Relevant bibliographies by topics / Nitrogen, urine

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Academic literature on the topic 'Nitrogen, urine'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Nitrogen, urine"

1

Kim, Jongkeon, Bokyung Hong, Myung Ja Lee, and Beob Gyun G. Kim. "PSI-1 A minimum amount of hydrochloric acid for pig urine collection to inhibit nitrogen volatilization." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 278–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.511.

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Abstract The objectives were to demonstrate that nitrogen volatilization from pig urine can be inhibited by the addition of acids and to determine a minimum amount of HCl for nitrogen preservation in pig urine. In experiment 1, five urine samples were collected and had nitrogen concentrations of 0.29% to 0.68%. Each sample was divided into 2 groups that were supplemented with 100 mL of distilled water and 100 mL of 6 N HCl, respectively. The samples were placed in open containers at room temperature for 10 d. The nitrogen concentration was determined every 2 d. The amount of nitrogen in urine supplemented with distilled water decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with time, whereas that supplemented with 6 N HCl remained constant. In experiment 2, three urine samples with different nitrogen concentration (0.12%, 0.53%, and 0.94%) were added with different amounts of 6 N HCl used to make varying acidity (pH = 0.6, 1.1, 2.2, 4.7, 7.1, and 9.3). All urine samples were placed at a room temperature for 5 d followed by nitrogen analysis. Based on a linear broken-line analysis, nitrogen was not volatilized at a pH less than 5.12 (SE = 0.71), whereas nitrogen was volatilized at a pH greater than 5.12 (r2 = 0.98). An equation was developed for the minimum amount of 6 N HCl in urine to avoid nitrogen volatilization: 6 N HCl in urine (g/L) = 0.11 × nitrogen in urine (g/L) + 0.2 with r2 = 0.93 and P < 0.01. Assuming that up to 200 gram of nitrogen is excreted for 5 d, the addition of 100 mL of 6 N HCl to the urine collection container can inhibit nitrogen volatilization. Taken together, a minimum of 100 mL of 6 N HCl is recommended for 5 day-total collection of pig urine.
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Wuang, Ren, Jin Pengkang, Liang Chenggang, Wang Xiaochang, and Zhang Lei. "A study on the migration and transformation law of nitrogen in urine in municipal wastewater transportation and treatment." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): 1072–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.336.

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Many studies suggest that the total nitrogen (TN) in urine is around 9,000 mg/L and about 80% of nitrogen in municipal wastewater comes from urine, because nitrogen mainly occurs in the form of urea in fresh human urine. Based on this fact, the study on the migration and transformation law of nitrogen in urine and its influencing factors was carried out. It can be seen from the experimental results that the transformation rate of urea in urine into ammonia nitrogen after standing for 20 days is only about 18.2%, but the urea in urine can be hydrolyzed into ammonia nitrogen rapidly after it is catalyzed directly with free urease or indirectly with microorganism. Adding respectively a certain amount of urease, activated sludge and septic-tank sludge to urine samples can make the maximum transformation rate achieve 85% after 1 day, 2 days and 6 days, respectively. In combination with some corresponding treatment methods, recycling of nitrogen in urine can be achieved. The results are of great significance in guiding denitrification in municipal wastewater treatment.
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White, P. J., R. A. Garrott, and D. M. Heisey. "Variability in snow-urine assays." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-048.

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Urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios in snow urine have become popular for assessing the extent of winter nutritional deprivation in ungulates. During winter 1992 – 1993, we collected 10–17 sequential snow-urine samples (402 total) from 27 individually identifiable free-ranging adult female elk. Within-animal variance accounted for 91% of the total variance (351.66 mg2/dL2) in creatinine, 86% of the total variance (637.03 mg2/dL2) in urea nitrogen, and 82% of the total variance (0.56) in urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios. This substantial within-animal variability was unexpected and led to experiments that examined whether the variability was due to sample collection and measurement technique or actually reflected biological variability. Factors examined included dilution effects, measurement (assay) repeatability, and short-term (<24 h) within-animal constancy in metabolite excretion. No dilution effects were detected when the initial concentrations of snow-urine samples were diluted <75% with water. Measurement variability accounted for 0.78, 0.37, and 27.7% of the total variance in creatinine, urea nitrogen, and urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios, respectively. Within-animal metabolite excretion was reasonably constant within 24 h, suggesting that creatinine provides a valid index for comparing urinary metabolites. We conclude that variability in urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios due to dilution, measurement variability, and short-term temporal variability in metabolite excretion was small compared with the total within-animal variance. Urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios should provide an accurate estimate of the true ratios of these metabolites in an elk's bladder urine. However, the interpretation of urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios is often complex, since they reflect the immediate dynamics between fat depletion, protein catabolism, and dietary intake. Differences in ratios between collections may be partially due to variations in recent dietary intake or restriction, in addition to true differences in long-term nutritional status. The best method for statistically analyzing snow-urine data remains unresolved.
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Gonçalves, Geógenes da Silva, Marcio dos Santos Pedreira, Mara Lúcia Albuquerque Pereira, Dimas Oliveira Santos, Dicastro Dias de Souza, and Antonio Ferraz Porto Junior. "Nitrogen metabolism and microbial production of dairy cows fed sugarcane and nitrogen compounds." Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 15, no. 1 (March 2014): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-99402014000100009.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dairy cow diets containing two different sources of urea on nitrogen metabolism and microbial synthesis. Eight crossbred cows were confined and distributed in two 4x4 Latin: FS - soybean meal (control), conventional urea (UC) 100%; ULL 44 UC = 56% / 44% ULL, ULL 88 UC = 12% / 88% ULL. Diets were offered to animals during 21 days with 14 days of adaptation. The N intake, retained nitrogen balance, nitrogen excretion in milk, urine, feces and total N excretion were similar and presented averages of 340.27g/day, 136.73g/day, 43.25g/day, 53.17g/day, 103.54g/day, and 199.96g/day, respectively. The percentages of urine and total nitrogen excretion were 16.24 and 60.71 (%), respectively. Ureic nitrogen in milk, urine and blood were 3.95mg/dL, 4.32mg/dl and 23.73mg/dL, respectively. The results found for the excretion of purine derivatives, allantoin, absorbable purines, microbial nitrogen, microbial protein and the relationship between microbial protein and digestible nutrients were 321.68mmol/day, 296.35mmol/day, 334.61mmol/day, 210.6g/day, 1316.27g/day, and 127.36g/kg, respectively. The partial replacement of soybean meal by conventional urea and / or urea encapsulated in feeding lactating cows yielded similar results in nitrogenous compounds, the concentrations of nitrogen from urine and milk and microbial protein synthesis.
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White, P. F., T. T. Treacher, and A. Termanini. "Nitrogen cycling in semi-arid Mediterranean zones: removal and return of nitrogen to pastures by grazing sheep." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 3 (1997): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96041.

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The intake of nitrogen and its removal, return, and partition between urine, faeces, and milk was measured over 5 months in Awassi ewes grazing medic pasture or barley. Total faeces and urine were collected in bags carried by the ewes for 5-day collection periods at monthly intervals. Bags were changed in the morning and evening so that excreta produced in the field or in the yards at night were collected separately. Nitrogen was partitioned between the urine and faeces on the basis of the N: ADF ratio of samples of faeces taken directly from the rectum of the animal when the bags were changed. Outputs of excreta and N were very similar in the field and at night in the yard. When N output in the milk was included, 20% more N was removed from the field than was returned. The partitioning of N output between urine and faeces changed markedly during the season and corresponded with changes in the quality of the herbage. Fifty per cent and 65% of the removal of N in faeces and urine, respectively, occurred in the first 2 months of the experiment.
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Condon, J. R., A. S. Black, and M. K. Conyers. "The role of N transformations in the formation of acidic subsurface layers in stock urine patches." Soil Research 42, no. 2 (2004): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03109.

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This study examines the role of nitrogen transformations in the acidification of soil under stock urine patches, specifically the formation of acidic subsurface layers. These are horizontal planes of acidity several centimetres below the soil surface. Glasshouse studies were conducted to relate nitrogen transformations to measured pH changes in soil treated with urine or urea solution (simulated urine). Acidic subsurface layers formed in both urine- and simulated urine-treated soil. With the development of a H+ balance model, the contribution of nitrogen transformations to changes in the H+ concentrations in simulated urine patches was determined.During the first 9 days following treatment, urea hydrolysis and NH3 volatilisation dominated changes in H+ concentration. After that, net immobilisation contributed to H+ changes; however, nitrification was the dominant process occurring. Downward movement of NH4+ originating from urea hydrolysis allowed more nitrification to occur in lower soil layers. The net result of these processes was net acidification of the 4–6, 6–8, and 8–10 cm layers by approximately 0.7, 0.6, and 0.3 pH units, respectively. Thus nitrogen transformations were responsible for the formation of acidic subsurface layers in simulated stock urine patches within 6 weeks of application.
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Marriott, Carol A., Morag A. Smith, and M. A. Baird. "The effect of sheep urine on clover performance in a grazed upland sward." Journal of Agricultural Science 109, no. 1 (August 1987): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600081120.

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SummaryThe effect of artificially applied urine on clover performance in a perennial ryegrasswhite clover sward grazed by sheep was examined during summer. Sheep urine or deionized water (51/m2) was applied to areas (2·70 × 1·25 m) which were protected from subsequent excretal return by graze-through cages. Grass and clover populations, nitrogen-fixing activity, soil nitrogen and soil pH were monitored over the following 90-day period.Urine reduced clover population density, stolon length and dry weight but had little effect on number of grass tillers. Nitrogen-fixing activity of clover was reduced initially to less than 30% of control values, perhaps owing to high levels of soil inorganic nitrogen inhibiting fixation, although osmotic effects due to the high salt concentration in urine cannot be discounted. The lower levels of activity at later dates were due largely to reduced clover in urine-treated areas. Soil pH (0–5 cm) was increased by about 0–5 units 3 days after urine application, with a smaller increase in the 5–10 cm horizon. Recovery of urine nitrogen in the soil mineral N pool was at best 27% of the added nitrogen.The results are discussed in terms of the significance of urine-affected areas in determining a patchy distribution of clover in grazed swards; the role of animals in the transfer of fixed N from clover to grass is considered.
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Cichota, R., V. O. Snow, and I. Vogeler. "Modelling nitrogen leaching from overlapping urine patches." Environmental Modelling & Software 41 (March 2013): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.10.011.

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Pakpahan, Santri Ifky Arwani, Ilyas Ilyas, and Fikrinda Fikrinda. "Pengaruh Rhizobium dan Urin Manusia terhadap Perubahan Sifat Biologi dan Kimia Tanah di Rezosfer Kedelai pada Inceptisol." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v3i3.8282.

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Abstrak. Aplikasi rhizobium dan urin manusia merupakan teknologi alternatif untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanah. Inceptisol yang memiliki kendala ketersediaan hara nitrogen (N), fosfor (P) dan kalium (K). Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) yang terdiri atas dua faktor (rhizobium dan urin manusia) dengan pola 2 x 4 dan tiga kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahawa interaksi rhizobium dan urin manusia berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap respirasi tanah dan nyata terhadap total mikroorganisme. Inokulasi rhizobium berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap respirasi tanah dan nyata terhadap K-tersedia namun tidak nyata terhadap parameter total mikroorganisme, pH, C-organik, N-total dan P-tersedia. Perlakuan urin manusia berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap respirasi tanah dan nyata terhadap total mikroorganisme dan pH, namun tidak nyata terhadap C-organik, N-total, K-tersedia dan P-tersedia.. Perlakuan terbaik yaitu tanpa inokulasi dan pemberian 25 mL urin manusia.Effects of Rhizobium and Human Urine on Soil Biological and Chemical Characteristics of Soybean Rezosphere at InceptisolAbstract. The application of rhizobium and human urine is an alternative technology to increase soil productivity. Inceptisol which has constraints on the availability of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). This study used Randomized Block Design consisting of two factors (rhizobium and human urine) with 2 x 4 pattern and three replications. The results of this study indicate that the interaction of rhizobium and human urine has a very significant effect on soil respiration and real to total microorganisms. Rhizobium inoculation had a very significant effect on soil respiration and was apparent to K-available but not significant on the total parameters of microorganisms, pH, C-organic, N-total and P-available. Aplication of Human urine had a very significant effect on soil respiration and was apparent to total microorganisms and pH, but not significant for C-organic, N-total, K-available and P-available. The best aplication was without inoculation and 25 mL of human urine.
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Boehm, Kristi A., and P. Frank Ross. "Determination of Total Nitrogen in Urine by Pyrochemiluminescence: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 2 (March 1, 1995): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.2.301.

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Abstract Twelve collaborating laboratories analyzed 5 blind duplicate samples of human urine for total nitrogen using a pyrochemiluminescence method. The nitrogen content ranged from low (650 mg/L) to high levels (8800 mg/L) in urine samples of people under moderate to severe stress. In addition to test samples, collaborators also received a certified standard (sodium nitrite in water) as an external control. The pyrochemiluminescence assay was performed on urine samples diluted in water within a range of 1:50 to 1:100. The method detects total nitrogen by reaction of the product of high temperature oxidative pyrolysis and ozone. Repeatability standard deviation values (RDSr) ranged from 1.49 to 3.91% and reproducibility standard deviation values (RSDR) ranged from 3.66 to 9.57%. The average recovery of total nitrogen was 99.9%. The pyrochemiluminescence method for determination of total nitrogen in urine was adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nitrogen, urine"

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Monaghan, Ross M. "Transformations and losses of nitrogen from urine-affected soil." Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304495.

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Johansson, Erica. "Urine separating wastewater systems : experiences of design and nitrogen conservation." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17704.

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Urine separating (US) wastewater systems, where urine is collected and used as a fertiliser, may be a strategy to achieve a high degree of nutrient recycling from human waste to agriculture. The Swedish experiences of US systems show that the design of the toilets and the sewers are of great importance to achieve a working system. One study of the US system in the eco-village in Björsbyn also shows that special attention should be given to avoidance of leakage of water into the urine sewers. During storage of urine the main nitrogen constituent, urea, decomposes to ammonium. Thus, there is a risk nitrogen losses as ammonia evaporation. Several factors concerning the decomposition of urea has been studied in laboratory experiments. A one-time dosage of acid in the beginning of a storage cycle could inhibit the urea decomposition. One strategy to reduce the amount of urine solution produced in a US system may be to use nitrification in combination with drying. Results from a laboratory experiment showed that the method has a potential. However, the system used has to be modified in order to minimise the nitrogen losses.
Godkänd; 1999; 20070403 (ysko)
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Clough, Tim J. "Fate of urine nitrogen applied to peat and mineral soils from grazed pastures." Lincoln University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1030.

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This study has provided fundamental information on the fate of urine nitrogen (N) when applied to pasture soils. In this work the three pasture soils used were a Bruntwood silt loam (BW), an old well-developed (lime and fertilizer incorporated and farmed for more than 20 years) peat soil (OP) and a young peat (YP) which was less developed (farmed for about 10 years). Initial soil chemical and physical measurements revealed that the peat soils were acidic, had higher cation exchange capacities, had greater carbon:nitrogen ratios and were better buffered against changes in soil pH than the BW soil. However, the BW soil was more fertile with a higher pH. The peat soils had lower bulk densities and higher porosities. Four experiments were performed. In the first experiment ¹⁵N-labelled urine was applied at 500 kg N ha⁻¹ to intact soil cores of the three soils. Treatments imposed were the presence and absence of a water table at two temperatures, 8°C or 23° C, over 11-14 weeks. ¹⁵N budgets were determined. This first experiment showed that the nitrification rate was faster in the BW soil and was retarded with a water table present. Significant leaching of nitrate occurred at 8°C in the BW soil without a water table. This was reduced when a water table was present. Leaching losses of urine-N were lower in the peat soils than in the BW soil. Apparent denitrification losses (i.e. calculated on a total-N recovery basis) ranged from 18 to 48 % of the ¹⁵N-applied with the greatest losses occurring in the peat soils. The second experiment examined denitrification losses, over 30 days, following the application of synthetic urine-N at 420 kg N ha⁻¹ to small soil cores situated in growth cabinets. The effects of temperature (8°C or 18°C) and synthetic urine (presence or absence) were measured on the BW and OP soils. Nitrous oxide (N₂0) measurements were taken from all soil cores and a sub-set of soil cores, at 18°C, had ¹⁵N-labelled synthetic urine-N applied so that ¹⁵N-labelled nitrogen gases could be monitored. This experiment showed that the application of synthetic urine and increased soil temperature enhanced denitrification losses from both soils. Denitrification losses, at 18°C, as ¹⁵N-labelled nitrogen gases accounted for 24 to 39 % of the nitrogen applied. Nitrous oxide comprised less than half of this denitrification loss. Losses of N₂0 in leachate samples from the soil cores accounted for less than 0.1 % of the nitrogen applied. A third experiment, using Iysimeters, was performed over a 150 day period in the field. The six treatments consisted of the 3 soils with applied synthetic urine, with or without a simulated water table; each replicated three times. Lysimeters were installed in the field at ground level and ¹⁵N-labelled synthetic urine-N was applied (500 kg N ha⁻¹) on June 4 1992 (day 1). Nitrification rates differed between the soils following the trend noticed in the first experiment. As in the first experiment, nitrate was only detected in the leachate from the BW soil and the inclusion of a water table reduced the concentration of nitrate. In the BW soil, the leachate nitrate concentrations exceeded the World Health Organisation's recommended limit (< 10 mg N L-1) regardless of water table treatment. No nitrate was detected in the leachates from the peat soils but there was some leaching of organic-N (< 5 % of N added) in all the peat soil treatments. Denitrification losses were monitored for the first 100 days of the experiment. In the BW soil without a water table, N₂0 production peaked at approximately day 20 and accounted for 3 % of the nitrogen applied. In the peat soils the measured denitrification losses accounted for less than 1 % of the nitrogen applied. Apparent denitrification losses in the peats were, however, calculated to be approximately 50 % of the ¹⁵N-labelled synthetic urine-N applied. It is postulated that the difference between apparent denitrification losses and those measured could have been due to; loss of dinitrogen in leachate, protracted production of dinitrogen below detectable limits, production of denitrification gases after measurements ceased (i.e. days 100 to 150) and entrapment of dinitrogen in soil cores. Due to the apparent denitrification losses being so high, further research into this nitrogen loss pathway was performed. The fourth and final experiment measured denitrification directly using highly enriched (50 atom %) ¹⁵N-labelled synthetic urine-N. It was performed in a growth cabinet held initially at 8°C. The ¹⁵N-labelled synthetic urine was applied at 500 kg N ha⁻¹ to small soil cores of each soil type. Fluxes of N₂0 and ¹⁵N-labelled gases were measured daily for 59 days. On day 42 the temperature of the growth cabinet was increased to 12°C in an attempt to simulate the mean soil temperature at the end of the field experiment. Up to this time, production of nitrogenous gases from the YP soil had been very low. Interpretation of gaseous nitrogen loss in the YP soil was difficult due to the possibility of chemodenitrification occurring. However, in the OP and BW soils, gaseous losses of nitrogen (determined as ¹⁵N-labelled gas) represented 16 and 7 % of the nitrogen applied respectively. Nitrous oxide comprised approximately half of this gaseous nitrogen loss, in both the OP and BW soils. This work implies that urine-N applied to the mineral soil (BW) could potentially threaten the quality of ground water due to nitrate contamination through leaching. In contrast, denitrification appears to be the major loss mechanism from the peat soils, with the production of nitrous oxide being the primary focus for any environmental concern. Future work should examine the fate of the nitrate leached from the BW soil and the potential for dilution, plant uptake or denitrification below a 30 cm soil depth. A better understanding of the denitrification mechanisms could help reduce denitrification and thereby improve the efficiency of nitrogen use and reduce the output of nitrous oxide.
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Caniatto, Amanda Raquel de Miranda. "Minerais orgânicos e fitase como redutores do poder poluente de dejetos suínos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-12052011-081909/.

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Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização da enzima fitase e de minerais orgânicos (Cu e Zn) na dieta de suínos visando a redução do poder poluente dos dejetos. Foram utilizados 16 suínos com idade média de 68 dias, alocados na câmara climática, em gaiolas de metabolismo para coleta de fezes e urina. Os animais foram mantidos em duas faixas de temperaturas ambientais: conforto térmico e estresse térmico, e submetidos aos tratamentos: controle (T1); suplementação com minerais orgânicos (T2); suplementação com fitase (T3); suplementação com minerais orgânicos e fitase (T4). As fezes e a urina foram analisadas quanto à concentração de P, N, Na, K, Cu, Zn, Ca. Mensurou-se também temperatura retal e superficial dos animais, volume de fezes e urina excretadas, assim como o consumo de água e ração. Observou-se que o estresse térmico afetou a temperatura retal e superficial, além do volume de fezes excretadas (P<=0,05). A excreção de Zn e Ca foram reduzidas com a utilização da enzima fitase, enquanto que o Cu e Zn orgânicos beneficiaram o Zn, Ca e P (P<=0,05). O estresse térmico aumentou significativamente a excreção de Cu, enquanto a de Na foi reduzida (P<=0,05). Embora não tenha ocorrido interação na atuação da enzima fitase e dos minerais orgânicos, estes aditivos contribuíram com a redução da excreção de minerais.
This study aimed to evaluate the use of phytase and organic minerals (Cu and Zn) in pig diets in order to reduce the power of polluting waste. Sixteen pigs at the age of 68 days, were allocated in metabolism studies cages for collection of feces and urine, in a climatic chamber. The animals were kept in two tracks of ambient temperatures: thermal comfort and heat stress, and subjected to the treatments: control (T1); organic minerals supplementation (T2); phytase supplementation (T3); organic minerals and phytase supplementation (T4). Feces and urine were analyzed for P, N, Na, K, Cu, Zn and Ca concentrations. It was also measured rectal temperature, body surface temperature, feces and urine volume and the food and water consumption. The results had shown that heat stress affected the rectal and superficial temperature, and excreted feces volume (P<=0,05). The Zn and Ca excretion were reduced with the phytase use, whereas organic Cu and Zn benefited Zn, Ca and P (P<=0,05). The heat stress significantly increased Cu excretion, while Na was reduced (P<=0,05). Although there was no interaction on the activity of phytase and organic minerals, these additives contributed to the excretion reduction of minerals.
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McMillan, Morgan. "Biological treatment of source separated urine in a sequencing batch reactor." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96047.

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Thesis (MScEng) -- Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Urine contains up to 80% of nitrogen, 50 % of phosphates and 90 % of potassium of the total load in domestic wastewater but makes up less than 1% of the total volume (Larsen et al., 1996). The source separation and separate treatment of this concentrated waste stream can have various downstream advantages on wastewater infrastructure and treated effluent quality. The handling of undiluted source separated urine however poses various challenges from the origin onward. The urine has to be transported to a point of discharge and ultimately has to be treated in order to remove the high loads of organics and nutrients. Wilsenach (2006) proposed onsite treatment of source separated urine in a sequencing batch reactor before discharging it into the sewer system. This study focused on the treatment of urine in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) primarily for removal of nitrogen through biological nitrification-denitrification. The aim of the study was to determine nitrification and denitrification kinetics of undiluted urine as well as quantification of the stoichiometric reactions. A further objective was to develop a mathematical model for nitrification and denitrification of urine using experimental data from the SBR. The SBR was operated in 24 hour cycles consisting of an anoxic denitrification phase and an aerobic nitrification phase. The sludge age and hydraulic retention time was maintained at 20 days. pH was controlled through influent urine during volume exchanges. Undiluted urine for the study was obtained from a source separation system at an office at the CSIR campus in Stellenbosch. Conditions in the reactor were monitored by online temperature, pH and ORP probes. The OUR of the system was also measured online. One of the main challenges in the biological treatment of undiluted urine was the inhibiting effect thereof on nitrification rate. The anoxic mass fraction was therefore limited to 17 % in order to allow longer aerobic phases and compensate for the slow nitrification rates. Volume exchanges were also limited to 5% of the reactor volume in order to maintain pH within optimal range. Samples from the reactor were analysed for TKN, FSA-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N and COD. From the analytical results it was concluded that ammonia oxidising organisms and nitrite oxidising organism were inhibited as significant concentrations of ammonia-N and nitrite-N were present in the effluent. It was also concluded that nitrite oxidising organisms were more severely inhibited than ammonia oxidising organisms as nitrate-N was present in very low concentrations in the effluent and in some instances not present at all. Ultimately the experimental system was capable of converting 66% of FSA-N to nitrite- N/nitrate-N of which 44% was converted to nitrogen gas. On average 48% of COD was removed. A mathematical model was developed in spreadsheet form using a time step integration method. The model was calibrated with measured online data from the SBR and evaluated by comparing the output with analytical results. Biomass in the model was devised into three groups, namely heterotrophic organisms, autotrophic ammonia oxidisers (AAO) and autotrophic nitrite oxidisers (ANO). It was found that biomass fractionation into these three groups of 40% heterotrophs, 30% AAO and 30% ANO produced best results. The model was capable of reproducing the general trends of changes in substrate for the various organism groups as well as OUR. The accuracy of the results however varies and nearexact results were not always achievable. The model has some imperfections and limitations but provides a basis for future work.
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Zhang, Yan. "Comparison of Functional Porous Organic Polymers (POPs) and Natural Material Zeolite for Nitrogen Removal and Recovery from Synthetic Urine." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7657.

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Urine comprises around 1% of domestic sewage volume but holds 80% of total nitrogen. Source separation is a sustainable way to wastewater management than traditional way due to low energy cost and preventing certain pollutants into wastewater treatment plants. Currently, removing and recovering nitrogen from source-separated urine has attracted more and more interests. Of them, ion exchange was used for removal and recovery of nitrogen in the form of ammonia from synthetic urine for potential application as a fertilizer in agriculture. No previous research studies were conducted to investigate the removal and recovery of nitrogen from hydrolyzed urine by ion exchange using POPs (porous organic polymers). So this study focused on evaluating the performance of POPs and comparing with clinoptilolite in synthetic hydrolyzed urine in terms of adsorption capacity (isotherm), adsorption rate (kinetics), regeneration rate, and cost. The ammonium removal from hydrolyzed urine using POPs was rapid with a high capacity of 68.03 mg/g than clinoptilolite (15.36 mg/g), and the regeneration efficiency of clinoptilolite and POPs can achieve 91% and 95.3%, respectively based single time use result. Although POPs had the better performance at one time use and multiple times use, it also had high materials cost. Additionally, the capacity of POP was estimated using the integrated ion exchange regeneration process model as 30.24 mg/g and 28.65 mg/g on cycle 10 and cycle 24, respectively. The regeneration efficiency of POPs was predicated as 45.4% and 38.4% in cycle 10 and cycle 24, respectively. The predicted capacity decreased with the number of cycles, but remained at about 55% of virgin POPs after 24 cycles, indicating POPs can maintain good performance after multiple reuses than clinoptilolite.
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Nguyen, Thanh Phong, and Thi Ngoc Quynh Nguyen. "Composting of cow manure and rice straw with cow urine and its influence on compost quality." Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32717.

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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of composting process of cow manure and rice straw with application of cow urine and to evaluate the quality of composting products. There were two treatment piles, in which one pile was applied with cow urine every week and another pile without urine application. Each pile was set up by one tone cow manure and 500kg rice straw. The piles were half-covered by plastic foil to protect from rain and turned one a week. The composting duration lasted 8 weeks. The parameters such as temperature, pH, DM, density and nitrogen were monitored and observed during the 8-week period. The results showed that there was a significant difference in temperature, compost quality and duration between two piles with and without cow urine application. The application of cow urine increased significant nitrogen and phosphorous content and shortened the composting process. This study recommends that cow urine should be applied for composting process of cow manure and rice straw in order to increase the quality of compost. The final product was in the range of matured compost level and can be used directly for agriculture crop.
Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu nhằm đánh giá ảnh hưởng đến chất lượng phân compost của việc bổ sung nước tiểu vào trong quá trình ủ phân từ nguyên liệu phân bò và rơm rạ. Thí nghiệm được thực hiện trên hai đống ủ phân, một đống ủ được bổ sung nước tiểu bò hàng tuần và một đống ủ không bổ sung nước tiểu bò như là một nghiệm thức đối chứng. Mỗi đống ủ được trộn 1 tấn phân bò và 500kg rơm. Đống ủ phân được đậy kín một nửa phía trên nhằm ngăn cản ảnh hưởng của mưa và được đảo trộn một lần mỗi tuần. Quá trình thí nghiệm được tiến hành trong 8 tuần. Các chỉ tiêu như nhiệt độ, pH, DM, mật độ và chất dinh dưỡng Nitơ và Phốt Pho được quan trắc trong thời gian ủ. Kết quả cho thấy có sự khác biệt đáng kể giữa hai đống phân ủ đối với các chỉ tiêu như nhiệt độ, chất lượng phân compost và thời gian ủ. Đống ủ phân có bổ sung nước tiểu có hàm lượng Nitơ và Phốt pho cao hơn và thời gian ủ ngắn hơn. Kết quả nghiên cứu khuyến cáo nên bổ sung nước tiểu bò cho quá trình ủ phân compost nhằm tăng hàm lượng chất dinh dưỡng cho sản phẩm phân compost. Sản phẩm sau quá trình ủ đạt mức độ phân hữu cơ và có thể sử dụng cho cây trồng.
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Stack, Philip Eugene. "Carbon and nitrogen cycling in Scottish upland grassland soils and the influence of excretal returns." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28966.

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Upland grasslands comprise a large proportion of the UK’s land area and are primarily used to graze sheep. These grasslands store large quantities of carbon (C). Changes in land use or climate could affect the ability of these soils to store C and the fluxes of other greenhouse gases associated with agricultural soils, nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). Grazing substantially changes the cycling of C and nitrogen in grassland ecosystems, particularly through the deposition of rapidly degrading excreta, both dung and urine, on the soil. The major non-enteric greenhouse gas emissions associated with this type of extensive farming of ruminants are the emission of N2O and CH4 from soils affected by the animal’s excreta. This PhD project has investigated the cycling of sheep dung in two upland soils of different management regimes to investigate the effects imposed by the plant community. Dung incorporation was measured by capitalising on the natural difference in natural 13C abundance (δ13C ratios) between maize and native British vegetation, which permitted maize-derived sheep dung to be used as a 13C tracer of dung incorporation into soil. A physical and chemical soil fractionation methodology was used to isolate the distinct soil organic carbon (SOC) pools and ascertain the location of the dung C. There were differences between soils in dung C cycling, with more dung C being measured in semi-improved soils at experiment’s end. Throughout the one year timeframe of this experiment, most of the dung C was recovered in the particulate organic matter fraction. Changing the plant community did not have a measurable effect on dung C cycling within the experimental period. Urine patches in grazed pastures represent a major source of agriculture’s N2O emissions. The N2O, CH4 and CO2 fluxes from chambers treated with synthetic urine, synthetic urine and dung, or dung, and an untreated control in randomised block design at two sites were measured over one year. Relevant soil parameters were also measured at each sampling point. From this data N2O emission factors for sheep excreta at these sites were calculated. N2O emission factors were significantly different between sites, were different for dung and urine, and in all cases were less than the current default value used by countries utilising a Tier 1 methodology, according to the IPCC, to inventory N2O emissions derived from grazing livestock. Dietary manipulation has been proposed to increase certain components in urine that are thought to inhibit N2O emission with the aim of reducing livestock greenhouse gas emissions. One such urinary component is hippuric acid. Soil to which synthetic urine with incrementally increased quantities of hippuric acid were added were incubated, as were soils to which dung only and dung and synthetic urine had been added, as well as an untreated control. No significant effect of hippuric acid concentration was observed. N2O emissions from the dung only and dung and urine treatments were unusually high and surpassed those of the urine only treatments. This has been hypothesised to be due to fungal denitrification in the dung treatments or suppression of microbial activity due to ammonia toxicity in the urine-treated soils. The key conclusions from this PhD work are that the effect of dung deposition on SOC cycling may be quite small and appears to result in substitution of native SOC with dung C, rather than an increase in SOC; N2O emissions from sheep dung and urine deposition in semi-improved grasslands is likely to be very low and much lower than the current IPCC default value; and that in our incubation experiment there was no discernible impact of hippuric acid on N2O emissions, but it is possible that this is an experimental artefact.
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Barneze, Arlete Simões. "N2O emission from soil due to urine deposition by grazing cattle and potential mitigation." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-19092013-163347/.

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Grazing pasture is a major system of livestock production in many countries and it has been identified as an important source of N2O from urine deposition on soils. The aim of this study was to determinate the N2O emissions from soil after urine deposition and the emission factor, in addition, determine how temperature and water content of the soil influence these emissions. We also intended to study a potential of mitigation using nitrification inhibitors. Soil and gas samples were collected in traditional livestock areas in Brazil and UK to evaluate the N2O emission dynamics under field conditions. In addition, incubation experiments were conducted to evaluate how temperature and water content affect N2O emissions in the soil and to study the potential mitigation on N2O emission from the soil after urine application, using two distinct nitrification inhibitors. In the field experiment, the N2O emission factor for cattle urine was 0.20% of the applied urine N in Brazil and 0.66% for the UK conditions. The incubation experiments showed the N2O emissions after urine application are higher in soils with high moisture and high temperature. The nitrification inhibitor effectiveness was not statistically significant, however had shown some N2O emission absolute reductions among 6% to 33% comparing with urine only application on the soil. Various physical and biological factors can be influence the effectiveness of the products. It confirmed that urine deposition can contribute to N2O emission from the soil and the temperature and water content can markedly increase these emissions. The nitrification inhibitors have a potential mitigation effect since some decreased emissions of almost 40%. The results in this study are pioneers and can be used as a basis for more complex evaluations and to help with determining the carbon footprint of beef production worldwide
Considerado o maior sistema de produção animal em muitos países, as pastagens tem sido identificadas como uma importante fonte de emissão de N2O, devido à deposição de urina ao solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as emissões de N2O do solo após a deposição de urina e seu fator de emissão, além disso, determinar como temperatura e teor de água do solo influenciam as emissões. Pretendeu-se também estudar o potencial de mitigação das emissões de N2O usando inibidores de nitrificação. Amostras de solo e de gás foram coletadas em áreas tradicionais de pastagens do Brasil e do Reino Unido para avaliar a dinâmica das emissões de N2O. Experimentos de incubação também foram realizados para avaliar a influência de fatores como temperatura e teor de água no solo nas emissões, além de avaliar o potencial de redução das emissões de N2O do solo após a aplicação da urina, utilizando dois inibidores de nitrificação. Nos experimentos de campo realizados no Brasil e no Reino Unido, o fator de emissão do N2O para a urina foi de 0,20% e 0,66% do nitrogênio na forma de urina bovina aplicada, respectivamente. Nos experimentos de incubação, as emissões de N2O após a aplicação de urina foram maiores em solos com alta umidade e alta temperatura. A eficácia no uso dos inibidores de nitrificação não foi estatisticamente significativa, no entanto mostrou uma redução absoluta entre 6% a 33% nas emissões de N2O comparado com a aplicação de apenas urina ao solo. Vários fatores físicos e biológicos podem ter influenciado a eficácia dos produtos. Dessa forma, confirma-se que a deposição de urina pode contribuir para a emissão de N2O do solo e que a temperatura e o teor de água no solo podem aumentar consideravelmente essas emissões. Os inibidores de nitrificação podem ser usados como um potencial de mitigação, já que houve redução em termos absolutos de quase 40% nas emissões. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo são pioneiros e poderão ser utilizados como base para avaliações mais complexas e contribuir para a determinação da pegada de carbono na produção de carne mundial
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Bertram, Janet. "Effects of cow urine and its constituents on soil microbial populations and nitrous oxide emissions." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1334.

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New Zealand’s 5.3 million strong dairy herd returns approximately 106 million litres of urine to pasture soils daily. The urea in that urine is rapidly hydrolysed to ammonium (NH₄⁺), which is then nitrified, with denitrification of nitrate (NO₃⁻) ensuing. Nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas (GHG), is produced via nitrification and denitrification, which are enzyme-catalysed processes mediated by soil microbes. Thus microbes are linked intrinsically to urine patch chemistry. However, few previous studies have investigated microbial dynamics in urine patches. Therefore the objective of these four experiments was to investigate the effects on soil microbial communities of cow urine deposition. Methods used included phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses of microbial community structure and microbial stress, dehydrogenase activity (DHA) assays measuring microbial activity, and headspace gas sampling of N₂O, ammonia (NH₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes. Experiment 1, a laboratory study, examined the influence of soil moisture and urinary salt content on the microbial community. Both urine application and high soil moisture increased microbial stress, as evidenced by significant changes in PLFA trans/cis and iso/anteiso ratios. Total PLFAs and DHA showed a short-term (< 1 week) stimulatory effect on microbes after urine application. Mean cumulative N₂O-N fluxes were 2.75% and 0.05% of the nitrogen (N) applied, from the wet (70% WFPS) and dry (35% WFPS) soils, respectively. Experiment 2, a field trial, investigated nutrient dynamics and microbial stress with plants present. Concentrations of the micronutrients, copper, iron and molybdenum, increased up to 20-fold after urine application, while soil phosphorus (P) concentrations decreased from 0.87 mg kg ⁻¹ to 0.48 mg kg⁻¹. Plant P was also lower in urine patches, but total PLFAs were higher, suggesting that microbes had utilised the available nutrients. Microbial stress again resulted from urine application but, in contrast to experiment 1, the fungal biomass recovered after its initial inhibition. Studies published during the course of this thesis reported that hippuric acid (HA) and its hydrolysis product benzoic acid (BA) significantly reduced N₂O-N emissions from synthetic cow urine, thus experiment 3 investigated this effect using real cow urine. Cumulative N₂O-N fluxes were 16.8, 5.9 and 4.7% of N applied for urine (U) alone, U+HA and U+BA, respectively. Since NH₃-N volatilisation remained unchanged, net gaseous N emissions were reduced. Trends in total PLFAs and microbial stress were comparable to experiment 1 results. Experiment 4 studied HA effects at different temperatures and found no inhibition of N₂O-N fluxes from HA-amended urine. However, mean cumulative N₂O-N fluxes were reduced from 7.6% of N applied at 15–20°C to 0.2% at 5–10°C. Total cumulative N emissions (N₂O-N + NH₃-N) were highest at 20°C (17.5% of N applied) and lowest at 10°C (9.8% of N applied). Microbial activity, measured as potential DHA, increased with increasing temperature. This work has clearly shown that the stimulation and inhibition of the soil microbial community by urine application are closely linked to soil chemistry and have significant impacts not only on soil nutrient dynamics but also on N₂O-N emissions and their possible mitigation.
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Books on the topic "Nitrogen, urine"

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Gropman, Andrea L., Belen Pappa, and Nicholas Ah Mew. The Urea Cycle Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0063.

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The urea cycle is the primary nitrogen disposal pathway in humans. The urea cycle requires the coordinated function of six enzymes and two mitochondrial transporters to catalyze the conversion of a molecule of ammonia, the α-nitrogen of aspartate and bicarbonate into urea. Whereas ammonia is toxic, urea is relatively inert, soluble in water, and readily excreted by the kidney in the urine. The accumulation of ammonia and other toxic intermediates of the cycle lead to predominantly neurological sequelae. All of the genes have been identified. The disorders may present at any age from the neonatal period to adulthood, with the more severe patients presenting earlier in life. Patients are at risk for metabolic decompensation throughout life, often triggered by illness, fasting, surgery and postoperative states, peripartum, stress, and increased exogenous protein load. This chapter addresses common somatic and neurological presentation, differential diagnosis, laboratory testing, and treatments.
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The effects of intensity of exercise on protein metabolism. 1990.

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The effects of intensity of exercise on protein metabolism. 1991.

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Erickson, Stephen B., Hatem Amer, and Timothy S. Larson. Urolithiasis, Kidney Transplantation, and Pregnancy and Kidney Disease. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0475.

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It was previously assumed that all kidney stones crystallized as urine passed through the renal tubules and were retained by means of crystal-tubular cell interactions. Recently uroscopy with papillary biopsies has shown 2 different pathways for stone formation, both mediated by calcium phosphate crystals. Kidney transplant has become the preferred treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. Those benefiting from transplant included patients who would be deemed "high risk," such as those with diabetes mellitus and those older than 70 years. Anatomical changes associated with pregnancy are renal enlargement and dilatation of the calyces, renal pelvis, and ureters. Physiologic changes include a 30% to 50% increase in glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow; a mean decrease of 0.5 mg/dL in the creatinine level and a mean decrease of 18 mg/dL in the serum urea nitrogen level; intermittent glycosuria independent of plasma glucose; proteinuria; aminoaciduria; increased uric acid excretion; increased total body water, with osmostat resetting; 50% increase in plasma volume and cardiac output; and increased ureteral peristalsis.
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Bingham, Sheila. Urine nitrougen as an independent validatory measure of dietary intake. 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Nitrogen, urine"

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Ito, Ryusei, and Naoyuki Funamizu. "Recovery of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Urine." In Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation Systems, 155–65. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56835-3_11.

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Tarpeh, William A., Brandon D. Clark, Kara L. Nelson, and Kevin D. Orner. "Reimagining Excreta as a Resource: Recovering Nitrogen from Urine in Nairobi, Kenya." In Introduction to Development Engineering, 429–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86065-3_16.

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AbstractOnly 10–15% of Nairobi’s informal settlements are sewered, and these sewer pipes are often broken or clogged. In addition to posing a threat to human health, human waste contains high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, which can wreak ecological harm when improperly discharged. However, nitrogen and phosphorus are also key ingredients for fertilizers used in agricultural food production. This case study follows the development of ElectroSan, a pre-revenue process engineering spinoff that focuses on novel processes for converting urine into valuable products. The two primary technologies ElectroSan uses to extract nitrogen from urine are ion exchange and electrochemical stripping. The efficacy of these technologies (primarily ion exchange) was investigated through field trials enabled by a partnership with Sanergy in Nairobi, Kenya. Through experimentation and market analyses, Dowex Mac 3 was identified as the most suitable resin for nitrogen recovery. Additionally, this process could produce ammonium sulfate fertilizer at a lower cost to competing products and also had the advantages of providing a steady, local supply of fertilizer that could be applied by fertigation. This approach thus avoided local ecosystem damage from improper disposal, created local economic opportunities, and partially closed the nutrient cycle locally. Life cycle and techno-economic assessments (in the context of San Francisco, CA) found that the sulfuric acid used for regeneration of the resin represented 70% of greenhouse gas emissions and energy input (embedded energy from the manufacturing process). Providing insights into the importance of partnerships, being adaptive with assumptions, and the realities of conducting fieldwork, the ElectroSan research project continues to explore the valorization of urine and has expanded to new contexts, including other parts of Kenya (with Sanivation) and Dakar, Senegal (with Delvic Sanitation Initiatives).
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Sørensen, Peter. "Short-term anaerobic storage of 15N-labelled sheep urine does not influence the mineralization of nitrogen in soil." In Progress in Nitrogen Cycling Studies, 141–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5450-5_22.

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Thomas, R. J., K. A. B. Logan, A. D. Ironside, and J. A. Milne. "Fate of sheep urine-N applied to an upland grass sward." In Fundamental, Ecological and Agricultural Aspects of Nitrogen Metabolism in Higher Plants, 451–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4356-8_67.

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Fatunbi, A. O., and P. N. S. Mnkeni. "Evaluation of Human Urine as a Source of Nitrogen in the Co-composting of Pine Bark and Lawn Clippings." In Innovations as Key to the Green Revolution in Africa, 399–408. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2543-2_41.

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Susmel, P., B. Piani, B. Toso, and B. Stefanon. "Prediction of Purine Derivatives, Creatinine and Total Nitrogen Concentrations in Urine by FT-Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (FT-NIR)." In Estimation of Microbial Protein Supply in Ruminants Using Urinary Purine Derivatives, 160–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2844-1_19.

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Van Vuuren, A. M., and J. A. C. Meijs. "Effects of herbage composition and supplement feeding on the excretion of nitrogen in dung and urine by grazing dairy cows." In Animal Manure on Grassland and Fodder Crops. Fertilizer or Waste?, 17–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3659-1_2.

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McLaren, R. G., K. C. Cameron, and P. M. Fraser. "A comparison of the effects of subsoiling on plant uptake and leaching losses of sulphur and nitrogen from a simulated urine patch." In Plant Nutrition — from Genetic Engineering to Field Practice, 495–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1880-4_105.

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Selbie, Diana R., Laura E. Buckthought, and Mark A. Shepherd. "The Challenge of the Urine Patch for Managing Nitrogen in Grazed Pasture Systems." In Advances in Agronomy, 229–92. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2014.09.004.

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"Table 1: Average composition of faeces and urine after separation by a filter net (0.78x0.78) Faeces Urine Dry matter (%) 32.50 1.92 Crude ash of dry matter 25.70 63.10 N-Kj (%) 1.24 0.34 NH -N 34 0.35 (%) 1.64 0.05 K20 85 0.62 CaO 45 0.04 MgO 48 0.02 Cu ppm 197 2.50 pH 9.1 From Table 1 it is evident that the percentages of the minerals in the faeces are high. In the urine the percentages are much lower except potassium. By manuring grassland potassium is the limiting factor, while o.n arable land the quantity of nitrogen needs to be taken into account. In applying solid manure to cropland the Cu-content needs to be taken into account. Depending on the Cu-status of the soil, 0-6 kg Cu/ha is advised. By fertilizing with 10 t/ha of solid manure about 3 kg Cu/ha is administered Because only a small amount of copper is taken up by plant growth and lost through drainage, the application of solid manure needs to be spread out over a few years if Cu is not to accumulate in the soil. 5.2 Odour_emissions It can be concluded that separation and removal of urine and faeces from piggery result in a reduced formation of odour components (5). This might result in a decrease of the precieved odour as compared with a housing system with underslat slurry storage. In order to obtain a reliable figure for the actual odour reduction, measurements have been carried out. Samples of ventilation air from a pighouse with underslat slurry storage as well as a pighouse with filter nets were taken on a number of different occasions. All samples were collected in bags made from FEP-Teflon. Odour experiments were performed the following day using a dilution apparatus (olfactometer) and a group of observers (panel). Since the establishment of the odour intensity is a time consuming affair, it has become practice in Dutch agricultural odour research to concentrate on the establishment of the odour treshold (6). The odour treshold is defined as that dilution of odorous air which." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 232. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-92.

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Conference papers on the topic "Nitrogen, urine"

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"Nitrogen cycling under urine patches: model comparison and sensitivity analysis." In 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.h4.vogeler.

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Ying Jia, Chengwen Wang, and Chi Zhang. "Effect of immobilization on growth of microalgae and removal of nitrogen from urine." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5965420.

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Kreismane, Dzidra, Elita Aplocina, Kaspars Naglis-Liepa, Laima Berzina, Olga Frolova, and Arnis Lenerts. "Diet optimization for dairy cows to reduce ammonia emissions." In Research for Rural Development 2021 : annual 27th International scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.27.2021.005.

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Feeding livestock a balanced diet with a differentiated crude protein (CP) content, depending on the lactation phase can reduce nitrogen emissions from livestock excrement and urine. A higher content of non-starch polysaccharides in livestock diets improves feed absorption in the livestock body and, consequently, nitrogen is emitted more from protein present in livestock manure than from urea acid present in livestock urine. The aim of the study is to calculate the ammonia emission reduction potential in Latvia by optimizing the feeding of dairy cows and ensuring life longevity, as well as provide justification for ammonia emission reduction in dairy farms. Calculations made by using the NorFor Model for optimization of dairy cow (Bos primigenius f. taurus) diets revealed that compared with lowyielding cows, a higher CP content diet fed to high-yielding cows at the beginning of lactation increased the amount of nitrogen (N) in their excrement and urine by 90–180 g d-1. Reducing the CP content in the cow diet by an average of 10 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) during mid-lactation resulted in the same trend. Reducing the CP content in the cow diet during late lactation and the dry period by another 20–30 g kg-1 of DM, N emissions from excrement and urine significantly decreased. Increasing the lifespan of dairy cows also means reducing ammonia emissions from the farm. By increasing the number of lactations per cow on dairy farm, it is possible to reduce the number of heifers per cow. The total reduction of ammonia emissions in Latvia was calculated based on a long-term projection of a decrease of 0.1 heifer per dairy cow. Ammonia emissions could be reduced by 0.051 kt by decreasing the number of heifers by 12.54 thou. at the planned increase in the lifespan of dairy cows by 2030.
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Wei, Yong, Liang-fei Dong, and Bing-zhi Dong. "Optimization of Reclaim Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Source-Separated Urine with Orthogonal Array Design." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5515546.

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Sharvelle, Sybil, Joann Silverstein, David Klaus, and Laura Supra. "Nitrogen Removal from a Urine-Soap Wastewater Using a Bioprocessor System: Process Monitoring and Control." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-2353.

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Xu, Kangning, Chengwen Wang, and Haiyan Liu. "The characteristics of estrogens during the recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from urine by struvite precipitation." In 2011 International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetce.2011.5774342.

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Nurani, Kharisma Dian, Tri Suwarni, and Agus Suprapto. "Nitrogen uptake and soybean yield (Glycine max (L.) Merril. var. dega 1) on legin inoculation treatment and cow urine liquid organic fertilizer." In THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LIFE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (ICoLiST). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0106328.

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Mahanani, Mutiara Mustika Putri, Chusnul Hanim, Kustantinah Kustantinah, Zaenal Bachruddin, Budi Prasetyo Widyobroto, and Lies Mira Yusiati. "Estimation of Rumen Microbial Nitrogen Supply Based on Purine Derivatives Excreted in The Urine of Male and Female Garut Sheep Fed Ad Libitum." In 6th International Seminar of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (ISANFS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220401.021.

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Reports on the topic "Nitrogen, urine"

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Jacobs, Brandy M., John F. Patience, Kenneth J. Stalder, William A. Dozier, and Brian J. Kerr. Evaluation of Drying Methods on Nitrogen and Energy Concentrations in Pig Feces and Urine, and on Poultry Excreta. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-94.

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