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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Nitrogen membrane plant

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Academic literature on the topic 'Nitrogen membrane plant'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Nitrogen membrane plant"

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Parulekar, Prasad J. "Chemical Plant Utility – Nitrogen System Design." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (2021): 1560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39047.

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Abstract: The study is been conducted to understand the different techniques to separate nitrogen from atmospheric air. Separation of nitrogen takes place by following techniques: Cryogenic air separation, Pressure swing adsorption and Membrane separation technique. Cryogenic air separation operates at a very low temperature, which uses the principle of rectification to separate nitrogen at a very high purity (99.999%). Pressure swing adsorption rely on the fact that higher the pressure, more the gas is adsorbed which results in high purity (95-99.99%) of nitrogen. Membrane separation technolo

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Richter, L., M. Wichern, M. Grömping, U. Robecke, and J. Haberkamp. "Ammonium recovery from process water of digested sludge dewatering by membrane contactors." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 1 (2020): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.002.

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Abstract Membrane contactors are a promising alternative for nitrogen removal and recovery from process water compared to other physicochemical and biological sidestream treatment processes. Münster wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is the first municipal WWTP in Germany operating a full-scale membrane contactor system to improve the nitrogen elimination and recovery efficiency. Factors influencing the operation and membrane performance are investigated in an accompanying research project. Additional operational aspects of the applied membrane modules are investigated in detail using a bench-s

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Shui, Yong Hong, Jian Li, Xil Ning Feng, Xue Jun Jiang, Qiao Qiao Li, and Ai She Shui. "Nitrogen Removal along Vertical direction by Plant Biological Membrane System." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 2463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2463.

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Based on the equipment of integrated constructed wetlands (ICWs) with independent intellectual property rights. Plant biological membrane system (PBMS) was constructed to purify nitrogen of sanitary sewage. PBMS includes palm silk, non-woven and floating plant (Trifolium repens L.). Total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) was investigated to evaluate the effects of the layered purification and resistance to the outside impact. The results showed that layered purification occurred along the flowing vertical direction. The average removal rate of TN, NH3-N and total dissolved solids was 65

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Molinuevo-Salces, Beatriz, Berta Riaño, Matias B. Vanotti, David Hernández-González, and María Cruz García-González. "Pilot-Scale Demonstration of Membrane-Based Nitrogen Recovery from Swine Manure." Membranes 10, no. 10 (2020): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10100270.

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Gas-permeable membranes technology presents a high potential for nitrogen (N) recovery from wastewaters rich in ammonia (NH3). The EU project Ammonia Trapping (AT) is aimed at transferring knowledge from the lab-scale level to on-farm pilot-scale level, using this technology to recover NH3 from livestock wastewaters. The goal of this study is to report the results of an on-farm pilot-scale demonstration plant using gas-permeable membranes to recover N from raw swine manure. After a setup optimization of the plant, stable, and continuous operation was achieved. The maximum NH3 recovery rate obt

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Corzo, Javier, Mónica Santamaria, and Angel M. Gutierrez-Navarro. "Transient Energy Coupling Between Rhizobia and Legume Cells Mediated by the Peribacteroid Membrane ATPase Proton Pump." Bioscience Reports 17, no. 4 (1997): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1027357317291.

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We present a model for the metabolic coupling between rhizobia and plant cell in the nitrogen-fixing legume root nodules. The symbiosome, an organelle-like structure formed by the modified rhizobia (the bacteroids) enclosed by a plant cell derived peribacteroid membrane, is an unique structure in which two energized membranes are closely packed: the inner bacteroid membrane and the peribacteroid membrane that possesses an ATPase proton pump. The model is based on the following points: (i) The permeability for hydrogen ions of the outer membrane of the rhizobia. (ii) The reversibility of the AT

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Lee, F. W., K. P. Wai, and C. H. Koo. "Enhancing Contaminant Removal in Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent with PES/Ag Membrane." Journal of Applied Membrane Science & Technology 28, no. 1 (2024): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/amst.v28n1.282.

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In this study, a silver-infused membrane was fabricated using an ex-situ method that involved blending silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with Polyethersulfone (PES) as the base polymer in treating sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent. Three distinct membranes denoted as S1(Ag0), S2(Ag0.5) and S3(Ag2.0) were manufactured with varying weight percentages of polymer and silver (Ag) contents. The objective was to investigate the effect of the dosage of AgNPs on membrane characterization and performance, encompassing pure water flux filtration tests, organic rejection tests, and antibacterial properties

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Trevaskis, Ben, Gillian Colebatch, Guilhem Desbrosses, et al. "Differentiation of Plant Cells During Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation." Comparative and Functional Genomics 3, no. 2 (2002): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cfg.155.

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Nitrogen-fixing symbioses between legumes and bacteria of the family Rhizobiaceae involve differentiation of both plant and bacterial cells. Differentiation of plant root cells is required to build an organ, the nodule, which can feed and accommodate a large population of bacteria under conditions conducive to nitrogen fixation. An efficient vascular system is built to connect the nodule to the root, which delivers sugars and other nutrients to the nodule and removes the products of nitrogen fixation for use in the rest of the plant. Cells in the outer cortex differentiate to form a barrier to

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Gürel, Levent, and Hanife Büyükgüngör. "Treatment of slaughterhouse plant wastewater by using a membrane bioreactor." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 1 (2011): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.677.

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The use of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for removal of organic substances and nutrients from slaughterhouse plant wastewater was investigated. The chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of slaughterhouse wastewater were found to be approximately 571 mg O2/L, 102.5 mg/L, and 16.25 mg PO4-P/L, respectively. A submerged type membrane was used in the bioreactor. The removal efficiencies for COD, total organic carbon (TOC), TP and TN were found to be 97, 96, 65, 44% respectively. The COD value of wastewater was decreased to 16 mg/L (COD discharge

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Woo, Bryen. "Membrane thickening aerobic digestion processes." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 7 (2014): 1509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.051.

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Sludge management accounts for approximately 60% of the total wastewater treatment plant expenditure and laws for sludge disposal are becoming increasingly stringent, therefore much consideration is required when designing a solids handling process. A membrane thickening aerobic digestion process integrates a controlled aerobic digestion process with pre-thickening waste activated sludge using membrane technology. This process typically features an anoxic tank, an aerated membrane thickener operating in loop with a first-stage digester followed by second-stage digestion. Membrane thickening ae

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Díaz, Verónica, Laura Antiñolo, José Manuel Poyatos Capilla, Mari Carmen Almécija, María del Mar Muñío, and Jaime Martín-Pascual. "Nutrient Removal and Membrane Performance of an Algae Membrane Photobioreactor in Urban Wastewater Regeneration." Membranes 12, no. 10 (2022): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12100982.

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The increase in industry and population, together with the need for wastewater reuse, makes it necessary to implement new technologies in the circular economy framework. The aim of this research was to evaluate the quality of the effluent of an algae membrane photobioreactor for the treatment of the effluent of an urban wastewater treatment plant, to characterise the ultrafiltration membranes, to study the effectiveness of a proposed cleaning protocol, and to analyse the performance of the photobioreactor. The photobioreactor operated under two days of hydraulic retention times feed with the e

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nitrogen membrane plant"

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Catalano, Christina M. "Symbiosome membrane specialization in Medicago truncatula root nodules." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 3.02 Mb , 191 p, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3181880.

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Арсеньєв, В`ячеслав Михайлович, Вячеслав Михайлович Арсеньев, Viacheslav Mykhailovych Arseniev та В. В. Картавый. "Термоэкономические показатели криомодуля азотно-мембранной установки". Thesis, Изд-во СумГУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/6738.

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Li, Qianqian. "Pilot-scale plant application of membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) technology in wastewater treatment." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235991.

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This membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) pilot project was performed at Ekeby wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Eskilstuna, Sweden. This plant is facing a future challenge of effluent TN < 10mg/L according to the new standard and the growing population, where higher treatment capacity is needed. The MABR as a newly invented technology, is chosen as a promising countermeasure towards the challenge, because of the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification of this technology. By the time of reporting, this project is still on-going, and more information will be reported later in se

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Krupica, Radek. "Návrh čistírny odpadních vod v lokalitě s extrémními požadavky na jakost vyčištěných vod." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226160.

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This diploma thesis deals with the wastewater treatment technologies by means of which high quality of the treated wastewater is attained, especially with regard to removing nutrients. The introduction of the thesis contains, among others, descriptions of the reserves in the Czech Republic where it is extremely important to insist on the highest quality of the discharged wastewaters. Then follows a summary of the quality requirements on the discharged wastewaters as stipulated in the legislation. Furthermore, I analyse the impact of the nutrients – nitrogen and phosphorus – on the environment

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Li, Jian-Llang, and 李健良. "Optimized operation for nitrogen removal by membrane bioreactor system installed in an industrial wastewater treatment plant." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39420379156883723413.

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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>環境工程學系所<br>104<br>This study is based on the sewage treatment plant in an industrial zone in northern Taiwan by increasing and expanding 5,000CMD MBR system to conduct Function improved. In order to assess the nitrogen-containing pollutants wastewater removal mechanisms in the industrial zone, the research was required in accordance with the QC Story, experimental data and analysis of the current situation to further establish the optimal operating parameters and modes of system. As a result, the effluents in the sewage plant not only meet the national standard surface water ef

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Ou, Yang Li-jun. "Transport properties of symbiotic membranes of soybean and siratro nodules." Master's thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/142295.

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Kaiser, Brent Norman. "Ammonium transport across symbiotic membranes of soybean nodules." Phd thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147754.

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Salisbury, Steven Earl. "Ion exchange membranes and agronomic responses as tools for assessing nutrient availability." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33586.

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Winter wheat is commonly grown in rotation with leguminous and non-leguminous crops in the Willamette Valley. For agronomic, economic, and environmental reasons it is important to understand the influence of previous crops on availability of N and other nutrients. Objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the effects of long-term rotations on winter wheat response to N fertilizer, and (2) to evaluate the use of Plant Root Simulator��(PRS) probes for measuring soil N mineralization and N availability to winter wheat. Field experiments were conducted over three growing seasons in plots of

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Books on the topic "Nitrogen membrane plant"

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Salisbury, Steven Earl. Ion exchange membranes and agronomic responses as tools for assessing nutrient availability. 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Nitrogen membrane plant"

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Tsay, Y. F., and P. K. Hsu. "The Role of Plasma Membrane Nitrogen Transporters in Nitrogen Acquisition and Utilization." In The Plant Plasma Membrane. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13431-9_9.

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Tegeder, Mechthild, Doris Rentsch, and John W. Patrick. "Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Transporters." In The Plant Plasma Membrane. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13431-9_15.

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Bashan, Y., and H. Levanony. "Alterations in membrane potential and in proton efflux in plant roots induced by Azospirillum brasilense." In Nitrogen Fixation. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3486-6_31.

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Borstlap, A. C. "Tobacco mutants of amino acid membrane transport: Uptake of L-valine in leaf discs from the double mutant Valr-2 and its monogenic derivatives." In Fundamental, Ecological and Agricultural Aspects of Nitrogen Metabolism in Higher Plants. Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4356-8_15.

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A. Begam, Rowshon, and Michael Deyholos. "Nitrogen assimilation and translocation in Arabidopsis seeds." In Seed Biology - New Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1002410.

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In plants, assimilated nitrogen travels mostly as amino acids. Amino acids travel from sources to sink tissues through cellular and organelle membranes such as plasma membrane, chloroplast membrane, mitochondrial membrane, and tonoplast membrane via facilitated or active transport. Membrane transporter proteins such as amino acid transporters mediate the transport. These transporters, as they facilitate the movement of amino acids through membranes, also regulate the distribution of amino nitrogen. Understanding the organ and tissue-specific distribution of amino acid transporters, their subst

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Bentrup, Friedrich-Wilhelm, and Bernd Hoffmann. "Amino acid transport across the higher plant cell membrane." In Nitrogen Metabolism of Plants. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198577522.003.0010.

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Abstract This chapter first briefly outlines current aspects and problems of amino acid transport in the higher plant. Secondly, we present novel data from a photo autotrophic suspension cell culture which demonstrates the operation of an amino acid exchange carrier in the plasmalemma by efflux analysis. In higher plants, a flow of amino acids passes from the key site of amino acid synthesis in the photosynthetically active tissues to the heterotrophically growing meristematic and storage tissues of stem, fruits, and roots. Photo synthates in the phloem, including amino acids, cross the plasma

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Govers, Francine, and Ton Bisseling*. "Nodulins in root nodule development: function and gene regulation." In Nitrogen Metabolism of Plants. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198577522.003.0003.

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Abstract The symbiotic interaction between bacteria of the genus Rhizobium and leguminous plants leads to the establishment of nodules, specialized organs on the roots of the host plant in which the Rhizobium bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen. The formation of root nodules is known to proceed through a series of characteristic stages (Vincent 1980). Prior to the actual infection, the symbiotic partners recognize each other and the bacteria become attached to the root hairs which then start to curl. The bacteria are entrapped in the curls and they induce the plant cells to deposit cell wall-lik

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"Advanced Wastewater Treatments." In Advanced Design of Wastewater Treatment Plants. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9441-3.ch005.

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Advanced wastewater treatment is the process that reduces the level of impurities in wastewater below that attainable through conventional secondary or biological treatment. It includes the removal of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen and a high percentage of suspended solids. The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater has become an emerging worldwide concern because these compounds cause eutrophication in natural water. A post-treatment process is therefore required to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from the effluent. Therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to provide th

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Ghosh, Sudip Kumar, Priyanka Pal, Sayanta Mondal, et al. "Halotolerant Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria: The Hidden Gem." In Plant-Microbe Interactions: A Comprehensive Review. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2025. https://doi.org/10.2174/9789815324150125010013.

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Soil salinization results in the continuous reduction of agricultural land worldwide. Salinity, a major abiotic stressor, adversely affects plant growth and development by interfering with various physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes. These processes include nutrient imbalance, osmotic stress, ionic stress, oxidative stress, membrane destabilization, reduced photosynthetic capacity, protein synthesis, energy and lipid metabolism, DNA replication, protein metabolism, and cell division. Despite the rapid increase in the global population, food production is not sufficient to meet

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Ullrich, Wolfram R. "Transport of nitrate and ammonium through plant membranes." In Nitrogen Metabolism of Plants. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198577522.003.0009.

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Abstract Among the many ions required for growth and development of plant cells inorganic nitrogen ions are of special importance, qualitatively because of the fundamental role of nitrogen compounds in living matter, and quantitatively in comparison with most other ions which are required in smaller amounts. Because the uptake of these ions is subjected to complicated patterns of regulation and because of their rapid metabolism once inside the plant, this uptake has only recently reached a certain degree of mechanistic clarification (Syrett 1981; Ullrich 1983; Glass 1988). Although transport o

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Conference papers on the topic "Nitrogen membrane plant"

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Agarwal, D. C., and B. Gehrmann. "Nickel Alloys for High Efficiency Fossil Power Plants." In AM-EPRI 2007, edited by R. Viswanathan, D. Gandy, and K. Coleman. ASM International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2007p0271.

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Abstract To address the escalating energy demands of the 21st century and meet environmental protection objectives, new fossil-fueled power plant concepts must be developed with enhanced efficiency and advanced technologies for CO2, sulfur oxide, and nitrogen reduction. As plant temperatures and pressures increase to improve overall efficiency, the property requirements for alloys used in critical components become increasingly demanding, particularly regarding creep rupture strength, high-temperature corrosion resistance, and other essential characteristics. Newer and existing nickel alloys e

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Rodríguez-Alegre, Rubén, Julia Zapata-Jiménez, Laura Pérez Megías, et al. "Nitrogen recovery from pig slurry by membrane technologies in pilot plant scale." In 15th Mediterranean Congress of Chemical Engineering (MeCCE-15). Grupo Pacífico, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.48158/mecce-15.t3-o-50.

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Chiesa, Paolo, Tom Kreutz, and Giovanni Lozza. "CO2 Sequestration From IGCC Power Plants by Means of Metallic Membranes." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68023.

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This paper investigates novel IGCC plants that employ hydrogen separation membranes in order to capture carbon dioxide for long-term storage. The thermodynamic performance of these membrane-based plants are compared with similar IGCCs that capture CO2 using conventional (i.e. solvent absorption) technology. The basic plant configuration employs an entrained-flow, oxygen-blown coal gasifier with quench cooling, followed by an adiabatic water gas shift (WGS) reactor that converts most of CO contained in the syngas into CO2 and H2. The syngas then enters a WGS membrane reactor where the syngas un

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Petrakopoulou, F., G. Tsatsaronis, and T. Morosuk. "Exergoeconomic Analysis of an Advanced Zero Emission Plant." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11015.

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Exergy-based methods are reliable means for the comparison and the evaluation of the operation of energy conversion systems. In this paper, the Advanced Zero Emission Plant, a plant that performs combustion in a nitrogen-free environment (oxy-fuel combustion) is presented, compared to a reference plant (without CO2 capture) and evaluated based on an exergoeconomic analysis. A variation of the oxy-fuel plant with a lower CO2 capture percentage (85%) is also presented in order to (1) evaluate the influence of CO2 capture on a plant’s overall performance and cost, and (2) enable the comparison wi

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Rao, A. D., D. Francuz, A. Verma, and G. S. Samuelsen. "Integration of Air Separation Unit With H2 Separation Membrane Reactor in Coal-Based Power Plant." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90191.

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A novel process configuration consisting of integrating the air separation unit with a H2 separation membrane reactor (HSMR) in a coal gasification based coproduction facility with near zero emissions is described. The plant utilizes an air separation unit operating at elevated pressure to produce an Intermediate Pressure (IP) N2 stream in addition to the O2 required by the coal gasifier. The syngas produced by the gasifier after cleanup is supplied to the membrane reactor which produces H2 by shifting the carbon monoxide while simultaneously separating the H2. The IP N2 is used as sweep gas t

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Manzolini, G., J. W. Dijkstra, E. Macchi, and D. Jansen. "Technical Economic Evaluation of a System for Electricity Production With CO2 Capture Using a Membrane Reformer With Permeate Side Combustion." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90353.

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The paper investigates the application of a novel concept, based on a membrane reactor with permeate side combustion (MRPC), to capture CO2, in a natural gas fuelled power plant. The MRPC combines the steam reforming reaction on the feed side and hydrogen separation through a dense hydrogen selective membrane, with combustion of part of the permeated hydrogen, using a mixture of steam, nitrogen and air as a sweep gas. The remaining hydrogen permeated is used in the gas turbine of the combined cycle. The unconverted fuel in the high pressure CO2 rich stream exiting from the membrane reactor is

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Galan, Berta. "Green Ammonia Small-Scale Production Plant: Simulation on the Base of Energetic Aspects." In 8th World Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and 8th World Conference on Advanced Materials, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. Eurasia Conferences, 2025. https://doi.org/10.62422/978-81-981865-7-7-015.

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Generally speaking, the Haber-Bosch (HB) process for ammonia (NH3) production requires large-scale industrial equipment; however, a smaller and more cost-effective setup could improve accessibility to ammonia production. The transition to an electrically driven HB ammonia process will depend on the development of agile systems that align with geographically isolated and intermittent renewable energy sources. Such a flexible system could utilize renewable energy to produce ammonia for fertilizer and fuel applications, meet local electricity demands and generate hydrogen for energy storage. Moti

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Elyamani, M. A. "The Role of Oxygen-Enriched Air in Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Combustion Performance in Fired Heaters." In Mediterranean Offshore Conference. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/223194-ms.

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Abstract Producing hydrogen presents challenges, including the optimal utilization of its byproduct, oxygen. This research explores how oxygen can be utilized to support hydrogen production and reduce its cost. Specifically, it focuses on using oxygen in the combustion system of fired heaters/furnaces. By using pure oxygen in hydrogen-fueled heaters, water produced from combustion can be fully recovered and recycled for hydrogen production. This sustainable system produces no CO2 and uses minimal water. Incase using hydrocarbon fuel as natural gas, water recovery and CO2 capturing will be reac

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Ali, Mohamed G., Ahmed H. Besheer, and M. H. M. Hassanean. "Purging Gas Plant Flare System Using Gas Turbine Generators Exhaust Emissions – A Novel Approach." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215949-ms.

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Abstract Within gas plant treatment operations; there are large amounts of gases used to sweep its flare piping network as purge gas to prevent air ingress and protect the system from back fire. The economic and environmental considerations to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) & save fuel are driving organizations to find alternative solutions to replace fuel gas purge using other safe & available sources. Fundamentally, the main electrical power supply for a gas processing plant are Gas Turbine Generators (GTGs) which continuously produce large amounts of Carbon Dioxide (Co2) & Nitrog

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Pranghofer, Gernot G. "Control of Fine Particulate Matter by Means of High Efficiency ePTFE Membrane Filter Laminates." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2303.

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The COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION has enacted laws to improve the quality of the ambient air: The “COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 1999/30/EC of 22 April 1999 relating to limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air” and the “DIRECTIVE 2008/50/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe”. The Member States had to bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with these Directives. These Directives are raising the expectation

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