Journal articles: 'Nitriding steel'

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A-Hussein Al-Taee, Abbas. "Fatigue Behaviour of Nitrided En41A Nitralloy Steel." FES Journal of Engineering Sciences 2, no. 1 (November 6, 2006): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/fjes.v2i1.90.

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It has been recognized that the fatigue properties of metals are greatly affected by the surface condition. In steel parts a marked improvement in fatigue performance can result from the formation of hard layer on the surface. The processes commonly used for surface hardening are nitridig and carburizing. The reason for such improvement is attributed to the formation of compressive residual stresses in the hardened layer. Nitriding processes produce higher hardness, hence induces higher compressive residual stresses., which effectively increase fatigue performance. In this work, a mixture of (NH3 –H2 )) gas was used for nitriding fatigue specimens of En41 A steel. The effect of nitriding condition such as, temperature, ammonia content., nitriding time, hardness, microstructure and the depth of nitrided layer was investigated. The results from fatigue tests were discussed and related with the hardness and the nature of microstructure of nitrided layer. It was found that higher hardness without the formation of Iron-nitride layer ( white layer) gives better fatigue properties.

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Fujikawa, Hisao, H. Iwamura, and M. Uramoto. "Corrosion Behaviour of Steel Nitrided and Nitrocarburized in Gas, Respectively." Defect and Diffusion Forum 365 (July 2015): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.365.278.

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Nitriding treatment is well known as one of the corrosion protection methods for steels as well as a way to prevent wear and fatigue. Initially, salt bath nitrocarburizing was popular, but recently, gas nitriding, gas nitrocarburizing, plasma nitriding and so on have come to be used more often because of their superior nitriding ability. In the case of nitriding, only nitrogen (N) diffuses into the steel, but in the case of nitrocarburizing, both nitrogen and carbon (C) diffuse into the steel. General speaking, nitriding includes all the treatments mentioned above. The corrosion behavior of nitride carbon steels has been understood mainly by salt bath or gas nitrocarburizing treatments1)-4).However, recently, nitriding is mainly applied to parts for things such as automobiles which need protection from wear and fatigue, and is seldom used for parts which need corrosion resistance. The present paper is to remind researchers again that nitrided steels show good corrosion resistance.Therefore, the comparison of various thicknesses of nitride layers as well as the comparison between nitride layers on steel has been carried out in this examination, using the salt spray corrosion test method. The effect of oxidation treatment after nitriding was also investigated.

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Rogachev, S. O., A. Ya Stomakhin, S. A. Nikulin, M. V. Kadach, and V. M. Khatkevich. "STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AUSTENITIC Cr – Ni – Ti STEELS AFTER HIGH-TEMPERATURE NITRIDING." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 5 (June 19, 2019): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-5-366-373.

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Alloying of corrosion-resistant austenitic steels with nitrogen is widely used in production to stabilize austenite and to improve the strength and other properties of the metal. The possibility of alloying titanium-containing steels with nitrogen by introducing nitrogen into the melt is not possible, as it causes formation of the coarse defects in steel during casting and solidification of the metal (twisting of the peel, large nitride inclusions, accumulations of nitrides, etc.). The method of high-temperature gas nitriding can be alternative to liquid-phase nitriding for alloying austenitic titanium-containing chromium-nickel steels with nitrogen in order to increase their strength properties. In this work, we investigated the possibility of increasing the strength characteristics of thin-sheet austenitic corrosion-resistant Cr – Ni – Ti (Kh18N12T type) steel, containing 1.5 % and 3 % of titanium, through the use of solid-phase high-temperature nitriding. The nitriding was carried out at a temperature of 1000 – 1100 °С in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen for 5 or 8 hours. The average mass fraction of nitrogen in the samples after nitriding for 5 hours was 0.6 % and 0.7 % for the steels with 1.5 and 3 % of titanium, respectively, and after nitriding for 8 hours – 0.8 % and 0.9 %. It was shown that high-temperature nitriding followed by annealing provides a significant (by 2 – 3 times) increase in the metal strength characteristics compared with the state before nitriding, but reduces the ductility. Ductility of the steel is restored during final processing. For Kh18N12Т type steel with 1.5 % of titanium, an increase in the yield strength is obtained – by 3.3 times (from 180 to 600 MPa), strength – by 1.8 times (from 540 to 970 MPa), with a relative elongation of 28 %. An additional increase in strength properties was not found for the steel with 3 % titanium. The obtained results show the possibility of obtaining thin-sheet titanium-containing high-nitrogen steel (or products from it, for example, thin-walled pipes) by applying solid-phase high-temperature nitriding.

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Skakov, Mazhyn, Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, Michael Sсheffler, Gaukhar Karipbayeva, and Merey Rakhadilov. "Electrolyte Plasma Nitriding of High-Speed Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 379 (August 2013): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.379.161.

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Developed a new method of electrolytic-plasma nitriding, which enable to carry out surface modification of high-speed steels and provide the high kinetic energy efficiency of diffusion saturation process. . Implementation of electrolytic-plasma nitriding of high-speed steel R6M5 in the optimal mode was determined, which leads to a significant increase in hardness and wear-resistance of the high-speed steel surface layer. It is experimentally established, that after nitriding of electrolytic-plasma heating on the surface of high-speed steel R6M5 formed the modified layer, which has high abrasive wear resistance as compared with the source material.

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Monteiro, Waldemar Alfredo, Silvio Andre Lima Pereira, and Jan Vatavuk. "Nitriding Process Characterization of Cold Worked AISI 304 and 316 Austenitic Stainless Steels." Journal of Metallurgy 2017 (January 18, 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1052706.

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The nitriding behavior of austenitic stainless steels (AISI 304 and 316) was studied by different cold work degree (0% (after heat treated), 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) before nitride processing. The microstructure, layer thickness, hardness, and chemical microcomposition were evaluated employing optical microscopy, Vickers hardness, and scanning electron microscopy techniques (WDS microanalysis). The initial cold work (previous plastic deformations) in both AISI 304 and 306 austenitic stainless steels does not show special influence in all applied nitriding kinetics (in layer thicknesses). The nitriding processes have formed two layers, one external layer formed by expanded austenite with high nitrogen content, followed by another thinner layer just below formed by expanded austenite with a high presence of carbon (back diffusion). An enhanced diffusion can be observed on AISI 304 steel comparing with AISI 316 steel (a nitrided layer thicker can be noticed in the AISI 304 steel). The mechanical strength of both steels after nitriding processes reveals significant hardness values, almost 1100 HV, on the nitrided layers.

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Altinsoy, I., K. G. Onder, F. G. Celebi Efe, and C. Bindal. "Gas Nitriding Behaviour of 34CrAlNi7 Nitriding Steel." Acta Physica Polonica A 125, no. 2 (January 2014): 414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.125.414.

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Cavaliere, Pasquale, Angelo Perrone, and Alessio Silvello. "Steel nitriding optimization through multi-objective and FEM analysis." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 3, no. 1 (August 28, 2015): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcde.2015.08.002.

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Abstract Steel nitriding is a thermo-chemical process leading to surface hardening and improvement in fatigue properties. The process is strongly influenced by many different variables such as steel composition, nitrogen potential, temperature, time, and quenching media. In the present study, the influence of such parameters affecting physic-chemical and mechanical properties of nitride steels was evaluated. The aim was to streamline the process by numerical–experimental analysis allowing defining the optimal conditions for the success of the process. Input parameters–output results correlations were calculated through the employment of a multi-objective optimization software, modeFRONTIER (Esteco). The mechanical and microstructural results belonging to the nitriding process, performed with different processing conditions for various steels, are presented. The data were employed to obtain the analytical equations describing nitriding behavior as a function of nitriding parameters and steel composition. The obtained model was validated, through control designs, and optimized by taking into account physical and processing conditions. Highlights The paper shows the development of a model based on very broad experimental activity. The data were employed to provide a provisional tool for nitrided steel mechanical and microstructural behavior. A very good experimental–numerical correlation was found.

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Zhang, Mian, Shinichi Nishida, and Nobusuke Hattori. "Fatigue Strength of Ion Nitrided Tool Steel." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.475.

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The authors have studied and clarified that ion nitriding was able to improve the fatigue properties of tool steel. Five kinds of ion nitriding methods (ion nitriding condition is different) were used in this study. The fatigue test had been performed using a rotating bending fatigue testing machine to investigate the effects of ion nitriding on fatigue properties of tool steel. The fractography was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and hardness distribution was also investigated using a microhardness tester. As a result, the fatigue strength and hardness of the ion nitrided specimen increased after ion nitriding processing. It is considered that the compressive residual stress which produced by ion nitriding processing in the layer reduced fatigue fracture, and the altered surface composition improved surface hardness. According to the results of the fatigue test, the optimal ion nitriding method on improving the fatigue limit of tool steel was determined. The hardness of the specimens remarkably increased after ion nitriding processing.

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Kawasaki, Kaoru, Katsuya Ujita, Jun Takahashi, Masaaki Sugiyama, and Kazuto Kawakami. "Mechanical Properties and Change in Microstructure in the Nitriding Process of Cu-Added Steels." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.852.

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From the point of view of nitriding treatment(570°C), Cu precipitation is also occurred in the steel containing 1.3mass%Cu at this temperature. In this study, the behavior of nitriding in ultra low carbon steels containing Cr and/or Al and/or V are investigated. The following results are obtained : (1)After nitriding treatment the distribution of vickers hardness(Hv) differs in added nitriding element. (2)Profile of hardness in thickness is resulted from mainly precipitation hardening of nitride. (3)The high fatigue limit of nitrided steel is occurred by residual stress in vicinity of the surface. (4) Nitride precipitation is promoted by Cu precipitation that occurs in early stage of heat treatment.

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Karadas, Riza, Ozgur Celik, and Huseyin Cimenoglu. "Low Temperature Nitriding of a Martensitic Stainless Steel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 994–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.994.

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Nitriding is as an effective technique applied for many years to improve the surface hardness and wear resistance of low carbon and tool steels [1]. In the case of stainless steels, increase of surface hardness and wear resistance accompany by a drop in corrosion resistance due to the precipitation of CrN. In this respect, many attempts have been made to modify the surfaces of austenitic stainless steels to increase their surface hardness and wear resistance without scarifying the corrosion resistance [2-6]. It is finally concluded that, nitriding at temperatures lower than conventional nitriding process (which is generally about 550°C) has potentiality to produce a nitrogen expanded austenite (also known as S-phase), on the surface without formation of CrN. Due to the superb properties of the S-phase, the low temperature nitrided austenitic stainless steels exhibit very high surface hardness, a good wear resistance, and more importantly, an excellent corrosion resistance. Recently some attempts have been made to apply low temperature nitriding to martensitic stainless steels, which are widely used in the industries of medicine, food, mold and other civil areas [7-9]. In these works, where nitriding has been conducted by plasma processes, superior surface hardness, along with excellent wear and corrosion resistances have been reported for AISI 410 and AISI 420 grade martensitic stainless steels. This work focuses on low temperature gas nitriding of AISI 420 grade martensitic stainless steel in a fluidized bed reactor. In this respect the microstructures, phase compositions, hardness, wear and corrosion behaviours of the original and nitrided martensitic stainless steels have been compared.

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Gołębiowski, Bartosz, and Wiesław Świątnicki. "Microstructural Changes Induced during Hydrogen Charging Process in Stainless Steels with and without Nitrided Layers." Solid State Phenomena 186 (March 2012): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.186.305.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of glow discharge nitriding on hydrogen degradation of two types of steels: two-phase austenitic-ferritic and single-phase austenitic. The nitriding process resulted in formation of surface layers composed of expanded austenite (S phase), and in the case of two-phase steel of expanded austenite and expanded ferrite. Microstructural changes occurring under the influence of hydrogen on steels without and with nitrided layers were investigated with the use of scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy techniques. It was shown that the density of cracks formed during cathodic hydrogen charging is higher on the surface of the non-nitrided steels compared to the nitrided steels after identical hydrogen charging process. Moreover in non nitrided steel hydrogenation leads to considerable increase of dislocation density, which results from the high concentration of hydrogen absorbed to the steel during its cathodic charging. This leads in turn to high stress concentration and local embrittlement giving rise to cracks formation. Conversely nitriding reduces the absorption of hydrogen and prevents structural changes resulting in hydrogen embrittlement. The conducted studies show that glow discharge nitriding can be used to increase resistance to hydrogen embrittlement of austenitic and austenitic ferritic stainless steels.

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Gonzalez-Pociño, Alejandro, Florentino Alvarez-Antolin, and Juan Asensio-Lozano. "Improvement of Adhesive Wear Behavior by Variable Heat Treatment of a Tool Steel for Sheet Metal Forming." Materials 12, no. 17 (September 3, 2019): 2831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172831.

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Vanadis 10 steel is a powder metallurgy (PM) processed tool steel. It is a ledeburitic steel with 8% Cr and 10% V. By deliberately varying the process parameters related to the quenching, tempering, and nitriding of these steels, the aim of this study is to determine which of these parameters have a significant influence on its adhesive wear resistance. The research methodology employed was a Design of Experiments (DoE) with six factors and two levels for each factor. The tempering temperature, number of temperings, and carrying out of a thermochemical nitriding treatment were found to have a significant effect. To increase adhesive wear resistance, austenitization at 1100 °C with air cooling is recommended, followed by three temperings at 500 °C and a subsequent nitriding treatment. It should be noted that the quench cooling medium does not have a significant influence on wear resistance. Furthermore, (Fe,Cr)7C3 (M7C3 carbides) are transformed into carbonitrides during nitriding. However, (Fe,V)C (MC carbides) are not affected by this nitriding process.

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Michalski, J., K. Burdyński, P. Wach, and Z. Łataś. "Nitrogen Availability Of Nitriding Atmosphere In Controlled Gas Nitriding Processes." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0201.

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Abstract Parameters which characterize the nitriding atmosphere in the gas nitriding process of steel are: the nitriding potential KN, ammonia dissociation rate α and nitrogen availabilitymN2. The article discusses the possibilities of utilization of the nitriding atmosphere’s nitrogen availability in the design of gas nitriding processes of alloyed steels in atmospheres derived from raw ammonia, raw ammonia diluted with pre-dissociated ammonia, with nitrogen, as well as with both nitrogen and pre-dissociated ammonia. The nitriding processes were accomplished in four series. The parameters selected in the particular processes were: process temperature (T), time (t), value of nitriding potential (KN), corresponding to known dissociation rate of the ammonia which dissociates during the nitriding process (α). Variable parameters were: nitrogen availability (mN2), composition of the ingoing atmosphere and flow rate of the ingoing atmosphere (FIn).

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Rakhadilov, Bauyrzhan K., Mazhyn Skakov, Erlan Batyrbekov, and Michael Scheffler. "Surface Modification of High-Speed Steel by Plasma Nitriding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 709 (December 2014): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.709.403.

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The article investigates the changing in the structure and phase composition of the R6M5 high-speed steel surface layer after electrolytic-plasma nitriding. It is found that after electrolytic-plasma nitriding on the R6M5 steel surface, modified layer is formed, which consist from a diffusion layer. It was showed phase composition of difysion layer is changing depending on the nitriding. It is found that electrolytic-plasma nitriding lead to accelerated formation of the modified layer. It is determined that after electrolytic-plasma nitriding on the high-speed steel surface, modified layer is formed, consisting only of the diffusion layer.

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Żółciak, Tadeusz, and Paweł Bilski. "Application of technical nitrogen during gas nitriding austenitic steels." Inżynieria Powierzchni 26, no. 2 (September 26, 2021): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2275.

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The possibility of using technical nitrogen including 0,2% O2 for activation austenitic steels surfaces during gas nitriding were investigated. By changing mole fraction of technical nitrogen i NH3 /N2t mixture one can regulate oxygen potential of gas atmosphere during heating the steel to nitriding temperature and sometimes during nitriding process. Four representative austenitic steels were nitrided with good results at 570°C and under 450°C. New method can be alternative to regulating oxygen potential by air and allows avoiding installing of firing mechanism and safety control.

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Skakov, Маzhyn, Sherzod Kurbanbekov, Michail Scheffler, and Azretay Naltaev. "Modification of Stainless Steels Surface Layers by Nitriding and Carbonitriding." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.12.

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The structure of low-carbon steels after saturation by nitrogen and carbon in the mode of electrolytic-plasma nitriding and carbonitriding on the surface structure of austenitic stainless steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti has been studied. Optimum modes of electrolytic-plasma nitriding and carbonitriding are determined ensuring the maximum saturation of nitrogen and carbon, the microhardness of the surface. It is established, that after electrolyte-plasma processing microstructure of steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti has martensite structure. As a result of the research it is revealed that steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti after the electrolyte-plasma processing has high hardness.

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Skakov, Маzhyn, Sherzod Kurbanbekov, Yerkezhan Tabieva, and Erkin Zamanbekuly. "Nitriding and Carbonitriding Influence on Stainless Steels Surface Layers Changes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 379 (August 2013): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.379.105.

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The structure of low-carbon steels after saturation by nitrogen and carbon in the mode of electrolytic-plasma nitriding and carbonitriding on the surface structure of austenitic stainless steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti has been studied. Optimum modes of electrolytic-plasma nitriding and carbonitriding are determined ensuring the maximum saturation of nitrogen and carbon, the microhardness of the surface. It is established, that after electrolyte-plasma processing microstructure of steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti has martensite structure. As a result of the research it is revealed that steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti after the electrolyte-plasma processing has high hardness.

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Skakov, Мazhyn, Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, and Merey Rakhadilov. "Wear-Resistance of Nitrided W-Mo-High Speed Steel in Abrasive Wear Conditions." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 1117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.1117.

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In this work the influence of electrolytic-plasma nitriding on the abrasive wear-resistance of R6M5 high-speed steel were under research. We registered that after electrolytic-plasma nitriding on R6M5 steel surface modified layer is formed with 20-40 μm thickness and with increased microhardness of 9000-12200 MPa. Testing mode for the nitrided samples high-speed steel on abrasive wear developed. It is established, that electrolyte-plasma nitriding allows to increase wear-resistance of R6M5 steel surface layer comparing to original. It was determined that abrasive wear-resistance of R6M5 steel surface layer is increased to 25% as a result of electrolytic plasma nitriding. Thus, studies have demonstrated the feasibility and applicability of electrolytic-plasma nitriding in order to improve cutting tools work resource, working under friction and wear conditions.

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Li, Yang, Liang Wang, Jiu Jun Xu, and Ying Chun Shan. "Improvement of Wear Resistances of AISI 316L Austenitic Stainless Steels by Anodic Nitriding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (December 2012): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.269.

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The nitriding of AISI 316L stainless steels has been carried out at anodic potential in a space enclosed by an active screen that consists of two cylinders with different diameter. These two cylinders made up a hollow cathode in a discharge system. Nitriding experiments were carried out on AISI 316L stainless steel at 450°C for times ranging from 1 to 24h in ammonia atmosphere. The intensity of electron bombardment on the surface of sample was low due to the anodic sheath, the disadvantages attached to conventional plasma nitriding were completely avoided. The phase composition, the thickness and the surface topography of the nitrided layer, as well as its hardness, were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and a micro-hardness tester. The surface microhardness values and the thickness of the hardened layers increased as the nitriding time increased. Tribology properties of the untreated and nitrided 316L stainless steel have been investigated using a ball-on-disc tribometer with AISI52100 ball as the counterface. The results showed wear resistance of the AISI 316L stainless steels were greatly increased by anodic nitriding, owing to the strengthening effect of expanded austenite formed in the modified surface layer.

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Skakov, Mazhyn, Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, Erlan Batyrbekov, and Michael Scheffler. "Change of Structure and Mechanical Properties of R6M5 Steel Surface Layer at Electrolytic-Plasma Nitriding." Advanced Materials Research 1040 (September 2014): 753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1040.753.

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In the article changes in the structure and mechanical properties of R6M5 steel surface layer after electrolytic-plasma nitriding are shown. The optimal mode of electrolytic-plasma nitriding of R6M5 high-speed steel in electrolyte based on carbamide, which allows saturation of the surface with nitrogen from low-temperature plasma and get the modified layer of high hardness and wear-resistance. It is established, that after electrolytic-plasma nitriding reduced R6M5 steel wear rate and increases its resistance to abrasive wear. Perspectivity of use an electrolytic-plasma nitriding method to improve performance cutting tools made from R6M5 steel is shown.

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Sun, De Ping, Cheng Xin Lin, and Peng Xu. "Research of Hollow Cathodic Auxiliary Plasma Nitriding of 38CrMoAl Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (October 2013): 2012–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.2012.

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This study has focused on the nitriding of 38CrMoAl steel by hollow cathodic auxiliary plasma nitriding. Nitriding time, temperature and potential of sample were chosen as the influencing factors of orthogonal experimentation. Also, the optimum technological conditions were determined. The testing results showed that the micro hardness of nitriding layer under the best technology of orthogonal experimentation rose noticeably which was 4 to 5 times higher than that of before. Besides, surface roughness of the plasma nitriding sample was as the same as that of before. What is more, there was a 3-μm-thickness white layer in the surface of nitriding sample which comprised ε and γ' phase, and the whole depth of nitriding layer reached 300 μm.

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Ye, Wei, and Xing Sheng Tong. "Effect of Atmosphere Proportion and Nitriding Time on Plasma Nitriding of Duplex Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 1061-1062 (December 2014): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1061-1062.61.

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Samples of duplex stainless steel were plasma nitrided at different atmosphere proportion and nitriding time. The hardness and the corrosion resistance of the untreated and various plasma treated samples were characterised by a variety of analytical techniques. The results show that plasma nutriding at low temperature can improve hardness of duplex stainless steel and its corrosion properties at the same time. Declining the atmosphere proportion of ammonia and argon can effectively prevent the nonuniformity of hardness of nitriding layers and extension of nitriding time is conducive to enhance the hardness and thickness of nitriding layer. In addition, the corrosion peoporties of duplex stainless steel nitrided increase when the nitriding time improves, but its corrosion resistance rises slowly after nitriding for 9h.

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Burke, M. G., E. J. Palmiere, and A. J. DeArdo. "A combined Tem/Apfim study of precipitation in ion-nitrided ultra-low carbon bainitic steel." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100126020.

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Ion-nitriding represents an attractive and cost-effective process for improving the surface properties (hardness, wear resistance) and fatigue behavior of ultra-low carbon bainitic (ULCB) steels (1). Although the improvements in mechanical properties of nitrided steels are well-documented, precipitation in these steels during the nitriding process has not been studied extensively. The precipitation in ULCB steels is complex due to the presence of Mo, Mn, and Ni. Therefore, to investigate nitride precipitation in these steels, we have employed both TEM and APFIM in order to characterize the ultra-fine precipitates.The material employed in this study was a fully bainitic ULCB steel (0.021C- lMn- 1.4Ni- 1.5Mo- 0.016Ti- 0.05 2Nb -0.001B). Ion-nitriding was performed at 466°C for 14 hours using a mixture of 75% H2 - 25% N2 at a pressure of 2500 millitorr.

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Skakov, Mazhin, Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov, and Michael Sheffler. "Influence of Electrolyte Plasma Treatment on Structure, Phase Composition and Microhardness of Steel Р6М5." Key Engineering Materials 531-532 (December 2012): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.531-532.627.

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Microhardness of nitrated and carbonitriding in electrolyte plasma steel Р6М5 surface layers are investigated in the research. It shows perspectiveness of the cutting tool electrolyte-plasma treatment technology. Operating conditions for the technology realization are defined. It was also indicated the desired content of components in saturating mixtures by nitriding and carbonitriding. Comparative research of structure, phase composition of fast-cutting P6M5 steel modified surface layers after electrolyte plasma treatment was carried out by scanning-electron and light microscopy, and X-ray structure analysis methods. The way of electrolytic plasma nitriding in cathodic mode, to provide fast-cutting steels which allows for modification the surface and high kinetic efficiency the process diffusion saturation. It was established that as a result of nitriding and nitrocarburizing in plasma electrolyte has been a significant increase in microhardness in the surface layers of steel Р6M5.

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Mändl, Stephan. "Nitriding of Stainless Steel: PIII or Low Energy Nitriding?" Plasma Processes and Polymers 4, no. 3 (April 23, 2007): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200600102.

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Bensalah, Benhabib, Allaoui Omar, and Djeghlal Mehammad Elamine. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the 55CrMoV4 Steel Exposed to Boriding and Nitriding Treatments." Annales de Chimie - Science des Matériaux 45, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/acsm.450404.

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In this study boriding and nitriding treatments were carried out on 55CrMoV4 low alloyed steel. The thermochemical treatments were carried out in solid medium by the powder technique at 900℃ for 4 hours for boriding treatment and at a temperature of 550℃ for 12 hours for nitriding treatment. The phases analysis of the boride and nitrite layers formed on the surface was carried out by optical microscopy (OM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of the surface analysis show that the boride and nitride layers a presence of FeB, Fe2B, CrN, Fe3N and Fe4N compounds. The thickness of boride layers and nitride layers was found to be 55 and 12 µm, respectively. Microhardness of boride and nitride layers are between 800 HV0.2 and 1200 HV0.2. Corrosion tests by immersion in a 1M HCl solution have shown the beneficial effect of boriding and nitriding treatments on treated steels. Increase in corrosion resistances was observed after nitriding and boriding treatment steel 55CrMoV4 was around 6 times.

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Mochtar, Myrna Ariati, and Rizki Aldila. "Die Soldering Behavior of H13 and Cr-Mo-V Tool Steel on Die Casting Process on Nitriding-Shot Pinning Die Surface Treatment." Materials Science Forum 1000 (July 2020): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1000.381.

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Die soldering is a sticking phenomenon between molten aluminum with the surface of steel die in the die casting process, which results in damage to the cast products and l the steel die. In this research, two die materials, H13 and Cr-Mo-V steels were used. Those dies were then treated by two process variables, shot pinning and nitriding-shot pinning. To simulate the die casting process, the samples were dipped into molten Aluminum-Si alloy, ADC12 at 680oC for 30, 300, and 1800 seconds. Characterizations were focused on the surface of the steel, which includes microstructure observation by a microscope, microhardness profile, compound identification, and weight loss measurements. It was found that H13 steel and Cr-Mo-V steel treated by nitriding–shot pinning have higher hardness up to 100% and thinner intermetallic layer. On H13 steel, the compact layer thickness decreased from 19 μm to 17 μm and from 96 μm to 80 μm for the broken layer. Similar trends occurred for Cr-Mo-V steel, where the thickness of the compact layer and broken layer decreased from 38 μm to 19 μm and 119 μm to 45 μm respectively. These results indicate that H13 and Cr-Mo-V steels that were treated by nitriding–shot pinning have a better resistance to die soldering.

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Novák, Pavel, Dalibor Vojtěch, Jan Šerák, Michal Novák, and Barbora Bártová. "Mechanism and Kinetics of Plasma Nitriding of the Nb-Alloyed PM Tool Steel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 263 (March 2007): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.263.87.

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The aim of this work was to describe the mechanism and kinetics of plasma nitriding of a Nb-containing PM (powder metallurgy) tool steel. Material containing 2.5 wt.% C, 3.3% Si, 6.2% Cr, 2.2% Mo, 2.6% V, 2.6% Nb and 1.0% W was prepared by nitrogen melt atomization and hot isostatic pressing. Heat-treated steel (quenching from 1100 °C, triple tempering at 550 °C for 1h) was plasma nitrided at temperatures ranging from 470 °C to 530 °C / 30 - 180 min. Light microscopy, TEM, SEM and WDS were used to study the nitrided steel. It has been shown, that nitriding at 470°C leads to the formation of thin layers composed only of a diffusion zone containing nitrogen-rich martensite and fine nitride precipitates, no layer of nitrides is formed on the surface. Nitriding is probably controlled by the nitrogen diffusion in martensite to the material or by the processes in the nitriding atmosphere at this temperature. Nitriding at the temperature of 500°C and more leads to the formation of a continuous layer of nitrides and carbonitrides on the surface that limits further nitrogen diffusion. Niobium, as a prospective element in tool steels, was not found to play a role in the formation of the nitrided layer directly. Niobium replaces vanadium in very thermodynamically stable primary MC carbides. This results in higher vanadium content in others less stable carbides and in the matrix. Due to this effect, higher portion of vanadium can precipitate as VC carbides and VN nitrides during heat treatment and nitriding, respectively.

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29

Wu, Xiao Chun, and Hong Bin Wang. "Plasma Nitriding Behavior of 1Cr18Ni9Ti Stainless Steel with Nanocrystalline Surface Induced by SMA." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 1773–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.1773.

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The plasma nitriding behaviors of nanocrystalline surface induced by surface mechanical attrition (SMA) and of conventional coarse-grained surface in 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel were compared. Microstructure features of various sections in the surface layer, from the matrix to the nitriding surface, were systematically characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. The thickness of compound layer and hardness distribution in the treated surface layer were investigated by means of metallographic observation and microhardness measurement. The subsequent nitriding kinetics of the treated steel with the nanostructured surface layer were greatly enhanced, the nitriding thickness was deeper than that of the conventional surface and the nitriding temperature could be as low as 300°C, which is much lower than conventional nitriding temperature.

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30

Vityaz, P. A., V. I. Moiseenko, A. G. Sidorenko, M. V. Sotnikov, N. D. Shkatulo, and D. I. Haritonchik. "Experience and prospects of use of structural steels for nitridated gears." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Physical-Technical Series 66, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2021-66-1-58-65.

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The experience of using known and new steels to improve the manufacturability and strength of the main parts of machines, hardened by nitriding, is generalized. New approaches to manufacture of gear wheels hardened by nitriding, both when using aluminum-containing steels and a new material, steel 40ХМФА, are considered. To improve the efficiency and man ufacturability of parts production from aluminum-containing steel 38Х2МЮА, widely used in mechanical engineering, a fundamentally new technology of preliminary heat treatment of workpieces of parts – “incomplete hardening” has been developed, which provides both an increase in the machinability and accuracy of large-sized gear wheels, and an increase in strength due to the elimination of the brittleness of nitrided layer. The high hardness of the nitrided surface of the parts – up to 900 HV – also ensures high wear resistance of the parts. Gear wheels made of new aluminum-containing steel 20ХН4МФЮА solidified at the nitriding stage, have strength characteristics equal to cemented parts, which allows not only increasing the bearing capacity of a number of products, but significant simplification of the technology of manufacturing precise parts that are complex in shape, replacing carburizing with nitriding, thereby eliminating the necessary after-carburizing finishing operation – grinding. Steel 40ХМФА, which does not contain aluminum, has increased heat resistance, hardenability and machinability of parts, as well as the characteristics of their hardened layer. The nitrided layer of gears 0.5–0.7 mm thick does not contain brittle components, which, with a core hardness of 300–320 HB, excludes its “flaking” and subsequent destruction of parts. The use of 40ХМФА steel makes it possible to solve the problems of reliability and service life of large-sized nitrided gears, but it is also promising for the entire range of gears with internal gearing, as well as parts of movable spline gearings. These characteristics also in some cases allow replacing the carburizing of gears (modulus less than 4 mm) by nitriding when using 40ХМФА steel.

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31

GHELLOUDJ, Elhadj. "MICROSTRUCTURE, MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF AISI 316L STAINLESS STEEL DURING SALT BATH NITRIDING." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.27.2.952.

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The aim of the current work was to analyse the impact of salt bath nitriding on the behavior of the tribological characteristics and surface microstructures of AISI 316L stainless steels. Nitriding was carried out at 580°C for 10 h. The tribological, structural behavior of the AISI 316L before and after salt bath nitriding was compared. The surface microstructures, tribological characteristics, as well as its surface hardness, were investigated using optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), surface profilometer, pin-on-disk wear tester and microhardness tester. In the current work the experimental results showed that a great surface hardness could be achievable through salt bath nitriding technique because of the formation of the so-called expanded Austenite (S-phase), the nitrogen diffusion region. The surface hardness of AISI 316 stainless steel after nitriding process reached 1100 HV0.025 which was six times the untreated sample hardness. The S-phase is additionally expected to the improvement of wear resistance and decrease the friction coefficient.

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32

Shurdjanov, Jamshid D., and In Soo Kim. "Nitriding Effect of NaNO₃ Salt in Duplex Stainless Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 851 (August 2016): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.851.106.

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Duplex stainless steel was nitrided by sodium nitrate, NaNO3, salt bath from 592°C to 650°C for 1 to 10 hours. The microstructure, microhardness and tensile strength were investigated after nitriding of duplex stainless steel sheets. Microhardness of sample was increased from 279.7 HV to 296 HV after nitriding in bath of NaNO3+4.8%NaCl salt at 650°C for 8 hours. Tensile strength was increased from 880 to 939.36 MPa and elongation of duplex stainless steel sheet was decreased from 42% to 38% after nitriding in salt bath of NaNO3 at 650°C for 8 hours. The nitriding effect of NaNO3 salt is similar with KNO3 salt in duplex stainless steel sheet. NaNO3 salt is cheaper than KNO3 salt. Therefore, NaNO3 salt is more economical than KNO3 salt to nitride duplex stainless steel.

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33

Skakov, Mazhyn, Yerzhan Sapatayev, and Michael Scheffler. "Influence Nitriding in the Electrolytic Plasma on the Tribological Properties of Low-Alloy 40Cr Steel." Advanced Materials Research 785-786 (September 2013): 848–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.785-786.848.

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This paper presents the results of research influence nitriding in electrolytic plasma on the tribological properties of low-alloy 40Cr steel. It is shown that the process of electrolytic plasma nitriding can significantly increase the wear resistance of the samples 40Cr steel. Found that after nitriding component adhesive wear mechanism is changed to abrasion.

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34

Qu, Sheng Guan, Guang Hong Wang, Li Kui Liu, Yong Hu, and Xiao Qiang Li. "Sliding Wear Characteristics of High-Performance Plasma Nitrided Bearing Steel." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.873.

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Plasma nitriding technology was carried out on the surface of bearing steels. The phase composition and microhardness of the nitrided layer were analyzed. Sliding wear characteristics of the nitriding steel were studied on an Optimol SRV IV oscillating friction and wear tester at room temperature. The fretting wear mechanism was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3D surface profiler. The results showed that Cr2N, Fe4N, Fe2 ~ 3N phases were observed on the nitrided surface layers; lubricating condition, normal load and friction velocity have great effect on the friction and wear characteristics of the plasma nitrided steels.

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35

Li, Wan Jun, and Xiao Xia Li. "Research on Gas Nitriding Technology Catalyzed by Rare Earth for 40CrNiMoA Alloy Steel." Materials Science Forum 953 (May 2019): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.953.21.

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A kind of gas nitriding method catalyzed by rare earth for 40CrNiMoA alloy steel was researched in this article. Effect of temperature on surface hardness of gas nitriding method catalyzed by rare earth, change law of layer depth with time at 500 °C were carried out and compared with normal gas nitriding. Based on these researches, gas nitriding method catalyzed by rare earth was optimized. The results show that gas nitriding catalyzed by rare earth can not only increase the nitriding speed, but also enhance the surface hardness of the nitriding layer. Using three - stage gas nitriding method catalyzed by rare earth and after 40 hours, the samples can meet the need of nitrided layer depth no less than 0.5mm, surface vickers hardness no less than 600.

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36

Frączek, Tadeusz, and Michał Olejnik. "Unconventional Glow Discharge Nitriding of 316L Austenitic Steel." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 882–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.882.

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This work presents the results of investigations of unconventionally glow-discharge nitrided 316L austenitic steel. The process of nitriding was performed using a variety of variants of sample orientation in glow-discharge chamber. The samples subject to nitriding were located directly on cathode, on the surface isolated from both cathode and anode, in so-called ‘plasma potential’, while the part of the samples with this orientation were additionally covered with screens to supported nitriding process. In order to evaluate the efficiency of various variants of nitriding, the following investigations were conducted: hardness test, element distribution profile within surface layer, metallographic tests, tribological and corrosion resistance tests.

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37

Pokorný, Z., and Vojtěch Hruby. "Plasma Nitriding of Deep Narrow Cavities." Key Engineering Materials 465 (January 2011): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.465.267.

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Technology of plasma nitriding is widely used to increase the surface hardness, fatigue strength, wear and corrosion resistance of steels [1, 2]. In this study, the properties of plasma nitrided steel of various diameters at various pressures are investigated. There was obtained new information about possibilities of plasma nitriding technology and its applications to the cavities with diameters of 6, 8 and 10 mm and a penetration depth of 400 mm.

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38

Krbaťa, Michal, and Jana Escherová. "Performance characteristics of steel 1.2842 after nitridation." Science & Military 16, no. 1 (2021): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52651/sam.a.2021.1.43-48.

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The paper deals with the change in mechanical properties and wear of 1.2842 universal tool steel after plasma nitriding, which is widely used to produce cutting tools with good durability and low operating costs. Plasma nitriding was performed at a temperature of 500 °C for 10-hour period in a standard N2 /H2 atmosphere with 1:3 gases ratio. Microstructure, phase structure, thickness of a nitriding layer and surface roughness of samples were measured with optical microscopes and a profilometer. Verification of a chemical composition was carried out on the BAS TASMAN Q4 device. Wear resistance was measured on a universal TRIBOLAB UTM 3 tribometer, through a, “pin on disc“ method. The results of experiments have shown that plasma nitriding process, significantly improves the mechanical and tribological properties of selected materials.

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39

Plokhikh, A. I., and K. B. Polikevich. "Nitriding of multilayer steel materials." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 560 (July 10, 2019): 012086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/560/1/012086.

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40

Doyle, E. D., A. M. Pagon, P. Hubbard, S. J. Dowey, A. Pilkington, D. G. McCulloch, K. Latham, and J. DuPlessis. "Nitriding of high speed steel." International Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering 5, no. 2 (June 2011): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174951411x12956208225348.

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41

Chudina, O. V. "Nitriding of Laser-Alloyed Steel." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 46, no. 1/2 (January 2004): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:msat.0000029598.18451.4f.

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42

Mahboubi, F., M. Samandi, D. Dunne, A. Bloyce, and T. Bell. "Plasma nitriding of microalloyed steel." Surface and Coatings Technology 71, no. 2 (March 1995): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(94)01012-8.

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43

Rudman, V. A. "Nitriding of nonmagnetic steel 65G16Yu2F." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 28, no. 8 (August 1986): 558–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00795277.

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44

Slosman, A. I., and N. M. Lemeshev. "Ion nitriding of steel Kh12F1." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 32, no. 12 (December 1990): 911–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00700081.

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45

Żółciak, Tadeusz, Piotr Wach, and Paweł Bilski. "Application of technical nitrogen during nitriding or nitrocarburizing alloyed steels." Inżynieria Powierzchni 25, no. 1-2 (November 3, 2020): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4476.

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In the present work technical nitrogen application for surface activation of alloyed steels with chrome, particularly stainless steel X20Cr13 during nitriding and carbonitriding was investigated .Hardness and microstructure of nitrided layers were examined. Possibility of using technical nitrogen containing 0,2%O2 for surface activation of X20Cr13 stainless steel was confirmed and activation conditions for investigated alloyed steels were determined.

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46

Yan, Hongzhi, Linhe Zhao, Zhi Chen, Xuan Hu, and Zhaojun Yan. "Investigation of the Surface Properties and Wear Properties of AISI H11 Steel Treated by Auxiliary Heating Plasma Nitriding." Coatings 10, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060528.

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This paper presents an auxiliary heating method to maintain a uniform specimen temperature and precisely control nitriding temperature during plasma nitriding. The surface properties and wear properties of AISI H11 steel treated by auxiliary heating plasma nitriding are investigated. Firstly, the specimens with different diffusion layers and different hardness levels are fabricated through changing the plasma nitriding temperature. Secondly, the surface properties of the plasma-nitrided H11 steel specimens are characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer, metallographic microscope and microhardness tester. The results show that the surface hardness of the plasma-nitrided specimen is almost twice as high as that of the untreated specimen. The thickness of diffusion layer increases with the increase of nitriding temperature. However, the surface hardness firstly increases and then decreases with the increase of the nitriding temperature. Finally, the wear properties of untreated and plasma-nitrided H11 steel specimens are investigated under different friction conditions. The results show that the plasma-nitriding method can significantly improve the wear resistance of AISI H11 steel. The friction coefficient fluctuations of the plasma-nitrided specimens are all lower than those of the untreated specimens. In addition, the wear rates of the plasma-nitrided specimens rise along with load, and reduce along with the sliding speed and friction temperature.

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47

Kula, Piotr, Pietrasik Robert, Wołowiec Emilia, Bartłomiej Januszewicz, and Rzepkowski Adam. "Low-Pressure Nitriding According to the FineLPN Technology in Multi-Purpose Vacuum Furnaces." Advanced Materials Research 586 (November 2012): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.586.230.

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Developing steady state models to conduct and control repeatable processes of low-pressure nitriding is not possible in practice as the nitrogen content in a nitrided layer depends not only on the nitriding parameters, but also on the content of alloying elements in steel and the nucleation stage which is difficult to control. Therefore, a new concept of conducting such processes has been proposed. It has been shown that application of an appropriate method of activation of steel parts surface makes the nucleation stage uniform and reduces its duration. A system based on artificial intelligence methods has also been proposed, which enables modelling and control of non-equilibrium processes of low-pressure nitriding of tool steels. This model is based on the “boost-diffusion” schedule of the process.

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48

Tulinski, Maciej, and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk. "Corrosion Resistance of Nickel-Free Austenitic Stainless Steels and their Nanocomposites with Hydroxyapatite in Ringer's Solution." Materials Science Forum 674 (February 2011): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.674.159.

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In this work Ni-free austenitic stainless steels with nanostructure and their nanocomposites were synthesized by mechanical alloying (MA), heat treatment and nitriding of elemental microcrystalline Fe, Cr, Mn and Mo powders with addition of hydroxyapatite (HA). Microhardness and corrosion tests' results of obtained materials are presented. Mechanical alloying and nitriding are very effective technologies to improve the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. Decreasing the corrosion current density is a distinct advantage for prevention of ion release and it leads to better cytocompatibility. Similar process in case of nanocomposites of stainless steel with hydroxyapatite helps achieve even better mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Hence nanocrystalline nickel-free stainless steels and nickel-free stainless steel/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites could be promising bionanomaterials for use as a hard tissue replacement implants, e.g. orthopedic implants.

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49

Kochmański, Paweł, and Jolanta Baranowska. "Kinetics of Low Temperature Nitriding of Precipitation Hardened Stainless Steel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.530.

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The paper presents results of research on nitrided layers on precipitation hardened stainless steel, known also as 1RK91 (Sandvik NanoflexTM). Samples were subjected to low temperature nitriding. The influence of nitriding parameters on nitriding kinetics was investigated. The nitriding process was carried out in a mixture of NH3 50% and products of its dissociation as well as in 100% ammonia atmosphere at temperature range 425-475°C. To investigate the kinetics of nitrided layer formation, the nitriding time changes between 2 and 8 h. The obtained diffusion layers were examined using the following methods: light and scanning electron microscopy, XRD phase analysis. The distribution profiles of selected chemical elements were acquired using optical spectrometry GDOES.

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50

Skakov, Маzhyn, Sherzod Kurbanbekov, and Almira Zhilkаshinova. "Research of Electrolytic-Plasma Carbonitriding and Nitriding Influence on Phase Composition of the Stainless Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 404 (September 2013): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.404.40.

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In the present work we have studied the phase structure of surface modified layer of austenitic steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti after electrolytic-plasma carbonitriding and nitriding. It was determined that the carbonitriding and nitriding with the subsequent hardening formed carbide and nitride phase. Also it is revealed that steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti after the electrolyte-plasma processing has high hardness. The microstructure of samples surface is presented by martensite and residual austenite. Optimum modes of steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti carbonitriding and nitriding by electrolytic-plasma way have been identified.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nitriding steel'

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