Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nitrifikation'
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Bayer, Kristina. "Physiologie, Phylogenie und metagenomische Analyse Ammoniak-oxidierender Bakterien und Archaeen im Mittelmeerschwamm Aplysina aerophoba." Doctoral thesis, kostenfrei, 2008. http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-wuerzburg/volltexte/2008/2911/.
Full textHippen, Anke. "Einsatz der Deammonifikation zur Behandlung hoch stickstoffhaltiger Abwässer /." Hannover : ISAH, 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009599111&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Full textBeckman, Marie. "Kvävestatus och risk för nitrifikation i två avverkade skogsområden i Halland." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9282.
Full textNitrogen deposition leads to environmental damage in areas where the nitrogen deposition is high. Southwest Sweden receives an annual nitrogen deposition of up to 20 kg N/ha. Nitrogen that is not assimilated by the vegetation is accumulated in the soil, which may lead to nitrogen saturation and an elevated risk of nitrogen leaching. Nitrogen leaching from forest areas in southern Sweden has proven to be higher than from agricultural areas, which have been thought to be the main contributors to elevated nitrogen levels in rivers and lakes. The amount of nitrogen that leaches depends on the fraction of the total nitrogen in the soil that consists of nitrate, since nitrate is easily transported through the soil. Nitrogen leaching increases after clear-cutting since the uptake by vegetation is greatly reduced.
In this study the soil chemistry of two clear-cut spruce stands in Halland, in southwest Sweden, has been analyzed. A previous study in these areas has indicated higher nitrate concentrations in the groundwater in one of the areas and thus a greater nitrogen leaching. Nitrogen deposition in the two areas is estimated to be the same and therefore the soil chemistry has been analyzed to evaluate if differences in the soil can have resulted in differences in the nitrate concentration in the groundwater. The hypothesis is that the area with higher nitrate concentrations in the groundwater has properties more favorable for nitrification, which would be especially apparent in a lower carbon to nitrogen ratio. The pH and storage of nitrate, ammonium, total carbon, total nitrogen and exchangeable cations was analyzed in soil samples from both areas. In addition, a study of stand properties and previous use of the areas was made.
The analyses performed in this study indicate that the soil properties could not explain the differences in nitrate concentration in the groundwater. The differences found between the areas were that the area with lower nitrate concentrations in the groundwater had higher nitrate and ammonium concentrations and higher pH in the soil. The reason for this might be that the soil in this area has larger capacity to bind elements. The fact that the soil samples were sampled during different seasons probably had a major effect on these results. The history and stand properties of the two areas were similar. According to site index one area was more fertile, which benefits nitrification. This fact was not confirmed by the analyses, but it probably caused the nitrification rate to be higher in this area.
Det stora nedfallet av föroreningar i form av kväve i framförallt sydvästra Sverige leder till försurning och övergödning av både skogsmarker och vattendrag. Kvävedepositionen i södra Sverige kan uppgå till 20 kg N/ha och år. Det kväve som inte tas upp av vegetationen ackumuleras i marken som efterhand riskerar att bli kvävemättad vilket ökar risken för kväveutlakning. Kväveutlakningen från svenska skogsmarker har visat sig kunna vara i samma storleksordning som från jordbruksmarker som anses vara en av de största orsakerna till ökande kvävehalter i sjöar och vattendrag. Kväveutlakningens storlek beror till stor del på hur stor del av markens kväveförråd som finns i den oorganiska formen nitrat eftersom den är en lättrörlig jon. Efter skogsavverkning ökar nitratutlakningen betydligt på grund av att det finns väldigt lite vegetation kvar som tar upp kväveföreningarna.
I den här studien har markkemin i två avverkade granskogsområden i Halland undersökts. Tidigare studier i dessa två områden har visat att halterna av nitrat var högre i grundvattnet i det ena området än i det andra, och således var även nitratutlakningen större i detta område. Eftersom kvävedepositionen anses vara densamma i de två områdena har markemin undersökts för att finna skillnader där som kan förklara de olika nitratnivåerna i grundvattnet. Hypotesen var att det ena området skulle ha mer gynnsamma förhållanden för nitrifikation, framförallt en lägre C/N-kvot. Markens förråd av nitrat- och ammoniumkväve, totalkol, totalkväve, utbytbara katjoner samt pH undersöktes i båda områdena. En studie av områdenas historia gjordes även för att kunna utesluta skillnader där som kunde ge upphov till skillnaden i nitrat i grundvattnet.
Slutsatsen som kan dras från studien är att de analyserade egenskaperna inte visade på mer gynnsamma förhållanden för nitrifikation i det ena området än i det andra. Ingen skillnad i C/N-kvot uppmättes. Skillnaderna som hittades var att området med lägst halter av nitrat i grundvattnet hade högst halter av oorganiskt kväve i marken och högre pH. Att nitrathalterna var högre i grundvattnet men inte i marken kan ha sin förklaring i att marken i det ena området har större förmåga att binda till sig kväve vilket gör att det inte lika lätt kommer ut i grundvattnet. Antagligen spelade det stor roll för dessa resultat att jordproven tagits vid olika årstider. Undersökningen av tidigare användningsområde i skogarna visade att de hade en tämligen liknade historia. Det ena området har enligt ståndortsindex högre bördighet vilket gynnar nitrifikation. Detta framgick dock inte av analyserna men är antagligen orsaken till de högre nitrathalterna i grundvattnet i detta område.
Halvarsson, Linus. "Nitrifikation i pulskärr : En studie av Forsmarks avloppsreningsverk med SBR och våtmarker." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-335787.
Full textForsmark wastewater treatment plant treats wastewater using an active sludge process in sequencing batch reactors (SBR:s) and followed by constructed wetlands. The wetlands consist of four intermittent loaded soil filters (ILS:s) and a pond. The ILS:s is designed as pools filled with filter material and with a plant-grown surface. One of the ILS:s fills up with water when one of the SBR reactors is emptied. The water flows out over the surface as it percolates into the bed. When the SBR reactor is emptied, the entire ILS becomes saturated. The ILS then drains through a drainage gravel layer at the bottom and further through an adjustable drainage pipe into the dam. The purpose of the ILS:s is to work as extra filter for removal of the remaining particles and escaping sludge. They have also been thought to act as a nitrifying step if the plant would have tougher cleaning requirements in the future. In this report, the function of the ILS:s as nitrifying steps was investigated by compiling existing operating data from the treatment plant, with conducted field studies and through a literature review. The field study aimed at measuring ammonium, nitrate and total nitrogen in the water at the entering and the outlet in the ILS to see how the different nitrogen concentrations was affected. Temperature, oxygen, pH and electricalconductivity were also measured. The sampling was done on two ILS with different drainage time, two and four hours. The results showed that the ILS:s nitrifies the incoming water with an average efficiency of 50 % depending on the ammonium contentration in the incoming water. An increased drainage time for the ILS seamed to result in better nitrification. Therefore, the ILS:s should be changed to drain for at least four hours. Should the ammonium concentration increase above 3 mg/l the nitrification rate would probably be about the same. Similar systems such as have shown similar nitrification removal but with higher ammonia concentrations. Forsmarks wastewater treatment plant meets the purification requirements imposed on the plant with margin. It is remarkable that, without planning for any nitrogen removal, the removal is about 80 % of incoming nitrogen, most of which is removed in the SBR reactor. Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB plans to lead leachate to the treatment plant for nitrogen removal. If this plan is fulfilled, the flows through the ILS will increase. This should not be a problem as the total flow trought the ILS will not exceed the capacity limits of the ILS. In case of high flows, the emptying time of the ILS:s can be reduced.
Arth, Inko. "Nitrifikation und Denitrifikation in der Rhizosphäre von Reis kleinräumige Lokalisation der mikrobiellen Prozesse /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=959520953.
Full textKluge, Jens. "Möjlighet till energieffektivisering och förbättrad övervakning av luftningssteget vid implementering av en Alphameter i Himmerfjärdsverket." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-275130.
Full textMalmström, Elin. "Avloppsslam på åkermark : Analys av långsiktiga effekter på mikrobsamhället och kväveomvandlande mikroorganismer." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-417085.
Full textMünch, Christiane. "Die Bedeutung der wurzelassoziierten Mikroorganismen für die Stickstoffumsetzungen in Pflanzenkläranlagen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2003. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1067340834875-91707.
Full textSohlman, Linda. "Utvärdering av Vissberga lakvattenbehandling." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-133902.
Full textSchönherr, Falk [Verfasser]. "Halbtechnische Untersuchungen zum Einfluss des pH-Wertes auf die Nitrifikation beim Belebungsverfahren in Abhängigkeit des Kohlensäuresystems / Falk Schönherr." Aachen : Shaker, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1124364692/34.
Full textEngelbrecht, Steffen [Verfasser], and Marion [Gutachter] Martienssen. "Mikrobielle Stickstoffelimination mit kombinierter partieller Nitrifikation/ Anammox (PN/A) in membranbelüfteten hochsalinen und Niedrigtemperatur-Festbettreaktoren / Steffen Engelbrecht ; Gutachter: Marion Martienssen." Cottbus : BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/119662626X/34.
Full textBergentz, Anna. "Utvärdering av potentiell nitrifikation som metod i markekologiska riskbedömningar : – resultat från en fallstudie på fastigheten Skönsmon 2:12, Sundsvalls kommun." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-354782.
Full textEnvironmental risk assessment of contaminated sites in Sweden has traditionally mainly assessed the need of remediation by measuring the total concentrations of pollutants. The pollution levels are then compared with guideline values to determine if they represent a risk to any of the protected targets. Most often, the soil environment is the protection target with the lowest guideline value and thus determines the need for remediation.There has been some criticism about using total concentration of pollutants as the only method of assessing soil quality, since soil quality may be high regardless of the situation of the polluted area. In addition, it is not clear if the remediation will always lead to an improvement of the soil quality. In Sweden, more than 85,000 sites have been identified as potential or confirmed contaminated areas. In order to improve risk assessments, better guidance is needed regarding what information should be included. This requires knowledge of which factors are affecting the soil functions.In this thesis, potential nitrification has been determined for 50 soil samples from the property Skönsmon 2:12 in the municipality of Sundsvall using ISO standard 15685. Previous industrial activities on the property have resulted in the soil being contaminated with, for instance, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The ability of the soil to perform nitrification is an important soil function to ensure good soil quality. However, it is not entirely clear which soil factors affect nitrification to the greatest extent, nor how different types of environmental pollution affect nitrification. This needs to be clarified in order to assess whether ISO 15685 is an appropriate tool for soil ecological risk assessments of contaminated sites. The nitrification data of the 50 soil samples have therefore been compared with data of pollutants, soil parameters, and the amount of ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea. This study showed that ammonia oxidation at this site is mainly affected by the soil parameters total nitrogen, organic matter, and “available” phosphorus content, but to a lesser extent of the pollutant levels. This means that when examining how pollutants affect nitrification, reference samples with similar soil quality must be included for comparison. The potential nitrification showed a strong correlation with the population of ammonia oxidizing bacteria, which indicates that they account for the biggest contribution to ammonia oxidation in the soil.
Wiig, Linda. "Utvärdering av reglerstrategier i luftningssteget på Himmerfjärdsverket." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146311.
Full textKarlsson, Liselott. "Kontinuerlig biologisk rening : En driftoptimering av pilotanläggningen för biologisk kväverening av lakvatten vid Löt avfallsanläggning." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-238719.
Full textLandfill leachate often contains contaminants that can be harmful if they are discharged into the environment without proper treatment. At SÖRAB’s (Söderhalls renhållningsverk AB) waste treatment site in Löt there is an active landfill for non-hazardous waste that generates leachate containing high levels of nitrogen in the form of ammonium. If large amounts of nutrients leak out into the environment it can have a negative impact on biological processes and cause problems such as eutrophication and acidification. The waste treatment site is until 31 December 2014 under a trial period where the owner company is obliged to, amongst other things, characterise the chemical composition in the runoff from the treatment areas and leachate from the landfill. The characterisation is done in order to find the best treatment methods for the different streams of water. Due to the high levels of nitrogen in the leachate from the landfill at Löt waste disposal plant the current regulations that are set up for the plant have been difficult to follow. To avoid negative environmental impact on the receiving waters and surrounding lands SÖRAB has constructed a pilot treatment plant for continuous biological treatment (KBR) where the nutrient rich leachate will be treated to reduce the total emissions of nitrogen from the waste disposal plant. The KBR-plant uses nitrification and denitrification to remove nitrogen from the leachate. This project is aimed at optimising SÖRAB’s plant for continuous biological treatment with respect to removal of nitrogen. An important part of the project was to examine the effect of different parameters on the removal of nitrogen in the KBR-plant. The parameters examined and optimised were retention time in the treatment basins, water temperature, phosphorus demand, and the need of external carbon source. The results showed that for a operational flow of 420m3/d, complete nitrification and the denitrification could be achieved for temperatures above 14°C if the phosphate content was more than 1mg/L in the water. Furthermore, a need for an external carbon source in the denitrification basin was identified. It was found that the need of an external carbon source corresponded to a COD-addition of four times the content of nitrate in the incoming water. With these parameter settings almost 100% of the inorganic nitrogen in the water could be separated in the KBR-plant. The removal of total nitrogen was 66-85%. In the project a comparison was also done between the KBR treatment method and other available treatment methods for nitrogen removal from nutritious leachate. The comparison showed that the KBR treatment method is a very good alternative for removal of nitrogen with regard to treatment efficiency and costs. When both removal efficiency and costs were taken into account only traditional wastewater treatment plants could compete with the KBR treatment method used in this project.
Larsson, Kim, and Emil Karlsson. "St1 Refinery - Biotreater : Optimering och utvecklingsmöjligheter med hänseende till miljön." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-14976.
Full textLe, Thi Thu Huyen [Verfasser], and Otto [Akademischer Betreuer] Richter. "Entwicklung eines detaillierten Modells zur prozessbasierten Simulation der Nitrifikation in Gewässern und Einbindung in ein hydrodynamisches Gewässergütemodell / Thi Thu Huyen Le ; Betreuer: Otto Richter." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1175820989/34.
Full textGrönlund, Lisa. "OPTIMERING AV KVÄVEAVSKILJNINGEN PÅ AVLOPPSRENINGSVERKET I HALLSBERGS KOMMUN : EN TEKNISK-, EKONOMISK- OCH MILJÖMÄSSIG UTVÄRDERING." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-107842.
Full textThe waste water treatment plant in Hallsberg municipal is situated adjacent to Hallsberg, with Ralaån as a recipient. The technique at the waste water treatment plant is based on the principles for a classical activated sludge treatment plant and includes mechanical treatment, chemical treatment, biological treatment, and a sludge treatment where the digestion of primary and secondary sludge is used for extraction of biogas. Hallsberg waste water treatment plant has during some time had problems with the nitrogen removal with high nitrogen emissions as a consequence. The target value has been exceeded a couple of times during the last years and in 2009 the limit value was exceeded as well. The target value for Hallsberg waste water treatment plant is 10 mgNH4-N/l as an average value per month, the limit value is set to 10 mg NH4-N/l, as an average value per year. Since the waste water treatment plant in Hallsberg not is operating at full capacity, a lowering of the nitrogen emissions is assumed to be possible though a trimming of the existing equipment and of the processes on the site. This assumption formed the basis for this thesis, designed to optimize the nitrogen removal at the waste water treatment plant in Hallsberg. A technical, economical and environmental evaluation was included in the optimization to improve the function of the plant. Extra evaluations were made in the energy- and chemical consumption in order to streamline the operations at the plant as much as possible. The project was carried out through an initial literature-investigation followed by a four week period of sampling and analyzing at the site. The data that form the conclusion in this project has also been collected through online measurements at the plant as well as through analyses of older samples. After analyzing the collected data, the reasons for the high emissions of nitrogen is thought to be due to a combination of reasons: -During the spring and the autumn the external intake of well sludge can lead to a direct release of sludge in to the plant. The change of nitrogen content will not give enough time for the nitrifying bacteria to acclimatize, with elevated emissions of nitrogen as a consequence. -The usage of simultaneous precipitation could lead to an irregular concentration of nitrogen released to the treatment plant from the digesters. This in turn could contribute to higher nitrogen emissions. -The irregularities of the usage of the centrifuge contribute to nitrogen irregularities and contribute to the difficulties of acclimatization of the nitrifying bacteria. -A high pre-precipitation of phosphorus and organic matter has contributed to a level of organic material in the denitrifikation below what is recommended. To sum up, further investigations are suggested in the above mentioned areas to make the operations at the plant carried trough at the lowest possible environmental and economically cost.
Andersson, Sofia. "Ammoniumåterkoppling på Himmerfjärdsverket – utvärdering genom försök och simuleringar." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-180896.
Full textWastewater treatment plants (WWTP) have the challenging task to treat incoming water in order to meet the discharge limits at the lowest possible cost. Aeration of biological treatment processes is one of the most energy consuming posts at a WWTP. At Himmerfjärden WWTP approximately one fifth of the total electric energy consumption is used for aeration of biological processes. With the purpose of making Himmerfjärden WWTP more energy efficient full-scale experiments with different aeration control strategies started in 2010. In one of the aerated tanks a new control system was installed in order to allow zonewise control of the dissolved oxygen (DO). The objective of this master thesis was to evaluate ammonium feedback control and DO-profile control at Himmerfjärden WWTP. The evaluation was made with regard to effluent quality and aeration needs. With the original control strategy aeration is varied to maintain a constant concentration of dissolved oxygen in the second of six zones in each aerated tank. With this control strategy oxygen peaks occur in the last zones of the aerated tank. Thus, there is potential to save energy if these oxygen peaks can be avoided. Simulations were carried out in the Benchmark Simulation Model no. 1 (BSM1) where fast and slow ammonium feedback control and different DO-profiles were evaluated. The model was modified and calibrated to resemble the process at Himmerfjärden WWTP. The simulations showed that the slow ammonium feedback control was the most energy-efficient strategy. The results also showed that it was possible to reduce oxygen peaks by increasing the oxygen set-point along the aerated tank, e.g. an increasing DO-profile. The full-scale experiments included ammonium feedback control and DO-profile control. The results show that ammonium feedback control needed less airflow per amount ammonium removed, compared to both the DO-profile and the original control strategy, with a 16 % lower energy consumption compared to the original control strategy.
Elleby, Rasmus. "Användning av anlagd våtmark för efterpolering av rökgaskondensat : en studie vid Brista kraftvärmeverk i Sigtuna." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-246450.
Full textAt the Brista combined heat and power plant in Sigtuna, wood chips and municipal and industrial waste are incinerated to generate and export electricity and distric heating. When the flue gas is cooled as a part of recycling its energy for distric heating, condensate is formed. Directly after production, the flue gas condensate has a temperature of approximately 30°C and contains relatively high levels of ammonia and certain heavy metals. After treatment inside the plant, the condensate is post-treated in a newly constructed wetland. The main aim of the study was to investigate the nitrogen removal in the wetland but also if current guideline values for effluents established by the environmental court are fulfilled in regard to levels of total and ammonia nitrogen as well as As and heavy metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg , Ni, Pb, Tl and Zn. The study also aimed to measure the wetland area, volume and retention time, investigate differences in water flow between the inlet and outlet as well as study the effect of water temperature on nitrogen removal. Water samples were taken weekly for nine weeks in October and November 2014 in the inlet and outlet of the wetland. The samples were analysed for nitrate, nitrite and ammonium ions using ion chromatography. Data from Fortum, the company that runs the heat and power plant, were also used to study levels of nitrogen and metals in the wetland. An optical leveling instrument was used to calculate the wetland volume and GPS was used to calculate its length and area. Measurements of water temperature in the outlet of the wetland were conducted using a logger during a two-month period. Water flow out of the wetland was calculated using water level data from a pump well connected to the outlet. The results showed that the levels of the studied compounds in samples collected in this study and by Fortum were all below guideline values. The levels were also low in the flue gas condensate leaving the combined heat and power plant, indicating that the treatment inside the plant is working well. The area of the wetland was measured to 2300 m2 and the volume 940 m3. The calculated water flow out of the wetland was at an average approximately 100 m3/day higher than the inflow, but an error in the calculation model is a possible cause of the difference. At low air temperatures, the wetland showed a capacity of cooling significantly higher temperatures of the flue gas condensate than what is usually released from the plant. Because of this, Fortum is recommended to investigate the possibility of reducing the cooling of the flue gas condensate and thus enabling a higher efficiency of temperature dependent treatment processes in the wetland such as nitrogen removal.
Björn, Erik. "A circular production of fish and vegetables in Guatemala : An in-depth analysis of the nitrogen cycle in the Maya Chay aquaponic systems." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-227646.
Full textDen här studien gjordes med syftet att fördjupa förståelsen kring Maya Chay akvaponiska system. För att uppnå syftet, utfördes en litteraturstudie som fokuserade på metabolismen av kväve i sådana system. Vidare undersöktes specifika Maya Chay system för att förstå hur dessa system skulle kunna skilja sig från den generella akvaponiska designen. Slutligen utvecklades två kvävebalanser i syfte att utforska dynamiken i de kväveomvandlingar som sker i två Maya Chay akvaponiska system. Mätningarna för kvävebalanserna gjordes i perioden mars 2017 till juli 2017, och modellen för kvävebalanserna utvärderade mängden kväve som: i) kväve som tillförts till systemet genom fodret, ii) kväve som assimilerats av fiskarna och växterna, iii) kväve som ackumulerats i slammet, och iv) kväve som gått förlorat till atmosfären genom denitrifikation och liknande processer så som anammox. Resultaten från kvävebalanserna visade intressanta skillnader kring dynamiken av kvävefördelningen. I det mindre Maya Chay XS systemet i Antigua, assimilerades endast 36 % av kvävet av fiskarna (30 %) och växterna (6 %) och 64 % av kvävet ansågs som förluster, antingen till atmosfären (46 %) eller genom slammet (18 %). Den andra kvävebalansen visade att fördelningen av kväve i Maya Chay S systemet i Chinautla är mycket mer effektivt gällande tillvaratagandet av tillfört kväve. I detta system assimilerades 70 % av fiskarna (33 %) och av växterna (37 %) och de resterande 30 % gick förlorat, antingen till atmosfären (14 %) eller i slammet (16 %). Kvävebalanserna visade även att bägge systemen är mer eller mindre likvärdiga gällande assimilering av kväve från fiskarna, och att den stora skillnaden mellan systemen ligger i hur mycket kväve som assimilerats av växterna (6 % vs. 37 %) samt hur mycket kväve som gått förlorat till atmosfären (46 % vs. 14 %). En sannolik förklaring till dessa skillnader är skillnaden i designen av växtbäddarna för två systemen, där det mindre effektiva systemet i Antigua har större area för växtbädden, men endast en mindre del av denna kunde nyttjas för odling av grönsaker. Som konsekvens av den större arean av växtbädden är en större volym syrefattigt vatten i botten av växtbädden, vilket verkar för tillväxt av denitrifierande och anammoxa bakterier. Dessa typer av bakterier omvandlar den upplösta ammoniaken, nitriten samt nitratet till kväveföreningar i gasform, till exempel kvävgas och lustgas och därav går kvävet förlorat till atmosfären. Slutligen visade den här studien stora skillnader i förhållandet mellan växt- och fisk-produktion mellan de två systemen, där förhållandet var 0.43 i Antigua och 2.7 i Chinautla. Skillnaden mellan de två olika förhållandena är ytterligare en indikation till att skillnaden i designen mellan systemen, speciellt med avseende på växtbäddarna, har en effekt på hur väl systemen presterar, både i termer som ekonomi och produktivitet, men också i termer som utsläpp av växthusgaser (lustgas). Därför kan slutsatsen dras att den ursprungliga designen av Maya Chay systemen (det vill säga systemet i Chinautla) är att föredra. Även om noggrannheten i mätningarna i detta experiment skulle kunna förbättras i framtida experiment, så visar denna studie värdet av att utföra kvävebalanser för akvaponiska system. Kvävebalanserna ökar kunskapen om hur väl systemen fungerar och dom ökar kunskapen kring dynamiken i kväveomvandlingarna som sker i systemen. Denna kunskap kan sedan utnyttjas för att justera designen av systemen och/eller verifiera om antingen vattenbruksdelen eller hydroponidelen i systemet är feldimensionerad.
Ali, Sabrin, and Elizama Pereira. "Lustgasemissioner från ryaverket och dess klimatpåverkan : Utvärdering av lustgasmätningar." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-26058.
Full textSweden's wastewater treatment plant faces several challenges, one of them is the reduction of greenhouse gases. Nitrous oxide is one of these greenhouse gases, which is formed during the purification of wastewater. Nitrous oxide is 300 times more harmful to the climate compared to carbon dioxide. In addition, it affects the depletion of the ozone layer. At present, it is difficult to measure and estimate nitrous oxide emissions, since several simultaneous processes are taking place on large areas. For the operation of sewage treatment plants to take place in an efficient manner and with an extremely small environmental impact, it is important to understand how nitrous oxide is formed and how the formation processes interact with the other treatment processes and operating parameters. Emissions of nitrous oxide have been studied at the wastewater treatment plant in Gothenburg. The purpose has been to provide results and measurements from Gryaab AB wastewater treatment plant and to determine which processes give rise to the highest nitrous oxide emissions. Emissions of nitrous oxide emissions have been measured from reject cleaning with the nitrification and denitrification process. Analysis of the results will hopefully be able to help Gryaab AB with further research. As a measurement method, EPA hood measurement was used, which was measured above the water surface in the basins and mobile extractive FTIR was driven around the facility. The dominant source of nitrous oxide was found to be formed most in the nitrification process. Where the measurements with hood measurement and sampling showed total emissions corresponding to 1.8 tons of N2O / year. The total nitrous oxide emissions from the biological treatment process showed total emissions corresponding to 3.5 tons of N2O /year. As a conclusion, more measurements with different measurement methods and more research should be done to get a better overview of why and how nitrous oxide is formed. And what measures can reduce nitrous oxide emissions. There is a need for further studies with measurements with different measurement methods on Gryaab AB.
Bergkvist, Sophie. "Rejektvattenbehandlingens inverkan på kvävereduktionen vid Arboga reningsverk." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-181029.
Full textEutrophication problems were discovered in the Baltic Sea during the 1990s, why thesurrounding countries came to an agreement regarding measures to reduce the problem. Swedish wastewater treatment plants that influence the Baltic Sea by their emissions ofnitrogen and phosphorus have since introduced limit values for nitrogen and phosphorusconcentrations in the effluent water.At Arboga wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) a nitrogen reduction process withactive sludge was implemented a few years back. The recipient Arbogaån leading intoGalten, Mälaren, has eutrophication issues, and from the year 2012 the concentration oftotal nitrogen in treated wastewater must not exceed 15 mg tot-N/l. This limit resulted inmeasures to reduce nitrogen emissions.Reject water treatment is a common method to reduce the levels of total nitrogen intreated wastewater. Normally, the reject water contributes to 0.5–1.0 % of the totalinflow to the treatment plant but 10–20 % of the incoming total nitrogen load. In Arboga, the new limit for total nitrogen emissions resulted in a reject water treatmentfacility with predenitrification. The reject water is routed through four zones, twoanaerobic followed by two aerobic. Ammonium is by this process converted in to nitrogen gas via nitrate. This study aimed at identifying the effect from what implementing a reject watertreatment on the levels of total nitrogen in treated wastewater from Arboga WWTP.This included simulations in the Benchmark Simulation Model no. 2 (BSM2) as well aswater sampling at Arboga WWTP. The simulations that were carried out in BSM2 showed a significantly lower content of total nitrogen in treated wastewater after thereject water treatment was implemented. The sampling cycle conducted at ArbogaWWTP in April 2012 revealed that changes occurred in the levels of total nitrogen andammonium in the effluent water. The concentrations of total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen in treated wastewater decreased by about 40 % and 65 %, compared to thesame time period in 2008–2011. This is, however, only results from the initial stage ofthe reject water treatment, which began operating on February 16th 2012.In summary, this study showed that this type of process solution for reject watertreatment resulted in lower levels of total nitrogen and ammonia in the effluent water at Arboga WWTP. Further studies are needed to determine the final efficiency of the rejectwater treatment, since it yet has to reach its full capacity.
Adolfsson, Beatrice, and Mess Marja Johansson. "Driftoptimering av lakvattenrening : Jämförelse mellan tekniker för uppvärmning av nitrifikationsdammen på Häringetorp avfallsanläggning." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggd miljö och energiteknik (BET), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-65199.
Full textSchönherr, Falk [Verfasser], F. Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Günthert, and Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Barjenbruch. "Halbtechnische Untersuchungen zum Einfluss des pH-Wertes auf die Nitrifikation beim Belebungsverfahren in Abhängigkeit des Kohlensäuresystems / Falk Schönherr. F. Wolfgang Günthert. Matthias Barjenbruch. Universität der Bundeswehr München, Fakultät für Bauingenieur- und Vermessungswesen." Neubiberg : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität der Bundeswehr, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1007767537/34.
Full textNordenborg, Åsa. "Luftflödesstyrning på Käppalaverket – utvärdering av konstanta styrsignaler." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-148629.
Full textThe aeration of the bioreactors is responsible for one fifth of the energy consumption at the Käppala wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Stockholm. In this report, new methods for aeration control were evaluated in order to reduce the energy costs at the plant. The main idea was to control the effluent ammonia concentration in terms of mean values instead of momentary values. A quite common approach for aeration control is to use feedback from the effluent ammonia concentration, thus aiming to keep the effluent concentration consistently at a certain set point. However, discharge limits normally refer to mean values over longer periods of time, such as months or years. Instead of adjusting the airflow to the incoming load it is therefore possible the keep the airflow fairly constant while allowing a fluctuating effluent concentration. In this paper, it was shown that by reducing the variation of the airflow, energy could be saved. Two methods were evaluated in which the airflow and oxygen concentration respectively was held constant. These methods were compared to the control strategy used today at the Käppala WWTP, where feedback control adjusts the airflow to the influent load. The study consisted of simulations with the Benchmark simulation model no. 1 (BSM1) as well as full scale experiments at the Käppala WWTP. Both the simulations and full scale experiments showed a reduced aeration per nutrient removal for the evaluated methods. In full scale, the total airflow reduction was 11 % when the airflow was held constant and 15 % when the oxygen concentration was held constant. However, the methods resulted in large variations of the effluent ammonia concentration, which did not correlate to the daily influent load. The variations were especially large when the airflow was held constant. In summary, this study showed that a reduced airflow variation results in lower aeration costs but also less stability. A constant oxygen concentration required less aeration and provided a more stable degree of ammonia removal than a constant airflow. For this reason, aeration control with a constant oxygen concentration has the best potential for further use at the Käppala WWTP.
Kamp, Matilde. "Flytslam i Lövsta avloppsreningsverk : påverkande faktorer och potentiella åtgärder." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-276996.
Full textOne of the most crucial steps in wastewater treatment with activated sludge is the separation of sludge from the treated effluent. This is most often done by sedimentation in clarifiers. Sedimentation problems are, however, common in many wastewater treatment plants, causing higher concentrations of pollutants in the effluent. Research on sludge characteristics is therefore important to increase the knowledge about which factors affect the sludge settling properties and what can be done to minimize problems. In this master thesis a small wastewater treatment plant in Lövsta outside Uppsala, Sweden, was investigated. About a third of the influent water to the plant comes from a slaughterhouse situated nearby. The plant suffers from recurrent problems with rising sludge in the secondary clarifier. The purpose of this thesis was to – through literature studies, sampling, full scale experiments and analysis – identify causes for the rising sludge problem. Also, suggestions to remedy the problem were to be presented. An evaluation of the treatment process was conducted from existing measurement data and from sampling and measuring done for three weeks in October. High concentrations of nitrate were found in the water, especially in the equalization tank, where flow equalization and primary treatment of the slaughterhouse wastewater takes place. The high concentrations of nitrate, in combination with a long sludge retention time in the secondary clarifier, were judged to be the reason for the formation of rising sludge. Both of these factors stimulate the development of nitrogen gas through denitrification. This gas lifts the sludge from the bottom of the clarifier to the water surface. Two possible solutions to the rising sludge problem were considered feasible. One was to increase the pumping of sludge from the bottom of the secondary clarifier, to decrease the sludge retention time. The second was to denitrify the water before it reaches the clarifiers. Of these two suggestions, the second was regarded as more appealing from both an economical and an environmental point of view. One method to denitrify the water was deemed to be intermittent aeration in the equalization tank. This aeration strategy was implemented for ten weeks. Nitrate concentrations were measured one or two times a week for this period of time. A decrease in nitrate concentrations was observed: from 182 mg/L to at its lowest 62 mg/L in the equalization tank, and from 65 mg/L to at its lowest 18 mg/L in the aeration tank. The decrease was, however, not enough to prevent formation of rising sludge in the clarifiers. The incomplete denitrification process was thought to be due to low concentrations of BOD in the equalization tank. Further studies need to be carried out to evaluate and optimize the nitrogen removal through intermittent aeration.
Carlsen, Inger-Marie. "Efterpolering med våtmark : Hur kan det användas vid Haga reningsverk?" Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-28093.
Full textAllt vatten här på jorden ingår i den hydrologiska cykeln, så även det renade avloppsvattnet.Avloppsvatten innehåller bland annat kväve och fosfor vilka bidrar till övergödningen avsjöar, vattendrag och hav. Övergödningen är ett utbrett problem och i Västmanland är 53 %av länets sjöar och vattendrag utsatta för det.Syftet med den här rapporten är att ta fram ett förslag till våtmark för Haga reningsverk,Surahammar. Först har information om hur en våtmark kan användas för efterpolering avrenat avloppsvatten tagits fram för att därefter nyttjas som grund i ett förslag till våtmark förHaga reningsverk, Surahammar. Först gjordes en litteraturstudie inom ämnesområdet ochdärefter gjordes en fallstudie där Ekeby och Trosa våtmark besöktes. Parallellt utfördes enarkivstudie och flera områdesbesök på den tilltänkta platsen för att få fram vilkaförutsättningar som finns för att anlägga en våtmark i anslutning till Haga reningsverk ochsist gjordes ett förslag på en våtmark.Anledningen till att anlägga en våtmark kan vara flera, men att avskilja fosfor, kväve samtbryta ner organiskt material är vanliga orsaker. En våtmark fungerar som ett kompletterandesteg till det ordinarie reningsverket och minskar belastningen på recipienten. Hur mycketutsläppen reduceras beror på många faktorer och egenskaper där utformning, vattnetsuppehållstid, syresättning och tillgång till organiskt material är viktiga men även parametrarsom förbehandling av avloppsvattnet och belastningen på våtmarken spelar stor roll. Ävenväxtligheten i våtmarken påverkar det slutliga resultatet, både vad det gäller vad och hurmycket som avskiljs. Avskiljningen av fosfor och kväve sker främst genom sedimentation ochnäringsupptag till växter samt att kväve även avskiljs vid denitrifikation. För den långsiktigaavskiljningen av kväve från vattnets kretslopp är nitrifikation och denitrifikation de som harstörst betydelse. Nitrifikationsprocessen är när ammoniumjoner omvandlas till nitratjoneroch det kräver god tillgång på syre, därefter följer denitrifikationen när nitratjonerna undersyrefria förhållanden omvandlas till kvävgas som diffunderar upp i atmosfären. För attnitrifikationsprocessen ska kunna fungera krävs antingen att det finns ennitrifikationsanläggning i reningsverket eller en syresättningsfas i våtmarken. Det kan skapasgenom att börja våtmarken med en översilningsäng, där det renade avloppsvattnet får strilaner över en bevuxen äng. Vattnet syresätts av luften och nitrifikationsbakterier som trivs bra iväxtligheten utför nitrifikationsprocessen och omvandlar ammoniumjonerna till nitratjoner.Därefter följer ett system av dammar och kanaler där denitrifikationsprocessen tar vid ochomvandlar nitratjonerna till harmlöst kväve. Även i dammar och kanaler har växtlighetenstor betydelse eftersom det bildas biofilm, ett tunt lager av bakterier på växterna, som deltar iden biologiska processen av nedbrytning av organiskt material samt avskiljning av fosfor ochkväve i vattnet.När vattnet passerar genom våtmarken sker också en reducering av antalet bakterier somfinns i det renade avloppsvattnet. Mätningar av E. coli, fekala streptokocker, Koliformabakterier och intestinala enterokocker visar på att halterna kan reduceras kraftigt. Även vissaläkemedel visar tendenser till att brytas ned, men läkemedel är en komplex grupp och detfinns begränsad kunskap om deras omvandling och påverkan i miljön. Det finns dock indikationer om att nedbrytningen av läkemedelsrester är högre i de våtmarker som harsyresättande delar som till exempel översilningsäng.Haga reningsverk är beläget strax utanför Surahammars tätort och har idag en kulvert somleder ut det renade avloppsvattnet från verket till recipienten. Mellan Haga och recipientenligger ett markområde på cirka 750 gånger 750 meter som skulle kunna utnyttjas till envåtmark. Redan idag ligger utsläppsvärdena för Haga reningsverk under de tillåtna halternamen en önskan att ytterligare minska belastningen på miljön finns. Vid analysering avutsläppsvärden för Haga reningsverk framkom att ammoniumkväve utgör en stor andel avutgående totalkväve samt att halterna av totalfosfor, BOD7 och suspenderade ämnen är lågatill måttliga. Ett förslag på våtmark anpassat till de förutsättningar som råder vid Hagareningsverk har tagits fram och presenteras i rapporten. Våtmarken föreslås innehålla tvåsektioner med först en översilningsäng för att reducera den höga andelen ammoniumkväveoch därefter ett damm och kanalsystem för att reducera nitratkvävet. Under hela processensker avskiljning av fosfor samt reducering av bakterier och en viss nedbrytning avläkemedelsrester. Förväntade resultat för det utgående vattnet från våtmarken är att P-totkan reduceras till 0,10–0,11 mg/l, N-tot kan reduceras till 11–14 mg/l, en reducering av E.coli, fekala streptokocker och intestinala streptokocker med 70-99 % samt att en vissminskning sker av läkemedelsrester tack vare syresättning och solens UV-bestrålning avvattnet.
Berkelund, Linn. "Nitrifierande mikrobiella samhällen som indikatorer för förorenad jord : Jämförelse av den genetiska och funktionella potentialen." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-356973.
Full textIn Sweden there are around 25,000 contaminated areas classified as a risk for human health or the environment, and even more potentially contaminated areas. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency has developed generic guideline values for hazardous substances. Contamination levels exceeding the guideline values indicate a large risk for human health or the environment and that there is a need to remediate the site. A frequently used and expensive aftertreatment is excavation and removal of contaminated soil. Therefore, there is an interest to develop easy applicable methods for site-specific risk assessment with the purpose to protect the soil environment and its functions. Microorganisms involved in the nitrogen cycle perform key functions in soil. Several studies indicate that the abundance and activity of N-cycling microorganisms are sensitive to various soil pollution. Within the research project APPLICERA, a lysimeter experiment was conducted with two different soil types (acidic sandy soil and slightly alkaline sandy loam) and different contamination levels of copper and PAH. The contamination levels corresponded to generic guideline values for sensitive land-use (KM), less sensitive land-use (MKM) and 3xMKM. Soil samples were taken at three times during a period of 16 months. The aim of this master thesis was to investigate nitrifying microorganism potential as indicators for altered soil functioning in contaminated soil. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria genera Nitrospira and Nitrobacter has been quantified in soil samples with the different treatments. Measurements of the potential ammonia oxidation (PAO) have been performed in soil from the last sample taking. The abundance of the nitrifying microorganisms was in general higher in the slightly alkaline sandy loam soil. Over time there was a decrease in AOA abundance for the highest concentration of copper and PAH, most pronounced in the acidic sandy soil. Also, a decrease in the abundance of Nitrospira in soil contaminated with PAHs could be seen for both soil types. In copper contaminated soil a distinct decrease in the abundance of Nitrospira could only be seen in the acidic sandy soil. The abundance of AOB and Nitrobacter did not show any obvious pattern for different contamination levels or over time. The difference in abundance of nitrifying microorganisms between the soil types suggests that the soil’s chemical and physical characteristics as well as the bioavailability of the contaminant affected their abundance. A significant decrease in PAO could be seen for the highest contamination level of copper for both soil types, but for the PAH contaminated soil PAO decreased only in the acidic sandy soil. These results suggest that the abundance of AOA and Nitrospira seems to have greatest potential as general indicators for altered soil functioning. However, improved activity measurements are needed to gain greater insight into the soil N-cycle functioning in contaminated soils.
Taylor, Simon. "Utvärdering av return activated sludge deoxygenation (RAS-DeOx) i membranbioreaktor pilotlinje vid Hammarby Sjöstadsverk." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384016.
Full textAt Hammarby Sjöstadsverk there is a pilot plant which is a smaller version of the future wastewater treatment plant at Henriksdal. Parts of the treatment process steps are membrane bioreactors. There is a zone in the pilot plant which is called RAS-DeOx to where the return activated sludge from the membrane tanks and the reject water from the sludge treatment are pumped. The return activated sludge contains oxygen since the membranetanks are aerated and the reject water has high contents of ammonium.The zone works as a nitrification step for the ammonium in the reject water, and also reduces the oxygen levels in the return sludge to avoid oxygen in the pilot plant's pre-denitrification step. To aquire a better understanding of what occurs in the zone and how it functions as a nitrification step; nitrification, denitrification and oxygen consumption was studied in the zone. To evaluate the RAS-DeOx-zone it was loaded with different loads of ammonium from the reject water at different levels of aeration in the membrane tanks. This was evaluated both experimentally at the pilot and in a simulation model of the pilot. In the simulation model two control strategies for the zone were also evaluated.It was shown that both nitrification and denitrification occurred in the zone. Furthermore, both studies showed that there is a risk that oxygen occurs in pilot's pre-denitrification step if the ammonium load in zone was low. Then, all of oxygen in the zone was not consumed. As for the control strategies, it was shown that the benefits were low for the resource efficiency of the pilot when the zone was aerated during high loads of ammonium. The performance of the pilot was similiar for high, low and regulated return flows for the zone, but the aeration and carbon dosage in the pilot differed.Besides that both nitrification and denitrification occurred in the zone, it was also functioning as a nitrification step for the ammonium from the reject water. The oxygen from the return sludge was reduced as well. The extent of nitrification and consumption of oxygen in the zone depended on the circumstances in the pilot and the relationship between the amount of oxygen and ammonium.
De, Luca Leandra Anali. "Optimizing the nitrogen removal in leachate treatment during continuous-flow biological treatment (KBR)." Thesis, KTH, Industriell bioteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298112.
Full textLandfilling has been one of the most popular methods of handling waste globally. Despite the efforts made to stop the disposal of household waste during the turn of the millennia, the landfills formed before these restrictions are still at risk for causing harm to the environment. In 2014, SÖRAB opened a continuous-flow biological treatment (KBR) facility in Löt to treat the leachate produced in one of their older landfills, once filled with household waste. Since then, SÖRAB has been working on improving the treatment facility. The aim of this the study is to find a suitable process to enhance the nitrogen removal at low temperature. Several laboratory scale experiments were performed, such as viability of microbial consortia in the leachate and growth at room temperature and at 4°C, testing bioaugmentation by enriching the microbial cell culture in the leachate and their efficiency in removing nitrogen, compared to the commercial cell culture ClearBlu Environmental and carbon source addition. The results displayed complete nitrification at both room temperature and 4°C in bioaugmented, enriched leachate originating from the L2A basin of the KBR facility, after five days. These trials also suggested the occurrence of aerated denitrification. Complete denitrification within five days was seen at room temperature in bioaugmented, enriched leachate from the L2B basin of the same facility. The ensuing pilot scale trials proved the possibility to revive the biological nitrogen removal by microbial cell culture enrichment. In one pilot in which leachate from the L2B basin was enriched, complete denitrification in the anaerobic phase consisting of 16 days occurred, along with some nitrification and aerated denitrification in the 17 day long aerated phase that followed. Another pilot scale trail in which leachate from the L2A basin was enriched, both aerobic and anaerobic nitrification occurred, as ammonium removal occurred in both the aerated and unaerated phases. The addition of nutrient broth might influence the KBR system which needs further study. The results from this project clearly demonstrate that nitrogen removal in the KBR facility could be enhanced using a culture naturally present in the facility.
Schalk, Thomas. "Möglichkeiten zur Behandlung saisonal anfallender Abwässer in ländlich strukturierten Gebieten durch Anpassung der Bemessungsgrundlagen und temporäre Aktivierung interner Reserven." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-230289.
Full textIn rural communities seasonal factors complicate design and operation of wastewater treatment plants. Tourism as well as agricultural harvesting and processing campaigns are the major causes for seasonal load variations. Due to the fact that accommodation capacities in rural tourism industry rarely exceed 100 beds small sewage treatment plants are acquired if a connection to a sewer system is not feasible. Small wastewater treatment plants can be designed using the population equivalents (PE). According to the German Water Association spreadsheet ATV-DVWK-A 198, PEs are defined as the 85-%-percentile input load. Wastewater of basic accommodations like camping sites and lodges contains higher levels of nitrogen and phosphorous compounds than 'standard' domestic wastewater. The mean specific nitrogen loads reach 10 – 11 g/guest/d, the mean specific COD-load 52 – 68 g/guest/d. The special amenities of vacation homes (restaurant, laundry) affect the real loads and have to be considered in dimensioning. Regarding the treatment of seasonal wastewater, processes with large upstream buffer or large internal buffer, such as constructed wetlands, are suitable. Furthermore, at moderate temperatures anaerobic pretreatment devices, like anaerobic baffled reactors (ABR), can reduce the input load to aerobic post treatment stages. An approximate COD elimination of 50 % can be expected by anaerobic degradation and sedimentation in the ABR in combination with upstream primary clarifiers at around 20 °C. Due to the strong temperature dependence, the long start-up-period, the sensitivity towards fail-desludging, the generation of immediate oxygen demand at low temperatures as well as unpredictable sludge overflow events, it does not seem justified to calculate higher design elimination efficiencies for ABRs than for sedimentation tanks. The design of subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands with seasonally induced high loading periods are approved for the elimination of organic substances. This accepted assumption was confirmed for the plant under investigation operated at a mean COD-load of 20 g/m²/d, not exceeding the effluent control values for COD in six years. In contrast, oxidation of ammonia and nitrite were inhibited by high sulfide levels (mean sulfide concentration: 48 ± 26 mg/L). Nitrite accumulation reached its peak value at 55 mg NO2-N/L and decreased within 4 years below 1 mg/L due to the adaption of nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms
Sohlberg, Thomas. "Biologisk reducering av nitrat och nitrit i vatten." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Technology and Science, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-2941.
Full textDuring the summer 2007 was a scrubber tested at Gruvön papper mill in Grums. The scrubber reduced NOx with 90 % in flue gas. NOx was transferred from the flue gas to a scrubber liquid as nitrate and nitrite. The scrubber liquid needs to be purified from nitrate and nitrite.
One possible solution is to clean the scrubber liquid in Gruvön biologic cleaning construction.
Microorganisms in the biologic cleaning construction need to assimilate nitrogen. There are environments free from oxygen in the cleaning construction. Microorganisms can reduce nitrate in environments free from oxygen.
At the implementation was a labmodel built of the two first steps from Gruvön papper mill. Wastewater was collected from Gruvön papper mill. The wastewater was dosed with salts of nitrate and nitrite and pumped into the labmodel.
The results showed that nitrate and nitrite can be reduced in content with help of the biological cleaning construction.
Gunnarsson, Matilda. "Sustainability assessment of urine concentration technologies." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447906.
Full textMajoriteten av näringen i hushållsavloppsvattnet finns i urinen och för att underlätta användningen av växtnäringsämnena i urinen som gödningsmedel kan den koncentreras. För att utvinna näringen ur urinen utvecklas idag olika tekniker för urinkoncentrering. Då teknikerna är relativt nya har system för urinkoncentrering inte installerats i en större skala. Därför utvärderades hållbarheten för tre olika urinkoncentreringsmetoder genom en fiktiv fallstudie som innefattade 2100 personer. Fallstudien fick inspiration från ett planerat bostadsområde i Malmö, Sverige, där teknik för urinkoncentrering ska implementeras i minst en av byggnaderna. Teknikerna utvärderades genom en multikriterieanalys (MKA), där kriterier inom hållbarhetskategorierna miljö, teknik, ekonomi och hälsa valdes utifrån de Globala målen. De tekniker som utvärderades var alkalisk urintorkning, nitrifikations-destillering och jonbyte där struvitutfällning tillämpades som förbehandling. För den alkaliska urintorkningen tillförs färsk urin till ett alkaliskt medium, för att förhindra kväveförluster, och torkas sedan. I nitrifikations-destillerings tekniken behandlas lagrat urin genom att det först stabiliseras genom en partiell nitrifikation för att sedan destilleras för att reducera volymen. För systemet med jonbyte och struvitfällning, fälls först fosfor från lagrat urin ut och sedan utvinns kvävet genom jonbyte. Urinkoncentreringsteknikerna antogs anläggas i semi-centraliserade reningsverk i källare i bostadsområdet. Övrigt hushållsvatten antogs renas i det lokala avloppsreningsverket. Resultatet visade att samtliga av de tre teknikerna för urinkoncentrering kan bidra till en betydande ökning kväveåtervinning från hushållsavloppet. Dock kan detta komma på bekostnad av ökade årliga kostnader för de boende i området. Innan det är möjligt att avgöra om urinkoncentrering kan vara ett alternativ som ett komplement till den befintliga avloppsreningen i Sege Park krävs vidare studier av urinkoncentreringsteknikerna och deras hållbarhet. Däremot visade denna studie att urinkoncentreringsteknikerna presterar bra i många av de undersökta hållbarhetskriterierna och har därför potential att bidra till de Globala målen, främst när det gäller kväveåtervinning. Denna studie kan därför vara ett incitament för vidare studier som behandlar hållbarheten av en implementering av urinkoncentrering i Sverige.
Bennemann, Helmut. "Untersuchungen zur Reaktions- und Verfahrenstechnik von Nitrifikation und Denitrifikation im Drei-Phasen-Wirbelbettreaktor /." 1990. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=002588528&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Full textFösel, Bärbel U. "Mikrobiologie der Stickstoffentfernung in den Biofiltern einer marinen Aquakultur mit geschlossenem Wasserkreislauf." 2007. http://opus.ub.uni-bayreuth.de/volltexte/2008/473/.
Full textArth, Inko [Verfasser]. "Nitrifikation und Denitrifikation in der Rhizosphäre von Reis : kleinräumige Lokalisation der mikrobiellen Prozesse / vorgelegt von Inko Arth." 2000. http://d-nb.info/959520953/34.
Full textHotopp, Ines Susannah. "Nitrifikation und Denitrifikation im Boden in Abhängigkeit von Sauerstoff und mikrobieller Aktivität - Entwicklung, Analyse, Parametrisierung und Anwendung eines gekoppelten Simulationsmodells." Doctoral thesis, 2015. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2015021613074.
Full textEickenscheidt, Nadine. "Origin and regulation of soil N2O and NOx fluxes from coniferous and deciduous temperate forests exposed to chronic high N depositions." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-AE44-A.
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