hydrocarbon gases addition and electric arc discharge activation of the nitrogen diluted ammonia atmosphere were investigated. Prior to and during the nitriding, hydrocarbon gases were reacted with metal surface and removed oxidation layers, which can accelerate nitriding process. Overall, nitriding with this unique gas mixture provides an alternative to a long-hour pure ammonia nitriding with more efficient energy utilization. The main objective of this project is to develop the conventional, atmospheric-pressure, low-cost surface hardening treatments for the case hardening of carbon, alloy and stainless steel. The possibility of plasma activation of atmosphere and metal surface to shorten processing time and save energy and time is investigated in this research. The process atmosphere is safer, more efficient, less toxic and less flammable. "
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Wu, Dandan. "Low-Temperature Gas-Phase Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing of 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1346900583.
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Wang, Danqi. "LOW-TEMPERATURE GAS-PHASE CARBURIZING AND NITRIDING OF 17-7 PH STAINLESS STEEL." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1386165240.
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Pearson, Stephen R. "The effect of nitriding on the fretting wear of a high strength steel at ambient and elevated temperatures." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/29004/.
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This work is an experimental evaluation of the wear and friction of a high strength alloy steel (super-CMV (SCMV» in its as heat treated and plasma nitrided states under fretting conditions in air, at both ambient and elevated temperatures. In order to conduct the experimental programme, a new test rig and associated data processing and assessment capability was developed. Wearing couples in homogeneous and heterogeneous arrangements were tested to assess the effectiveness of the nitriding process as a fretting palliative-the heterogeneous mating is particularly representative of configurations found in aerospace transmission assemblies. A range of test conditions were examined with a line contact, including normal loads from 25 to 65Nmm-1, displacement amplitudes from 10 to 100 µm and temperatures from 24 to 450°C. At ambient temperatures, the wear behaviour was assessed using an energy-wear analysis, whereupon it was demonstrated that the wear volume was a linear function of the dissipated frictional energy (over the range of loading conditions) with a significant energy threshold before the onset of wear. Accordingly, the fretting wear over the full range of loading conditions could be described by a single wear rate and threshold value. The wear rate for homogeneous couples of nitrided super-CMV (SCMVN) was found to be 12 % lower than that for comparable SCMV pairings, although the lower threshold energy for the SCMVN case would lead to them suffering greater wear at < 2.5 kJ of dissipated energy (in the configuration examined). In heterogeneous couples, the harder SCMVN specimen was found to wear preferentially; while the SCMV specimen suffered severe plastic damage of the surface, a protective oxide debris bed was seen to form, which protected the underlying SCMV from wear and abraded the SCMVN specimen. At elevated temperatures, the tribology (of both SCMV and SCMVN) was dominated by the formation of a glaze-layer. The progressive formation of the glaze, with increasing temperature, led to a critical transition temperature (TT) above which a significant reduction in both the wear and friction of the materials was observed. For SCMV, after only a modest increase in temperature to 85 °C, the overall loss of material from the contact had become negative. At temperatures greater than 85°C, negative wear was maintained, with the coefficient of friction dropping monotonically until a slight minimum at 300°C. The behaviour for the SCMVN couples was very similar; the transition to negative wear occurred at a higher temperature of 150°C but the friction minimum was also found at 300°C. It is proposed that the changes in wear rate and friction coefficient were due to changes in the way that the oxide particles sintered to form a protective debris bed, with sintering of the oxide debris particles at these low temperatures being promoted by the nano-scale at which the oxide debris is formed.
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Selg, Holger Verfasser], and Eric J. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Mittemeijer. "Nitriding of Fe-Mo alloys and maraging steel : structure, morphology and kinetics of nitride precipitation / Holger Selg. Betreuer: E.J. Mittemeijer." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1032899468/34.
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Franklin, Matthew J. "Surface coatings for 3-piece freight bogie centre bearings." Faculty of Engineering, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/138.
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The research is divided into four related sections of work. The first relates to the rim wall wear of the existing unlubricated steel, and polyethylene centre bearing components. Based on these findings, the second and third sections of work includes materials characterisation of alternative centre bearing surfaces - plasma nitrided molybdenum steel and stellite 6 laser clad layers, respectively. Finally, in the last section of work, the reciprocating pin-on-plate wear test method is used to evaluate the friction and wear of the existing and alternative centre bearing materials. The worn dimensions of the AISI 1053 steel, Hadfield steel, and polyethylene centre bearing components were determined. The wear of the high density polyethylene centre bowl liner was negligible. The rim wall wear of the unlubricated steel components was greatest in the longitudinal direction, whilst there was negligible wear in the lateral direction. The average wear depth rate for the AISI 1053 steel top centre was approximately twice that of the Hadfield steel centre bowl liner. The cross-sectional microhardness and microstructure of one worn AISI 1053 steel top centre and two worn Hadfield steel centre bowl liners were determined. The worn Hadfield steel centre bowl liners showed significant near surface work hardening. The wear mechanism for the AISI 1053 steel top centre was plastic strain accumulation in conjunction with low cycle fatigue. The quench and tempered AISI 4016 molybdenum steel samples were plasma nitrided at 450, 500, 550 and 580 C using 75% N2: 25% H2 mixture gas for 5 hours. The microstructures of the coatings were determined using optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The treated samples were characterised using x-ray diffraction and vi microhardness. The optimum condition for this material was achieved at the temperature of 500 0C. Stellite 6 multi-track layers were laser clad onto mild and AISI 4016 steel substrates with a continuous wave Nd:YAG laser at 1800 W laser source power using four different processing speeds: 600, 900, 1200, and 1500 mm/min. The laser power, defocused laser spot size, and powder feed rate were held constant. The clad samples were characterised using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Microhardness profiles of the clad layers and heat affected zones were determined. For both substrates the optimum processing speed is between 600 and 900 mm/min. Wear testing of Hadfield pin - AISI 1053 steel plate, Hadfield pin - untreated AISI 4016 steel plate, HDPE pin – Hadfield steel plate, Hadfield pin - plasma nitrided AISI 4016 steel (500 °C) plate, and Hadfield pin – laser clad Stellite 6 (600 mm/min) plate material pairs was conducted using the pin-on-plate reciprocating wear test method. The wear test conditions provided a good simulation of the rim wall operating conditions for the Hadfield steel pin – plasma nitrided AISI 4016 steel (500 °C) plate and Hadfield steel pin – laser clad Stellite 6 (600 mm/min) plate material pairs. The Hadfield steel pin – nitrided AISI 4016 steel (500 °C) plate material pair had the lowest wear under these wear test conditions, whilst it’s co-efficient of friction of 0.57 would make it suitable for use in lightly loaded (50 ton wagon mass) 3-piece freight bogies.
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Dalton, John Christian. "Surface Hardening of Duplex Stainless Steel 2205." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1480696856644048.
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Martinavičius, Andrius. "Structural and transport property changes in austenitic stainless steel induced by nitrogen incorporation." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-68719.
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The saturation of the near surface layers of metals with different elements is a powerful tool to change their surface properties. In this work, structure and transport changes induced by incorporation of large amounts of nitrogen at moderate temperatures (∼370−430°C) in austenitic stainless steel are investigated. The structural study of the plasma nitrided ASS has been carried out using a combination of global (X-ray diffraction, nuclear reaction analysis) and local probe techniques (Mossbauer, X-ray absorption near edge structure, extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopies). It reveals that nitriding at moderate temperatures (∼400°C) results in the nitrided layer with Fe, Cr and Ni being in different local chemical environments: Cr in the CrN-like state, Fe in the Fe4N-like state, Ni in the metallic state. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of interstitial nitrogen destabilizes homogeneous distribution of the ASS constituents, which leads to the segregation of the elements into small zones rich in Cr and Ni and provide strong evidence that the decomposition is of a spinodal nature. These experimental findings contradict the widely accepted view that the phase formed during nitriding at moderate temperatures is a homogeneous supersaturated nitrogen solid solution.
The nitrogen atomic transport study has been carried out by using ion beam nitriding of single-crystalline stainless steel, and the issues of the influence of the crystalline orientation, nitriding temperature, ion flux and ion energy are addressed. The diffusion coefficients have been extracted from the fitting of the nitrogen depth profiles by using the trapping-detrapping model. It is shown that the crystalline orientation plays a significant role in nitrogen diffusion: the penetration depth is largest, intermediate and lowest for the (001), (110) and (111) orientation, respectively. The pre-exponential factor D0 varies by two orders of magnitude depending on the orientation, while the activation energy E is similar (∼1.1 eV) for the (111) and (110) orientations and higher for the (001) orientation (∼1.4 eV). It is found that the nitrogen ion energy and the flux have the effect on the nitrogen transport in the bulk with higher energies (or fluxes) showing larger diffusion coefficients. The ion energy effect is more pronounced for the (001) than for the (111) orientation, while the flux effect is similar in both orientations. In addition, the diffusivity during post-nitriding thermal annealing without ion irradiation is found to be independent of the crystalline orientation. The observed radiation enhanced diffusion and anisotropy are discussed on the basis of nitrogen incorporation induced changes in the matrix structure (ASS decomposition and formation heterogeneous structure), ion bombardment induced effects (defects, localized vibrations) and correlated diffusion.
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Riofano, Rosamel Melita Muñoz. "Efeito das variáveis de nitretação por plasma na resistência à abrasão de um aço \"maraging\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 1997. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-16092016-113006/.
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Visando-se a avaliação do desempenho de um sistema de nitretação por plasma que se construiu bem como a determinação da influência das variáveis do processo sobre o desempenho das camadas nitretadas ionicamente, foram nitretadas amostras do aço \"maraging\" com a seguinte composição: Fe - 18Ni - 4.2Mo - 12.3Co - 1.7Ti - 0.15Al - 0.03C. Foram variadas as seguintes condições de processo: tempo, temperatura, freqüência do pulso e condição de tratamento térmico prévio. Foram realizadas análises metalográficas, difração de raios-X, microdureza e ensaios de abrasão do tipo \"pino-sobre-disco\" para caracterização das camadas obtidas. O equipamento de nitretação apresentou excelente desempenho no tratamento das amostras utilizadas e o aço \"maraging\", excelente resposta ao tratamento de nitretação. O tempo de tratamento de 3 horas produziu as camadas mais resistentes à abrasão. Os tratamentos com corrente contínua produziram resistências à abrasão superiores às obtidas com corrente pulsada. As amostras nitretadas após o envelhecimento apresentaram resistências superiores às envelhecidas simultaneamente com a nitretação.Pursuing the evaluation and performance of a nitration system via plasma for us constructed, as well as the determination of the influence of variables of the process on the performance of ionically nitrated layers, it was nitrated maraging steel samples with the next compositions: Fe -18Ni - 4,2Mo - 12,3Co - 1,7Ti - 0,15AI- 0,03C. The following processing conditions were modified: time, temperature, pulse frequency end previous thermal treatment condition. Metallografic analyses, X-ray diffraction, microhardness and pin-on-dick type abrasion test were practised on samples for characterization of their layers. The nitration equipment had excellent performance in the treatment of samples used while the \"maraging\" steel showed excellent answer to the nitration treatment. A treatment time of three hours produced the more resistant layers to abrasion. The treatments with continuous current produced abrasion resistance higher than in treatment with pulsed current post-aged nitrated samples showed higher resistances than those aged during the nitration.
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Oliveira, Leonardo Fonseca. "Estudo da nitretação a plasma com tela ativa e potencial flutuante para o aço rápido ASTM M2." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/178734.
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No presente trabalho foi investigada a nitretação a plasma do aço rápido ASTM M2 utilizando diferentes configurações, envolvendo as técnicas convencional e com tela ativa. Na técnica convencional, o material a ser nitretado atua como o cátodo do sistema, sendo coberto diretamente pela bainha da descarga luminescente. Nos tratamentos conduzidos com a técnica de tela ativa, uma estrutura de tela em formato cilíndrico atua como cátodo e o material a ser nitretado é posicionado no seu interior. Neste novo processo, como não há potencial elétrico externo aplicado aos substratos, a descarga luminescente se desenvolve apenas na estrutura da tela, evitando problemas intrínsecos do método convencional de nitretação a plasma. Todos os tratamentos investigados foram executados com os seguintes parâmetros: Temperatura de 500 °C, mistura gasosa composta 76% de volume de gás nitrogênio e 24% de volume de gás hidrogênio e pressão de 3 milibar. Para os tratamentos com tela ativa, os substratos foram mantidos eletricamente isolados. Os resultados foram comparados observando a diferença de método de nitretação (com e sem o uso de tela ativa) e a influência do tempo de tratamento (variando sua duração em 1, 4 e 8 horas) Todos os experimentos foram realizados utilizando uma fonte de potência de tensão retificada aplicada na tela ou nas amostras, dependendo da configuração. Adicionalmente, para o tempo de nitretação de 4 horas uma fonte de potência com tensão pulsada também foi aplicada. As amostras nitretadas foram caracterizadas por ensaios de rugosidade, ensaios de dureza e microdureza, microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difração de raios-X. Ensaios tribológicos para avaliação da resistência ao desgaste das diferentes condições de tratamento foram conduzidos. Dentre os principais resultados foi observada uma clara diferença na profundidade de camada nitretada, que foi sempre mais profunda nos tratamentos convencionais. Apesar de formadas camadas menos profundas, as amostras nitretadas oriundas dos tratamentos com tela ativa demonstraram melhor desempenho nos ensaios tribológicos, resultando em taxas de desgaste até sete vezes inferior do que as amostras do nitretadas convencionalmente, este resultado foi atribuído a não formação da zona de compostos nas amostras nitretadas com tela ativa.In the present work an investigation on the plasma nitriding of ASTM M2 High-Speed Steel using different configurations was carried out, involving traditional and active screen techniques. In the traditional technique, the material to be nitrided act as the system cathode, being directly covered by the glow discharge sheath. In the active screen treatments, a cylindrical mesh structure (screen) plays the role of the cathode and the material to be nitrided is positioned in its interior. In this new process, as there is no external electric potential applied to the specimens, the glow discharge develops only in the screen structure, avoiding intrinsic problems from the conventional plasma nitriding method. All the studied treatments were carried out with the following parameters: temperature of 500 °C, gas mixture of 76 vol.-% N2 and 24 vol.-% H2 and pressure of 3 millibar. For the active screen treatments, the samples were kept electrically insulated. The results were compared observing the differences in the nitriding method (with and without the use of active screen) and the nitriding time influence (varying its duration in 1, 4 and 8 hours) All experiments were carried using a rectified voltage power supply applied to the screen or to the samples, depending on the configuration. Additionally, for the nitriding time of 4 hours a pulsed voltage power supply was also employed. The nitrided samples were characterized by roughness tests, hardness and microhardness tests, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction. Tribological tests to evaluate the wear resistance of the different treatment conditions were also carried out. Among the main results a clear difference in the case layer depth was noticed, which was always deeper in the conventional treatments. Although forming shallower case depths, the active screen nitrided specimens presented better performance in the tribological tests, resulting in wear rates up to seven times lower than the wear rate for conventionally plasma nitrided samples, this result was assigned due to the non-formation of compound layer in the active screen plasma nitrided samples.
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Zagonel, Luiz Fernando 1979. "Tratamentos de superfícies de uma liga ferrosa por íons de nitrogênio." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/277763.
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Orientador: Fernando AlvarezTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar processos de tratamento superficial por plasma com especial atenção às peculiaridades da técnica frente às demais práticas de nitretação, buscando compreender o processo a partir dos fenômenos observados na superficie. Dois tipos de tratamento foram realizados e três as técnicas utilizadas: nitretação por feixe de íons e por plasma pulsado e carbonitretação por deposição assistida por feixe de íons. A liga tratada foi o aço AISI-H13. As superficies das amostras foram tratadas em diversas temperaturas, de 260°C a 6000C, diversos tempos de processo, de 75 minutos a 5 horas, diversas densidades de corrente e diversas misturas gasosas, permitindo a observação de diferentes estruturas cristalinas, durezas, microestruturas e concentrações de nitrogênio na camada nitretada. Os diferentes estudos realizados dentro dessas amplas condições experimentais permitiram observar e/ou modelar o processo de tratamento superficial em condições diferenciadas. Estudos de nitretação com diferentes composições de feixe iônico de nitrogênio e hidrogênio mostraram que o hidrogênio tem um importante papel no processo, mesmo na ausência de oxigênio. A presença de hidrogênio levou ao aumento da concentração superficial de nitrogênio e à formação de fases de nitretos de ferro tipo E-Fe2-3N. Um estudo da nitretação em diversas temperaturas indicou que o processo de oferta de nitrogênio não depende da temperatura e que a 260°C nitretos de ferro de alta concentração de nitrogênio podem ser formados. A difusão de nitrogênio no aço utilizado mostrou-se ativada pela temperatura, mas efeitos de difusão por bordas de grão pareceram estar presentes, o que causou um aumento da dureza em altas profundidades. A técnica de deposição assistida por íons foi utilizada nesse estudo para o tratamento de superficie de carbonitretação. Nessa técnica, o carbono foi depositado continuamente sobre a superficie da amostra enquanto esta foi bombardeada com íons de nitrogênio. O estudo mostrou que a técnica apresenta características distintas daquelas da carbonitretação a gás ou a plasma. Em especial, foi observada a restauração da fase ferrita com altas concentrações de carbono e nitrogênio para alta deposição de carbono. Um estudo amplo sobre o papel do fluxo de íons, temperatura e tempo no processo de nitretação também foi realizado, visando clarificar as características do potencial químico na nitretação a plasma. Como demonstrado, esse potencial depende do balanço de massa entre o fluxo de íons e a difusão para o volume
Abstract: The objective of this project is to study processes of plasma surface treatment with special emphasis to the differences these techniques might show in relation to others, looking forward to understand the process from surface phenomena. Two kinds of surface treatment have been studied, including three different techniques: ion beam nitriding, pulsed plasma nitriding and carbonitriding by ion beam assisted deposition. The treated alloy was the steel AISI-H13. The samples surfaces have been treated at several different temperatures, from 260°C to 600°C, several process times, from 75 minutes to 5 hours, several ion current densities e several gas mixtures, allowing the observations of different crystalline structures, surface and profile hardness, microstructures, and nitrogen concentration at the surface and within a profile. The undergone studies over these wide conditions leaded to the observation and modeling of the surface treatments at these different situations. Studies of nitriding with different ion beam compositions of nitrogen and hydrogen showed that hydrogen play a major role even in the absence of oxygen. The hydrogen presence within the surface allowed an enhancement on the nitrogen concentration and the formation of iron nitrides 1ike E-Fe2-3N. A study of nitriding over several different temperatures indicates that the nitrogen offer at the surface is not dependent upon temperature and even at very low temperatures like 260°C, high nitrogen concentration iron nitrides can be formed. The nitrogen diffusion is shown to be activated by temperature, but grain boundary effects seam to be present, what caused a hardness increase at high depths. The ion beam assisted deposition technique was used for carbonitriding. In this set-up, carbon is continuously deposited over the surface while the sample is exposed to nitrogen ions. The study showed that the approach displays distinct characteristics with respect to gas or p1asma carbonitriding. By this new technique, high carbon deposition preserves the formation of E-Fe2-3N phase, without loss of diffusion to bulk. A wide study about the role of the ion flux, temperature and time on ion nitriding process was also performed, looking forward to clarify the behavior of the chemical potential of nitrogen at the surface. As it was understood, this quantity will depend on the mass balance between the ion flux and the diffusion to bulk
Doutorado
Física da Matéria Condensada
Doutor em Ciências
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Riofano, Rosamel Melita Muñoz. "Efeito dos teores de Si em aços ultra-resistentes e do V em aços ferramenta sinterizados nitretados ionicamente, sobre a resistência à abrasão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-11072017-155241/.
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Os aços ultra-resistentes e os sinterizados estão bem estabelecidos tecnologicamente, sendo utilizados nas mais variadas aplicações. Entretanto para certas situações, como é o caso de componentes sujeitos aos desgaste severo, existe a necessidade de se melhorar suas propriedades superficiais. Dentre as técnicas de endurecimento superficial, a nitretação iônica se apresenta como uma boa alternativa para o tratamento desses aços, uma vez que as peças ficam menos suscetíveis a empenamentos e distorções, como ocorre em outros tratamentos superficiais convencionais e permite o controle adequado da camada produzida. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o efeito do silício em aços ultra-resistentes com relação ao tratamento térmico bem como a influência desse elemento na nitretação e conseqüentemente no desgaste abrasivo e verificar a influência do V sobre essas mesmas características no caso de aços sinterizados. Foram utilizadas oito ligas, com diferentes teores de silício e vanádio, que foram nitretados ionicamente em diferentes condições de temperatura e/ou tempo. As camadas nitretadas obtidas foram avaliadas por meio de ensaios de microdureza na superfície e na seção transversal, microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura, com microssonda (EDX), análise por difração de raios X e ensaios de abrasão do tipo \"pino-sobre-disco\". Observou-se que, com o aumento do teor de silício, nas ligas ultra-resistentes aumentou a dureza após o revenido e que a presença desse elemento aumenta consideravelmente a dureza da camada nitretada. O aumento do teor de silício produziu camadas de compostos menos espessas e de alta dureza, que apresentaram as melhores resistência ao desgaste abrasivo. As análises superficiais por meio de raio X demonstraram que essas camadas são formadas por uma mistura de nitretos γ\'-Fe4N, εFe2-3N, CrN, MoN e Si3N4, que variam suas proporções com as condições de nitretação. Nas ligas sinterizadas as durezas das camadas aumentaram consideravelmente depois da nitretação iônica, devido a formação de VN. No ensaio de desgaste abrasivo verificou-se que tal aumento de dureza resultou em uma menor perda de massa, quando a camada de compostos é constituída significativamente de VN e γ\'- Fe4N. O incremento do tempo de tratamento não influenciou na forma e tamanho dos carbonetos presentes nesses aços.The ultra-strength and sintered steels are technologically very established, being used in the most varied applications. In the cases where the main selection requirements are the mechanical resistance and the cost of the material, those steels are an interesting option. However for certain applications, as it is the case of components subject to the severe wear, the need exists of improving its surface properties. Among the techniques of superficial hardening, the ion nitriding present it self as a good alternative for the treatment of those steels, once the specimen are less susceptible to the warpage and distortions, as it happens in another conventional superficial treatments. The objective of the present work is to study the effect of the Si in ultra-strength steels relating it to the heat treatment as well as the abrasive wear resistance of the same and of sintered tool steels with variable content of V, after ion nitriding. Eight alloys were used with different content of Si and V. The alloys were ion nitrided in different conditions of temperature and/or time. The nitrided layers obtained were appraised by means of microhardness test in the surface and in the cross section of the layers, optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), analysis for X-ray diffraction and \"Pin-on-Disc\" type abrasion test. It was observed that with the increase of the content of Si in the ultra-resistant alloys, increased the hardness after the tempering and the presence of that element it increases the hardness of the nitrided layer considerably. The increase of the content of Si produced smaller compound layers and of high hardness, that presented the best resistance to the abrasive wear. The superficial analysis by means of X-ray has shown that the compound layers are formed by a mixture of γ\'-Fe4N, e-Fe2-3N, CrN, MoN and Si3N4, nitrides that vary its proportions with the nitriding conditions. In the sintered alloys the hardness of the layers increased considerably after the ion nitriding, due to formation of VN. In the test of abrasive wear it was verified that such increase of hardness results in a smaller mass loss, when the compound layer is constituted of VN and γ\'-Fe4N phase. The increase of time of treatment did not influence in the shape and size of the present carbides in the steels.
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Maftoum, Ricardo de Almeida. "Influência do nitrogênio adicionado por SHTPN na resistência à erosão por cavitação do aço inoxidável martensítico." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2012. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/385.
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Muitos estudos são realizados para melhorar a resistência à erosão por cavitação dos aços. Entre estes estudos, está a utilização de aços inoxidáveis enriquecidos com nitrogênio na superfície. O presente trabalho estudou o uso da técnica SHTPN (Solution Heat Treatment after Plasma Nitriding), que consiste em duas etapas. Primeiro utiliza-se a nitretação a plasma, para inserir o nitrogênio no material. Na sequência realiza-se o tratamento térmico de solubilização, para que o nitrogênio fique em solução sólida. Foram utilizados neste trabalho dois aços inoxidáveis martensíticos (ASTM CA-6NM e ASM 15-5PH). A nitretação foi realizada na temperatura de 630°C por 3 horas. Para o aço CA-6NM foram utilizadas três diferentes condições de solubilização (1100°C por 1 hora, NS1, 1200°C por 30 minutos, NS2 e 1200°C por 1 hora NS3). Para o aço 15-5PH foi utilizada apenas 1 condição de solubilização (1200°C por 30 minutos, NS), e realizado posterior tratamento de envelhecimento (390°C por 8 horas, NSE). As amostras foram analisadas por difração de raios-x, microscopia ótica e determinação de perfil de microdureza na secção transversal. Verificou-se um aumento da dureza superficial dos aços CA-6NM, porém não foi observado grande presença de austenita próxima à superfície. No aço 15-5PH, foi observada uma camada de austenita na superfície. O ensaio de cavitação foi realizado conforme norma ASTM G32/09, porém utilizando o método indireto. A região cavitada das amostras foi caracterizada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Constatou-se que as amostras tratadas obtiveram aumento de resistência à erosão por cavitação, sendo de mais de 5 vezes para a condição NS1 e de três vezes para a condição NSE.Several studies are being done to improve the cavitation erosion resistance of steel. Among those studies, is the use of steels with nitrogen enriched surfaces. In this study the use of SHTPN (Solution Heat Treatment after Plasma Nitriding) technique was studied, which consists in performing plasma nitriding, used to add nitrogen to the material, followed by a solubilization treatment so that the nitrogen is in solid solution. On this experiment two martensitic stainless steel were used (ASTM CA-6NM and ASM 15-5PH). Nitriding was performed at 630°C for 3 hours. Three different solubilization conditions were used for CA6NM steel (1100°C for 1 hour, NS1, 1200°C for 30 minutes, NS2 and 1200° for 1 hour, NS3). Only one condition was used for 15-5PH steel (1200°C por 30 minutos, NS), and later used an aging treatment (390°C for 8 hours, NSE). The samples were analyzed through x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and microhardness profiles. All CA6NM samples had an increase in surface hardness, and no big austenite presence was observed. On 15-5PH steel, an austenictic phase was observed. The cavitation test was conducted according to ASTM G32/09 standard, but using the indirect method. The damaged area of the samples was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The treatment increased cavitation erosion resistance of all samples, having increased over 5 times for the NS1 sample and 3 times for NSE sample.
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Andrieux, Aurore. "Traitements thermochimiques basse température assistés par plasmas d’un acier inoxydable austénitique pour la micro-structuration de surface d’un contact lubrifié." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0095/document.
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Une micro-structuration de surface peut améliorer les propriétés en frottement d’un contact lubrifié grâce à la génération de pression hydrodynamique. Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet ANR MicroGaMe, dont l’objectif était de structurer la surface d’une garniture mécanique en acier inoxydable austénitique. Nous avons développé un procédé basé sur l’utilisation des traitements thermochimiques à basse température (nitruration et carburation) assisté par plasmas froids. L’étude des couches obtenues après traitements a permis d’améliorer la compréhension de leur nature et de leur formation et de mettre en évidence la présence de précipités nanométriques. Lors des traitements, une déformation dans la direction perpendiculaire à la surface (appelée « gonflement »), et qui est la conséquence de fortes contraintes internes, peut être utilisée de façon originale comme moteur de structuration. Afin d’obtenir un motif « positif », nous avons traité les échantillons à travers des plaques d’acier percées par laser. La réalisation d’un motif « négatif » (cavité) nécessitant l’utilisation d’un masque discontinu, nous avons testé plusieurs voies de dépôts. La forme et les dimensions spécifiques à la garniture mécanique ne pouvant être obtenu par cette approche, nous avons également développé un procédé de gravure ionique, qui a pu être appliqué avec succès aux pièces à taille réelleSurface patterning can improve friction properties of a lubricated contact by the generation of hydrodynamic pressure. The objective of the ANR project MicroGaMe was to pattern the surface of a mechanical seal in austenitic stainless steel. We developed a process based on the use of low-temperature plasma-assisted thermochemical treatments (nitriding and carburizing). The study of the treated layers leads to a better understanding of its nature and of the formation mechanisms and also reveals the presence of nanoprecipitates. During the treatments, a deformation occurs in a direction perpendicular to the surface (called “swelling”) as a consequence of high internal stresses, which can be used as an original patterning driving force. To obtain a “positive” pattern, we treated samples through laser-cut steel plates. A “negative” motif (cavitie) requires the use of a discontinuous mask so we tested different deposition techniques. As the specific shape and dimensions needed for the application to a mechanical seal cannot be obtained with this approach, we also develop an ion etching process, which has been successfully applied to real size piece
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Kutschmann, Pia, Thomas Lindner, Kristian Börner, Ulrich Reese, and Thomas Lampke. "Effect of Adjusted Gas Nitriding Parameters on Microstructure and Wear Resistance of HVOF-Sprayed AISI 316L Coatings." MDPI AG, 2019. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34775.
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Gas nitriding is known as a convenient process to improve the wear resistance of steel components. A precipitation-free hardening by low-temperature processes is established to retain the good corrosion resistance of stainless steel. In cases of thermal spray coatings, the interstitial solvation is achieved without an additional surface activation step. The open porosity permits the penetration of the donator media and leads to a structural diffusion. An inhomogeneous diffusion enrichment occurs at the single spray particle edges within the coating’s microstructure. A decreasing diffusion depth is found with increasing surface distance. The present study investigates an adjusted process management for low-temperature gas nitriding of high velocity oxy-fuel-sprayed AISI 316L coatings. To maintain a homogeneous diffusion depth within the coating, a pressure modulation during the process is studied. Additionally, the use of cracked gas as donator is examined. The process management is designed without an additional surface activation step. Regardless of surface distance, microstructural investigations reveal a homogeneous diffusion depth by a reduced processing time. The constant hardening depth allows a reliable prediction of the coatings’ properties. An enhanced hardness and improved wear resistance is found in comparison with the as-sprayed coating condition.
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Skiba, Olivier. "Développement d'un procédé de nitruration pour l'aéronautique. Étude des mécanismes de durcissement sur des alliages fer-chrome nitrurés." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0099.
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La nitruration est un procédé thermochimique permettant d'améliorer les propriétés mécaniques par diffusion d'azote et précipitation de nitrures d'éléments d'alliages dans la zone traitée. Ce traitement se traduit par une augmentation importante de la dureté et l'introduction de contraintes résiduelles de compression. L'objet de l'étude était de développer un cycle de nitruration adapté une nuance d'acier destinée à des applications fortement chargées pour des pignons de l'industrie aéronautique. Une étude paramétrique a permis de déterminer la criticité des différents paramètres sur la réponse à la nitruration de l'acier choisi. En s'appuyant sur ces résultats, un cycle de nitruration répondant aux critères définis a pu être proposé. Le durcissement des couches nitrurées a été étudié sur un alliage binaire Fe-Cr afin de s'affranchir des phénomènes de précipitation complexes observés dans les nuances d'acier industrielles. Des analyses en microscopie électronique en transmission ont confirmé, grâce à l'interprétation complète du cliché de diffraction électronique, que trois familles de nitrures se développent sur les faces de la structure cubique centrée de la ferrite et obéissent aux relations d'orientations de Baker-Nutting. Ces nitrures semi-cohérents adoptent une géométrie de disques. Les analyses d'image ont permis l'identification des paramètres microstructuraux de la précipitation (distribution en taille des précipités, épaisseur, distance inter-précipités et fraction volumique). La connaissance de ces paramètres a ensuite conduit au développement d'un modèle de dureté, basé sur le contournement des précipités par les dislocations et prenant en compte la géométrie sous forme de disques des précipités. Les résultats obtenus à partir des données expérimentales, ont montré que ce modèle estime correctement la dureté. Il a été démontré que l'utilisation de résultats issus de modèle de diffusion - précipitation ne permet pas de déterminer de manière fiable le gradient de dureté de la couche nitrurée. Cette incapacité résulte principalement de l'impossibilité de ces modèles à décrire correctement la microstructure du point de vue de leur géométrie et de leur distribution en tailleNitriding of steels is a thermochemical process for improving the mechanical properties by nitrogen diffusion and associated to nitrides precipitation of the alloying elements within the treated zone. This treatment results in a significant increase in hardness and to the introduction of residual compressive stresses. The scope of the study was to develop a nitriding cycle adapted to a steel grade for heavily loaded applications such as gears for the aerospace industry. A parametric study allowed the evaluation of the parameters criticality on the behavior of the chosen steel after nitriding. Based on these results, a nitriding cycle fulfilling the defined requirements has been proposed. Hardening of the nitrided layer was studied on Fe-Cr binary alloys in order to avoid complex precipitation phenomena observed in industrial grade steel. Transmission electron microscopy analyses confirmed, through the complete interpretation of the electron diffraction pattern, that three nitrides families develop on the faces of the cubic centered structure of ferrite and obey the orientation relationships of Baker-Nutting. These semi-coherent nitrides adopt a disk-shape geometry. Image analyses allowed the identification of the microstructural parameters (size distribution of the precipitates, width, inter-particles spacing and volume fraction). The knowledge of these parameters led to the development of a hardening model, based on particles bypassing by dislocations and taking into account the disk-shape geometry of the precipitates. It has been shown that the use of results coming from diffusion - precipitation models does not permit to reliably determine the hardness gradient of the nitrided layer. This inability results principally from the impossibility of these models to describe correctly the microstructure in terms of precipitates geometry and their size distribution
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Leitão, Claudio José. "Efeito da nitretação e da cementação na deformação de peças de aços carbono e baixa liga." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263077.
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Orientador: Paulo Roberto MeiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar que o processo de cementação, utilizado para o tratamento de componentes que necessitam de alta dureza superficial e de grande resistência ao desgaste pode, em alguns casos, ser substituído pelo processo de nitretação, trazendo algumas vantagens, entre as quais, a redução dos custos de fabricação. Este estudo aborda dados comparativos sobre as deformações geradas, durezas, e estruturas obtidas em corpos de prova tipo Navy "C" e corpos de prova tipo "Engrenagens" submetidas a processos de cementação, beneficiamento, nitretação gasosa e nitretação líquida. Foram estudados outros fatores importantes do processo de nitretação, tais como, o efeito do beneficiamento prévio à usinagem e dos elementos de liga em peças de aços com 0,4 % de carbono, submetidos à nitretação gasosa e a verificação do efeito da nitretação líquida e da nitretação gasosa na espessura da camada branca formada, no perfil de dureza e na deformação de peças de aços carbono e baixa liga. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os corpos de prova que passaram pelos processos de nitretação, chegaram a deformar cerca de dez vezes menos do que os processos de cementação, e que o custo do corpo de prova "engrenagem" que passou pelo processo de nitretação, ficou cerca de 40 % mais barato do que no processo de cementação
Abstract: This work demonstrates that the carburizing treatment applied to components that require high surface hardness and wear resistance, in some cases, can be replaced by nitriding, bringing some advantages like the reduction of manufacturing costs. This study obtained data about distortion, hardness and microstructures in Navy "C" samples and gears after carburizing (fooled by hardening and tempering), gas nitriding and liquid nitriding. The use or not of hardening and tempering prior to machining was studied in samples submitted to gas nitriding process. Also the effect of alloying elements (chromium and molybdenum) on the thickness of white layer, case depth and distortion of 0.4 %C steel samples submitted to gas nitriding and liquid nitriding were studied. The results showed that nitrided samples presented up to ten times less distortion than carburized samples, and the cost of gear manufacturing using nitriding can be up to 40% cheaper than using carburizing
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Martins, Eva Paganini. "Efeito do encruamento na cinética de nitretação dos aços inoxidáveis austeníticos." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2010. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1384.
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Previous issue date: 2010-03-05This paper deals with the effects of cold work on the nitriding kinetics and surface micro-hardness of the 3XX family of austenitic stainless steels. Nitriding is a thermo-chemical treatment based on the nitrogen diffusion and, under some specific circumstances, carbon in lower quantities, in to a ferrous matrix. The nitriding process improves particularly high cycle fatigue resistance, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance for carbon steels. To study the cold work effect on the material, samples of 304 and 316 were strained in tension tests to conventional deformation of 10%, 25% and up to rupture point prior to the nitriding process. A sample without deformation was kept for reference. It is possible to verify, based on the test performed, that the AISI 304 has smaller deformation capacity when compared to the 316 in terms of elongation on strain test presenting a higher degree of cold work deformation. Also the 304 presents a reduction on nitrided layer thickness and a smaller percentage of nitrogen in the nitrided layer after the cold work (difference of 1% point versus 0,5 for the 316) It is also possible to observe the smaller density on the 304 after the cold work which can be attributed, according to the literature, to the formation of cold work martensite during the cold work process.
O presente trabalho apresenta uma avaliação dos efeitos de encruamento na cinética do processo de nitretação das ligas de aço inoxidável austeníticos da série 3XX e no perfil de dureza das superfícies nitretadas. Nitretação é um tratamento termoquímico baseado na difusão de nitrogênio, em algumas circunstancias carbono em pequenas quantidades, na matriz ferrosa. Para estudar os efeitos do encruamento no material, amostras de 304 e 316 foram encruadas em ensaio de tração convencional, em 10%, 25% e até a ruptura e posteriormente nitretadas. Ainda manteve-se uma a mostra sem deformação para fins de comparação. Com base nos ensaios avaliados é possível verificar que o AISI 304 tem menor capacidade de deformação que o AISI 316 em termos de alongamento no ensaio de tração apresentando maior taxa de encruamento em relação ao 316. Além disso o 304 apresenta redução na camada nitretada proporcional ao grau de deformação plástica a frio e menor percentual de nitrogênio na camada após deformação (queda de aproximadamente 1 ponto percentual enquanto no 316 a diferença mantém-se em torno de 0,5 pontos). Ainda é possível observar a diminuição da densidade no 304, o que pode ser atribuído, segundo a literatura, a formação de martensita e deformação durante o processo de deformação plástica a frio.
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Dalton, John Christian. "Thermodynamics of Paraequilibrium Carburization and Nitridation of Stainless Steels." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1386586585.
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Sakamoto, Felipe Sannomiya. "Influência do teor de carbono na formação da camada de nitretos e nas propriedades mecânicas em aços da família 43XX submetidos à nitretação a plasma." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153522.
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Os aços de alta resistência da série AISI 43XX apresentam importantes aplicações na indústria aeroespacial e automobilística. Devido as suas características, podem atingir altos limites de escoamento e resistência. A presença de elementos de liga como cromo, molibdênio e níquel juntamente com o teor de carbono, variando neste estudo de 0,20 a 0,70 %, podem promover melhorias nas propriedades mecânicas. O tratamento de superfície de nitretação utilizado pode promover melhorias nas propriedades de corrosão, desgaste e aumento da dureza superficial. Neste estudo foi aplicado o tratamento de nitretação a plasma em amostras dos aços da família AISI 43XX e foi avaliada, de forma comparativa, as alterações na superfície e na microestrutura dos aços nitretados em relação aos não nitretados. A elevação do teor de carbono pode dificultar ou reduzir a formação da camada de nitretos, portanto, é importante avaliar a influência do percentual de carbono nestas estruturas. As características microestruturais foram analisadas por microscopia óptica, microdureza e difração de raios-X. Foram também estudadas a influência do teor de carbono no aço apenas temperado e temperado e revenido. Com o aumento do teor de carbono do aço foi observada a elevação na dureza do aço temperado ou apenas recozido. O tratamento termoquímico de nitretação a plasma elevou a dureza da superfície para valores em torno de 800 HV, dureza superior à encontrada no substrato. A profundidade da zona de difusão de nitrogênio foi menor para os aços com teores de carbono mais elevados. A autenita retida aumentou juntamente com o teor de carbono, mas só foi possível quantificar a fração volumétrica desta fase pela microscopia óptica, uma vez que, pela técnica de difração de raio X, é de difícil detecção concentrações abaixo de 5% ou distribuídas de forma fina e homogênea.
The high strenght steel from series AISI 43XX are heavely applied on the aerospacial and automotive industry. Due to their chacteristics, they reach high yield values and resistence levels. The presence of chrome, nickel and molybdenum allied with the carbon content, from 0,20 to 0,70% in this study, can provide improvements on the mechanical properties. The nitriding surface threatment used may provide improvement on corrosion, wear properties and increase the surface hardness. In this study was applied the nitriding plasma threatment on samples of family 43XX steel and was evaluated, on comparative basis, the alterations on the surface and in the microstructure of nitrided steels in comparison to not nitrided steels. Higher carbon content may hamper or reduce the nitrides deposition, therefore, it is important to evaluate the influence of the carbon concentration in theses structures. The microstructure characteristics were analysed by optical microscopy, microhardness and X-ray difraction. The nitriding plasma thermochemical threatment raised the surface hardness to values of about 800 HV, higher than the values measured in the substract. The nitrogen diffused zone of higher carbon content steels was thicker than the lower. The content of arrested austenite increased as the carbon contend increased, but was just possible to measure it by optical microscopy, because it is difficult to measure lower contents than 5% or homogen and thick distributed by X-ray difraction.
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Zimmermann, Margarita Rosa Bobadilla. "Nitretação a plasma de um aço inoxidável duplex 2205." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-13082015-165238/.
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Os aços inoxidáveis duplex se caracterizam por terem boas propriedades mecânicas e de resistência a corrosão, no entanto as suas propriedades de resistência ao desgaste são baixas. Para melhorar as propriedades superficiais desses materiais são utilizados tratamentos termoquímicos como a nitretação a plasma. Este tratamento é feito em temperaturas baixas para evitar a formação de nitretos de cromo, os quais quando são formados empobrecem o teor de cromo da matriz metálica, evitando que se forme a camada passiva, que confere resistência a corrosão a este tipo de material. Também, a nitretação a plasma permite que a dureza superficial atinja até dez vezes o valor da dureza inicial do material, o que melhora notavelmente as propriedades de resistência ao desgaste destes aços. Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar camadas nitretadas formadas por nitretação a plasma em um aço inoxidável duplex AISI 2205. Para isto foram feitas várias experiências onde se estudou o efeito das variáveis do processo na formação da camada nitretada. Foram feitos tratamentos na temperatura de 400ºC sob pressões de 1,8 e 3,6 Torr por 720 min. Outra série de experimentos foi feita entre 350 e 500º por 240 min, para avaliar o efeito da temperatura nesse tratamento. Além disso, foi estudado o efeito de diferentes porcentagens de ferrita (40 e 64%) incialmente presente na microestrutura do material. Para isto foi feito um tratamento térmico de solubilização com têmpera em água a partir de 1200°C por uma hora, no material como recebido. A caracterização das camadas formadas foi feita por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia de força atômica, difração de raios x com radiação Cu K e difração de raios x de ângulo rasante a 5º. 7 Obtiveram-se camadas nitretadas com espessuras entre 3 µm e 18 µm. As espessuras das camadas sugerem que as variáveis: temperatura, tempo e pressão se relacionam com a espessura de forma direta, à medida que aumentam cada uma dessas variáveis, há um aumento da espessura da camada. As imagens obtidas por AFM sugerem que a nitretação a plasma induz mudanças na topografia da superfície, mudando com isto os valores de rugosidade. Também, foi observado que a espessura da camada nitretada é maior na amostra com menor percentagem de ferrita (40%). Nos difratogramas foi possível identificar a formação de austenita expandida e nitretos de cromo CrN.The duplex stainless steels are characterized by their good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, but their wear resistance is low. To improve the surface properties of these materials plasma nitriding thermochemical treatments are used. This treatment is done at low temperatures to avoid chromium nitrides precipitation. CrN precipitation promotes the depletion of chromium of the metallic matrix preventing the formation of the chromium oxide layer that passivates these kind of materials. In addition, the plasma nitriding treatment allows reaching hardness values up to ten times greater the characteristic values of the untreated material, greatly improving the wear resistance of these steels. The aim of this work is to study nitrided layers formed by plasma nitriding in an AISI 2205 duplex stainless steel. For this, there were made several experiments where it was studied the effect of process variables on the nitrided layer formation. Treatments were performed at temperature of 400 °C under 1.8 and 3.6 Torr pressures during 720 min. Another series of experiments was tested between 350 °C and 500 °C during 240 min, to study the temperature effect. In addition, the effect of different ferrite percentages (40 and 64%) in the microstructure was studied. The ferrite percentage variation was obtained by a heat treatment of quenching in water at 1200 °C for one hour in the material as received. Samples characterization was done by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and x-ray diffraction Cu K, glancing angle x-ray diffraction with an incident angle of 5º. There were obtained nitrided layer with a thickness between 3m and 18m. Layer thicknesses suggest that the variables: temperature, pressure and time are related to the thickness directly. AFM images obtained suggest that the plasma nitriding induces changes in surface topography, changing the values of roughness of the surface. In addition, it was observed that the layer thickness is bigger in the sample with less ferrite percentage (40%). X-ray patterns show the presence of expanded austenite and CrN.
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Pereira, Silvio André de Lima. "Estudo da influência da deformação plástica na cinética de nitretação em aços inoxidáveis AISI 304 e 316." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-06032013-144147/.
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Foi estudado o comportamento da nitretação de aços inoxidáveis austeniticos AISI 304 e 316 através de comparação entre diferentes graus de deformações anteriores aos processos de nitretações gasosa, plasma e líquida. A microestrutura, espessura, microdureza e microcomposição química foram avaliadas por técnicas de microscopia óptica, microdureza, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difração de raios x. Por meio destas técnicas observou-se que deformações plásticas prévias não influenciaram diretamente na espessura da camada nitretada. Uma maior profundidade de difusão pode ser observada nos aços AISI 304. Além disso, duas camadas distintas podem ser identificadas como resultado dos tratamentos, uma formada por uma matriz de austenita expandida pelos átomos de nitrogênio e outra abaixo com menor espessura expandida por átomos de carbono.The nitriding behavior of AISI 304 and 316 austenitic stainless steel was studied by different cold work degree before nitriding processes. The microstructure, thickness, microhardness and chemical micro-composition were evaluated through optical microscopy, microhardness, scanner electronic microscopy and x ray diffraction techniques. Through them, it was observed that previous plastic deformations do not have influence on layer thickness. However, a nitrided layer thicker can be noticed in the AISI 304 steel. In addition, two different layers can be identified as resulted of the nitriding, composited for austenitic matrix expanded by nitrogen atoms and another thinner imediatelly below expanded by Carbon atoms.
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Weil, Hadrien. "Modélisation du besoin fonctionnel pour la nitruration gazeuse." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENAM0037.
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La nitruration gazeuse est un traitement thermochimique permettant une meilleure résistance à la fatigue grâce à l’apport de propriétés mécaniques importantes telles que l’augmentation de la dureté et les contraintes résiduelles de compressions. Cette étude est réalisée sur un acier 33CrMoV12-9 utilisé dans l’industrie aéronautique. Un modèle complet adapté à cette nuance permet de quantifier les profils de contraintes résiduelles et de dureté en fonction des paramètres de nitruration. La prise en compte de l’apport de ces propriétés mécaniques est possible grâce à l’utilisation de critère de fatigue de type Crossland. Ce type de critère est intégré dans une méthodologie, afin de calculer la limite en fatigue dans une couche nitrurée et prédire la résistance de la pièce, ainsi que la potentielle zone d’initiation de rupture en fonction d’un chargement, d’une durée de vie et d’une probabilité à rupture donnés. L’utilisation combinée du modèle de calcul des propriétés mécaniques (dureté et contraintes résiduelles) et de la prédiction de l’initiation de rupture dans un matériau nitruré, rend possible une méthode inverse permettant de calculer les paramètres de nitruration adaptés à un chargement subi. Cette approche se justifie dans le cas de nitruration gazeuse, car il a été démontré lors de cette étude, que ce traitement reste robuste face au chargement subi par la pièceGaseous nitriding is a thermochemical treatment that improves fatigue strength by providing important mechanical properties such as increased hardness and residual compressive stresses. This study is carried out on a 33CrMoV12-9 steel used in the aeronautical industry. A complete model adapted to this grade allows to quantify the residual stress and hardness profiles as a function of the nitriding parameters. Taking into account the contribution of these mechanical properties is possible thanks to the use of fatigue criterion such as Crossland. This type of criterion is integrated in a methodology in order to calculate the fatigue limit in a nitrided layer and to predict the resistance of the workpiece, as well as the potential initiation zone of rupture according to a load, a lifetime And a given break probability. The combination of the model for the calculation of mechanical properties (hardness and residual stresses) and the prediction of the initiation of rupture in a nitrided material, makes possible an inverse method allowing to calculate the nitriding parameters adapted to a load suffered. This approach is justified in the case of gaseous nitriding because it has been demonstrated in this study that this treatment remains robust against the loading undergone by the workpiece
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Berton, Elisiane Maria. "Efeito das temperaturas de têmpera e de revenido na resistência à corrosão da camada martensítica de alto nitrogênio produzida por SHTPN sobre o aço AISI 409." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/958.
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CNPq, CAPES, FINEPDevido à alta resistência a corrosão, os aços inoxidáveis possuem uma larga aplicabilidade em diversos setores industriais, seja indústria química, petroquímica ou alimentícia. Buscando atender solicitações ainda mais severas, métodos que melhorem a relação resistência à corrosão e propriedades mecânicas destes aços tem sido objeto de estudo de diversos pesquisadores. Com o objetivo de aumentar a resistência mecânica, dureza superficial e resistência à corrosão dos aços inoxidáveis propôs-se a introdução de nitrogênio em solução sólida pelo processo de SHTPN (Solution Heat Treatment after Plasma Nitriding), em desenvolvimento no GrMaTS/UTFPR. O nitrogênio apresenta algumas vantagens como a redução da tendência à precipitação, e a estabilização da camada passiva. Além disso, o nitrogênio reage na área anódica, o que neutraliza o efeito da acidez melhorando assim a resistência a corrosão. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a resistência à corrosão do aço inoxidável ferrítico AISI 409, após a obtenção de uma camada martensítica enriquecida com nitrogênio em solução solida por meio do processo SHTPN. Em seguida foram avaliados os efeitos da temperatura de revenimento (200, 400 e 600 °C) e da temperatura de austenitização (950 e 1050 °C) na microestrutura, dureza e resistência à corrosão da camada martensítica obtida. A resistência à corrosão foi avaliada pela técnica de polarização cíclica em solução de NaCl 0,5 mol/L e os perfis de dureza obtidos por medição de dureza Vickers com carga de 0,05 Kgf (0,49 N). A microestrutura foi avaliada por Microscopia Óptica, Eletrônica de Varredura e por Difração de Raios-X. Os resultados indicam que o tratamento de SHTPN promoveu a formação de uma camada martensítica de nitrogênio, com consequente acréscimo de dureza de 160 HV para 580 HV. O tratamento têmpera após SHTPN não afetou significativamente a dureza do aço, contudo, refinou e melhorou a distribuição da martensita de nitrogênio. Os resultados de corrosão para as condições tratadas e revenidas a 200 °C indicam resistência à corrosão superior ou equivalente à da ferrita do material não tratado (AISI 409). Já as amostras revenidas nas temperaturas de 400 e 600 °C apresentaram um decréscimo na resistência à corrosão, bem como foi observada uma diminuição da dureza da amostra revenida a 600 °C.
Due to high corrosion resistance, stainless steels have a wide applicability in many industrial sectors, such as, chemical, petrochemical and food industries. With the demand for corrosion resistance materials becoming more stringent, methods that improve the relation corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of these steels has been studied by many researchers. In order to increase the mechanical strength, surface hardness and corrosion resistance of stainless steels we proposed the introduction of nitrogen in solid solution by the process of SHTPN (Solution Heat Treatment after Plasma Nitriding), under development in GrMaTS/UTFPR . Nitrogen in solid solution has some advantages over materials that have only carbon in the structure such lower tendency for precipitation and stabilization of the passive layer. In addition, the nitrogen reacts in the anodic area, which neutralizes the effect in the acidity thus improving the corrosion resistance. This research evaluate the corrosion resistance of ferritic stainless steel AISI 409, after obtaining a martensitic layer enriched with nitrogen, in solid solution, by SHTPN process. Effects of tempering temperature (200, 400 and 600 °C) and austenitization temperature (950 to 1050 °C) in the microstructure, hardness and corrosion resistance of martensitic layer obtained. Corrosion resistance was evaluated by cyclic polarization technique, with a NaCl solution 0.5 mol/L, and hardness profiles obtained by measuring the Vickers hardness with a load of 0.05 kgf (0.49 N). Samples microstructure was investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X- ray diffraction. Results indicate that the treatment of SHTPN promoted the formation of a martensitic nitrogen layer, with consequent increase of hardness of 160 HV to 580 HV on sample surface. Tempering treatments, realized after SHTPN did not significantly affect the hardness of steel, however, has refined and improved the distribution of nitrogen martensite. Corrosion results of sample treated and annealed at 200 °C indicate higher or equal resistance to that of the untreated ferrite materials (AISI 409) corrosion. Samples that were annealed at temperatures of 400 and 600 °C showed a decrease in the corrosion resistance as well as a decrease in hardness was observed in the sample tempered at 600 °C.
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Münter, Daniel. "Struktur und Korrosionsverhalten nichtrostender Stähle nach einer chemisch-thermischen Behandlung bei tiefen Temperaturen." Doctoral thesis, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 2009. https://tubaf.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A22712.
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Rost- und säurebeständige Stähle, wie z.B. der Austenit 1.4404, zeichnen sich durch eine hervorragende Korrosionsbeständigkeit aus. Der Einsatz dieser Stähle war aber aufgrund ihrer schlechten Verschleißeigenschaften bisher eher eingeschränkt. Um diesen Anforderungen gerecht zu werden, ist es notwendig, eine Oberflächenmodifizierung vorzunehmen. Dies kann besonders mit Nitrier- und Carburierverfahren bzw. einer Kombination aus beiden erreicht werden, wobei das im Mischkristall gelöste Chrom nicht zur Ausscheidung als Chromnitrid bzw. Chromcarbid gebracht werden darf. Dazu wurde bereits Mitte der 80-er Jahre das Verfahren der so genannten Tieftemperaturnitrierung entwickelt. Mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens ist es möglich, auf rost- und säurebeständigen Stählen eine Schicht mit hohem Verschleißwiderstand zu erzeugen, ohne dass es zum Verlust der Korrosionsbeständigkeit kommt.
Die werkstoffwissenschaftliche Forschung hat mit dieser überwiegend technologischen Entwicklung nicht Schritt gehalten. Verallgemeinerungsfähige Aussagen über das Korrosionsverhalten dieser verschleißbeständigen Randschichten in Abhängigkeit von ihrer Zusammensetzung und Struktur sind gegenwärtig noch nicht möglich. Die Zielstellung der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durchzuführenden Untersuchungen besteht deshalb in der Ermittlung vertiefter Kenntnisse über den Zusammenhang zwischen den Behandlungsbedingungen, der Struktur und der chemischen Zusammensetzung der dabei entstehenden Randschichten und ihrem Korrosionsverhalten.
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Assumpção, Roberto Luís de. "Resistência a corrosão da camada martensitica formada na superfície do aço inoxidável ferrítico 409 tratado por SHTPN." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/681.
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CNPqOs aços inoxidáveis são amplamente utilizados nas indústrias químicas, petroquímicas, nucleares, de geração de energia, biomédica e de processamento de alimentos. Em geral os aços inoxidáveis apresentam boa resistência à corrosão, entretanto a aplicabilidade destes aços pode ser restringida pela dureza ou pela resistência a corrosão. Usualmente os aços de alta resistência e dureza apresentam elevados teores de carbono, apresentando uma estrutura martensítica, com consequente redução da resistência à corrosão. Por outro lado os aços com maior resistência a corrosão apresentam menor dureza e consequente menor resistência ao desgaste. Diversas soluções têm sido implementadas no sentido de melhorar a resistência a corrosão e ao desgaste simultaneamente desses materiais. Dentre estas a adição de nitrogênio na superfície através da nitretação a plasma, implantação iônica, tratamento térmico de solubilização após nitretação a plasma (SHTPN – Solution Heat Treatment after Plasma Nitriding). Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar os parâmetros de SHTPN que possibilite obter martensita de nitrogênio na superfície do aço AISI 409, bem como, a avaliação de sua resistência à corrosão. Foi possível verificar uma melhora na resistência à corrosão das condições tratadas por SHTPN, assim como um aumento na resistência mecânica, avaliado pelo perfil de dureza da camada superficial tratada.
Stainless steels are widely used on chemical, petrochemical, nuclear, energy generation, biomedical and food processing industries. In general, stainless steels present good corrosion resistance. However, the application of these materials can be restrained by the hardness and the corrosion resistance. Usually, high strength steels present high carbon content and martensitic structure, what can consequently cause a reduction on corrosion resistance. On the other hand, high corrosion resistance steels present low hardness and weak wear properties. Thereby, many solutions have been made to improve simultaneously wear properties and corrosion resistance of these materials, specially related to the introduction of nitrogen on the surface, through plasma nitriding, ion implantation and SHTPN (Solution Heat Treatment after Plasma Nitriding) processes. The aim of this paper is to determine SHTPN parameters that can form nitrogen martensite on the surface of AISI 409 stailess steel, as well as the evaluation of its corrosion resistance. It was verified an improve on corrosion resistance conditions of SHTPN treated samples. Aditionally, there was an improve on mechanical resistance showed by hardness profiles.
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Depouhon, Pierre. "Contribution à la modélisation des déformations et des contraintes résiduelles induites par la nitruration des pièces mécaniques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4015.
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La nitruration des aciers est un traitement thermochimique très utilisé dans l'aéronautique. Il est connu pour améliorer la tenue en fatigue des composants mécaniques. Il est basé sur la diffusion de l'azote en surface des pièces traitées. Des mécanismes complexes sont alors mis en jeu et provoquent la naissance de contraintes internes et de déformations dites "résiduelles" des pièces traitées. Suivant leur géométrie, les pièces peuvent se déformer de plusieurs millimètres, et être soumises à des contraintes internes de traction-compression importantes. L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer une modélisation multi-physiques du traitement de nitruration permettant de prédire, pour n'importe quelle géométrie de pièce, les contraintes résiduelles et les déformations qu'elles subiront lors du traitement. Ces informations, précieuses aux ingénieurs, permettront de mieux maîtriser, et donc d'optimiser les processus de dimensionnement et de fabrication des pièces nitruréesNitriding of steel is a thermo-chemical treatment well known to improve the mechanical properties of the material. It is based on the diffusion of nitrogen into the surface of treated parts. Complex phenomena are then involved and generate residual stresses and distortions. Depending on their geometry, parts can be distorted up to several millimeters and be subject to significant internal tensile-compression stresses. The aim of this work is to provide a multi-physical model of the nitriding in order to predict, for any part geometry, their residual stresses and distortions after treatment. These informations, precious for engineers, will allow to optimize the design and the manufacturing processes of nitrided parts
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Lombardo, Sandro [UNESP]. "Caracterização mecânica e microestrutural de juntas soldadas a laser em aços maraging com posterior tratamento térmico e termoquímico de superfície a plasma." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132905.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Os aços Maraging são aços de ultra-alta-resistência, tem composição à base de ferro ligado com cerca de 18% de níquel, com limite de esoamento entre 1.400 a 2.500 MPa. Possuem propriedades superiores, tais como a alta ductilidade, boa soldabilidade, tratamento térmico simples sem deformações, boa usinabilidade, alta resistência e resistência ao desgaste. A sua boa tenacidade permiti que suporte tensões repetidas de fadiga por maior tempo, comparado com outros aços de alta resistência. Para o presente trabalho, a partir de diversos testes de solda a laser, aplicação de tratamentos térmicos e tratamento superficial de nitretação a plasma, foram estudadas as propriedades mecânicas através de ensaios de tração, fadiga, impacto, dureza e rugosidade. Foram também analisadas, com auxílio do Microscópio Óptico, as características microstuturais da zona de fusão (ZF), zona térmica afetada (ZTA) pelo calor da solda e camada nitretada. Com o auxílio de um Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura (MEV) analisou-se o mecanismo da fratura e foram realizadas análises por E.D.S. (Energia Dispersiva de Raios X). Foram realizados vários teste com tempos e temperaturas para se definir a melhor condição de envelhecimento, obteve-se a temperatura de 480°C por 3 horas como satisfatoria. A solda a laser mostrou-se eficaz para a união das chapas, com perda de resistência inferior a 10%, quando comparada com a resistência do aço maraging sem solda. As análises da superfície fraturada mostram que a ruptura dos corpos de prova soldados ocorrereu na região da zona fundida, e possui natureza dúctil, com a formação de dimples, para todas as condições de tratamento térmico, o processo de soldagem e nitretação a plasma não alteraram o tipo de fratura típica dos aços maraging. A vida em fadiga não foi prejudicada pela nitretação, porém, foi observado uma redução da vida em fadiga do material soldado comparado com o material sem solda. Os resultados indicam, que o tratamento térmico de envelhecimento elevou as propriedades mecânicas do aço maraging tanto do material soldado como do nitretetado a plasma, com valores de resistência de aproximadamente 2.000 MPa e alongamento em torno de 8%.
Maraging Steels are ultra-high-strength, that have their composition based on iron alloyed with approximately 18% Nickel, with yield strength between 1.400 to 2.400 MPa. They have superior properties, such as high ductility, good weldability, simple heat treatment without deformation, good machinability, high strength and wear resistance. Their hardness and resistance allow them to supports repeated stress of longer fatigue in comparison with other high strength steels. The maraging steel has a significant cost advantage due to the good workability, predictable and uniform retraction during heat treatment, making this steel be promising. For this work, from various laser welding tests, heat treatment and surface treatment of plasma nitriding, The mechanical properties were studied by means of testing: traction; fatigue; impact; hardness; and roughness. We also analyze, with the aid of optical microscope, the microstructural characteristics of the fusion zone (FZ), the heat affected zone (HAZ) due the welding and by nitrided layer. With the aid of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and EDS (Energy Dispersive Scanning), we analyzed the fractured mechanisms. Several tests were carried out with times and temperatures to determine the best aging condition and the chosen temperature was 480°C for 3 hours. The application of laser welding seems to be effective for joining the plates with loss in the yield strength or tensile strength less than 10%, compared with the strength of maraging steel without welding. The analyses of the fractured surface showed that the rupture of the welded samples occurred in the fused zone region and has ductile nature, with formation of dimples for all heat treatment conditions. The welding and plasma nitriding process have not modified the type of typical fracture of the maraging steel. The life in fatigue was not affected by nitrided, however, they observed a reduction in fatigue life of welded material, compared with no soldering material. The results showed that aging heat treatments increased the mechanical properties of maraging steel both welded and plasma nitrided material, whit strength values about 2.000 MPa and elongation nearly 8%.
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Bogoni, Júnior Nério. "Comportamento do atrito por indentação em nanoescala do aço-carbono AISI 1045 nitretado e pós-oxidado com diferentes nanocamadas de magnetita." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2016. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1166.
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O fenômeno de atrito ainda não possui um entendimento em termos fundamentais. Tal compreensão poderia contribuir no esclarecimento da dissipação de energia por atrito durante a interação entre os átomos de duas ou mais superfícies ao longo de um contato. Essa interpretação para pequenas escalas pode levar ao desenvolvimento de novos materiais, ou mesmo a avanços em materiais já existentes e ainda na engenharia de superfícies, visando uma melhor eficiência energética de componentes para diversas finalidades. Com foco nas leis fundamentais do atrito, neste trabalho investigou-se quantitativamente o comportamento do atrito nas camadas mais externas do aço AISI 1045. Para isso, as superfícies do mesmo foram nitretadas e pós oxidadas à plasma, gerando diferentes nanocamadas de óxido, as quais variaram de 0 a 408 nm. Para a caracterização morfológica foram empregadas técnicas de microscopia de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia de emissão óptica por descarga luminescente (GD-OES). A determinação das estruturas cristalinas presentes nas camadas superficiais das amostras foi obtida por difração de raios X (DRX) em ângulo rasante. Como resultado, foi observado que a camada nitretada é composta de nitretos γ’-Fe4N e ε-Fe2-3N, enquanto que as camadas superficiais das amostras oxidadas são compostas apenas por Magnetita (Fe3O4) com espessuras nanométricas. O coeficiente de atrito, ou do ingês, coefficient of friction (CoF), além dos dados de rugosidade e módulo elástico reduzido foram obtidos por ensaios de nanoindentação. Foi evidenciado que propriedades como dureza e rugosidade das amostras analisadas não mudam fortemente, dentro da incerteza experimental. No entanto, quando comparadas as amostras oxidadas com a somente nitretada foi observado que o coeficiente de atrito diminui quando a superfície contém a fase magnetita. Porém, comparando apenas as amostras oxidadas o CoF não variou com a espessura das nanocamadas do óxido. Com isso, pode se inferir que o comportamento do atrito é influenciado pela mudança físico-química da superfície (nitrogênio versus oxigênio, nitretos versus magnetita). Os resultados experimentais podem ser explicados com base em modelos de dissipação de energia por fônons. Os referidos modelos relacionam os modos de frequência vibracionais dos átomos presentes na superfície com o coeficiente de atrito e permitem inferir que em ensaios com indentações de até 200 nm o mecanismo dissipativo (atrito) é iniciado por vibrações locais e não coletivas.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-05-18T12:02:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Nerio Bogoni Junior.pdf: 29520976 bytes, checksum: 49b9ea3813aa49e566fa2312582745c2 (MD5)
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CAPES / FAPERGS
The friction phenomenon still does not have an understanding in fundamental terms. Such understanding would help clarifying the frictional energy dissipation during the interaction between atoms of two or more surfaces along a contact. This interpretation for small scales could lead to the development of new materials and also to advances on existing ones, as well as to advances in surface engineering in order to improve the energy efficiency of components for various purposes. Focusing on the fundamental laws of friction, this work investigated quantitatively the friction behavior on the outermost layers of AISI 1045 steel. For this, the material’s surfaces were nitrided and post-oxidized by plasma treatment, generating different thicknesses of oxide which varied from 0 to 408 nm. For morphological characterization were employed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES). The determination of crystal structures on the outermost layers were obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD) at grazing angle. From this, it was observed that the nitrided layer is composed of nitride phases' such as γ’-Fe4N and ε-Fe2- 3N, while the surface of the oxidized samples reveal only a phase constituted of pure magnetite (Fe3O4) with nanometric thickness. Friction coefficient (CoF), roughness and reduced elastic modulus data were obtained by nanoindentation tests. Properties such as hardness, Young's modulus, surface roughness and plasticity index of all samples did not change greatly within the margin of experimental scatter. Comparing the oxidized samples with the just nitrided exhibits a decrease on the friction coefficient when the surface layer contains magnetite. Further, a comparison within the oxidized samples show CoF does not vary with the thickness of oxide. Thus, it can be inferred that the friction behavior is influenced by physical and chemical change of surface (nitrogen vs. oxygen, nitrides versus magnetite). As a consequence, the experimental results can be explained based on energy dissipation models by phonons. The referred models relate the vibrational frequency modes of the atoms present on the surface with the coefficient of friction, allowing to be inferred that in indentation tests with up to 200 nm, the dissipative mechanism (friction) is initiated by local and not collective vibrations.
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Pereira, Luiz Edno. "Comportamento à fadiga por \"fretting\" de um aço inoxidável martensítico DIN X 90 nitretado por plasma." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-16092016-142453/.
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Neste trabalho, foram determinadas as propriedades de tração, fadiga convencional e fadiga por fretting, do aço DIN 1.4112 (DIN X 90 Cr Mo V 18) nitretado por plasma, usado na fabricação de anéis de pistão de motores de combustão interna. Os corpos de prova tratados a 500ºC durante 5 horas. O material nitretado não apresentou valores de alongamento e redução de área possíveis de serem medidos e, tanto o limite de escoamento como o limite de resistência à tração, tiveram valores próximos aos do material temperado e revenido. Os ensaios de fadiga convencional e fadiga por fretting foram realizados em temperatura ambiente, sob carregamento cíclico tração-tração com R=0,1 e freqüência de 30 Hz. O fretting foi conseguido pressionando blocos de contato, feitos a partir de um ferro fundido cinzento, contra o corpo de prova de fadiga, com uma força normal de 100 N. Com o levantamento das curvas S-N para os dois ensaios, foi obtido o fator de redução de resistência FRR=1,62, que o fenômeno de fretting causa na fadiga convencional. Nos ensaios de fadiga por fretting, o pico da força de atrito aumentou com a tensão axial cíclica aplicada, atingindo um valor mínimo de 28 N e no máximo de 76 N. A camada nitretada apresentou microdureza máxima 1288 HV100 e espessura da camada de 91 μm. A metalografia revelou na camada nitretada, uma camada de compostos, a zona de difusão e uma zona de transição para o subtrato bem definidas. Foram encontrados nitretos dos tipos ε (Fe2-3N) e γ\'(Fe4N) na superfície da camada nitretada. A análise fratográfica, revelou, em tração, o trincamento da superfície devido à baixa tenacidade da camada nitretada, além da programação de trincas por fadiga abaixo da camada nitretada, nos ensaios de fadiga convencional. Os ensaios de fadiga por fretting produziram acumulação de detritos e a formação de trincas secundárias na área ) na área de contato de fretting.In the present work, the fretting and plain fatigue properties of plasma nitrided martensitic stainless steel, DIN 1.4112 (DIN X 90 Cr Mo V 18), used in piston rings, were investigated. Both fretting and plain fatigue specimens were treated at 500°C for 5 h. The fretting pads were made of gray cast iron. Both fretting and plain fatigue tests were carried out under a load-controlled condition under stress rate, R=0.1 and frequency of 30 Hz. The S-N curves generated with and without fretting showed the strength reduction factor SRF=1.62 when fretting was applied. In the fretting fatigue, frictional force increased with axial cyclic stress and reached a minimum value of 28 N and maximum value of 60 N. Microhardness measurements have shown that the nitrided case presented a maximum hardness of 1288 HV100 and thickness of 91 μm. X-ray diffraction techniques indicated that the compound layer consists of ε (Fe2-3N) and γ\' (Fe4N) phases. Fractographic observations showed superficial cracking in tensile specimens due to the low toughness of the nitrided case and fatigue crack growth below this layer in plain fatigue specimens. Fretting fatigue tests produced accumulation of debris and the formation of secondary cracks at the contact area.
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Santos, Douglas dos [UNESP]. "Caracterização microestrutural e mecânica do aço 300m tratado termoquimicamente a plasma e a laser." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148806.
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O aço 300M surgiu como uma melhoria do aço de alta resistência SAE 4340, este foi desenvolvido para adquirir melhor tenacidade e soldabilidade em aplicações que exigem melhores propriedades mecânicas, foram feitas pequenas alterações nos elementos de liga como a adição de vanádio e elevação no teor de silício. Este trabalho realizou tratamentos de superfície de nitretação a Plasma e de carbonetação a Laser na superfície de um aço 300M com estrutura bainítica. A microestrutura bainítica foi obtida por resfriamento isotérmico na temperatura de 300°C durante 60 minutos, a partir da região de austenitização, elevando a dureza de 380 para 474 HV. O tratamento de superfície de carbonetação, utilizando um laser de CO2 de baixa potência (125 W) utilizou como revestimento negro de fumo, com objetivo de adicionar carbono e criar uma camada protetora. O tratamento de superfície por nitretação a plasma ocorreu na temperatura de 500ºC durante 3 horas, em uma atmosfera com mistura de gases N2 e H2. As amostras foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica. Foram analisadas as espessuras da camada de compostos formada na superfície, em torno de 20 μm, e da zona termicamente afetada pelo calor (ZTA), em torno de 45 μm, para tratamento a laser. Pelo tratamento de nitretação, a camada formada na superfície do aço, apresentou uma região branca com aproximadamente 3 μm e uma camada de difusão atômica endurecida com cerca de 20 μm. As propriedades mecânicas foram avaliadas por meio de ensaios de tração e fadiga uniaxial. Os resultados mostraram que o comportamento mecânico em tração foi fortemente afetado pela microestrutura bainítica, aumentando os níveis do limite de escoamento e de resistência. Estas propriedades em tracão não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos de superfície. No desempenho da vida em fadiga, o tratamento de superfície a plasma apresentou melhor comportamento, melhorando significativamente as propriedades em fadiga.
300M steel was developed from high-strength steel SAE 4340, the goal of this improvement was get better toughness and weldability in applications requiring improved mechanical properties; with small changes in alloy elements, addition of vanadium and especially the silicon content. This work uses low-power laser CO2 (125 W) for introducing carbon into the surface of 300M steel with bainitic structure. The bainitic microstructure was obtained by isothermal cooling at 300 °C for 60 minutes after austenitizing at 850 ºC for 30 minutes; this heat treatment increased the hardness of 360 HV for 474 HV. The CO2 laser parameters as resolution and power were kept constant and the speed is varied. It was used as carbon black coating to better the absorption of light laser. Treatment plasma nitriding surface was at a temperature of 500° C for 3 hours in atmosphere having a gas mixture N2 e H2. The samples were characterized by optical microscopy. They were analyzed thicknesses of the layers formed on the surface around 20 μm, and the heat affected zone (HAZ) about 45 μm, for laser treatment. To nitriding treatment, the layer formed on the surface of the steel showed a white area of approximately 3 μm and 20 μm near HAZ. The mechanical properties were analyzed using tensile and fatigue tests. The results showed that the mechanical properties in tensile tests was strongly affected by the bainitic microstructure. The steel that received the nitriding surface plasma treatment showed better fatigue behavior.
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Münter, Daniel. "Struktur und Korrosionsverhalten nichtrostender Stähle nach einer chemisch-thermischen Behandlung bei tiefen Temperaturen." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-27260.
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Rost- und säurebeständige Stähle, wie z.B. der Austenit 1.4404, zeichnen sich durch eine hervorragende Korrosionsbeständigkeit aus. Der Einsatz dieser Stähle war aber aufgrund ihrer schlechten Verschleißeigenschaften bisher eher eingeschränkt. Um diesen Anforderungen gerecht zu werden, ist es notwendig, eine Oberflächenmodifizierung vorzunehmen. Dies kann besonders mit Nitrier- und Carburierverfahren bzw. einer Kombination aus beiden erreicht werden, wobei das im Mischkristall gelöste Chrom nicht zur Ausscheidung als Chromnitrid bzw. Chromcarbid gebracht werden darf. Dazu wurde bereits Mitte der 80-er Jahre das Verfahren der so genannten Tieftemperaturnitrierung entwickelt. Mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens ist es möglich, auf rost- und säurebeständigen Stählen eine Schicht mit hohem Verschleißwiderstand zu erzeugen, ohne dass es zum Verlust der Korrosionsbeständigkeit kommt.
Die werkstoffwissenschaftliche Forschung hat mit dieser überwiegend technologischen Entwicklung nicht Schritt gehalten. Verallgemeinerungsfähige Aussagen über das Korrosionsverhalten dieser verschleißbeständigen Randschichten in Abhängigkeit von ihrer Zusammensetzung und Struktur sind gegenwärtig noch nicht möglich. Die Zielstellung der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit durchzuführenden Untersuchungen besteht deshalb in der Ermittlung vertiefter Kenntnisse über den Zusammenhang zwischen den Behandlungsbedingungen, der Struktur und der chemischen Zusammensetzung der dabei entstehenden Randschichten und ihrem Korrosionsverhalten.
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Bennett, Robert. "The plasma nitriding of tool and bearing steels." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/11876/.
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There is some evidence to suggest that nitriding of alloy steels, in particular high speed tool steels, under carefully controlled conditions might sharply increase rolling contact fatigue resistance. However, the subsurface shear stresses developed in aerospace bearing applications tend to occur at depths greater than the usual case depths currently produced by nitriding. Additionally, case development must be limited with certain materials due to case spalling and may not always be sufficient to achieve the current theoretical depths necessary to ensure that peak stresses occur within the case. It was the aim of' this work to establish suitable to overcome this problem by plasma nitriding. To assist this development a study has been made of prior hardening treatment, case development, residual stress and case cracking tendency. M2 in the underhardened, undertempered and fully hardened and tempered conditions all responded similarly to plasma nitriding - maximum surface hardening being achieved by plasma nitriding at 450°C. Case development varied linearly with increasing treatment temperature and also with the square root of the treatment time. Maximum surface hardness of M5O and Tl steels was achieved by plasma nitriding in 15% nitrogen/85% hydrogen and varied logarithmically with atmosphere nitrogen content. The case-cracking contact stress varied linearly with nitriding temperature for M2. Tl and M5O supported higher stresses after nitriding in low nitrogen plasma atmospheres. Unidirectional bending fatigue of M2 has been improved up to three times the strength of the fully hardened and tempered condition by plasma nitriding for 16hrs at 400°C. Fatigue strengths of Tl and M5O have been improved by up to 30% by plasma nitriding for 16hrs at 450°C in a 75% hydrogen/25% nitrogen atmosphere.
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Monte, Mariana Zicari Di. "O efeito do encruamento em aços inoxidáveis submetidos ao tratamento de nitretação." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2012. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1328.
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This paper presents an evaluation of the effects of strain hardening on the kinetics of nitriding thermochemical treatment of alloys of ferritic steels AISI 430 and AISI 439 for different degrees of plastic deformation. The technique used to apply the plastic deformation level was increased by a universal tensile machine. Then we proceeded to apply the processes of gas nitriding, in salt baths and plasma, the alloys in the annealed condition and for different degrees of hardening. The samples were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, hardness tests and examination of the microhardness profile of the layers. It also employed the technique of X-ray diffraction in order to determine the phases present in the nitrided layer. As a result of this study, it was found that the hardening has no effect on the kinetics of nitriding processes, nor levels of hardness achieved in the nitrided layer. The layer thickness was raised to a gas nitriding process, which besides the exposure time at temperature was held at temperature higher than the other processes studied. This study also presents the results of microstructure and curves of the percentage of nitrogen and carbon depending on the depth of the nitrided layer. Note that the nitrogen concentration decreases with depth as approaching the base metal. Carbon, in turn, is pushed into the sample, providing a decarburization in the region enriched in nitrogen and carbon accumulation in the regions just below the nitrided layer. The spectra of X-ray diffraction corresponding to the nitrided layers of steels 430 and 439 indicated the presence of CrN precipitate rich in nitrogen. The alloy 430 suffered heavy attack to a depth of about 30 Um on the other hand the alloy 439 had the region with little predominance of attack, with small volume fractions of more intense attack. The hardness levels of light and dark regions were similars, around 1000 HV, indicating an efficient mechanism of precipitation hardening. It concluded that the chromium nitride is present in both regions, and the highest attack can be related to a discontinuous precipitation process, probably due to iron nitride Fe3N, contrary to what was found in the literature.
O presente trabalho apresenta uma avaliação dos efeitos de encruamento na cinética do tratamento termoquímico de nitretação em ligas de aços inoxidáveis ferríticos AISI 430 e AISI 439 para diferentes graus de deformação plástica. A técnica empregada para se aplicar a deformação plástica em nível crescente foi por meio de uma máquina universal de tração. Em seguida procedeu-se a aplicação dos processos de nitretação gasosa, em banhos de sais e por plasma, nas ligas no estado recozido e para os diferentes graus de encruamento. As amostras foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, ensaios de dureza e levantamento do perfil de microdureza das camadas. Foi empregada também a técnica de difração de raios-X, com o objetivo de se determinar quais as fases presentes na camada nitretada. Como resultado principal deste estudo, concluiu-se que o encruamento não apresentou nenhum efeito na cinética dos processos de nitretação, nem tão pouco nos níveis de dureza atingidos nas camadas nitretadas. A espessura da camada foi maior para o processo de nitretação a gás, que além do tempo em exposição em temperatura, foi realizada em temperatura superior aos outros processos estudados. Este estudo também apresenta os resultados de microestrutura e as curvas de percentual de nitrôgenio e carbono em função da profundidade de camada nitretada. Nota-se que a concentração de nitrogênio diminui com a profundidade à medida que se aproxima do metal base. O carbono, por seu turno, é empurrado para dentro da amostra, promovendo uma descarbonetação na região enriquecida em nitrogênio, e um acúmulo de carbono nas regiões logo abaixo da camada nitretada. Os espectros de difração de raios-X correspondentes às camadas nitretadas dos aços 430 e 439, indicaram a presença do precipitado rico em nitrogênio CrN. A liga 430 sofreu ataque intenso até uma profundidade da ordem de 30 Um; já a liga 439 apresentava predominância de região com pouco ataque, com pequena fração volumétrica de ataque mais intenso. Os níveis de dureza da região clara e escura eram similares, por volta de 1000 HV, indicando um eficiente mecanismo de endurecimento por precipitação. Infere-se que o nitreto de cromo se faz presente nas duas regiões, sendo que o maior ataque pode estar relacionado a um processo de precipitação descontínua, provavelmente associado ao nitreto de ferro Fe3N, contrariamente ao que se encontrou na literatura.
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Cardoso, Andréia de Souza Martins. "Caracterização mecânica e miscroestrutural dos aços SAE 4340 e 300M após soldagem a laser e tratamento superficial de nitretação a plasma." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97134/tde-26092012-143407/.
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O aço de médio carbono e baixa liga SAE 4340 vem sofrendo diversas modificações e neste processo de desenvolvimento surgiu o aço 300M. O presente trabalho visa avaliar e comparar a microestrutura e a resistência mecânica dos aços SAE 4340 e 300M, submetidos ao processo de soldagem autógena a laser e em seguida a duas formas de tratamento: o revenimento pós-soldagem e a nitretação à plasma. Também é avaliado o efeito combinado dos tratamentos de revenimento e nitretação. Após soldagem, as chapas foram divididas nos lotes: como recebido, soldado, soldado e revenido, soldado e tratado superficialmente por nitretação a plasma e soldado, revenido e tratado superficialmente por nitretação a plasma. A partir desses lotes, foram obtidas amostras para análise microestrutural e produzidos corpos-de-prova para ensaios de tração. Os resultados mostraram que a presença de precipitados confere ao aço 300M maior resistência mecânica em relação ao aço 4340. Após a soldagem a laser, a zona fundida e zona termicamente afetada de ambos os materiais apresentaram fases diferentes das fases presentes no metal base, a zona fundida mostrou-se martensítica em sua maioria, e a zona termicamente afetada apresentou-se multifásica. Devido às dimensões reduzidas do cordão de solda, o comportamento em tração dos corpos-deprova soldados não diferiu significativamente dos corpos-de-prova produzidos com os materiais de base. O tratamento térmico de revenimento pós-soldagem promoveu queda na dureza da zona fundida em ambos os aços. Após a nitretação, os aços 4340 e 300M apresentaram aumento de dureza próximo às superfícies. O aço 4340 apresentou aumento na resistência mecânica sem perda significativa de ductilidade. Quando revenido e nitretado após a soldagem, o aço 4340 apresentou ligeira queda na resistência mecânica. A nitretação do aço 300M, com a temperatura e tempo escolhidos, levou à fragilização do material em ambas as situações (com e sem revenimento), resultando em uma piora significativa das propriedades mecânicas, o que indica que os parâmetros de nitretação para este aço devem ser revistos.The high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel SAE 4340 has been modified over time giving raise to the 300M steel. This study intends to evaluate and compare the microstructure and the mechanical behavior of the steels SAE 4340 and 300M, after laser beam welding in one pass, followed by distinct treatment routes: tempering, plasma nitriding and tempering plus plasma nitriding. After welding, the plates were divided into five sets: as welded, welded and tempered, welded and plasma nitrided, welded and tempered and plasma nitrided. The samples for microstructural analyses and tensile tests were taken from these material conditions. The results revealed that the presence of precipitates allow higher mechanical strenght to the 300M steel compared to 4340 steel. The melted zone showed more fases if compared with base material, fase like martensite, and the heat affected zone presented a multiphase in your matrix. The melted zone in both materials suffered a hardness decreasing after tempering, although no microstructural changes were observed. After nitriding the 4340 and 300M steels showed a surface hardness increase. The 4340 steel showed an increase in tensile strenght without significant ductility loss. When tempered and nitrided after welding, the 4340 steel suffered a drop in its mechanical strenght. The 300M steel suffered an embrittlement after nitriding in both situations (with and without tempering), resulting in unsatisfactory mechanical properties. This indicates that improvements are needed in the plasma nitriding parameters for this steel.
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Mendes, Maria Luisa Martins. "Avalia??o do desempenho do a?o D6 tratado termicamente e netretado em plasma com gaiola cat?dica visando aplica??o industrial." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12672.
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Previous issue date: 2008-08-22In this research there was an evaluation of the best conditions of nitriding in plasma within a cathodic cage at an atmosphere of 80% N2-20%H2 in samples of tool manganese steel AISI D6, cold working, treated thermally in the following conditions: tension relief, treated thermally to temperature of maximum heat, temperate heat and temperate and temperate heat. A pressure of 2.5mbar and temperatures of 400 and 300?C com treatment time of two and three hours were used to evaluate its performance as cutting tool (punch) of bicycle backs. Hardness, micro-structural aspects (layer thickness, interface, grain size etc), and crystal phases on the surface were appraised. When treated to tension relief, thermally treated to maximum heat temperature, temperature and temperate heat, the samples presented hardness levels of 243HV, 231HV, 832HV, and 653HV, respectively. The best nitrification conditions were: four hours and 300?C for heat samples. A superficial hardness of 1000HV and a 108?m thickness for the nitrided layer were found in these samples
Neste trabalho, foi realizada a avalia??o das melhores condi??es de nitreta??o em plasma com gaiola cat?dica, em atmosfera de 80%N2 - 20%H2 em amostras de a?o ferramenta para trabalho a frio AISI D6, tratado termicamente nas condi??es: al?vio de tens?o, tratado termicamente na temperatura de revenimento m?ximo, temperada e temperada e revenida. Usou-se press?o de 2,5 mbar, temperaturas de 400 e 300?C com tempo de tratamento de 3 e 4 horas, visando avaliar o seu desempenho em ferramenta de corte (pun??o) de rabeiras de bicicletas. Estimou-se a dureza, aspectos microestruturais (espessura da camada, interface, tamanho de gr?o, etc.) e fases cristalinas presentes na superf?cie. As amostras apresentaram n?veis de durezas 243HV, 231HV, 832HV e 653HV para as amostras com al?vio de tens?o, tratada termicamente na temperatura de revenimento m?ximo, temperada e temperada e revenida, respectivamente. As melhores condi??es de nitreta??o foram 4 horas a 300?C para as amostras temperadas e revenidas. As mesmas apresentaram uma dureza superficial em torno de 1000HV e 100?m de espessura para a camada nitretada
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Dingremont, Norbert. "Analyse de la compatibilité des traitements de nitruration par voie ionique avec les dépôts par plaquage ionique : application à l'acier de construction 35NCD16 et à l'acier d'outillage pour travail à chaud Z38CDV5." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL110N.
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Afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure les traitements de nitruration par voie ionique peuvent être compatibles aves les dépôts par plaquage ionique, nous avons analysé l'influence de la procédure de dépôt sur la stabilité des couches nitrurées. Ce travail a permis de montrer que le cycle thermique associé à la procédure de dépôt peut conduire à lui seul à la déstabilisation des couches de combinaison et seulement celles-ci. Dans ce cas, la stabilité thermique intrinsèque des couches de combinaison est mise en cause. Nous avons également mis en évidence la déstabilisation de ces mêmes couches lors de la réalisation de l'étape de décapage ionique effectuée sous plasma d'argon seul et ce, pour des températures de dépôt relativement basse (400°C). Ce phénomène conduit à la dénitruration des couches de combinaison et à la formation d'une interphase ferritique qui est à l'origine des problèmes d'adhérence observés lors de l'élaboration de revêtements durs. L’introduction d'une pression partielle d'azote contrôlée dans le plasma d'argon au début de l'étape de décapage permet de contourner ce problème, elle met également en évidence la présence d'espèces nitrurantes dans le plasma. Cette constatation nous a permis d'envisager l'étude de la faisabilité des traitements de nitruration dans les installations de dépôt BALZERS. Celle-ci a conduit à la réalisation des traitements plurifonctionnels de nitruration et de dépôt dans une même installation d'une part, en raison des gains cinétiques observés au niveau du traitement thermochimique et d'autre part, en raison d'une meilleure adhérence du dépôt sur les couches nitrurées. En effet, la transition entre les deux traitements ne nécessite pas une remise à l'air de l'installation ce qui réduit considérablement les risques de contamination interfaciale couche nitrurée - revêtement. En second lieu, l'élévation des vitesses de nitruration, provenant d'une plus grande réactivité des faisceaux de plasma à haute densité de courant, a permis d'industrialiser de façon rentable ce nouveau procède de traitement plurifonctionnel
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Sousa, R?mulo Ribeiro Magalh?es de. "Nitreta??o em plasma com gaiola cat?dica: investiga??o do mecanismo e estudo comparativo com a nitreta??o em plasma de tens?o cont?nua." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2007. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12709.
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Previous issue date: 2007-12-18Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The ionic plasma nitriding is one of the most important plasma assisted treatment technique for surface modification, but it presents some inherent problems mainly in nitriding pieces with complex geometries. In the last four years has appeared a plasma nitriding technique, named ASPN (Active Screen Plasma Nitriding) in which the samples and the workload are surrounded by a metal screen on which the cathodic potential is applied. This new technique makes possible to obtain a perfect uniform nitrided layer apart from the shape of the samples. The present work is based on the development of a new nitriding plasma technique named CCPN (Cathodic Cage Plasma Nitriding) Patent PI 0603213-3 derived from ASPN, but utilizes the hollow cathode effect to increase the nitriding process efficiency. That technique has shown great improvement on the treatment of several types of steels under different process conditions, producing thicker and harder layers when compared with both, ASPN and ionic plasma nitriding, besides eliminating problems associated with the later technique. The best obtained results are due to the hollow cathode effect on the cage holes. Moreover, characteristic problems of ionic plasma nitriding are eliminated due to the fact that the luminescent discharge acts on the cage wall instead of on the samples surface, which remains under a floating potential. In this work the enhancement of the cathodic cage nitriding layers proprieties, under several conditions for some types of steels was investigated, besides the mechanism for nitrides deposition on glass substrate, concluding that the CCPN is both a diffusion and a deposition process at the same time
A nitreta??o i?nica ? um dos processos de revestimento superficial dos mais importantes, mas apresenta alguns problemas inerentes, principalmente, na nitreta??o de pe?as com geometria complexa. Nos ?ltimos quatro anos surgiu uma nova t?cnica de nitreta??o a plasma, denominada de ASPN (Active Screen Plasma Nitriding), na qual as amostras s?o envolvidas por uma tela polarizada catodicamente e com ela ? poss?vel obter uma camada nitretada, perfeitamente uniforme, independente da forma da amostra. O nosso trabalho baseia-se no desenvolvimento, no ?mbito do LabPlasma, de uma nova t?cnica de nitreta??o em plasma, denominada nitreta??o em gaiola cat?dica (NGC) dep?sito de patente PI 0603213-3 derivada da ASPN, mas que utiliza o efeito de c?todo oco para aumentar a efici?ncia do processo de nitreta??o. Esta t?cnica apresentou bastante efic?cia na nitreta??o de v?rios tipos de a?os, nas mais variadas condi??es de tratamento, proporcionando a obten??o de camadas mais espessas e de maior dureza, quando comparada com a ASPN e com a nitreta??o i?nica convencional, al?m de eliminar problemas de irregularidades associados ? t?cnica convencional. Sua maior efici?ncia deve-se ? utiliza??o do efeito de c?todo oco estabelecido nas paredes dos furos da gaiola, enquanto que a elimina??o dos problemas inerentes ? t?cnica convencional, deve-se ao fato do plasma atuar na gaiola e n?o nas amostras, as quais permanecem em potencial flutuante. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas as condi??es de otimiza??o da nitreta??o, realizada com esta t?cnica, para diferentes tipos de a?os, al?m de investigarmos os mecanismos que atuam, quando da deposi??o de nitretos em substratos de vidro, observando que a NGC ? um processo misto de difus?o e deposi??o
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Yang, Mei. "Nitriding - fundamentals, modeling and process optimization." Digital WPI, 2012. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/127.
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Gas nitriding is an important thermochemical surface treatment that is used to improve the wear and corrosion resistance as well as the fatigue endurance of steel parts. Accurate process control is the effective way to ensure the properties reliability of nitriding process. To realize the accurate process control, the nitriding process parameters need to be modeled and controlled to meet the specifications. There has been ongoing effort on the simulation of the gas nitriding process since 1990s. However, most of the work has been done to simulate the gas nitriding process of pure iron due to the limited thermodynamics and kinetics information available on the gas nitriding process of steels. The objective of this project is to develop an accurate and user friendly software model to simulate the gas nitriding process of steels based on the fundamental understanding of thermodynamics and kinetics. In this work, the customized Lehrer diagram which describes the phase stabilities in specified steel as a function of nitriding potential and temperature has been successfully constructed by computational thermodynamics for the first time. Based on the Lehrer diagrams for steels, the compound layer growth model is proposed to simulate the gas nitriding process of steels. By using this model, the properties of the nitrided steels based on the phase constitution, surface nitrogen concentration, nitrogen concentration profile, case depth, as well as growth kinetics can be simulated as a function of the process parameters (temperature, time, and the nitriding atmosphere). The results of the model are in excellent agreement with experimental results.
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Guo, Yuanyuan. "Etude des interactions entre l'azote et le carbone lors de traitements séquencés de nitruration, de carburation et de nitrocarburation à basse température d'aciers inoxydables austénitiques : application à la texturation de surface." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL047N/document.
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Différents aspects des traitements thermochimiques (nitruration, carburation et nitrocarburation) de l’acier inoxydable austénitique AISI 316 L menés à basse température ont été abordés. Dans le premier chapitre, un état de l’art de ces traitements thermochimiques, ainsi que des techniques mises en œuvre pour les réaliser ont été présentés. Les traitements de nitruration et de carburation, réalisés dans un réacteur de plasma micro-ondes, dans la configuration Matrice à Résonance Cyclotronique Électronique Distribuée, ont été étudiés dans le chapitre 3. L’analyse des couches traitées a été effectuée par différentes technique expérimentales : microscope optique, profilométrie, diffraction des rayons X, spectrométrie de masse des neutres secondaires, spectrométrie de masse d’ions secondaires et spectroscopie à décharge luminescente. Dans le quatrième chapitre, le traitement de nitrocarburation a été étudié et comparé à des traitements séquencés carburation / nitruration et nitruration / carburation. Une corrélation très forte a été effectuée entre la concentration moyenne en éléments interstitiels et la contrainte résiduelle de compression moyenne dans les couches traitées. Le dernier chapitre traite de la texturation ou structuration de surface à l’échelle micrométrique ou nanométrique. Pour réaliser cette structuration de surface, les propriétés de déformation de l’austénite expansée, formée lors d’un traitement de nitruration à basse température, sont exploitées pour construire un réseau bidimensionnel de plots, à l’aide de grilles ou des tissus métalliques jouant le rôle de masques pour transférer un motif sur une pièce en acier inoxydable austénitiqueDifferent aspects of thermochemical treatments (nitriding, carburizing and nitrocarburizing) of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 L conducted at low temperature were discussed. In the first chapter, a state of the art of these thermochemical treatments, as well as techniques used to achieve them have been presented. The nitriding and carburizing treatments, performed in a plasma reactor assisted by microwave in the Matrix Distributed Electron Cyclotron Resonance configuration, were studied in chapter 3. Analysis of the treated layers was performed by different experimental techniques: optical microscopy, profilometry, X-ray diffraction, Secondary Neutral Mass Spectroscopy, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and glow discharge spectroscopy. In the fourth chapter, the nitrocarburizing treatment was studied and compared to sequenced carburization / nitriding and nitriding / carburizing treatments. A strong correlation was made between the average concentration of interstitial elements and the average compressive residual stress in the treated layers. The final chapter deals with the surface texturation or patterning to the nanometer or micrometer scale. To achieve this patterning, the deformation properties of the expanded austenite, formed during a nitriding treatment at low temperature, are used to construct a two dimensional array of dots, using grids or metallic tissues playing the role of masks to transfer a pattern on a piece of austenitic stainless steel
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Fiorani, Silviane Caroline. "Efeito da nitretação por plasma na dureza e na resistência à corrosão do aço inoxidável cirúrgico ASTM 420F." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2012. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/383.
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Os aços inoxidáveis martensíticos são amplamente utilizados em aplicações biomédicas devido a sua excelente resistência a corrosão e boas propriedades mecânicas. Entretanto, em aplicações como brocas para a implantodontia, seu desempenho é insatisfatório. Nesta aplicação usualmente utiliza-se de revestimentos como DLC para melhorar a resistência a corrosão, a resistência ao desgaste, bem como, diminuir o coeficiente de atrito broca-osso. Diversos trabalhos na literatura mostram que a nitretação a baixas temperaturas produz camadas superficiais de alta dureza e alta resistência à corrosão. Sabe-se também que o aumento da dureza do substrato melhora o suporte para a adesão do revestimento como o DLC. Estes tratamentos são conhecidos como duplex. Neste trabalho estudou-se o efeito da nitretação a baixa temperatura na resistência à corrosão e dureza de aços inoxidáveis martensiticos do tipo ASTM 420F, bem como, a influência na dureza e resistência à corrosão do tratamento duplex nitretação e DLC. Foram escolhidos cinco parâmetros de nitretação a baixa temperatura, em tempos diferentes para avaliar o comportamento na dureza e resistência à corrosão. O parâmetro que teve o melhor desempenho, atingindo maior dureza e proporcionando uma melhor resistência à corrosão entre os demais, foi a 380°C por 6 horas. Nessa condição, a dureza média de topo foi de 894 HV (1Kgf) e não apresentou corrosão na camada nitretada com revestimento DLC. Pode-se esperar que aplicado essas condições em uma broca cirúrgica, dentro de sua condição de procedimentos cirúrgicos, o desgaste da ferramenta seja menor, uma vez que a sua superfície tem maior dureza do que usualmente comercializada, e mantendo sua resistência à corrosão em ambientes agressivos em que são expostas.Martensitics stainless steels are used in biomedical applications because of that yours excellent corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. However, in applications such as drills for implant their performance has been unsatisfactory. This application is usually used how DLC coatings to improve corrosion resistance, wear resistance and to decrease the coefficient of drill bone friction. Several studies in the literature show that nitriding at low temperatures produce surface layers of high hardness and high resistance to corrosion. It is also known that increasing the hardness of the substrate it improves the adhesion of the coating as DLC. These treatments are known as duplex. In this work were studied the effect of low temperature nitriding on the corrosion resistance and hardness of martensitic stainless steel type ASTM 420F, as well as the influence on the hardness and corrosion resistance of nitriding and DLC duplex treatment. Five parameters of nitriding at low temperature, at different times to evaluate the behavior in the hardness and corrosion resistance were chosen. The parameter that had the best performance providing a higher hardness and better corrosion resistance was at 380°C for 6 hours. The average hardness of the drill top was 894 HV (1 Kgf) and not showed corrosion in duplex layer. It can be expected to apply these conditions in a surgical drill, in the tool wear will be less, since the surface has a higher hardness than usually marketed and the drill maintained the resistance to corrosion in aggressive environment that they are exposited.
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Godet, François. "Influence de la microstructure sur le comportement mécanique d’une couche nitrurée de l’acier de nuance 33CrMoV12-9 en vue de l’optimisation des propriétés en fatigue." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENAM0046/document.
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Le développement de systèmes mécaniques, toujours plus performants et légers, demande l’optimisation continue des matériaux utilisés ainsi que leurs traitements. Dans le domaine des transmissions de puissance, la nitruration gazeuse apporte une hausse significative des durées de vie en fatigue des pièces fortement sollicitées. Alors que le rôle des gradients de propriétés mécaniques générés sur la résistance en fatigue est reconnu, l’influence de cette microstructure nitrurée sur les mécanismes de plasticité ou de microplasticité menant à de l’endommagement puis à l’initiation d’une fissure reste relativement méconnue. Ce travail de thèse concerne exclusivement la nitruration de l’acier de nuance 33CrMoV12-9, particulièrement utilisée dans les roulements et engrenages des industries aéronautiques et navales. Les propriétés mécaniques liées aux phénomènes menant à l’initiation de fissures en fatigue à grand nombre de cycles ont, tout particulièrement, été étudiées. Les propriétés mécaniques, comme le module d’élasticité, la dureté, la limite d’élasticité ou encore les contraintes résiduelles sont déterminées à plusieurs échelles, de celles de la microstructure à celles plus macroscopiques. Des observations in-situ ou post-mortem des couches nitrurées sollicitées jusqu’à l’endommagement ayant pour but d’estimer l’influence de la microstructure sur les hétérogénéités de déformations, les phénomènes de microplasticité et les mécanismes d’endommagement correspondants n’ont pas permis d’identifier clairement des mécanismes d’initiations de fissures. Pour ces essais, une éprouvette nitrurée à cœur représentative de la couche nitrurée a été développée. Cet outil expérimental a permis d’effectuer des essais simples de sollicitations des microstructures et ainsi déterminer des caractéristiques élastiques, d’écrouissage et de tenue en fatigue. Enfin, il a été démontré que les propriétés mesurées comme le module d’élasticité dépendent de l’échelle d’observation, des moyens et des méthodes utilisésDesign of high-performance and lighter mechanical systems needs a perpetual work on materials used. In the power transmission field, gaseous nitriding thermochemical treatment enhances significantly the life-cycle of the parts which are higher stressed on the surface. While the contribution of the mechanical property gradients due to the treatment on the fatigue life is well-known, the microstructure effects on the (micro-)plasticity mechanisms remains undetermined. This work concerns exclusively the nitrided 33CrMoV12-9 graded steel, used for gears and bearings in the naval and aeronautical industry. It aims particularly at defining mechanical properties linked to crack initiation mechanisms during high-cycle fatigue. Properties such as Young modulus, hardness, yield stress and fatigue limits are looked at several scales, from microstructural ones to hardened case one. In-situ and post-mortem investigation on loaded and damaged nitrided layers leads to estimating the microstructural influence on local deformations, microplasticity and damage but no particular mechanisms were found. Special fully-nitrided parts were designed to perform the experiments. This tool helps to carry out simple loadings and measure the strain-hardening curve and fatigue limits. Finally, it as been attested that measured properties depend on scales, means and methodology
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Rocancourt, Norman. "Etude de solutions innovantes de dépôts de superalliages et traitements de surface pour augmenter la résistance à l'usure et le comportement des moules métalliques de verrerie." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAM0014.
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Au cours des procédés de mise en forme du verre creux, les outillages de verrerie sont soumis à des conditions extrêmes avec des températures pouvant dépasser largement 650 °C. De plus, ces derniers sont exposés à des phénomènes d'abrasion sévères et à des réactions physico-chimiques complexes avec le verre fondu. Ceci est particulièrement accentué par les cycles thermiques dus aux contacts répétés avec le verre. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de proposer des solutions innovantes de dépôts de superalliages et/ou traitements de surface destinés à augmenter la durée de vie des outillages. Trois axes d'innovation sont présentés dans ce mémoire. Le premier concerne l'étude du dépôt de poudre composite Co/NiB par soudure PTA (Plasma Transfered Arc) sur des moules en alliage cuivreux. Le second est dédié à l'étude de la faisabilité technique d'un dépôt PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) multicouche à gradient fonctionnel, présentant des caractéristiques intéressantes pour des applications verrières en termes de dureté et de stabilité thermique, sur des poinçons en acier AISI 431. Enfin, le troisième axe de recherche fait l'objet d'une analyse plus approfondie et concerne l'étude de la nitruration par implantation d'ions azotes multichargés, également sur un acier AISI 431. On observe après implantation une augmentation significative de la dureté (+ 240 %). Une approche multi-expérimentale et multi-échelle est alors proposée afin d'étudier la microstructure du matériau implanté ainsi que son évolution après un recuit de 1h à 650 °C de manière à anticiper le comportement du matériau en production, et de corréler ceci aux propriétés de duretéGlass moulds have to withstand very high temperatures which can far exceed 650 °C during the glass forming process. They are exposed to very tough conditions such as abrasive wear and physico-chemical reactions, accentuated by thermal shocks due to high speed contact with hot glass melt. The aim of this work is to find innovative solutions for superalloy coating or surface treatments in order to increase the service life of glass tools. Three innovation projects are presented in this report. The first one is dedicated to PTA (Plasma Transferred Arc) welded coating of composite Co/NiB powder on copper alloy moulds. The second one is about technical feasibility of a multilayer PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) coating with properties congruent to glass production in term of hardness and thermal stability, on AISI 431 plunger stainless steel. Last but not least, the third innovative project is about nitriding by ion implantation with multicharged nitrogen ions on AISI 431 stainless steel. We notice after ion implantation a significant hardness increase (+ 240 %). A multi-experimental and multi-scale approach was carried out in order to study the implanted material microstructure and its evolution after annealing at 650 °C during 1h to predict the material behavior during production and correlate it to hardness properties
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Miola, Eduardo José. "Espectroscopia e difração de raios X aplicadas ao estudo de ferro e aço nitretados por plasma." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-31082012-120244/.
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Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a formação e evolução da camada de nitretos sobre substrato de ferro com pureza de 99,83% e do aço AISI H12, nitretados por plasma. As camadas foram obtidas com a variação sistemática das condições de nitretação, como temperatura, tempo e frequência do plasma. A atmosfera de trabalho empregada foi a de uma mistura gasosa de 20% N2 + 80% H2, mantida à pressão constante de 6 mbar, sob fluxo. Uma investigação detalhada da camada nitretada das amostras de ferro foi feita através de desgaste mecânico em passos sucessivos e após cada desgaste, as novas camadas foram analisadas por espectroscopia Môssbauer de elétrons de conversão (CEMS) auxiliadas por outras técnicas, como difração de raios X, microdureza e microscopia ótica e eletrônica. As análises superficiais demonstraram que a camada nitretada é formada por uma mistura de nitretos γ-Fe4N, ε-Fe3N e-ε-Fe3,2N, que variam suas proporções com as condições de nitretação. Abaixo desta camada outros nitretos são formados como e ε-FeXN (2≤X≤3,2) e α-Fe16N2. No aço H12, foi estudada a influência da nitretação por plasma em correntes contínua e pulsada. As amostras foram caracterizadas quanto ao perfil de microdureza, perfil de concentração de nitrogênio, difração de raios X e espectroscopia Môssbauer de elétrons de conversão (CEMS) e de raios X de conversão (CXMS). A camada composta próxima à superfície, como vista por CEMS, consiste de uma mistura de γ-Fe4N e ε-FeX(N, C) enquanto a camada próxima à zona de difusão, investigada por CXMS, consiste de uma mistura de fases γ-Fe4N, ε-FeX(N, C) Fex(N, C), α-Fe16N2 e γ-austenita. O crescimento da camada nitretada quando difundida utilizando corrente contínua segue uma lei parabólica, o que não ocorre com o processo com corrente alternada. Este efeito deve ser devido à taxa de \"sputerring\" do catodo e da difusão auxiliada por radiação, que são mais acentuadas no caso de corrente alternada, para tempos de nitretação t ‹ 2h. A situação é revertida para t › 3h.This work investigates the formation and evolution of nitride layers on a 99.83% pure iron and a AISI H-12 steel substrates by using plasma nitriding processoThe layers were obtained by systematic variation of the nitriding conditions, such as temperature, time and plasma frequency. The employed atmosphere consisted of a gaseous mixture of H2-20% N2, at a constant pressure of 6.0 mbar in f1ux.A detailed investigation of the nitrided layer on iron samples was performed through surface mechanical wear in successive steps. After each step the layer was analysed by Conversion Electron Mõssbauer spectroscopy (CEMS), as well as by other techniques, as X-ray diffraction, microhardness and optical and electronic metallography. The surface analysis of iron samples showed that the nitrided layers are formed bya mixture of γ-Fe4N, ε-Fe3N e-ε-Fe3,2N nitrides, whose proportions have varied with the nitriding conditions. Below this layer, different nitrides are formed, ε-FeXN (2≤X≤3,2) e α-Fe16N2. For H-12 steel substrates it was also studied the influence of direct and pulsed current on the layer. The samples were characterized related to the microhardness profile, nitrogen concentration profile, Xray diffraction and Conversion Electron and X-ray Mõssbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) and (CXMS). The near-surface compound layer, as probed by CEMS, consisted of a mixture of γ-Fe4N e ε-FeX(N, C) phases. The near-diffusion zone compound layer, as probed by CXMS presented a mixture of γ-Fe4N , e ε-FeX(N, C) Fex(N, C), α-Fe16N2e γ and- e γ-austenite phases. For the plasma process, the growth of the nitride layers in direct current follows the parabolic law, what does not occur when process with pulsed current is used. This effect is probably due to cathode rate sputtering and radiation-enhanced diffusion, the latter being more accentuated in the case of pulsed current, for nitriding times t ‹ 2h. The situation is reversed for t › 3h.
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Basso, Rodrigo Leonardo de Oliveira. "Efeito do carbono no processo de nitrocarburização com plasma pulsado da liga metálica AISI H13." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/277746.
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Orientador: Fernando AlvarezTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre os efeitos da incorporação de carbono e nitrogênio na formação de uma camada monofásica, compacta e homogênea, composta por carbonitretos do tipo e -Fe2-3(C,N), na superfície da liga metálica AISI H13. Também são apresentados estudos sobre os efeitos da incorporação desses elementos nas propriedades mecânicas, químicas e na microestrutura da superfície da liga metálica. A incorporação desses elementos na superfície do material foi feita utilizando-se o tratamento termoquímico de nitrocarburização por plasma pulsado em atmosferas contendo N2+ H2+ CH4 em diferentes proporções. Além da composição da atmosfera de tratamento, também foram variadas a temperatura e o tempo de tratamento. De maneira a complementar o estudo do comportamento da liga metálica frente ao tratamento termoquímico a plasma, também foram preparadas amostras com atmosferas oxidantes contendo CO2. A análise da composição química da superfície das amostras foi feita através de espectroscopia de fotoelétrons e mostra que a incorporação de nitrogênio sofre grande influência da quantidade de gás contendo carbono, presente no plasma. Porém a incorporação desses elementos não é diretamente proporcional à concentração do gás contendo esse elemento. Ao contrário do esperado, aumentando-se suficientemente a concentração desses elementos na atmosfera de tratamento, não acarreta em aumento na concentração dos mesmos no material. Por outro lado a análise através de difração de raios X revelou a formação de estruturas cristalinas consistentes com o diagrama de fases do sistema Fe-C-N. Para menores concentrações de compostos de carbono no plasma, a formação de nitretos e carbonitretos é predominante enquanto que maiores quantidades desse elemento levam ao surgimento da fase cementita e -Fe3 C, indesejável por possuir baixa resistência mecânica. As propriedades mecânicas da superfície foram estudadas através de medidas de nano e micro-dureza e seus resultados indicam que, como esperado, amostras com maior quantidade de nitrogênio incorporada possuim maior dureza da superfície. Esse comportamento é condizente com a microestrutura observada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura que mostra o entrelaçamento dos grãos da estrutura do aço e o preenchimento de seus contornos com carbonitretos de ferro que dificultam a movimentação dos planos cristalinos do cristal aumentando sua dureza. Foi verificado que as concentrações de carbono e de nitrogênio contido no material exercem grande influência sobre a reatividade da superfície das amostras frente a processos corrosivos em meios contendo íons cloreto. Esse comportamento foi verificado através de medidas de corrosão em solução aquosa de NaCl a 0,9 vol.%. Novamente os resultados apontam que maior concentração de nitrogênio é responsável por conferir a superfície maior proteção contra corrosão. Esses resultados são atribuídos a presença de uma mono-fase compacta formada pela fase e - Fe2-3 (C,N) na superfície das amostras. Resultados menos significativos foram obtidos quando a superfície continha uma mistura de fases contendo g -Fe4 N, e -Fe2-3 N, a -Fe e CrN
Abstract: This work presents a study on the effect of the incorporation of carbon and nitrogen on he formation of a singlephase homogeneous layer, composed by e -Fe2-3(C,N) carbonitrides, on the top surface of a AISI H13 tool steel. We also present studies on the effect of the incorporation of these elements (C and N) in the microstructure and in the mechanical and chemical properties of the surface of the metallic alloy. The incorporation of these elements in the surface of the material was made using the plasma nitrocarburizing termochemical treatment in atmospheres containing N2 + H2+CH4 in different ratios. Beyond the composition of the treatment atmosphere, the temperature and the time of treatment had been also varied. In way to complement the study of the behavior of the metallic alloy we had been also prepared samples with oxidating atmospheres containing CO2. The chemical composition analysis of the sample¿s surface was made through X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy and pointed that nitrogen incorporation suffers great influence from the amount of gas containing carbon, on the plasma atmosphere. However the incorporation of these elements is not directly proportional to the concentration of the gas containing this element. In con-trast, increasing enough the concentration of these elements in the treatment atmosphere, it does not cause increase in the concentration of the same element in the material¿s surface. On the other hand the X-ray diffraction analysis showed the formation of crystalline structures, consistent with the phase diagram of Fe-C-N system. For lesser carbon concentrations in the plasma, the formation of nitrides and carbides are predominant whereas bigger amounts of this element lead to the formarion of the cementite phase (q -Fe3 C , undesirable for possessing low resistance mechanics). The mechanical properties of the surface had been studied by means of nano and microhardness and its results indicate that, as expected, samples with bigger amount of incorporated nitrogen possesses bigger hardness in its surface. This behavior is in agreement with the observed microstructure observed by scanning electron microscopy that show the interlacement of the grains of the steel structure and the fulfilling of its boundaries with iron carbonitrides that make it difficult the movement of the crystalline plans of the lattice increasing its hardness. It was verified that the nitrogen and carbon concentrations in the material¿s surface, are of great influence on the reactivity of the surface regarding to corrosive processes in clorine solutions. This behavior was verified by measurements of corrosion in NaCl aqueous solution. Again the results pointed that bigger nitrogen concentration is responsible for protecting the surface against corrosion process. These results are attributed to the presence of a compact and homogeneous e -Fe2-3(C,N) surface layer on the surface of the samples. Less significant results had been gotten when the surface contained a mixture of phases containing g -F e4N, e -Fe2-3 N, a -Fe e CrN
Doutorado
Física da Matéria Condensada
Doutor em Ciências
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Coletta, Marcus Alberto Della. "Comparação do desempenho à abrasão dos aços AISI 4340, 4140, 5140 e 300M nitretados por plasma em diferentes condições." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-14092016-120013/.
Full textAbstract:
Os aços de ultra resistência com médio carbono e baixa liga apresentam excelentes propriedades de resistência mecânica e à fadiga além de uma elevada temperabilidade. No entanto, tais aços apresentam o fenômeno da têmpera ou de tratamentos superficiais. O aço 300M foi desenvolvido visando a ampliação desta faixa, permitindo tratamentos em temperaturas em torno de 350ºC viabilizando o emprego da técnica de nitretação do mesmo por plasma sem a consequente fragilização. Neste trabalho comparou-se as características e propriedades do aço 300M nitretado por plasma à 350ºC e 550ºC com os aços de alta-resistência AISI 4340, 4140 e 5140 nitretados à 550ºC. Variou-se as condições de tratamento de forma a verificar a influência do tempo de nitretação e de frequência de pulso nas camadas nitretadas. Verificou-se que a nitretação por plasma demostrou ser bastante efetiva para conferir resistência ao desgaste abrasivo para todos os aços nitretados. O aço 300M nitretado em 350ºC apresentou no ensaio de desgaste abrasivo comportamento similar aos demais aços nitretados em 550ºC, enquanto que o melhor resultado geral foi alcançado pelo 300M nitretado à 550ºC em CC durante 6 horas, devido à formação de uma camada dupla de levada dureza e espessura.The ultrahigh-strength steels with medium carbon and low alloy, like AISI 4340, show excellent tensile strength and fatigue properties further higher hardenability. However, these steels have the phenomenon of tempering embrittlement, that restrict the temperature of treatments after quench or surfaces treatments. The 300M steel was developed aiming the enlargement this area of application, this steel permits treatments in temperatures about 350°C what allowed to use the plasma nitriding without problems with the embrittlement. In this production were compared the properties of the nitrited layers of the 300M nitriding by plasma in 350°C and 550°C with the steels AISI 4340, AISI 4140, AISI 5140 nitriding in 550°C. Plasma nitriding conditions like time and pulse frequency were varied. It was checked that the plasma nitriding showed good performance to improve the resistance to the abrasive wear in ali the steels tested. The 300M steel nitrited in 350°C showed results similar to the others in the pin-on-disk test and the better result occurred to the 300M steel nitrited in 550°C in dC plasma during 6 hours, because of a duble compound lawyer that arouse with a high thickness and high hardness.