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1
Zuo, Jin Long, and Zhi Wei Zhao. "The Temperature Influence on the Sauce Wastewater Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 1114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.1114.
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Nowadays the sauce wastewater is doing greater harm to the water environment in China. In order to tackle this problem, the temperature influence on the sauce wastewater treatment effect was investigated. The results showed that when the temperature is 22～32°C the ammonia nitrogen removal effect was good and the ammonia nitrogen removal rate could reach more than 90%. The temperature had no obvious influence on nitrate for sauce wastewater. When the temperature is 22～32°C, the effluent orthophosphate concentration could reach about 1mg/L and the removal efficiency could reach about 70% with aeration time 2.5 h. Thus the sauce wastewater removal effect could be influenced by the temperature.
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Allen, C. R., O. R. Stein, P. B. Hook, M. D. Burr, A. E. Parker, and E. C. Hafla. "Temperature, plant species and residence time effects on nitrogen removal in model treatment wetlands." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 11 (October 22, 2013): 2337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.482.
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Total nitrogen (TN) removal in treatment wetlands (TWs) is challenging due to nitrogen cycle complexity and the variation of influent nitrogen species. Plant species, season, temperature and hydraulic loading most likely influence root zone oxygenation and appurtenant nitrogen removal, especially for ammonium-rich wastewater. Nitrogen data were collected from two experiments utilizing batch-loaded (3-, 6-, 9- and 20-day residence times), sub-surface TWs monitored for at least one year during which temperature was varied between 4 and 24 °C. Synthetic wastewater containing 17 mg/l N as NH4 and 27 mg/l amino-N, 450 mg/l chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 13 mg/l SO4-S was applied to four replicates of Carex utriculata, Schoenoplectus acutus and Typha latifolia and unplanted controls. Plant presence and species had a greater effect on TN removal than temperature or residence time. Planted columns achieved approximately twice the nitrogen removal of unplanted controls (40–95% versus 20–50% removal) regardless of season and temperature. TWs planted with Carex outperformed both Typha and Schoenoplectus and demonstrated less temperature dependency. TN removal with Carex was excellent at all temperatures and residence times; Schoenoplectus and Typha TN removal improved at longer residence times. Reductions in TN were not accompanied by increases in NO3, which was consistently below 1 mg/l N.
3
Béline, F., H. Boursier, F. Guiziou, and E. Paul. "Modelling of biological nitrogen removal during treatment of piggery wastewater." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 10 (May 1, 2007): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.301.
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During this study, a mathematical model simulating piggery wastewater treatment was developed, with the objective of process optimisation. To achieve this, the effect of temperature and free ammonia concentration on the nitrification rate were experimentally studied using respirometry. The maximum growth rates obtained were higher for ammonium-oxidising biomass than for nitrite-oxidising biomass for the temperatures above 20 °C; values at 35 °C were equal to 1.9 and 1.35 day−1, respectively. No inhibition of nitrification was observed for free ammonia concentrations up to 50 mgN/L. Using these data with others experimental data obtained from a pilot-scale reactor to treat piggery wastewater, a model based on a modified version of the ASM1 was developed and calibrated. In order to model the nitrite accumulation observed, the ASM1 model was extended with a two-step nitrification and denitrification including nitrite as intermediate. Finally, the produced model called PiWaT1 demonstrated a good fit with the experimental data. In addition to the temperature, oxygen concentration was identified as an important factor influencing the nitrite accumulation during nitrification. Even if some improvements of the model are still necessary, this model can already be used for process improvement.
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Kruglova, Antonina, Jenni Kesulahti, Khoi Minh Le, Alejandro Gonzalez-Martinez, Anna Mikola, and Riku Vahala. "Low-Temperature Adapted Nitrifying Microbial Communities of Finnish Wastewater Treatment Systems." Water 12, no. 9 (August 31, 2020): 2450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092450.
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In this study, the microbial community of nitrifying activated sludge adapted to Finnish climate conditions was studied to clarify the microbial populations involved in low-temperature nitrification. Microbial community analysis of five full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) showed several differences compared to WWTPs from other countries with a similar climate. In particular, very low abundance of ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOBs) (altogether ˂ 0.25% of total community) as well as typical NOBs (˂0.35%) and a high abundance of orders Cytophagales and Micrococcales was observed in all Finnish WWTPs. To shed light on the importance of autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrifying processes, laboratory studies of activated sludge were carried out with a presence of and a lack of organic carbon in wastewater at 10 ± 1 °C. Two different sludge retention times (SRTs) were compared to determine the effect of this operational parameter on low-temperature nitrogen removal. The important role of previously reported Candidatus Nitrotogaarctica for nitrite oxidizing in cold climate conditions was confirmed in both full-scale and laboratory scale results. Additionally, potential participation of Dokdonella sp. and Flexibacter sp. in nitrogen removal at low-temperatures is proposed. Operation at SRT of 100 days demonstrated more stable and efficient nitrogen removal after a sharp temperature decrease compared to 14 days SRT.
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Surampalli, R. Y., S. K. Banerji, R. D. Tyagi, and P. Y. Yang. "Integrated advanced natural wastewater treatment system for small communities." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 11 (June 1, 2007): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.371.
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A study was conducted to evaluate the nutrient removal capability of an existing and successfully operated overland flow and wetland wastewater treatment system following a waste stabilization pond. Seasonal temperature effects on performance were also investigated. The treatment system studied consists of a two-cell waste stabilization pond followed by an overland flow system and a wetland system. The influent and effluent samples were analyzed for BOD5, suspended solids (SS), pH, temperature, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and total phosphorus. The results of the study indicate that the combined pond, overland flow and wetland system provided excellent treatment of municipal wastewater. The overall average BOD5 removal by the entire treatment system was about 90.0% and the overall average suspended solids removal was about 93.4%. The ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus removal efficiencies of the entire treatment system were 90.7% and 84.2%, respectively.
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Chapanova, G., M. Jank, S. Schlegel, and H. Koeser. "Effect of temperature and salinity on the wastewater treatment performance of aerobic submerged fixed bed biofilm reactors." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 8-9 (April 1, 2007): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.254.
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The influence of temperature (5–35 °C) and salinity (up to 20 g/l NaCl) on the wastewater purification process in completely mixed and aerated submerged fixed bed biofilm reactors (SFBBRs) was studied. C- and N-conversion in SFBBRs designed according to the DWA (German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste) rules for carbon removal was investigated for several months on synthetic wastewater. The DOC degradation rate was even at, according to the DWA, high DOC/BOD loading rates not much affected by temperatures between 5–35 °C and salt contents up to 20 g/L NaCl. At these high DOC loadings an appreciable ammonium conversion could also be observed. The ammonium conversion proved to be sensitive to temperature and salinity. At 5 °C the ammonium removal rate decreased by a factor of five compared to 25–35 °C. Under many operation conditions investigated more than 50% of the converted ammonium was transformed into gaseous nitrogen. The addition of 20 g/L NaCl caused a strong inhibition of the ammonium removal rate over the whole temperature range investigated.
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Chiemchaisri, C., and K. Yamamoto. "Enhancement of oxygen transfer and nitrogen removal in a membrane separation bioreactor for domestic wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 10 (May 1, 2005): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0354.
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Biological nitrogen removal in a membrane separation bioreactor developed for on-site domestic wastewater treatment was investigated. The bioreactor employed hollow fiber membrane modules for solid–liquid separation so that the biomass could be completely retained within the system. Intermittent aeration was supplied with 90 minutes on and off cycle to achieve nitrification and denitrification reaction for nitrogen removal. High COD and nitrogen removal of more than 90% were achieved under a moderate temperature of 25 °C. As the temperature was stepwise decreased from 25 to 5 °C, COD removal in the system could be constantly maintained while nitrogen removal was deteriorated. Nevertheless, increasing aeration supply could enhance nitrification at low temperature with benefit from complete retention of nitrifying bacteria within the system by membrane separation. At low operating temperature range of 5 °C, nitrogen removal could be recovered to more than 85%. A mathematical model considering diffusion resistance of limiting substrate into the bio-particle is applied to describe nitrogen removal in a membrane separation bioreactor. The simulation suggested that limitation of the oxygen supply was the major cause of inhibition of nitrification during temperature decrease. Nevertheless, increasing aeration could promote oxygen diffusion into the bio-particle. Sufficient oxygen was supplied to the nitrifying bacteria and the nitrification could proceed. In the membrane separation bioreactor, biomass concentration under low temperature operation was allowed to increase by 2–3 times of that of moderate temperature to compensate for the loss of bacterial activities so that the temperature effect was masked.
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Shen, Dong-Sheng, Bao-Cheng Huang, Pei-Qing Liu, Jian-Xun Han, and Hua-Jun Feng. "Factors Influencing Nitrogen Removal in a Decentralized Sewage Treatment Reactor." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/296312.
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A decentralized sewage treatment reactor was designed to treat wastewater in rural areas. To examine the factors influencing nitrogen removal, experiments were carried out at three levels of hydraulic surface load, three sludge concentrations, and three environment temperatures at low dissolved oxygen concentrations. The rate of denitrification decreased, and the rate of nitrification increased as the surface load rose. The maximum denitrification rate was 20.01 ± 3.02 g/(m3·d) at a surface load of 1.11 ± 0.13 m3/(m2·h). The total nitrogen (TN) removal, efficiency initially increased and then decreased as the sludge concentration rose. When the sludge concentration increased to 3.5 ± 0.3 g/L, the system showed a good level of TN removal and a denitrification rate of 28.58 ± 1.22 g/(m3·d) was achieved. Low temperature had a negative effect on the removal and transformation of nitrogenous pollutants.
9
Xu, Pei Yao, Xiu Jie Chu, Yan Qing Li, and Fan Zhang. "Research on Coal Chemical Wastewater Treatment by Nano-TiO2 Powder Photocatalytic Oxidation Process." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2232.
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Abstract. With TiO2 as photocatalyst, hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) as oxidant, treated the coal chemical wastewater under the condition of 30W UV lamp irradiation. Discussed the effects of those factors—pH, dosage of TiO2 powder, dosage of FeCl3, dosage of H2O2 and illumination time etc. on Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) removal rate of wastewater. The results have shown that: when taking the pH of raw water, TiO2 0.2g per 100ml wastewater, FeCl3 0.01g per 100ml wastewater, H2O2 1.2 ml per 100ml wastewater, 5h illumination time, quiet place 3h, acquired the best photocatalytic effect. After treated under the optimum technological conditions, the COD removal rate reached 70.09%; the removal rate of Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD5), ammonia nitrogen, cyanide and color reached respectively to 58.60%、39.99%, 72.41% and 90%. After repeated 10 times, all the active of TiO2 was almost lost. With the regeneration treatment by high-temperature cauterization, the regenerated catalyst was added into the raw wastewater. Then under the optimum technological conditions, after illuminated 7h, the COD removal rate of wastewater recovered to 49.47%.
10
Piccoli, Ilaria, Giuseppe Virga, Carmelo Maucieri, and Maurizio Borin. "Digestate Liquid Fraction Treatment with Filters Filled with Recovery Materials." Water 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010021.
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Constructed wetlands (CWs) represent a green technology for digestate liquid fraction (DLF) treatment. However, previous research has warned about their performance when treating wastewater with high suspended solid and organic loads. In addition, the high NH4-N concentration typical of this wastewater can compromise vegetation establishment and activity. In view of this, a digestate pretreatment is needed. This study aimed to test the performance of filters filled with recovery materials, such as brick and refractory material, for DLF pretreatment. The effect on DLF physical (electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature) and chemical (total nitrogen, ammonia–nitrogen, nitrate–nitrogen, total phosphorus, soluble phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand) characteristics was monitored during eight weekly cycles. The effect of filtration on total nitrogen and ammonia–nitrogen removal began after about one month of loading, suggesting that an activation period is necessary for bacteria. For effective N removal, the presence of multiple digestate recirculations per day through the filters appears mandatory to guarantee the alternation of nitrification and denitrification conditions. For P removal, filling material particle size appeared to be more important than its composition. Unclear performances were observed considering chemical oxygen demand. Further studies on filling media and microbial community interactions, and the long-term efficiency of filters, are desirable.
11
Zhang, Jie, Qun Hui Wang, Peng Li, Hai Ming Huang, Wen Jun Wang, Shao Wei Wu, and Chun Liian Xu. "Study on the Treatment of Nylon Chemical Industrial Wastewater by AF+ A/O Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 3133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3133.
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A company in Pingdingshan of Henan province using a new type of AF (high-efficiency immobilized biological anaerobic biofilter ) and A/O process to treat nylon chemical industrial wastewater, In this study, we monitored the system for one month (Dec.1.2010-Jan.1.2011). The effect of the conditions of temperature, pH and COD, nitrate, ammonia and total nitrogen treatment effect along the system were investigated, the results showed that: average COD removal efficiency reached 97%, average NH4+-N removal efficiency was higher than 90% and the effect of the system is good. The effluent meets the first grade criteria of integrated wastewater discharge standard (GB8978-1996).
12
Sposob, Michal, Carlos Dinamarca, and Rune Bakke. "Short-term temperature impact on simultaneous biological nitrogen-sulphur treatment in EGSB reactor." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 7 (August 2, 2016): 1610–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.359.
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Sulphides are present in many wastewater streams; their removal is important due to corrosiveness, toxicity and unpleasant odour, and can be carried out by anaerobic biological treatment. This study focuses on the temperature effect (25–10 °C) on an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor for sulphide removal using nitrate as electron acceptor. The reactor was run at a NO3−/HS− molar ratio of 0.35 and pH of 8.5–9.0. Samples were analysed by ion chromatography (NO3−, SO42− and S2O32−), spectrophotometry (S2−) and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). S2− and NO3− removal was 99.74 ± 0.04 and 99.5 ± 2.9%, respectively. Sulphur (S0) was found on the outer granule surface and struvite inside the granule, by SEM. Sulphide conversion to sulphur was up to 76%. Temperature transitions and levels influenced S2O32− and SO42− concentrations.
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Vovk, Lesiia, Oksana Matsiyevska, and Oleh Zhdanov. "Chlorella vulgaris in wastewater treatment processes – practical experience." Theory and Building Practice 2020, no. 2 (November 20, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2020.02.021.
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Wastewater from human settlements contains a significant amount of organic and biogenic substances. Insufficiently treated wastewater enters surface water and leads to their eutrophication. The usage of microalgae in wastewater treatment has significant advantages in comparison with other methods of removing biogenic substances. Namely: effective and simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus without reagents management facilities, oxygen formation. Using microalgae in wastewater treatment is a new environmentally friendly biotechnological method. Microalgae grow well in wastewater, from which they absorb pollutants. The purpose of the study is to analyze the work and determine the possibility of intensification of sewage treatment plants in the western region of Ukraine with a population of about 18,900 inhabitants. Productivity of treatment plant is 3400 m3/day. Experimental investigation consisted in adding a concentrate of a living microalgae strain of the species Chlorella vulgaris to the wastewater that was entered to the treatment plant during May-September 2019. During the research, the results of wastewater analyzes conducted by the chemical laboratory of the municipal water supply and sewerage company were used. The results of the survey and analysis of the city's treatment plant indicate an insufficient degree of wastewater treatment. The effectiveness of Chlorella vulgaris at the treatment plant has been experimentally proven. Mathematical dependences of the effect of wastewater treatment (using Chlorella vulgaris) on their temperature according to the indicators: BOD5, COD, concentration of ammonium nitrogen, phosphates and suspended solids were obtained. Dependencies are described by a linear function that characterizes the general behavior of the obtained data. The obtained results made it possible to significantly reduce the negative impact of treatment plants on the environment.
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Ivanov, Mia, Tomislava Vukušić Pavičić, Klara Kraljić, Dijana Grgas, Tibela Landeka Dragičević, and Zoran Herceg. "Effects of High Voltage Electrical Discharge Plasma on Olive Mill Wastewater Treatment." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031552.
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High voltage electrical discharge plasma technology (HVED) is considered as a promising technology for wastewater remediation due to its fast removal rate and environmental compatibility. Olive mill wastewater (OMWW) treatment presents crucial environmental issues because of its high organic load and intense toxicity and phytotoxicity. The effect of cold plasma at frequencies of 60 Hz and 120 Hz, with injected gas (air, oxygen and nitrogen) and with and without the addition of FeCl3x6H2O, during 30 min, on degradation and removal of organic compounds, as well as polyphenols from OMWW, were investigated. The efficiency of cold plasma was monitored by pH, temperature, electroconductivity, redox potential, oxygen saturation and reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and polyphenols. The best removal efficiency of 50.98% of organic compounds was achieved at 120 Hz with nitrogen and the addition of FeCl3x6H2O, and a 60.32% reduction of polyphenols at a frequency of 60 Hz with the air and FeCl3x6H2O added was obtained. Also, the plasma treatment resulted in a decrease in coloring intensity, with the most significant color change at 120 Hz with the addition of FeCl3x6H2O with nitrogen and air.
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Peng, Y. Z., G. B. Zhu, S. Y. Wang, D. S. Yu, Y. W. Cui, and X. S. Meng. "Pilot-scale studies on biological treatment of hypersaline wastewater at low temperature." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2005): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0686.
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In order to investigate the feasibility of biological treatment of hypersaline wastewater produced from toilet flushing with seawater at low temperature, pilot-scale studies were established with plug-flow activated sludge process at low temperature (5–9°C) based on bench-scale experiments. The critical salinity concentration of 30g/L, which resulted from the cooperation results of the non-halophilic bacteria and the halophilic bacteria, was drawn in bench-scale experiments. Pilot-scale studies showed that high COD removal efficiency, higher than 80%, was obtained at low temperature when 30 percent seawater was introduced. The salinity improved the settleability of activated sludge, and average sludge value dropped down from 38% to 22.5% after adding seawater. Seawater salinity had a strong negative effect on notronomonas and nitrobacter growth, but much more on the nitrobacter. The nitrification action was mainly accomplished by nitrosomonas. Bench-scale experiments using two SBRs were carried out for further investigation under different conditions of salinities, ammonia loadings and temperatures. Biological nitrogen removal via nitrite pathway from wastewater containing 30 percent seawater was achieved, but the ammonia removal efficiency was strongly related not only to the influent ammonia loading at different salinities but also to temperature. When the ratio of seawater to wastewater was 30 percent, and the ammonia loading was below the critical value of 0.15kgNH4+-N/(kgMLSS.d), the ammonia removal efficiency via nitrite pathway was above 90%. The critical level of ammonia loading was 0.15, 0.08 and 0.03kgNH4+-N/(kgMLSS.d) respectively at the different temperature 30°C, 25°C and 20°C when the influent ammonia concentration was 60–80mg/L and pH was 7.5–8.0.
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Cho, Sunja, Cicilia Kambey, and Van Nguyen. "Performance of Anammox Processes for Wastewater Treatment: A Critical Review on Effects of Operational Conditions and Environmental Stresses." Water 12, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010020.
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The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process is well-known as a low-energy consuming and eco-friendly technology for treating nitrogen-rich wastewater. Although the anammox reaction was widely investigated in terms of its application in many wastewater treatment processes, practical anammox application at the pilot and industrial scales is limited because nitrogen removal efficiency and anammox activity are dependent on many operational factors such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, nitrogen loading, and organic matter content. In practical application, anammox bacteria are possibly vulnerable to non-essential compounds such as sulfides, toxic metal elements, alcohols, phenols, and antibiotics that are potential inhibitors owing to the complexity of the wastewater stream. This review systematically summarizes up-to-date studies on the effect of various operational factors on nitrogen removal performance along with reactor type, mode of operation (batch or continuous), and cultured anammox bacterial species. The effect of potential anammox inhibition factors such as high nitrite concentration, high salinity, sulfides, toxic metal elements, and toxic organic compounds is listed with a thorough interpretation of the synergistic and antagonistic toxicity of these inhibitors. Finally, the strategy for optimization of anammox processes for wastewater treatment is suggested, and the importance of future studies on anammox applications is indicated.
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Ghimire, Umesh, Min Jang, Sokhee Jung, Daeryong Park, Se Park, Hanchao Yu, and Sang-Eun Oh. "Electrochemical Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen and COD of Domestic Wastewater using Platinum Coated Titanium as an Anode Electrode." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 7, 2019): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050883.
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Biological treatment systems face many challenges in winter to reduce the level of nitrogen due to low temperatures. The present work aimed to study an electrochemical treatment to investigate the effect of applying an electric voltage to wastewater to reduce the ammonium nitrogen and COD (chemical oxygen demand) in domestic wastewater. This was done by using an electrochemical process in which a platinum-coated titanium material was used as an anode and stainless steel was used as a cathode (25 cm2 electrode area/500 mL). Our results indicated that the removal of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+–N) and the lowering of COD was directly proportional to the amount of electric voltage applied between the electrodes. Our seven hour experiment showed that 97.6% of NH4+–N was removed at an electric voltage of 5 V, whereas only 68% was removed with 3 V, 20% with 1.2 V, and 10% with 0.6 V. Similarly, at 5 V, the removal of COD was around 97.5%. Over the seven hours of the experiment, the pH of wastewater increased from pH 7.12 to pH 8.15 when 5 V was applied to the wastewater. Therefore, electric voltage is effective in the oxidation of ammonium nitrogen and the reduction in COD in wastewater.
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Song, Wang, Liu, Zhao, and An. "Effects of Oenanthe javanica on Nitrogen Removal in Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetlands under Low-Temperature Conditions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 19, 2019): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081420.
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To investigate the role and microorganism-related mechanisms of macrophytes and assess the feasibility of Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. in promoting nitrogen removal in free-water surface constructed wetlands (FWS-CWS) under low temperatures (<10 °C), pilot-scale FWS-CWS, planted with O. javanica, were set up and run for batch wastewater treatment in eastern China during winter. The presence of macrophytes observably improved the removal rates of ammonia nitrogen (65%–71%) and total nitrogen (41%–48%) (p < 0.05), with a sharp increase in chemical oxygen demand concentrations (about 3–4 times). Compared to the unplanted systems, the planted systems not only exhibited higher richness and diversity of microorganisms, but also significantly higher abundances of bacteria, ammonia monooxygenase gene (amoA), nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ), dissimilatory cd1-containing nitrite reductase gene (nirS), and dissimilatory copper-containing nitrite reductase gene (nirK) in the substrate. Meanwhile, the analysis of the microbial community composition further revealed significant differences. The results indicate that enhanced abundances of microorganisms, and the key functional genes involved with nitrogen metabolism in the planted systems played critical roles in nitrogen removal from wastewater in FWS-CWS. Furthermore, abundant carbon release from the wetland macrophytes could potentially aid nitrogen removal in FWS-CWS during winter.
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Zhang, Wen, Zhen Zhang, and Sufeng Wang. "Nitrogen Removal by HN-AD Bacteria Immobilized on Modified Absorbent Stone." Chemical & biochemical engineering quarterly 34, no. 3 (2020): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.15255/cabeq.2020.1823.
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How to simplify the nitrogen removal process, reduce the cost and improve the efficiency has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this research, the isolated HNAD (heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification) bacteria were used to remove<br /> the nitrogen in wastewater. Modified absorbent stone was used as high-efficiency and<br /> low-cost immobilized material. The modification effect was determined by the changes<br /> in mechanical strength, Zeta potential, pore structure, micrographs and biomass. The<br /> practicability of the modified carrier was further proved by experiments of environmental effect and reuse. The modified carrier had excellent performance. By comparing the<br /> degradation effects of immobilized microorganism and free microorganism, it was proved<br /> that the immobilized microorganisms have broad application prospects and strong adaptability to environmental factors. Under the optimum conditions (temperature of 30 oC,<br /> pH of 7, dissolved oxygen of 3.5 mg L–1), the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen<br /> reached 100 % in 40 hours, the removal efficiency of total nitrogen reached 60.11 % in<br /> 50 hours, and the removal rate of total nitrogen was 2.404 mg-NL–1 h–1 by immobilized<br /> microorganisms with the treatment of simulated nitrogen-containing wastewater. This<br /> research provides new material for the immobilization of HN-AD bacteria and a new way for nitrogen removal.
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Wang, Juan Ting, Yan Zhen Yu, and You Heng Zhao. "Treatment of Domestic Wastewater by A/O Biofilm Process of Silicon-Based Zeolite Filter Material." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.76.
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Under the condition that the temperature between 20 °C ~ 27 °C, in stable operation period, the effect of the anoxic and aerobic tanks which presented in municipal wastewater treatment using orthogonal experiment, and optimum conditions of A /O Biofilm Process of Silicon-based zeolite Filter Material were studied: the gas-water ratio 1:2, and the reflux ratio of digestive juice 1:2 and hydraulic retention time (HRT) for the 2h.Under this operating conditions, the removal rate of total nitrogen, phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen are respectively up to 73.57%, 64% and 85.28%. The concentrations of total nitrogen, phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen can be respectively reduced to 18.75mg/L, 1.06mg/L and 3.94mg/L in the ultimate effluent, which meet standard B of the first class in National discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plant (GB18918-2002).
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van Kempen, R., C. C. R. ten Have, S. C. F. Meijer, J. W. Mulder, J. O. J. Duin, C. A. Uijterlinde, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. "SHARON process evaluated for improved wastewater treatment plant nitrogen effluent quality." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0087.
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New stricter nitrogen effluent standards and increasing influent loads require existing wastewater treatment plans (WWTPs) to extend or optimize. At WWTPs with limited aeration capacity, limited denitrification capacity or shortage of aerobic sludge age, implementation of SHARON to improve nitrogen effluent quality can be a solution. SHARON is a compact, sustainable and cost-effective biological process for treatment of nitrogen-rich rejection waters. At WWTP Rotterdam-Dokhaven and WWTP Utrecht a SHARON has been in operation for several years. For both WWTPs the effect of SHARON on the nitrogen effluent quality has been evaluated. WWTP Rotterdam-Dokhaven has limited aeration capacity. By implementation of SHARON, the ammonia load of the effluent was reduced by 50%. WWTP Utrecht had limited denitrification capacity. The implementation of SHARON improved the effluent nitrate load by 40%. The overall TN removal efficiency increased from 65% to over 75% and strict nitrogen effluents standards (TN = 10 mg N/l) could be reached. Through modelling and supported by full scale practice it has been shown that by implementation of SHARON in combination with enhanced influent pre-treatment, the aerobic sludge age can be extended to maintain total nitrogen removal at lower temperatures.
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Prost-Boucle, S., O. Garcia, and P. Molle. "French vertical-flow constructed wetlands in mountain areas: how do cold temperatures impact performances?" Water Science and Technology 71, no. 8 (February 26, 2015): 1219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.074.
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The French version of vertical-flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) is characterized by treating directly raw wastewater on a first-stage filter. VFCW is a well developed technology with more than 3,500 plants in operation in France. However, VFCW performance may be affected under the low temperatures reached in mountain areas during winter. The effect of cold conditions over 12 plants, ranging from 75 to 1,900 person equivalent and from 680 to 1,500 m above sea level, was studied over 2 years. The plant hydraulic loads, and air and filter temperatures were continuously measured. In addition, 24-h flow proportional sampling, at each stage of treatment, was conducted in summer (as a reference) and winter. Online measurements of ammonium and nitrates were also analyzed to describe the nitrogen removal dynamics. Since no impact on chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids removal was observed, the effect of cold temperatures on nitrification was further analyzed. Nitrogen removal was relatively unaffected during winter season. Significant effects were confirmed only for the second stage for loads above 10 gTKN/m2/d (TKN: total Kjeldahl nitrogen). Temperature profiles allowed analysis of the filter buffer capacity in terms of freezing. Under minimal air temperature of −19 °C, no critical operation was observed, although design and operation recommendations can be provided to ensure suitable plant performances.
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Zhou, Maohong, Hairen Ye, and Xiaowei Zhao. "Ammonium removal by a novel heterotrophic nitrifying and aerobic denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri KTB from wastewater." Water Quality Research Journal 50, no. 3 (January 13, 2015): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2015.031.
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The effects of culture conditions on a newly isolated Pseudomonas stutzeri KTB's ability to simultaneously perform heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification were investigated to determine its potential of application in nitrogen removal from wastewater. The results from experiments in the presence of 10 mmol/L of ammonium were as follows: succinate was the preferred carbon source, and the optimum C/N ratio, temperature, and initial pH were 10, 30 °C, and 7–8, respectively. Nitrogen removal took place not only in the logarithmic phase but also in the stationary phase. Under the optimum conditions, the nitrogen removal rate increased as the ammonium concentration elevated, until it was as high as 60 mmol/L. Meanwhile, the maximum specific growth rate decreased. The highest nitrogen removal rate of 0.977 mmol/L/h was observed at 60 mmol/L of ammonium and the maximum removal ratio of 85.6% at 40 mmol/L when the bacterial treatment for 48 h was completed. The strain was vulnerable to even higher ammonium loads. When incubated in anaerobically digested hennery wastewater containing 43.85 mmol/L of ammonium and 2.32 mmol/L of nitrate, the removal ratio and rate reached 82.4% and 0.397 mmol/L/h, respectively. The strain might be a great candidate for ammonium removal from wastewater.
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Bi, Zhen, Yong Huang, Wenjing Zhang, and Ge Song. "Impacts of Chosen Parameters on Fe-Dependent Nitrate Reduction in Anammox Consortia: Performance and Bioactivity." Water 12, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051379.
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Fe-dependent nitrate reduction by anammox consortia could serve as a valuable autotrophic denitrification process for wastewater treatment. However, influences of temperature, pH, and Fe/NO3-N ratio on this biochemical process have not been studied. The present study investigated individual and interactive effects of aforementioned parameters on nitrate removal performance and bioactivity of anammox consortia via a series of batch assays. Enzymes activity of nitrate reductase (NAR) and hydrazine dehydrogenase (HDH) of anammox consortia had high consistency with nitrogen removal performance and significantly depended on temperature and Fe/NO3-N ratio, while the narG and hdh genes expression were drastically depressed by extreme temperature. Models developed by response surface methodology (RSM) showed the significance of individual parameter followed by Fe/NO3-N ratio > temperature > pH, while combined effects of temperature versus Fe/NO3-N ratio exerted the most significant impacts. The pH in range of 4.0–8.0 had less influence. The optimum condition for nitrate removal efficiency (NRE) > 90% and total nitrogen removal efficiency (TNRE) > 75% was 4.0–7.4 for pH, 25.5–30.0 °C for temperature, and 31–48 for Fe/NO3-N molar ratio. The maximum NRE and TNRE could be 98.68% and 79.42%, respectively, under the condition of pH = 4.00, temperature = 28.5 °C and Fe/NO3-N ratio = 37.4. The models showed good dependability for simulation nitrogen removal performance by anammox in the real semiconductor wastewater.
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Andersson, B. "Tentative Nitrogen Removal with Fixed Bed Processes in Malmö Sewage Treatment Plant." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0150.
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A test program for the use of fixed bed processes in systems for nitrogen removal at an advanced sewage treatment plant is described. Results from studies on nitrification in a full scale trickling filter plant with different filter depths and at different wastewater temperatures are presented. Results from full scale experiments with denitrification/nitrification in a retrofitted activated sludge plant are also presented. The effect of an aerated submerged fixed bed in the aeration basin on nitrification was investigated. Observations of the biofilm formed on the fixed bed were made in microscope.
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Mohamed, Wan-Afnizan Wan, Rafidah Hamdan, Norzila Othman, Mohd-Adib Mohammad Razi, Nur-Shaylinda Mohd Zin, and Nur-Ain-Nazirah Mohd Arshad. "The Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Distribution on Ammonium Nitrogen Removal in a Pilot-Scale of Vertical Upward-Flow of Aerated Electric Arc Furnace Slag Filter Systems At Various Hydraulic Loading Rates." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.30 (November 30, 2018): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.30.22315.
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The performance of an aerated vertical upward-flow electric arc furnace slag filter (VFEAFS) system in treating domestic wastewater was examined in a warm-climate country temperature. Two pilot scale column experiments were conducted at high (2.72 m3/m3.day) and low (1.04 m3/m3.day) hydraulic loading rate (HLR) set-up and the effect of different hydraulic loading levels on pollutant removal efficiency were studied. Aeration was introduced in the filter system at 10 L/min to observe oxygen distribution concentration towards ammonium nitrogen removal. The results demonstrated that both HLR set-up were capable to achieve more than 90% ammonium nitrogen (AN) removal; however, in terms of individual efficiency of the filter system, the VFEAFS of lower HLR performed better in comparison to the higher HLR set-up. The average effluent concentration of AN by both systems were found far below standard A of Malaysian sewage discharge limit (10 mg NH4-N/L). The results achieved in this pilot scale study indicate that removal of ammonium nitrogen in the aerated VFEAFS was explained by nitrification process, and this treatment system could be implemented to the other industry-environmental, municipal or residential wastewater.
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Mozumder, M. S. I., and M. D. Hossain. "Interaction between Biological Nitrogen Removal Processes and Operating Parameters: A Review." Journal of Scientific Research 12, no. 4 (September 1, 2020): 757–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v12i4.46092.
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Nitrogen, mostly in the form of ammonia or nitrate containing wastewater deteriorated the water quality which simultaneously affects environment, plants, animals and human life. A number of researchers nowadays are conducting research to find out efficient and cost effective nitrogen removal technique along with optimum operating parameters. It is very important to uncover the optimum range of each parameter. In this study, it was winnowed to elicit the optimum operating ranges of dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, pH, free ammonia concentration, nitrate concentration and culture medium. The nitrogen removal techniques were compared, evaluated considering advantages and disadvantages of them. Partial nitrification combined with anaerobic ammonium oxidation was found most prospective nitrogen removal technique for wastewater treatment compare to other techniques (conventional nitrification-denitrification over nitrate/nitrite, anammox, SND etc.) due to less oxygen consumption (62.5 % less), less sludge production, no carbon requirement, single reactor used and energy efficiency. SND process was more economical due to faster consumption of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate. There was various culture mediums which had a favorable or detrimental effect on specific nitrogen removal processes. However for desired bacteria culture for specific application, suitable culture medium needs to be selected considering the optimal operating parameters for microbial growth.
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Dote, Y., T. Sekito, K. Ueda, R. Sakamoto, T. Suzuki, and S. Sano. "Removal of ammonia from aqueous solution for swine wastewater with swine manure compost-based char." Water Practice and Technology 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2015.051.
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Biochar produced from swine manure compost was used to evaluate the effect of pH, temperature, size of biochar on ammonium adsorption property considering swine wastewater treatment. The Langmuir model was demonstrated to provide the best fit for the adsorption of ammonium on the biochar. Higher temperature and pH promoted the adsorption capacity of the Langmuir model parameter although the effect of particle size of the biochar was little. The kinetic studies suggested that the adsorption of ammonium on the biochar was described by the pseudo-first order kinetic model and the rate constant was affected by pH. The low removal rate of ammonium at an initial concentration of 1,000 mg-N L−1 considering primary treatment effluent indicated that the roll of adsorption by the biochar was not to remove ammonium completely, but to reduce the nitrogen load for the secondary treatment.
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Gnida, Anna, Jarosław Wiszniowski, Ewa Felis, Jan Sikora, Joanna Surmacz-Górska, and Korneliusz Miksch. "The effect of temperature on the efficiency of industrial wastewater nitrification and its (geno)toxicity." Archives of Environmental Protection 42, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aep-2016-0003.
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AbstractThe paper deals with the problem of the determination of the effects of temperature on the efficiency of the nitrification process of industrial wastewater, as well as its toxicity to the test organisms. The study on nitrification efficiency was performed using wastewater from one of Polish chemical factories. The chemical factory produces nitrogen fertilizers and various chemicals. The investigated wastewater was taken from the influent to the industrial mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The WWTP guaranteed high removal efficiency of organic compounds defined as chemical oxygen demand (COD) but periodical failure of nitrification performance was noted in last years of the WWTP operation. The research aim was to establish the cause of recurring failures of nitrification process in the above mentioned WWTP. The tested wastewater was not acutely toxic to activated sludge microorganisms. However, the wastewater was genotoxic to activated sludge microorganisms and the genotoxicity was greater in winter than in spring time. Analysis of almost 3 years’ period of the WWTP operation data and laboratory batch tests showed that activated sludge from the WWTP under study is very sensitive to temperature changes and the nitrification efficiency collapses rapidly under 16°C. Additionally, it was calculated that in order to provide the stable nitrification, in winter period the sludge age (SRT) in the WWTP should be higher than 35 days.
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Xu, Yi, Tengxia He, Zhenlun Li, Qing Ye, Yanli Chen, Enyu Xie, and Xue Zhang. "Nitrogen Removal Characteristics of Pseudomonas putida Y-9 Capable of Heterotrophic Nitrification and Aerobic Denitrification at Low Temperature." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1429018.
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The cold-adapted bacterium Pseudomonas putida Y-9 was investigated and exhibited excellent capability for nitrogen removal at 15°C. The strain capable of heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification could efficiently remove ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite at an average removal rate of 2.85 mg, 1.60 mg, and 1.83 mg NL−1 h−1, respectively. Strain Y-9 performed nitrification in preference to denitrification when ammonium and nitrate or ammonium and nitrite coexisted in the solution. Meantime, the presence of nitrate had no effect on the ammonium removal rate of strain Y-9, and yet the presence of high concentration of nitrite would inhibit the cell growth and decrease the nitrification rate. The experimental results indicate that P. putida Y-9 has potential application for the treatment of wastewater containing high concentrations of ammonium along with its oxidation products at low temperature.
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Nowak, O., and K. Svardal. "Observations on the Kinetics of Nitrification under Inhibiting Conditions Caused by Industrial Wastewater Compounds." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 2 (July 1, 1993): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0088.
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Within the next few years nitrogen removal will be obligatory for both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants in Austria. During the operation of pilot plants, severe inhibition of the nitrification process has been observed in several cases. Further investigations have been carried out at two biochemical factories at temperatures in the range of 22 to 32 ±C, in one case at two pilot plants, in the other case at a full-scale plant in order to estimate kinetic parameters of nitrifying biomass under the particular inhibiting conditions of these wastewaters. In both cases competitive inhibition occurred during the start-up period for about two months. The ammonia nitrogen half-saturation coefficient for autotrophic biomass was in the range of 10 mg/l. In one case also maximum autotrophic specific growth rate varied in a wide range. It could be proved that the compounds of this wastewater have an inhibiting but no toxic effect on Nitrosomonas. The effluent ammonia concentration can be kept within the limits in case of competitive as well as non-competitive inhibition up to about 60% by increased minimum SRT. In case of severe non-competitive inhibition it is not possible to achieve feasible biological nitrification. In any case the inhibiting compounds should be located and removed from the wastewater.
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Xu, Hongying, Ru Jin, Chan Zhang, Yupeng Wu, and Xiaohui Wang. "Isolation and identification of an aerobic denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria and analysis of the factors influencing denitrification and phosphorus removal." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 11 (December 17, 2018): 2288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.514.
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Abstract Excessive emission of plant nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) into the water body can induce eutrophication. Therefore, how to control eutrophic water efficiently and economically is very important. In the paper, highly efficient aerobic denitrifying phosphorus removing J16 bacteria was isolated from the activated sludge of an aerobic bioreactor in Taiyuan municipal wastewater treatment plant by using the blue–white spot screening method, an aerobic phosphorus absorption test, nitrate reduction test, nitrogen removal experiments, and plate coating and streaking methods. Through 16S rDNA gene homology comparison and physiological and biochemical identification, the J16 strain was preliminarily identified as Escherichia coli, with a sequence similarity of 99%. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain J16 was submitted to GenBank (accession number: MF667015). The effect of temperature, pH, percentage of inoculum and phosphate-P (PO43−-P) concentration on denitrification and phosphorus removal efficiency was investigated through a single-factor experiment. The optimum conditions of the J16 strain for denitrification and phosphorus removal were as follows: 30°C, neutral or weak alkaline (pH: 7.2–8), and 3% of inoculum, respectively. The denitrification and phosphorus removal efficiency of strain J16 was the highest when PO43−-P and nitrate-N(NO3−-N) concentrations were 8.9 and 69.31 mg/L, and the removal were 96.03% and 94.55%, respectively. In addition, strain J16 could reduce phosphoric acid to phosphine (PH3) and remove some phosphorus under hypoxia conditions. This is the first study to report the involvement of Escherichia coli in nitrogen and phosphorus removal under aerobic and hypoxia conditions. Based on the above results, the strain J16 can effectively remove nitrogen and phosphorus, and will be utilized in enhancing treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus-containing industrial wastewater and phosphorus reclamation.
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Zhang, Chen, Luo, Wu, Liu, Chen, Tang, and Zhang. "Effects of Temperature on the Characteristics of Nitrogen Removal and Microbial Community in Post Solid-Phase Denitrification Biofilter Process." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 13, 2019): 4466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224466.
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In order to solve the problems of high energy consumption, complex process and low nitrogen removal efficiency in the currently available low carbon source wastewater treatment processes, a novel coagulation sedimentation/post-solid-phase denitrification biofilter process (CS-BAF-SPDB) was proposed. The effect of temperature on the nitrogen removal performance of BAF-SPDB was intensively studied, and the mechanism of the effect of temperature on nitrogen removal performance was analyzed from the perspective of microbial community structure by using the polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). The results showed that, to realize favorable nitrifying and denitrifying performance simultaneously in the BAF-SPDB unit, the operation temperature should be set above 18 °C. In addition, the influence of the macro operation parameters on the performance of the BAF and SPDB has a direct relationship with the dynamic changes of the micro microbial community. The influence of temperature on nitrification performance in BAF was mainly embodied in the change of composition, amount and activity of ammonia oxidizing bacteria Candidatus Nitrospira defluvii and nitrite oxidizing bacteria Nitrosomonas sp. Nm47, while that on denitrification performance in SPDB is mainly embodied in the change of composition and amount of solid carbon substrate degrading denitrifying bacteria Pseudomonas sp., Myxobacterium AT3-03 and heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria Dechloromonas agitate, Thauera aminoaromatica, Comamonas granuli and Rubrivivax gelatinosus.
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Dongmei, Shen, Yu Cairui, Gao Yulan, Song Xinwei, and Chu Jingsong. "MBBR+two-stage AO in upgrading and rebuilding project Of a sewage treatment plant in north China." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 06031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913606031.
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A sewage treatment plant is located in the middle of Inner Mongolia. There is a large amount of slaughtering wastewater in the influent with high COD, SS, low annual temperature, poor nitrogen removal effect, and the effluent quality is only grade B. In order to solve the above problems, A\A\O-MBBR + high efficiency sedimentation tank continuous sand filter process was adopted to establish a new anaerobic tank and a first stage AO-MBBR bioreactor. The selection tank and partial oxidation ditch were transformed into the second stage A pool (anoxic pool), and the remaining part of the existing oxidation ditch was transformed into the second stage O pond (aerobic pool), which further removed phosphorus and reduced the SS in the sewage, and solved the problem of low temperature biological treatment in winter in the north of China. The quality of the effluent reached level A after the upgrading.
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Taotao, Zeng, Li Dong, Zeng Huiping, Xie Shuibo, Qiu Wenxin, Liu Yingjiu, and Zhang Jie. "Nitrogen removal efficiency and microbial community analysis of ANAMMOX biofilter at ambient temperature." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 5 (January 19, 2015): 725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.019.
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An upflow anaerobic biofilter (AF) was developed to investigate anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (ANAMMOX) efficiency in treating low-strength wastewater at ambient temperature (15.3–23.2 °C). Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to investigate treatment effects on the microbial community. Stepwise decreases in influent ammonia concentration could help ANAMMOX bacteria selectively acclimate to low-ammonia conditions. With an influent ammonia concentration of 46.5 mg/L, the AF reactor obtained an average nitrogen removal rate of 2.26 kg/(m3 day), and a removal efficiency of 75.9%. polymerase chain reaction-DGGE results showed that microbial diversity in the low matrix was greater than in the high matrix. Microbial community structures changed when the influent ammonia concentration decreased. The genus of functional ANAMMOX bacteria was Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis, which remained stationary across study phases. Visual observation revealed that the relative proportions of ANAMMOX bacteria decreased from 41.6 to 36.3% across three study phases. The AF bioreactor successfully maintained high activity due to the ANAMMOX bacteria adaptation to low temperature and substrate conditions.
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Leonard, Peter, Emma Tarpey, William Finnegan, and Xinmin Zhan. "Efficient treatment of dairy processing wastewater in a laboratory scale Intermittently Aerated Sequencing Batch Reactor (IASBR)." Journal of Dairy Research 85, no. 3 (August 2018): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029918000584.
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This Research Communication describes an investigation into the viability of an Intermittently Aerated Sequencing Batch Reactor (IASBR) for the treatment of dairy processing wastewater at laboratory-scale. A number of operational parameters have been varied and the effect has been monitored in order to determine optimal conditions for maximising removal efficiencies. These operational parameters include Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT), Solids Retention Time (SRT), aeration rate and cycle length. Real dairy processing wastewater and synthetic wastewater have been treated using three laboratory-scale IASBR units in a temperature controlled room. When the operational conditions were established, the units were seeded using sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant for the first experiment, and sludge from a dairy processing factory for the second and third experiment. In experiment three, the reactors were fed on real wastewater from the wastewater treatment plant at this dairy processing factory. These laboratory-scale systems will be used to demonstrate over time that the IASBR system is a consistent, viable option for treatment of dairy processing wastewater in this sector. In this study, the capacity of a biological system to remove both nitrogen and phosphorus within one reactor will be demonstrated. The initial operational parameters for a pilot-scale IASBR system will be derived from the results of the study.
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Zhang, Yan, Chun-Yan Fu, Xin-Hua Li, Pei-Pei Yan, Tian-Hong Shi, Jia-Qiang Wu, Xiang-Fa Wei, and Xue-Lan Liu. "Optimizing Suitable Conditions for the Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen by a Microbe Isolated from Chicken Manure." Open Chemistry 17, no. 1 (November 13, 2019): 1026–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0096.
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AbstractStrain C was isolated from chicken manure, and its phenotypic characteristics were gram-stain negative, yellow-pigmented, aerobic bacterium, heterotrophic, non-motile, chemoorganotrophic, non-gliding as well as non-spore-forming. A 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain C occupied a distinct lineage within the family of the genus Chryseobacterium, and it shared highest sequence similarity with Chryseobacterium solincola strain 1YB-R12 (80%). The new isolate has been studied for removing ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) and the optimization of suitable conditions. The strain C was able to degrade over 42.8% of NH4-N during its active growth cycle. Experimental study of the effect of temperature and pH on NH4-N removal showed that the temperature and pH optima for NH4-N removal were 30–35℃ and 4–8, respectively. The results indicated that strain C shows a potential application for wastewater treatment.
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Ahmed, Asma, Nimmakayala Jyothi, and Adithya Ramesh. "Improved ammonium removal from industrial wastewater through systematic adaptation of wild type Chlorella pyrenoidosa." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 1 (October 26, 2016): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.507.
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A single step process is proposed for ammonium removal from nitrogenous industrial effluents, with a concomitant generation of algal biomass. A microalgal strain found in the effluent treatment plant of a fertilizer industry in Mumbai, India was systematically adapted to remove up to 700 ppm of ammoniacal nitrogen from industrial wastewater, which is nearly four times higher than the ammonium tolerance reported in the literature as well as other algal strains tested in our laboratory. 18S rRNA sequencing revealed the strain to be Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Effects of process parameters such as pH, temperature and light intensity on cell growth and ammonium removal by the adapted cells were studied. Optimal conditions were found to be pH of 9, temperature of 30 °C and a light intensity of 3,500 Lux for the adapted cells.
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Cromar, N. J., H. J. Fallowfield, and N. J. Martin. "Influence of environmental parameters on biomass production and nutrient removal in a high rate algal pond operated by continuous culture." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 11 (December 1, 1996): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0272.
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High Rate Algal Ponds (HRAPs) are efficient treatment systems which minimise the effects of wastewater pollution by reduction of organic matter and inorganic nutrient content. The efficacy of these systems is well documented, however there remains little understanding of the mechanisms by which removal occurs or of the factors which may affect the efficiency of the removal process. This research attempts to elucidate the relationship between environmental parameters such as day length, pond temperature and incident surface irradiance and to relate these factors to the production of biomass and removal of nutrients within pond systems operated as continuous cultures and loaded with artificial sewage media. Complex interactions were noted between the concentration of algal biomass in the ponds, as approximated by chlorophyll a measurements, and the efficiency of nitrogen removal which may have important implications for the management of these systems. Clear evidence of the time course of nitrification was also obtained. Equations have been developed which correlate the environmental variables with changes in pond biomass and nutrient removal. These equations can be used as a tool to aid the effective management of HRAPs as wastewater treatment systems.
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Pöpel, H. J., and A. Fischer. "Combined influence of temperature and process loading on the effluent concentration of biological treatment." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 8-9 (October 1, 1998): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0799.
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The influence of temperature on biological wastewater treatment is generally quantified by an exponential model for maximum growth (μmax) of bacteria or maximum conversion (vmax) for specific substrates. This “maximum” influence is also applied for reactor design, although recent experiences with nitrogen removal show little temperature effect on the effluent concentrations. The new parameter “process temperature influence” (dce/dT) on the effluent concentration is defined and quantified including the “kinetic temperature influence” plus process loading and reactor configuration. These interrelations are modelled and presented graphically. Also, dce/dT is expressed as “apparent temperature coefficient” θa for easy comparison with the kinetic coefficient. θa depends strongly on the degree of process loading and never reaches the magnitude of the kinetic coefficient. Especially at lower loadings this coefficient is almost equal to one proving very little temperature effect dce/dT. The derived model is verified by computer simulation. Hence, effluent concentrations of biological treatment are much less sensitive to temperature changes than quantified by the kinetic temperature coefficients θ. This significantly reduced temperature influence should be incorporated into the design of reactor volumes to ensure a realistic design (procedure) and reduce unnecessary investment cost. The presented model is a valuable tool in this respect.
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Yu, Peng Fei, Ya Ting He, and Jin Xiang Fu. "Influence of High-Salinity Impact Load on an Integrated Sync Contact Oxidation Process." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 396–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.396.
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To solve the problem of high-salt ballast wastewater treatment, biological contact oxidation process by combined packing used to simulate the experimental study. When dissolved oxygen is 5 to 6, water temperature is 18 ~ 20 °C, pH is 7~8 and hydraulic retention time is 48h, the Influence of salinity dips and swells process on sludge treatment system and its effects were investigated. The results showed that salinity shock loads on the system less affected COD removal, after 3-5 days short adaptability run, the system became able to restore effluent water stability. The influence of Salinity swells process on AOB, NOB and denitrifying bacteria was greater than a dip .Salinity plunged produced smaller impact on the total nitrogen removal, while in the salinity swells TN removal reduced from 70.7% to 42%.
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Plósz, Benedek Gy, Helge Liltved, and Harsha Ratnaweera. "Climate change impacts on activated sludge wastewater treatment: a case study from Norway." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 2 (July 1, 2009): 533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.386.
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We present an investigation on climate change effects on a wastewater treatment system that receive sewage collected in a combined sewer system in Oslo, Norway, during winter operation. Results obtained, by contrasting meteorological data with sewage data, show that wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent flow rates are significantly increased during temporary snow melting periods above a critical daily air mean temperature of approx. −1.5°C degree (TCrit) identified in the area. In order to assess melting patterns, the number of days above and below TCrit was assessed, and the annual number of melting periods was additionally evaluated using meteorological data obtained in the last decade. A striking thing about the daily air temperature pattern is that, despite the progressively warmer winter temperatures in the last decade, an increasing number of days with temperatures below −1.5°C could be observed. The frequency of melting periods is shown to increase in wintertime, and it is identified as an additional climate change related factor in the Oslo region. We demonstrate that these impacts can deteriorate the WWTP operation through progressively increasing the relative frequencies of very high influent flow rate and of the very low influent sewage temperature. Such climate change related effects on sewage treatment processes can be characterised as shock-conditions, i.e. significant changes in a system’s boundary conditions, occurring in a relatively short period of time. In the six year period examined, biological nitrogen removal and secondary clarification processes are shown to be significantly affected by the climate factors. A striking thing about using the state-of-the-art mathematical models of wastewater treatment processes in decision support systems is their inability of describing, and thus predicting the effects of such shock-loading events, as they have not been studied so far. Adaptation and optimisation of process models, also for use in design, optimisation as well as in real-time automation and process control schemes, are thus critical to meet the challenges of climatic changes in the future.
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Hodaifa, Gassan, Cristina Agabo García, and Rafael Borja. "Study of Catalysts’ Influence on Photocatalysis/Photodegradation of Olive Oil Mill Wastewater. Determination of the Optimum Working Conditions." Catalysts 10, no. 5 (May 17, 2020): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050554.
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The high production of raw olive oil mill wastewater (OMW) is a current environmental problem due to its high organic load and phenol compounds. In this work, photo-Fenton reaction as an advanced oxidation process has been chosen for OMW treatment. In this sense, different iron salts (FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3, FeSO4·7H2O, and Fe(ClO4)3) as catalysts were used in order to compare their effects on treatment. For each catalyst, different H2O2 concentrations (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, and 30.0%, w/v) as oxidizing agents were tested. The common experimental conditions were temperature 20 °C, the catalyst/H2O2 ratio = 0.03, pH = 3, and ultraviolet light. The Lagergren kinetic model, in cases of total organic carbon removal, for the best H2O2 concentration per catalyst was used. During the experiments, the water quality was determined by measuring the removal percentages on chemical oxygen demand, total carbon, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phenolic compounds, total iron, turbidity and electric conductivity. The best catalyst was FeCl3 and the optimum H2O2 concentration was 7.5% (w/v). At these optimal conditions, the removal percentages for chemical oxygen demand, total phenolic compounds, total carbon, total organic carbon and total nitrogen were 60.3%, 88.4%, 70.1%, 63.2% and 51.5%, respectively.
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Joudah, AL-Saadi Anmar, and Gabriel Racoviteanu. "Membrane Bioreactors Used for Treatment of Food Industry Effluents." E3S Web of Conferences 85 (2019): 07013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198507013.
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Effluents from the food industry determine pollution problems due to high COD and BOD concentrations. Compared to other industrial divisions, food industry requires large amounts of water. In this study, MBR was based on submerged hollow fibers membranes functioning by low vacuum. Two phases of bioreactor treatment were carried out with different HRTs (2-8) and (2-24) hours. Sixteen water samples collected from the influent and the effluent of the bioreactor during the two phases. NaOCl compound was added during the backwashing process for all tests, and the same compound was added with mixed liquid for the second test at period 24 hour of aeration. The samples were tested for twelve water quality tests: temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, pH, Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids, Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Nitrate Nitrogen, Ammonium Nitrogen, Total Phosphate, and Ortho Phosphate. The results indicated that the bioreactor system can be used efficiently to treat industrial wastewater from the food industry. The efficiency of the technology was evaluated with sodium hypochlorite addition to removing the adherent bacteria on the surface area of hollow fibers. The results showed that the bioreactor under the conditions of the second phase was excellent in removing Turbidity, TSS, COD, and BOD5 with a removal efficiency 99.96%, 89.52%, 93.56%, and 99.36% respectively, when added 82 ml of NaOCl in the bioreactor tank, and was a good removing of TP, and Ortho-P with removal efficiency 60.76% and 48.95% respectively. Otherwise, a negative effect of NaOCl on both of NO3-N and NH4-N was obtained in term of removal where the minimum removal efficiency was observed when adding 82 ml of NaOCl under the conditions of the second phase.
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Tang, Meizhen, Zhengtao Li, Yuewei Yang, Junfeng Chen, and Jie Jiang. "Effects of the inclusion of a mixed Psychrotrophic bacteria strain for sewage treatment in constructed wetland in winter seasons." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 4 (April 2018): 172360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172360.
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Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been used globally in wastewater treatment for years. CWs represent an efficient ecological system which is both energy-saving and low in investment for construction and operational cost. In addition, CWs also have the advantage of being easy to operate and maintain. However, the operation of CWs at northern latitudes (both mid and high) is sometimes quite demanding, due to the inhibitory effect of low temperatures that often occur in winter. To evaluate the wastewater treatment performance of a culture of mixed Psychrotrophic bacteria strains in an integrated vertical-flow CW, the removal rates of ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 –N), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrite nitrogen ( NO 2 − − N ) , nitrate nitrogen ( NO 3 − − N ) and total phosphorus (TP) were quantified at different bacterial dosages to determine the best bacterial dosage and establish kinetic degradation models of the mixed strains. The bacterial culture was made up of Psychrobacter TM-1, Sphingobacterium TM-2 and Pseudomonas TM-3, mixed together at a volume/volume ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 (at bacterial suspension concentrations of 4.4 × 10 9 ml −1 ). Results showed that the organic pollutants (nitrogen and phosphorus) in the sewage could be efficiently removed by the culture of mixed Psychrotrophic bacteria. The optimal dosage of this mixed bacteria strain was 2.5%, and the treatment efficiency of COD, NH 3 –N, NO 2 − − N , NO 3 − − N , total nitrogen and TP were stable at 91.8%, 91.1%, 88.0%, 93.8%, 94.8% and 95.2%, respectively, which were 1.5, 2.0, 2.1, 1.5, 2.2 and 1.3 times those of the control group. In addition, a pseudo-first-order degradation model was a good fit for the degradation pattern observed for each of these pollutants.
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Sánchez, I. A., R. K. X. Bastos, and E. A. T. Lana. "Tilapia rearing with high rate algal pond effluent: ammonia surface loading rates and stocking densities effects." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.285.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In two pilot-scale experiments, fingerlings and juvenile of tilapia were reared in high rate algal pond (HRAP) effluent. The combination of three different total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) surface loading rates (SLR1 = 0.6, SLR2 = 1.2; SLR3 = 2.4 kg TAN·ha−1·d−1) and two fish stocking densities (D1 = 4 and D2 = 8 fish per tank) was evaluated during two 12-week experiments. Fingerlings total weight gain varied from 4.9 to 18.9 g, with the highest value (equivalent to 0.225 g·d−1) being recorded in SLR2-D1 treatment; however, high mortality (up to 67%) was recorded, probably due to sensitivity to ammonia and wide daily temperature variations. At lower water temperatures, juvenile tilapia showed no mortality, but very low weight gain. The fish rearing tanks worked as wastewater polishing units, adding the following approximate average removal figures on top of those achieved at the HRAP: 63% of total Kjeldahl nitrogen; 54% of ammonia nitrogen; 42% of total phosphorus; 37% of chemical oxygen demand; 1.1 log units of Escherichia coli.
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Vallés-Morales, M. J., J. A. Mendoza-Roca, A. Bes-Pií, and A. Iborra-Clar. "Nitrogen removal from sludge water with SBR process: start-up of a full-scale plant in the municipal wastewater treatment plant at Ingolstadt, Germany." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 10 (November 1, 2004): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0607.
Full textAbstract:
The sludge water obtained from the dewatering processes following anaerobic sludge digestion contains high levels of ammonia. This sludge water is generally returned to the beginning of the waste water treatment plant process, thereby significantly increasing the nitrogen load on the biological process. In this project, the start-up of a full-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process to separately treat the aforementioned sludge water is studied. Two parallel SBRs were operated over 8 hour cycles. The duration of the start-up was approximately 100 days until a hydraulic load of 225 m3/d was reached for each SBR. This paper presents the results of the start-up, highlighting the change in nitrogen concentration with time and the effect of other parameters such as temperature and suspended solids in that period. Following the project period of operation, the ammonium concentration was reduced by more than 95% on average.
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Sun, Hong Jie, Xin Nan Deng, and Rui Chen. "COD and NH4-N Removal in Two-Stage Batch-Flow Constructed Wetland." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 604–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.604.
Full textAbstract:
Research was conducted on pilot-scale, two-stage batch-flow constructed wetland systems for domestic wastewater treatment. Synthetic domestic wastewater was treated in a pre-acidification reactor with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3 hours and the average removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH4-N) reached 30% and 13.6%, respectively. The first-stage constructed wetland operated with up-flow and batch feed and drain. One cycle was 12h, including 6h feed and 6h drain. With HRT of 3 days, the effluent COD concentrations fluctuated from 32.5 mg/L to 103.4 mg/L, removal rates varied from 60% to 88%; effluent NH4-N concentrations were in the range of 4.8 mg/L to 10.8 mg/L, removal rates varied from 50% to 70%. The second-stage constructed wetland operated with down-flow, which one cycle was 24h, including 12h feed and 12h drain. With HRT of 1 day, effluent COD concentrations varied from 15.7 mg/L to 48.7 mg/L, removal averaged 53.2%; effluent NH4-N concentrations ranged from 0 mg/L to 0.4 mg/L, average removal exceeded 99%. The spatial variation of COD and NH4-N in the first-stage constructed wetland demonstrated that entrainment of air during draining of constructed wetland could strengthen the removal of COD and NH4-N. Temperature had no significant effect on COD degradation while obviously affected the removal of NH4-N.
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Luo, Huilong, Yudong Song, Yuexi Zhou, Liwei Yang, and Yaqian Zhao. "Effects of rapid temperature rising on nitrogen removal and microbial community variation of anoxic/aerobic process for ABS resin wastewater treatment." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24, no. 6 (December 27, 2016): 5509–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8233-5.
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Lanzetta, Anna, Davide Mattioli, Francesco Di Capua, Gianpaolo Sabia, Luigi Petta, Giovanni Esposito, Gianni Andreottola, Giovanni Gatti, Willy Merz, and Michela Langone. "Anammox-Based Processes for Mature Leachate Treatment in SBR: A Modelling Study." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 1443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081443.
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Mature landfill leachates are characterized by high levels of ammoniacal nitrogen which must be reduced for discharge in the sewer system and further treatment in municipal wastewater treatment plants. The use of anammox-based processes can allow for an efficient treatment of ammonium-rich leachates. In this work, two real scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), designed to initially perform partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) and simultaneous partial nitrification and denitrification (SPND) for the treatment of ammonium-rich urban landfill leachate, were modelled using BioWin 6.0 in order to enable plant-wide modelling and optimizing. The constructed models were calibrated and validated using data from long- and short-term (one cycle) SBR operation and fit well to the main physical-chemical parameters (i.e., ammonium, nitrite and nitrate concentrations) measured during short-term (one cycle) operations. Despite the different strategies in terms of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and aeration and mixing patterns applied for SBR operation, the models allowed for understanding that in both reactors the PN/A process was shown as the main contributor to nitrogen removal when the availability of organic carbon was low. Indeed, in both SBRs, the activity of nitrite oxidizing bacteria was inhibited due to high levels of free ammonia, whereas anammox bacteria were active due to the simultaneous presence of ammonium and nitrite and their ability to recover from DO inhibition. Increasing the external carbon addition, a prompt decrease of the anammox biomass was observed, with SPND becoming the main nitrogen removal mechanism. Models were also applied to estimate the production rates of nitrous oxide by aerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria and heterotrophic denitrifiers. The models were found to be a robust tool for understanding the effects of different operating conditions (i.e, temperature, cycle phases, DO concentration, external carbon addition) on the nitrogen removal performances of the two reactors, assessing the contribution of the different bacterial groups involved.