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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nitro compounds. Reduction (Chemistry)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Cho, Jeongguk. "Porphyrin-catalyzed reduction of nitroaromatic compounds /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1992. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9307476.

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2

Park, Jonathan Taejoo. "Enzymatic reduction of nitro compounds to amines with nitroreductases." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52267.

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NRs are enzymes that catalyze the reduction of nitroaromatics to their corresponding nitroso, hydroxylamine, and, in limited cases, amine They have gathered interest in many scientific communities, and are currently actively researched bioremediation and prodrug activation. Here we attempt to utilize them for the purpose of synthesizing substituted aromatic amines that are found in a number of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). As NRs described in the literature have varying product distribution ranges (from those that produce hydroxylamine to others that yield amine) several similar an

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3

So, Sonia. "Boronate Urea Activation of Nitro Compounds." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1395764122.

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4

Scherer, Michelle Marie. "Reduction of chlorinated aliphatic and nitro aromatic compounds at the Fe0-oxide-water interface /." Full text open access at:, 1998. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,201.

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5

Torano, Ronald. "Studies of new cyclisation reactions of heteroaromatic nitro and nitroso compounds." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14557.

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6

Hyde, Andrew Richard. "Aspects of the chemistry of iron-nitrosyls." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14967.

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The work described in this thesis is a study of iron-sulphur-nitrosyls and related compounds. Chapter One is an introduction to the work presented. Chapter one is introduction to the work presented. Chapter Two is concerned with the analogous Fe2(SR)2(CO)6 and its conversion to Fe2(SR)2(NO)4. Chapter Three is concerned with an n.m.r. study of Fe2(SR)2(NO)4, Fe2X4(NO)4 and [Fe4X3(NO)7] (X=S, Se). Chapter four is concerned with an e.p.r. examination with an n.m.r. study of Fe2(SR)2(NO)4, Fe2X4(NO)4 [Fe4X3(NO)7] (X=S,Se). Chapter four is concerned with an e.p.r. examination of Fe2(SR)2(NO)4 and b

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7

Baralt, Eduardo. "Hydrogenation of Nitro Compounds to Amines Using Polymer Bound Catalysts." TopSCHOLAR®, 1985. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1883.

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A polymer bound catalyst is a relatively new type of catalyst. The basis of polymer bound catalysis lies in the chemical attachment of a homogeneous catalyst to a solid support, in our case, polystyrene. Applications of polymer bound catalysts started in the late 1960’s, and have been used in several types of reactions. In some cases such a catalyst offers a series of advantages over the classical models of catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous. The hydrogenation of various aromatic and aliphatic nitro compounds, such as nitro-benzene and 2-nitropropane, were performed successfully. The h

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8

Duffield, Gaynor Louise. "Some studies of the reactions of carbon nucleophiles with aromatic nitro compounds." Thesis, Durham University, 1996. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5191/.

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Some reactions of aromatic nitro-compounds with carbon nucleophiles have been investigated. The techniques used include NMR spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The initial rapid reactions of carbanions derived from ring-substituted phenylacetonitriles with 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene yield σ-adducts. Carbanions were generated from the phenylacetonitriles by reaction with sodium methoxide in methanol. Values of the equilibrium constants for the deprotonation reaction were determined spectrophotometrically. Rate constants for the σ-adduct forming reactions were me

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9

Li, Zhao. "The Kinetics and Mechanisms of Some Fundamental Organic Reactions of Nitro Compounds." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1407.

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The central topic of this dissertation is to seek the answer to the question: Is the single transition state model appropriate for (1) the proton transfer reactions of nitroalkanes and (2) the aromatic nucleophilic reactions of trinitroarenes? If not, what are the real mechanisms? This objective has been accomplished by careful kinetic and mechanistic studies which take advantage of modern digital acquisition of absorbance - time data, combined with extensive new data analysis of results from pseudo-first-order kinetic measurements. Several new analysis procedures for pseudo-first-order kineti

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10

Eltayeb, M. A.-Z. "Aspects of the detection and determination of aromatic nitro-compounds for forensic purposes." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374190.

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11

Elsegood, Simon Edward. "Some kinetic mechanistic and synthetic studies of the reactions of cyanide ions with aromatic nitro-compounds." Thesis, Durham University, 1991. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6161/.

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The reactions of cyanide ions with some benzene derivatives activated with electron-withdrawing groups have been studied in methanol, and in DMSO, and in mixtures of these solvents. The studies have involved spectroscopic measurements of reactants, intermediates and products together with kinetic measurements and the isolation of reaction products. The techniques used include uv/visible spectrophotometry, proton N.M.R. spectroscopy, e.s.r. spectroscopy, polarography and H.P.L.C. There is evidence from the reaction of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene with excess cyanide in methanol that methanolysis of th

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12

Lord, Simon D. "Some studies of the reactions of amines with aldehydes and with aromatic nitro-compounds in acetonitrile." Thesis, Durham University, 1996. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5241/.

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Kinetic and equilibrium studies of the reactions between three trinitroaromatic species, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, ethyl 2,4,6-trmitrophenyl ether and phenyl 2,4,6- trinitrophenyl ether and the ahphatic amines n-butylamine, pyrrolidine and piperidine, in acetonitrile were undertaken. It was found that the reactions between 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene and each amine were too fast to measure. However kinetic information was gamed from the decomposition of the c-adducts formed from1.3.5- trinitrobenzene and both pyrrolidine and piperidme. Both the 3-adduct and the 1-adduct are observed as intermediates m

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13

Moritz, Paul Stuart. "Substitution and redox chemistry of ruthenium complexes /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm862.pdf.

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14

Eltouny, Nermin. "Reduction of anthropogenic volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds by nanomaterials and photolysis." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86968.

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Anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic (SVOCs) compounds are atmospheric pollutants contributing to the photochemical formation of tropospheric ozone. We combined adsorption and UV photolysis techniques for the removal and degradation of selected VOCs and SVOCs. For adsorption, we synthesized magnetite nanoparticles, a naturally occurring material, to avoid unknown detrimental impacts associated with new materials, as was the case with chlorofluorcarbons. The removal efficiency with magnetite was up to 98 % for aromatics, and 30% for light alkanes. Magnetite

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15

Li, Ninglin. "Studies on the reduction of unsaturated thioesters using copper hydride." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2010. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B44251324.

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16

Li, Ninglin, and 李宁琳. "Studies on the reduction of unsaturated thioesters using copper hydride." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44251324.

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17

Chung, Wing-ki. "Reductions using copper hydride and cycloaddition reactions using epoxy enol silanes." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37114207.

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18

Chung, Wing-ki, and 鍾詠琪. "Reductions using copper hydride and cycloaddition reactions using epoxy enol silanes." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37114207.

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19

McKerlie, Fiona. "Reduction of Î±-aryloxy carbonyl compounds with samarium (II) iodide : a novel traceless linker for the solid phase synthesis of carbonyl compounds." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269503.

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20

Fung, Chi-ming Kelvin. "Synthesis and applications of copper hydride complexes in reductive reactions." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36388208.

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21

Fung, Chi-ming Kelvin, and 馮志明. "Synthesis and applications of copper hydride complexes in reductive reactions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36388208.

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22

Fonseca, Diago. "Studies on the electrochemical reduction and the photolysis of phenacyl 'onium salts and related compounds." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1988. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/3055/.

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The electrochemical reduction of a series of quaternary phenacyclammonium and tertiary phenacylsulphonium salts in aqueous solution at a mercury cathode has been investigated using polarography, coulometry, titrimetry and product analysis methods.

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23

Wong, Kong-ching, and 王港政. "Studies on the copper hydride mediated reductive Claisenrearrangement." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50899661.

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24

Lee, Sang Woo 1952. "Reduction Pathways in Cyclopentadienyl Rhenium Dicarbonyl Dibromide Deriviatives and Indenyl Rhenium Tricarbonyl: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Anionic Cyclopentadienyl Rhenium Complexes. Ring Attack vs. Metal-Halogen Exchange." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332212/.

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The reactions of diagonal and lateral Cp'Re(CO)2Br2 (where Cp' = n5-C5H5, n5-C5Me5) and (n5-CgH7)Re(CO)3 with reducing agents have been examined. Hydride reduction at -78 °C is observed to occur at the Cp ring in both CpRe(CO)2Br2 isomers, affording a thermally unstable [(n4 -C5Hg)Re(CO)2Br2]- complex. The product of hydride ring attack has been characterized by low-temperature IR and 1H NMR measurements in addition to 13C NOE and heteronuclear 2D NMR measurements. Reaction of lateral CpRe(CO)2Br2 with either MeLi or PhLi affords both Cp-ring attack and metalhalogen exchange, [CpRe(CO)2Br]- (1

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25

Kothe, Thomas. "Reductive Binding of C‒O and Nitro Substrates at a Pyrazolate-Bridged Preorganized Dinickel Scaffold." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-1524-B.

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26

司徒振邦 and Chun-pong Szeto. "Studies on the use of (triphenylphosphine)copper(I) hydride hexamer inthe tandem reduction-intramolecular aldol cyclisation reaction." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31223412.

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27

Szeto, Chun-pong. "Studies on the use of (triphenylphosphine)copper(I) hydride hexamer in the tandem reduction-intramolecular aldol cyclisation reaction /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21827369.

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28

Eriksson, Alf. "Voltammetric properties of olsalazine sodium and some related compounds." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2001. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-5049-0/.

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29

Siriwardane, Upali. "Systematic syntheses of iron-triad (Fe,Ru,Os) tetranuclear clusters by redox condensation reactions of [Ru(3);CO(11)) and [Os(3);CO(11)] trinuclear carbonylates; co-crystallization of ruthenium-osmium clusters /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487264603216477.

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30

Eberhardt, Nathan A. "Synthesis and Reactivity of Nickel POCOP Pincer Complexes for the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide and Related Compounds." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1511864001952451.

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31

Prušinskas, Kęstutis. "Investigation of the autocatalytic Cu(II) reduction processes in the systems with natural polyhydroxylic compounds as ligands." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130114_082011-57496.

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This work investigates polyols – glycerol and sucrose – as an alternative ligand for electroless copper plating systems with reducer formaldehyde. Natural polyols are environmentally friendly, easily bio-degradable materials, but has not been studied enough for suitability for copper plating systems. In order to increase of the efficiency, the electroless copper plating was investigated in ultrasonic milieu to observe how ultrasound impacts the copper plating rate and properties of the obtained coatings. Studies have shown that sucrose and glycerol can be used as ligands in solutions for elect

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32

Smithback, Joanna L. "Design of monomeric and oligomeric rhenium(II/I) redox systems based on diimine and diphosphine ligands." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1212790621&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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33

Lindstedt, Erik. "Metal-Free O- and C-Arylation with Diaryliodonium Salts." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för organisk kemi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-140944.

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This thesis concerns the development of metal-free applications using diaryliodonium salts. The first project describes an arylation protocol of allylic and benzylic alcohols in aqueous media. The method proceeds under mild conditions and the ether products were obtained in moderate to good yields. The methodology was also expanded to include arylation of phenols, giving diaryl ethers in good to excellent yields. In the second project, an arylation method that included a wider range of aliphatic alcohols was developed. The scope of accessible alkyl aryl ethers was studied and included a compar

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34

Crumpton, Dawn M. "Mechanistic studies of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen reductive elimination reactions from platinum(IV) complexes /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8484.

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35

Sivaramakrishnan, Santhosh Gates Kent S. "Biologically relevant chemistry of sulfur heterocycles from redox regulation of PTP1B to the biological activity of s-deoxy leinamycin." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/7107.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 2, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dr. Kent S. Gates, Dissertation Supervisor. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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36

Rashamuse, Konanani Justice. "The bioaccumulation of platinum (IV) from aqueous solution using sulphate reducing bacteria: role of a hydrogenase enzyme." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004063.

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The enzymatic reduction of a high-valence form of metals to a low-valence reduced form has been proposed as a strategy to treat water contaminated with a range of metals and radionuclides. Metal reduction by sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) is carried out either chemically (involving reduction by hydrogen sulphide) or enzymatically (involving redox enzymes such as the hydrogenases). While reduction of metal ions by hydrogen sulphide is well known, the enzymatic mechanism for metal reduction is poorly understood. The aims of this study were to investigate the role of SRB in facilitating platinu

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37

Straistari, Tatiana. "Synthesis and study of coordination compounds of cobalt, copper, palladium and nickel with polydentate ligands containing sulfur." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4352.

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Ce travail porte sur la synthèse, la caractérisation et l’évaluation en catalyse de réduction des protons en dihydrogène, de nouveaux complexes de Ni(II), Co(III), Cu(II) et Pd(II) basés sur des ligands de type thiosemicarbazone. La nature de l’espèce catalytique active a été étudiée par voltampérométrie cyclique et des propositions de mécanisme ont été formulés sur la base de calcul quantique de type DFT.Le premier chapitre introduit le contexte scientifique. Le second chapitre concerne la synthèse et la caractérisation des ligands de type N2S2 et des complexes mononucléaires associés de Ni,

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38

Söderström, Hanna. "Semipermeable membrane devices as integrative tools for monitoring nonpolar aromatic compounds in air." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Chemistry, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-378.

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<p>Air pollutants pose a high risk for humans, and the environment, and this pollution is one of the major environmental problems facing modern society. Active air sampling is the technique that has been traditionally used to monitor nonpolar aromatic air pollutants. However, active high volume samplers (HiVols) require a power supply, maintenance and specialist operators, and the equipment is often expensive. Thus, there is a need to develop new, less complicated sampling techniques that can increase the monitoring frequency, the geographical distribution of the measurements, and the number o

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39

Lehmann, John F. Schrobilgen Gary Lee John. "Crystallographic, spectroscopic and theoretical studies of fluoro- krypton(II), xenon(II), gold(V) and halogen(VII) compounds; and New synthetic developments in bromine(VII) oxide fluoride chemistry /." *McMaster only, 2004.

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40

Michailovskaja, Ilona. "Intermetalinio junginio susidarymas sistemoje Ni-W." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080924_184126-35293.

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Redukuojant vandeniliu Ni ir W oksidus 1000-1100˚C temperatūrų intervale, nepriklausomai nuo mišinio sudėties, susidaro tik intermetalinis junginys Ni4W. Rentgeno struktūrinės analizės pagalba buvo nustatyta kietafazių reakcijų produktų sudėtis. Nikelio ir volframo oksidų mišiniuose vykstant redukcijai susidarantis nikelis yra volframo oksidų redukcijos katalizatorius. Nikeliui sudarius intermetalinį junginį Ni4W, volframo oksidai redukuojasi sunkiau. Mišiniai, kuriuose Ni:W=4:1, redukuojasi žemesnėje temperatūroje ir esant mažesnei vandenilio dujų koncentracijai.<br>During the reduction of ni

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41

Zhang, Wei. "Development of Photochemically Initiated Direct and Indirect Luminescence Detection Methods for Liquid Chromatography (LC) and Study of Aromatic Sulfonates and Phospholipids Using Reversed Phase Ion-Pair LC-Mass Spectrometry." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1068739487.

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42

Onchoke, Kefa Karimu. "Experimental and theoretical studies of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1143220534.

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43

Gutiérrez, Tarriño Silvia. "Desarrollo de catalizadores de cobalto polinucleares y multifuncionales para la activación de moléculas pequeñas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/172324.

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[ES] La presente tesis doctoral se enmarca en el ámbito de la Química Sostenible, en el cual se identifica la catálisis como una de las herramientas más importantes para su aplicación. En este sentido, en esta tesis doctoral, se han desarrollado catalizadores de cobalto para llevar a cabo reacciones de interés industrial o relacionadas con las tecnologías energéticas emergentes a través de la activación de moléculas pequeñas. Estas reacciones se llevan a cabo a nivel industrial con catalizadores basados en metales nobles o en condiciones de reacción severas. El objetivo es reemplazar estos cat

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44

Tadrent, Sarra. "Réduction sélective de composés organiques en conditions subcritiques." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2441.

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Les amines aromatiques sont largement considérées comme des intermédiaires réactionnels prometteurs pour la production de colorants, d'antioxydants, de produits pharmaceutiques et de produits chimiques agricoles. La méthode la plus utilisée pour la préparation des amines aromatiques est l’hydrogénation catalytique en général. Les procédés d'hydrogénation catalytique des composés nitroaromatiques utilisent des métaux de transition, tels que (Pt, Ni, Pd,..), de solvants organiques et source d’hydrogène comme H2. Cependant, l'utilisation de catalyseurs métalliques présente certains inconvénients

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45

Binay, Patrice. "Nouveaux modèles du NADH : réactivité et énantiosélectivité." Rouen, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ROUES001.

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Dans une première partie, synthèse d'alkyl-4 dihydro-1,4 benzyl-1 et -phényl-1p éthyl-1 (diméthyl-4,4 oxazoline-2yl-2)-3 pyridines et étude de leur activité réductrice vis-a-vis de p-nitrobenzaldéhyde et de benzenéglyoxylate de méthyle en présence de mg**(2+) ; dans la seconde partie, étude de modèles plus énantiosélectifs : méthyl-1 dihydro-1,4 n-(hydroxyméthyl-1 propyl) nicotinamide (=méthyl-1 a), o-, m- et p- xylylene-1, 1' bis-a, dihydro-1,4 methyl-1 nicotinate de (dihydro-1,4 methyl-1 nicotinoylamino)-2 butyle et le cyclophane correspondant à ce dernier composé (pont xylylene entre les az

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46

Latroche, Michel. "Caracterisations physico-chimiques des bronzes de titane en relation avec leur stoechiometrie." Nantes, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NANT2019.

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Ces bronzes de titane de type hollandite sont des composes a vfalence mixte de formule generale a::(x)tio::(2), avec a=k, rb, cs et 0,125 <x<0,25. Proposition de differentes voies de synthese. Le caractere de valence mixte est mis en evidence par des etudes physiques (magnetisme, rpe, esca, conductivite). Etudes de diffractions rx et electronique, ainsi que de microscopie electronique en transmission a haute resolution, et mise en evidence de differents types d'ordre dans les cristaux. La mise en oeuvre de la chimie douce d'oxydoreduction permet d'obtenir des monocristaux de bronze partielleme

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47

Liu, Pey-Horng, and 劉沛宏. "Oxygen Transfer and Electron Transfer in the Reduction of Nitro- Compounds by Rhodium Carbonyl Complex." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54227817907979822319.

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48

Ebadi, Mehrdad. "Heterogeneous catalysts ruthenium phythalocyanine modified graphite electrode /." 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ71976.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 2002. Graduate Programme in Chemistry.<br>Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ71976.

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49

Liao, Hong Yueh, and 廖宏岳. "(1)Synthesis of Isocoumarins by Palladium Complexes and Zinc Chloride.(2)Electron Transfer in the Reduction of Aromatic Nitro-Compounds by Rh and Ir Carbonyl Complexes." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49169830307859423917.

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博士<br>國立清華大學<br>化學學系<br>83<br>1.在鈀和氯化鋅的催化下,鄰位碘苯甲酸與具有一般官能基的端位炔類以參二乙基胺為鹼,二甲基醯胺為溶劑,可以得到主產物異薰草素,同時也推測氯化鋅促進環化反應之機構.2.硝基苯與銠羰基化合物還原反應由電子順磁共振儀實驗觀察中,所形成之自由基錯合物,利用碳十三同位素的研究,推測其結構是硝基上的氧與苯環上的雙鍵與正一價銠金屬配位,同時還有兩個羰基配位,形成一個平面四邊形結構,若鄰位有適當取代基的硝基苯,如含有氫鍵的胺基或鹵素與羰基銠或銥化合物,產生的自由基錯合物是鄰位硝基與胺基氮上或鹵素上未鍵結的電子對與正一價金屬銠配位,同時還有兩羰基配位.

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Garner, Susan Amy 1980. "Hydrogen-mediated carbon-carbon bond formations: applied to reductive aldol and Mannich reactions." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3476.

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Hydrogen gas is the cleanest and most cost-effective reductant available to mankind, and the use of hydrogen gas in catalytic hydrogenation reactions is one of the oldest and most utilized organic reactions. Although catalytic hydrogenation has been practiced in industry on enormous scale, the use of hydrogen gas as a terminal reductant in C-C bond forming reactions has been limited to processes involving the migratory insertion of carbon monoxide such as: alkene hydroformylation and the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. A significant advance to the field of synthetic organic chemistry would be the

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