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1
Kim, Jongkeon, Bokyung Hong, Myung Ja Lee, and Beob Gyun G. Kim. "PSI-1 A minimum amount of hydrochloric acid for pig urine collection to inhibit nitrogen volatilization." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 278–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.511.
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Abstract The objectives were to demonstrate that nitrogen volatilization from pig urine can be inhibited by the addition of acids and to determine a minimum amount of HCl for nitrogen preservation in pig urine. In experiment 1, five urine samples were collected and had nitrogen concentrations of 0.29% to 0.68%. Each sample was divided into 2 groups that were supplemented with 100 mL of distilled water and 100 mL of 6 N HCl, respectively. The samples were placed in open containers at room temperature for 10 d. The nitrogen concentration was determined every 2 d. The amount of nitrogen in urine supplemented with distilled water decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with time, whereas that supplemented with 6 N HCl remained constant. In experiment 2, three urine samples with different nitrogen concentration (0.12%, 0.53%, and 0.94%) were added with different amounts of 6 N HCl used to make varying acidity (pH = 0.6, 1.1, 2.2, 4.7, 7.1, and 9.3). All urine samples were placed at a room temperature for 5 d followed by nitrogen analysis. Based on a linear broken-line analysis, nitrogen was not volatilized at a pH less than 5.12 (SE = 0.71), whereas nitrogen was volatilized at a pH greater than 5.12 (r2 = 0.98). An equation was developed for the minimum amount of 6 N HCl in urine to avoid nitrogen volatilization: 6 N HCl in urine (g/L) = 0.11 × nitrogen in urine (g/L) + 0.2 with r2 = 0.93 and P < 0.01. Assuming that up to 200 gram of nitrogen is excreted for 5 d, the addition of 100 mL of 6 N HCl to the urine collection container can inhibit nitrogen volatilization. Taken together, a minimum of 100 mL of 6 N HCl is recommended for 5 day-total collection of pig urine.
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Wuang, Ren, Jin Pengkang, Liang Chenggang, Wang Xiaochang, and Zhang Lei. "A study on the migration and transformation law of nitrogen in urine in municipal wastewater transportation and treatment." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): 1072–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.336.
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Many studies suggest that the total nitrogen (TN) in urine is around 9,000 mg/L and about 80% of nitrogen in municipal wastewater comes from urine, because nitrogen mainly occurs in the form of urea in fresh human urine. Based on this fact, the study on the migration and transformation law of nitrogen in urine and its influencing factors was carried out. It can be seen from the experimental results that the transformation rate of urea in urine into ammonia nitrogen after standing for 20 days is only about 18.2%, but the urea in urine can be hydrolyzed into ammonia nitrogen rapidly after it is catalyzed directly with free urease or indirectly with microorganism. Adding respectively a certain amount of urease, activated sludge and septic-tank sludge to urine samples can make the maximum transformation rate achieve 85% after 1 day, 2 days and 6 days, respectively. In combination with some corresponding treatment methods, recycling of nitrogen in urine can be achieved. The results are of great significance in guiding denitrification in municipal wastewater treatment.
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White, P. J., R. A. Garrott, and D. M. Heisey. "Variability in snow-urine assays." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-048.
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Urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios in snow urine have become popular for assessing the extent of winter nutritional deprivation in ungulates. During winter 1992 – 1993, we collected 10–17 sequential snow-urine samples (402 total) from 27 individually identifiable free-ranging adult female elk. Within-animal variance accounted for 91% of the total variance (351.66 mg2/dL2) in creatinine, 86% of the total variance (637.03 mg2/dL2) in urea nitrogen, and 82% of the total variance (0.56) in urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios. This substantial within-animal variability was unexpected and led to experiments that examined whether the variability was due to sample collection and measurement technique or actually reflected biological variability. Factors examined included dilution effects, measurement (assay) repeatability, and short-term (<24 h) within-animal constancy in metabolite excretion. No dilution effects were detected when the initial concentrations of snow-urine samples were diluted <75% with water. Measurement variability accounted for 0.78, 0.37, and 27.7% of the total variance in creatinine, urea nitrogen, and urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios, respectively. Within-animal metabolite excretion was reasonably constant within 24 h, suggesting that creatinine provides a valid index for comparing urinary metabolites. We conclude that variability in urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios due to dilution, measurement variability, and short-term temporal variability in metabolite excretion was small compared with the total within-animal variance. Urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios should provide an accurate estimate of the true ratios of these metabolites in an elk's bladder urine. However, the interpretation of urea nitrogen: creatinine ratios is often complex, since they reflect the immediate dynamics between fat depletion, protein catabolism, and dietary intake. Differences in ratios between collections may be partially due to variations in recent dietary intake or restriction, in addition to true differences in long-term nutritional status. The best method for statistically analyzing snow-urine data remains unresolved.
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Gonçalves, Geógenes da Silva, Marcio dos Santos Pedreira, Mara Lúcia Albuquerque Pereira, Dimas Oliveira Santos, Dicastro Dias de Souza, and Antonio Ferraz Porto Junior. "Nitrogen metabolism and microbial production of dairy cows fed sugarcane and nitrogen compounds." Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 15, no. 1 (March 2014): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-99402014000100009.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dairy cow diets containing two different sources of urea on nitrogen metabolism and microbial synthesis. Eight crossbred cows were confined and distributed in two 4x4 Latin: FS - soybean meal (control), conventional urea (UC) 100%; ULL 44 UC = 56% / 44% ULL, ULL 88 UC = 12% / 88% ULL. Diets were offered to animals during 21 days with 14 days of adaptation. The N intake, retained nitrogen balance, nitrogen excretion in milk, urine, feces and total N excretion were similar and presented averages of 340.27g/day, 136.73g/day, 43.25g/day, 53.17g/day, 103.54g/day, and 199.96g/day, respectively. The percentages of urine and total nitrogen excretion were 16.24 and 60.71 (%), respectively. Ureic nitrogen in milk, urine and blood were 3.95mg/dL, 4.32mg/dl and 23.73mg/dL, respectively. The results found for the excretion of purine derivatives, allantoin, absorbable purines, microbial nitrogen, microbial protein and the relationship between microbial protein and digestible nutrients were 321.68mmol/day, 296.35mmol/day, 334.61mmol/day, 210.6g/day, 1316.27g/day, and 127.36g/kg, respectively. The partial replacement of soybean meal by conventional urea and / or urea encapsulated in feeding lactating cows yielded similar results in nitrogenous compounds, the concentrations of nitrogen from urine and milk and microbial protein synthesis.
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White, P. F., T. T. Treacher, and A. Termanini. "Nitrogen cycling in semi-arid Mediterranean zones: removal and return of nitrogen to pastures by grazing sheep." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 3 (1997): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96041.
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The intake of nitrogen and its removal, return, and partition between urine, faeces, and milk was measured over 5 months in Awassi ewes grazing medic pasture or barley. Total faeces and urine were collected in bags carried by the ewes for 5-day collection periods at monthly intervals. Bags were changed in the morning and evening so that excreta produced in the field or in the yards at night were collected separately. Nitrogen was partitioned between the urine and faeces on the basis of the N: ADF ratio of samples of faeces taken directly from the rectum of the animal when the bags were changed. Outputs of excreta and N were very similar in the field and at night in the yard. When N output in the milk was included, 20% more N was removed from the field than was returned. The partitioning of N output between urine and faeces changed markedly during the season and corresponded with changes in the quality of the herbage. Fifty per cent and 65% of the removal of N in faeces and urine, respectively, occurred in the first 2 months of the experiment.
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Condon, J. R., A. S. Black, and M. K. Conyers. "The role of N transformations in the formation of acidic subsurface layers in stock urine patches." Soil Research 42, no. 2 (2004): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03109.
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This study examines the role of nitrogen transformations in the acidification of soil under stock urine patches, specifically the formation of acidic subsurface layers. These are horizontal planes of acidity several centimetres below the soil surface. Glasshouse studies were conducted to relate nitrogen transformations to measured pH changes in soil treated with urine or urea solution (simulated urine). Acidic subsurface layers formed in both urine- and simulated urine-treated soil. With the development of a H+ balance model, the contribution of nitrogen transformations to changes in the H+ concentrations in simulated urine patches was determined.During the first 9 days following treatment, urea hydrolysis and NH3 volatilisation dominated changes in H+ concentration. After that, net immobilisation contributed to H+ changes; however, nitrification was the dominant process occurring. Downward movement of NH4+ originating from urea hydrolysis allowed more nitrification to occur in lower soil layers. The net result of these processes was net acidification of the 4–6, 6–8, and 8–10 cm layers by approximately 0.7, 0.6, and 0.3 pH units, respectively. Thus nitrogen transformations were responsible for the formation of acidic subsurface layers in simulated stock urine patches within 6 weeks of application.
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Marriott, Carol A., Morag A. Smith, and M. A. Baird. "The effect of sheep urine on clover performance in a grazed upland sward." Journal of Agricultural Science 109, no. 1 (August 1987): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600081120.
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SummaryThe effect of artificially applied urine on clover performance in a perennial ryegrasswhite clover sward grazed by sheep was examined during summer. Sheep urine or deionized water (51/m2) was applied to areas (2·70 × 1·25 m) which were protected from subsequent excretal return by graze-through cages. Grass and clover populations, nitrogen-fixing activity, soil nitrogen and soil pH were monitored over the following 90-day period.Urine reduced clover population density, stolon length and dry weight but had little effect on number of grass tillers. Nitrogen-fixing activity of clover was reduced initially to less than 30% of control values, perhaps owing to high levels of soil inorganic nitrogen inhibiting fixation, although osmotic effects due to the high salt concentration in urine cannot be discounted. The lower levels of activity at later dates were due largely to reduced clover in urine-treated areas. Soil pH (0–5 cm) was increased by about 0–5 units 3 days after urine application, with a smaller increase in the 5–10 cm horizon. Recovery of urine nitrogen in the soil mineral N pool was at best 27% of the added nitrogen.The results are discussed in terms of the significance of urine-affected areas in determining a patchy distribution of clover in grazed swards; the role of animals in the transfer of fixed N from clover to grass is considered.
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Cichota, R., V. O. Snow, and I. Vogeler. "Modelling nitrogen leaching from overlapping urine patches." Environmental Modelling & Software 41 (March 2013): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.10.011.
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Pakpahan, Santri Ifky Arwani, Ilyas Ilyas, and Fikrinda Fikrinda. "Pengaruh Rhizobium dan Urin Manusia terhadap Perubahan Sifat Biologi dan Kimia Tanah di Rezosfer Kedelai pada Inceptisol." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v3i3.8282.
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Abstrak. Aplikasi rhizobium dan urin manusia merupakan teknologi alternatif untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanah. Inceptisol yang memiliki kendala ketersediaan hara nitrogen (N), fosfor (P) dan kalium (K). Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) yang terdiri atas dua faktor (rhizobium dan urin manusia) dengan pola 2 x 4 dan tiga kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahawa interaksi rhizobium dan urin manusia berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap respirasi tanah dan nyata terhadap total mikroorganisme. Inokulasi rhizobium berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap respirasi tanah dan nyata terhadap K-tersedia namun tidak nyata terhadap parameter total mikroorganisme, pH, C-organik, N-total dan P-tersedia. Perlakuan urin manusia berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap respirasi tanah dan nyata terhadap total mikroorganisme dan pH, namun tidak nyata terhadap C-organik, N-total, K-tersedia dan P-tersedia.. Perlakuan terbaik yaitu tanpa inokulasi dan pemberian 25 mL urin manusia.Effects of Rhizobium and Human Urine on Soil Biological and Chemical Characteristics of Soybean Rezosphere at InceptisolAbstract. The application of rhizobium and human urine is an alternative technology to increase soil productivity. Inceptisol which has constraints on the availability of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). This study used Randomized Block Design consisting of two factors (rhizobium and human urine) with 2 x 4 pattern and three replications. The results of this study indicate that the interaction of rhizobium and human urine has a very significant effect on soil respiration and real to total microorganisms. Rhizobium inoculation had a very significant effect on soil respiration and was apparent to K-available but not significant on the total parameters of microorganisms, pH, C-organic, N-total and P-available. Aplication of Human urine had a very significant effect on soil respiration and was apparent to total microorganisms and pH, but not significant for C-organic, N-total, K-available and P-available. The best aplication was without inoculation and 25 mL of human urine.
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Boehm, Kristi A., and P. Frank Ross. "Determination of Total Nitrogen in Urine by Pyrochemiluminescence: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 2 (March 1, 1995): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.2.301.
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Abstract Twelve collaborating laboratories analyzed 5 blind duplicate samples of human urine for total nitrogen using a pyrochemiluminescence method. The nitrogen content ranged from low (650 mg/L) to high levels (8800 mg/L) in urine samples of people under moderate to severe stress. In addition to test samples, collaborators also received a certified standard (sodium nitrite in water) as an external control. The pyrochemiluminescence assay was performed on urine samples diluted in water within a range of 1:50 to 1:100. The method detects total nitrogen by reaction of the product of high temperature oxidative pyrolysis and ozone. Repeatability standard deviation values (RDSr) ranged from 1.49 to 3.91% and reproducibility standard deviation values (RSDR) ranged from 3.66 to 9.57%. The average recovery of total nitrogen was 99.9%. The pyrochemiluminescence method for determination of total nitrogen in urine was adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
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Moreira, Ivan, Alessandro Luis Fraga, Diovani Paiano, Gisele Cristina de Oliveira, Cláudio Scapinello, and Elias Nunes Martins. "Nitrogen balance of starting barrow pigs fed on increasing lysine levels." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 47, no. 1 (March 2004): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132004000100012.
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The effects of increasing lysine levels on nitrogen balance of pigs fed on low protein diets were evaluated. Four treatments (diets) containing lysine levels (0.8, 1.0 1.2 and 1.4%) were applied to 12 starting (20.0 ± 1.8 kg) barrow pigs. Methionine, threonine and tryptophan were kept constant to the lysine ratio in all diets. Feces and urine were collected during a 5-day period. Nitrogen output in urine (NOU), total nitrogen output (TNO), nitrogen retention (NR), net protein utilization (NPU), biological value or feed protein (BVFP), urine urea nitrogen (UUN), and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) were determined. PUN showed high negative correlations with BVFP (-0.84), NPU (-0.76), and NR (-0.78) and a positive correlation (0.79) to NOU. Lowest nitrogen excretion and the best use of diet protein were obtained with 1.1% total lysine level. PUN is efficient to indicate amino acid for pigs.
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Tang, Yushang, Tongqiang Liu, Qiuping Cai, and Minwen Zhao. "The Effects of Febuxostat on Urine NGAL and Urine KIM-1 in Patients with Hyperuricemia." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022 (April 4, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6028611.
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Retrospective analysis of the effects of febuxostat on urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in patients with hyperuricemia was performed. From January 2018 to June 2018, there were 45 patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia in the outpatient or inpatient of Changzhou Second People’s Hospital, which were divided into the febuxostat group (25 cases) and the control group (20 cases). We collected the patients’ baseline indicators and testing indicators after three months of treatment, including blood urea nitrogen, blood creatinine, blood uric acid, urine microalbumin, urine NGAL, urine KIM-1, and other indicators. The subjects in both groups were given lifestyle intervention, instructed to drink more water, and given a low-purine diet. The patients in the febuxostat group took febuxostat 40 mg/D or 80 mg/D. We used SPSS 25.0 statistical software for statistical analysis. Baseline indexes between the febuxostat group and the control group and indexes after treatment between two groups were both performed by independent sample t-test, and paired t-test was used for self-comparison between the groups before and after treatment. There was no significant difference in age, sex, body mass index (BMI), urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, urine microalbumin/creatinine, urine NGAL/creatinine, and urine KIM-1/creatinine between the two groups before treatment ( P > 0.05 ). Compared with before treatment, after 3 months of intervention, the levels of serum uric acid, urine microalbumin/creatinine, urine NGAL/creatinine, and urine KIM-1/creatinine were significantly decreased in the febuxostat group ( P < 0.05 ), while the changes of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and epidermal growth factor receptor (eGFR) were not statistically significant ( P > 0.05 ). After 3 months of intervention, the control group had no significant changes in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, eGFR, uric acid, microalbumin/creatinine, urine NGAL/creatinine, and urine KIM-1/creatinine ( P > 0.05 ). After 3 months of intervention, compared with the control group, the serum uric acid, microalbumin/creatinine, urine NGAL/creatinine, and urine KIM-1/creatinine were significantly decreased in the febuxostat group ( P < 0.05 ), but there was no significant difference in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and eGFR ( P > 0.05 ). Febuxostat can reduce urine NGAL/creatinine and urine KIM-1/creatinine levels in patients with hyperuricemia and has the protective effects on renal tubular injury caused by hyperuricemia, which can provide evidences for the early prevention and treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia.
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Spector, David A., Jie Deng, and Kerry J. Stewart. "Hydration status affects urea transport across rat urothelia." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 301, no. 6 (December 2011): F1208—F1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00386.2011.
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Although mammalian urinary tract epithelium (urothelium) is generally considered impermeable to water and solutes, recent data suggest that urine constituents may be reabsorbed during urinary tract transit and storage. To study water and solute transport across the urothelium in an in vivo rat model, we instilled urine (obtained during various rat hydration conditions) into isolated in situ rat bladders and, after a 1-h dwell, retrieved the urine and measured the differences in urine volume and concentration and total quantity of urine urea nitrogen and creatinine between instilled and retrieved urine in rat groups differing by hydration status. Although urine volume did not change >1.9% in any group, concentration (and quantity) of urine urea nitrogen in retrieved urine fell significantly (indicating reabsorption of urea across bladder urothelia), by a mean of 18% (489 mg/dl, from an instilled 2,658 mg/dl) in rats receiving ad libitum water and by a mean of 39% (2,544 mg/dl, from an instilled 6,204 mg/dl) in water-deprived rats, but did not change (an increase of 15 mg/dl, P = not significant, from an instilled 300 mg/dl) in a water-loaded rat group. Two separate factors affected urea nitrogen reabsorption rates, a urinary factor related to hydration status, likely the concentration of urea nitrogen in the instilled urine, and a bladder factor(s), also dependent on the animal's state of hydration. Urine creatinine was also absorbed during the bladder dwell, and hydration group effects on the concentration and quantity of creatinine reabsorbed were qualitatively similar to the hydration group effect on urea transport. These findings support the notion(s) that urinary constituents may undergo transport across urinary tract epithelia, that such transport may be physiologically regulated, and that urine is modified during transit and storage through the urinary tract.
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Arve, Philip. "Stabilization of Urea in Urine through the Electrochemical Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 64 (October 9, 2022): 2395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02642395mtgabs.
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Urine represents a small fraction, usually 1-2%, of the total volume of a typical wastewater stream, but contributes over half of the nitrogen. This nitrogen, which is predominantly ammonium, must be removed prior to discharging the treated wastewater into the environment. Traditional nitrogen removal processes are often energy intensive and operationally sensitive. Source separation of urine presents an opportunity to divert most of the nitrogen received by a traditional wastewater treatment plant and allow direct treatment of this highly concentrated waste stream. Source separation of urine is not without its own operational difficulties though; flushless urinals often succumb to clogging and foul odors. This is in part due to the hydrolysis of urea by the urease enzyme which converts urea, the principal nitrogen compound in urine, to ammonia. This in turn produces odors and precipitates minerals which lead to mineral scaling. Source separated urine is also susceptible to biological growth, which along with scaling, are the primary causes of plumbing fixture failures in source separation installations. Source separated urine has been identified as a potential candidate for resource recovery, but the instability of fresh urine presents operational hurdles that must be overcome. The hydrolysis of urea by urease may be inhibited by dosing fresh urine with a sufficient volume of strong acid or base, or by strong oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide. These stabilizers are hazardous materials, and bulk storage of these chemicals presents inherent danger. We have investigated the use of electrochemical cells capable of producing hydrogen peroxide in-situ in fresh urine to determine the feasibility of this technology for urine stabilization. Urine is fed to the cathode chamber where a gas diffusion electrode reduces atmospheric oxygen to hydrogen peroxide, which deactivates any urease present in the urine. An added benefit to using hydrogen peroxide is its biocidal properties; urine samples treated with this approach displayed no biological growth after extended storage. Previous experiments have utilized exogenously added jack bean urease to simulate conditions present in source separated urine collection systems; control samples with no hydrogen peroxide present exhibited complete disappearance of urea, while samples with electrochemically synthesized hydrogen peroxide remained stable. Current experiments are exploring the long-term stability of treated urine after exposure to ureolytic bacteria to better simulate real world applications of this treatment approach.
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Zhan, Chengbo, Liangchang Zhang, Weidang Ai, and Wenyi Dong. "Biological Nitrogen Removal by A Membrane-Aerated Biofilm Reactor: An Attempt to Treat Urine Wastewater with High Sustainability." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1044, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1044/1/012002.
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Abstract Human urine contains the majority of nutrients in domestic wastewater, therefore treatment of source-separated urine by sustainable methods would become a low-cost and eco-friendly alternative to conventional urban wastewater treatment system. In this work, a waste stream composed of real urine and hygiene wastewater was prepared, which had characteristic of high nitrogen content and low available C/N ratio. Membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) is an emerging technology utilizing microporous or nonporous aeration membranes as the substrate for biofilm attachment, and this configuration could promote the growth of autotrophic nitrifying bacteria and the efficiency of nitrogen removal process. The waste stream was treated with a home-made MABR system to remove the organic carbon and nitrogen pollutants. Over a four-month operation period with the incoming waste stream concentration progressively elevated, the system achieved 90-95% removal of TOC, 50-73% oxidation of ammonium-nitrogen, and 24-63% removal of total nitrogen from the influent, without external carbon source input. The results indicated that MABR has the potential for urine wastewater treatment with low consumption in energy and materials.
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Dong, Liang Fei, Yao Xu, Yong Wei, Feng’e Zhang, and Bao Hua Tu. "Fate of Nitrogen and Phosphorous in Source-Separated Urine." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.328.
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In this paper, we focus on the fate of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in source-separated urine. Fresh mixed urine of pH 6.7 was diluted with different factors and stored openly and closed respectively. With pH increasing concentration of total phosphate (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N) and dissolved phosphate(PO43-) were measured to understand the fate of N and P in urine. Because of volatilization and precipitation, concentration of NH4+-N and PO43- in the urine stored closed was higher than them of stored openly with the equal dilution. Under same storing conditions, the higher dilution factor, the higher concentration of NH4+-N. When stored openly the pH of the samples increasing due to urea-hydrolysis resulted in precipitation which consumed N and P, and could be promoted by dilution with tap water containing hardness ions. Because of a few of hardness ions in the urine and tap water, the amount of precipitations containing calcium, magnesium, N and P in the urine sludge of every sample were not high enough to be detected by XRD. Although more flushing water would caused more precipitation, which is also helpful for nutrient recycling, using of large deal of tap water is not economic and environmentally friendly.
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Spector, David A., Qing Yang, and James B. Wade. "High urea and creatinine concentrations and urea transporter B in mammalian urinary tract tissues." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 292, no. 1 (January 2007): F467—F474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00181.2006.
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Although the mammalian urinary tract is generally held to be solely a transit and storage vehicle for urine made by the kidney, in vivo data suggest reabsorption of urea and other urine constituents across urinary tract epithelia. To determine whether urinary tract tissue concentrations are increased as a result of such reabsorption, we measured urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations and determined whether urea transporter B (UT-B) was present in bladder, ureter, and other tissues from dogs and rats. Mean urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations in dogs and rats were three- to sevenfold higher in urinary tract tissues than in serum and were comparable to those in renal cortex. In water-restricted or water-loaded rats, urea nitrogen concentrations in bladder tissues fell inversely with the state of hydration, were proportional to urine urea nitrogen concentrations, and were greater than the corresponding serum urea nitrogen concentration in every animal. Immunoblots of rat and dog urinary tract tissues demonstrated the presence of UT-B in homogenates of bladder and ureter, and immunocytochemical analysis localized UT-B to epithelial cell membranes. These findings are consistent with the notion that urea and creatinine are continuously reabsorbed from the urine across the urothelium, urea in part via UT-B, and that urine is thus altered in its passage through the urinary tract. Urea reabsorption across urinary tract epithelia may be important during conditions requiring nitrogen conservation and may contribute to pathophysiological states characterized by high blood urea nitrogen, such as prerenal azotemia and obstructive uropathy.
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Stout, W. L. "Effect Of Urine Volume On Apparent Urine Nitrogen Accumulation By A Pasture Sward." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 34, no. 7-8 (April 2003): 945–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/css-120019101.
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Vicente, Fernando, Douâa Elouadaf, Alejandra Sánchez-Vera, Ana Soldado, Senén De La Torre-Santos, and Adela Martínez-Fernández. "The Dairy Cow Slurry Composition Used as Organic Fertilizer Is Influenced by the Level and Origin of the Dietary Protein." Animals 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 2812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102812.
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Less than 30% of dairy cattle’s nitrogen ingested is retained in milk. Therefore, large amounts of nitrogen can be excreted in manure and urine with a potential environmental impact. In addition, some legume forages can be more susceptible to proteolysis during the silage process than grasses, and dairy cows fed these legume silages would excrete a larger quantity of nitrogen in slurry. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the amount of nitrogen excretion in dairy cows fed different protein levels and legume silages with a view to improve the slurry quality as a co-product that can be used as fertilizer. Two double 3 × 3 Latin square trials were carried out in order to study three different protein levels (high, medium, and low) and three different silages (grass, faba bean, and field pea). Dry matter intake, milk production, and composition were not affected by treatments. The excretion of ammonia-N in the urine was almost four times lower in the diet with the lowest protein level. The ammonia-N in the urine was twice as high with the pea silage than faba bean and grass silages. In conclusion, the diet containing 13% of protein meets the protein requirement for lactating cows producing 31 kg daily, with low nitrogen excretion in the urine, and the main pathway for the excretion of surplus nitrogen from legume silages is through urine and the metabolization of pea silage protein goes toward ammonia-N.
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Kabdaşlı, I., O. Tünay, Ç. İşlek, E. Erdinç, S. Hüskalar, and M. B. Tatlı. "Nitrogen recovery by urea hydrolysis and struvite precipitation from anthropogenic urine." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 12 (June 1, 2006): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.433.
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Human urine is a source of nutrients and has a significant potential for recycle of nitrogen. Recently, much research focused on separate collection and treatment of human urine. Recovery of nutrients from human urine requires hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and subsequent removal of ammonia and sometimes phosphorus. This study attempted to evaluate urea hydrolysis of human urine in both untreated fresh samples and urease added urine samples. Recovery of nutrients by struvite precipitation on pre-hydrolysed samples was also assessed on undiluted and 1:1 diluted samples. Results of urea hydrolysis on untreated urine samples indicated that the process was slow and pH exerted a significant effect on the process. No hydrolysis occurred above pH 10. From pH 2 to 7.5, 25% of urea could be hydrolysed in 30 d. Urease added hydrolysis with the enzyme doses 25–49 mg L−1 was a rapid process providing complete conversion into ammonia in 1.5 h. Struvite precipitation conducted on enzyme hydrolysed urine sample proved to be an efficient process and ammonia removals up to 95% were obtained. Struvite precipitation also provided 50% organic nitrogen removal.
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王, 自博. "Electrochemical Separation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Urine." Water pollution and treatment 05, no. 04 (2017): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/wpt.2017.54014.
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Monaghan, R. M., K. C. Cameron, and C. D. A. McLay. "Leaching losses of nitrogen from sheep urine patches." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 32, no. 2 (April 1989): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1989.10423459.
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Cichota, Rogerio, Iris Vogeler, Val Snow, Mark Shepherd, Russell McAuliffe, and Brendon Welten. "Lateral spread affects nitrogen leaching from urine patches." Science of The Total Environment 635 (September 2018): 1392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.005.
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Pisprasert, V., K. Anutarapongpan, and P. Hongprabhas. "P051 URINE UREA NITROGEN IN ACUTE STROKE PATIENTS." Clinical Nutrition Supplements 3 (January 2008): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1744-1161(08)70113-3.
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Ito, Ryusei, Eri Takahashi, and Naoyuki Funamizu. "Production of slow-released nitrogen fertilizer from urine." Environmental Technology 34, no. 20 (October 2013): 2809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2013.790069.
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Sadighi, Mehri, Nurit Reichman, Kaye Wilson, Alan Carne, and Mary P. Thompson. "A nitrogen balance experiment using simulated urine samples." Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education 34, no. 4 (July 2006): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bmb.2006.494034042632.
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Jönsson, Håkan, Thor-Axel Stenström, Jan Svensson, and Annika Sundin. "Source separated urine-nutrient and heavy metal content, water saving and faecal contamination." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 9 (May 1, 1997): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0338.
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Human urine is by far the largest contributor of nutrients to household wastewater. Source separation of urine can significantly decrease the nutrient load on the recipients. By recycling the urine to agriculture as a fertiliser, with very low levels of heavy metals, the nutrients are made into resources instead of becoming pollutants. The amounts and concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals in urine solution from a source separating sewage system were measured. The concentrations of nutrients were high. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was close to the expected value, indicating that the system did not have any large nitrogen loss. The heavy metal concentrations in the urine were low, much lower than that in most chemical fertilisers. Per inhabitant and day, 1.34 litres of urine solution were collected. Of this, 0.34 litres was flush water. The low flush water volume was due to the double flush mechanism of the toilets, which saved 48% of the flush water compared with conventional water closets. Per inhabitant and day, 4.9 g of nitrogen and 0.42 g of phosphorus were collected, which was 86 and 81% respectively of the expected amount. The contamination level of faecal material in the source separated urine was low.
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Somers, C., N. T. Girkin, B. Rippey, G. J. Lanigan, and K. G. Richards. "The effects of urine nitrogen application rate on nitrogen transformations in grassland soils." Journal of Agricultural Science 157, no. 6 (August 2019): 515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859619000832.
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AbstractUrine is a critical nitrogen (N) input in temperate grazed grasslands and can drive substantial nitrous oxide (N2O) production in soils. However, it remains unclear how differences in the N input rate affect N2O fluxes and vary between different grassland soils. The effect of increasing urine N application on ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2−) and nitrate (NO3−) concentrations and N2O production was tested in two grassland soils, a free-draining loam and an imperfectly drained sandy-loam. It was hypothesized that high-urine N application rates would lead to ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4+) accumulation influencing N transformation rates and N2O production which differ between grassland soils. Fresh cattle urine was applied at rates equivalent to 300 and 1000 kg N/ha in an aerobic incubation experiment. Soils were destructively sampled over 80 days to measure changes in inorganic-N and pH. The higher N addition rate was associated with elevated NH3 concentrations up to day 35 in soils, probably inhibiting NO2− to NO3− reduction. In contrast, there was no inhibition of nitrification in the 300 kg N/ha treatment. Cumulative N2O fluxes were greatest from the 300 kg N/ha treatment for the loam soil, but were greater for the sandy-loam under the 1000 kg N/ha treatment. The results also show that differences in soil properties, in particular carbon availability, can be important in regulating N transformation and N2O production. Collectively, these results demonstrate the proposed mechanism of nitrification inhibition at high-N input rates, driven by either high NH3/NH4 and/or increased levels of NH4HCO3 from urea hydrolysis.
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A. Kumaresan, A. Kumaresan, and P. Rajesh P. Rajesh. "Synthesis and Characterization of Fertilizer Grade Urea from Cattle Waste." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 38, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380236.
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Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium are the three major nutrients required for healthy plant growth. Cow urine contains significant amount of Nitrogen and Potassium. The recent research show that only 20% of nitrogenous material consumed by cattle is absorbed remaining 80% excreted in urine and dung. This study shows that the fertilizer grade urea synthesized from cow urine by standard procedure and characterized by FT-IR for functional group determination. The presence of urea in the sample was confirmed by Biuret test. This study gives a ample scope to the farmers to increases the soil fertility and better yield of agricultural products. The percentage of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Hydrogen in synthesized urea was determined by the chemical analysis.
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Dutta, Shanta, and Björn Vinnerås. "Fertilizer from dried human urine added to ash and lime – a potential product from eco-sanitation system." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 6 (June 28, 2016): 1436–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.324.
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This research explored the possibility of making fertilizer at a laboratory from source separated and untreated human urine added to ash and lime by drying at low temperatures. A mixture of ash and lime (1:1) was used as drying agent and human urine was applied as undiluted and fresh. Ash and lime were chosen as drying agents for maintaining a pH > 10 during the drying process, which should inhibit urea hydrolysis in urine, and thereby urea should be retained in the drying agent. The drying technique was developed and drying capacity of the system was quantified; three specific temperatures (20 °, 35 °, 60 °C) and two airflow rates (1 L/min and 5 L/min) were used in the experiment. A mass balance for nitrogen in the system was obtained. It was evident from the experiment that urea can be retained by maintaining a high pH (>10). Urine drying at 20 °C was not a feasible option, since rate of evaporation was very low. The highest retention of inflow nitrogen at 35 °C and 60 °C were 74% and 54%, respectively, in the produced fertilizer. Reduced evaporation rate, flooding of urine over drying agent, and blockage in airflow influenced nitrogen loss and concentration of nitrogen in the final product.
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Jönsson, H. "Urine separating sewage systems - environmental effects and resource usage." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0697.
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Effects of urine separation on the environment and resource usage were estimated using the simulation package ORWARE. Measurements on the urine-separating system in the housing district Palsternackan in Stockholm and on the fertilising effect of the urine were used in the simulations. The tenants were at home 65% of the time and separated 65% of the urine. Under these conditions, urine separation decreased the waterborne emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus by 55% and 33% respectively. Compared to the conventional system, urine separation increased the flow from the wastewater system to agriculture of plant-available nitrogen by a factor of 28, phosphorus by a factor of 1.35 and potassium by a factor of 23. Urine is a well-balanced complete fertiliser with very low concentrations of heavy metals. Urine separation conserved energy as long as the urine was transported distances shorter than 221 km to the field with a truck and trailer. If all the urine had been separated and transported only 1 km, the energy saving would have been 36%. In this and in previous studies, urine separation proved to be an improvement over the conventional system as regards environmental effects and resource usage.
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Fukahori, S., T. Fujiwara, R. Ito, and N. Funamizu. "Sulfonamide antibiotic removal and nitrogen recovery from synthetic urine by the combination of rotating advanced oxidation contactor and methylene urea synthesis process." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.182.
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The combination of nitrogen recovery and pharmaceutical removal processes for livestock urine treatment were investigated to suppress the discharge of pollutants and recover nitrogen as resources. We combined methylene urea synthesis from urea and adsorption and photocatalytic decomposition of sulfonamide antibiotic using rotating advanced oxidation contactor (RAOC) contained for obtaining both safe fertilizer and reclaimed water. The methylene urea synthesis could recover urea in synthetic urine, however, almost all sulfonamide antibiotic was also incorporated, which is unfavorable from a safety aspect if the methylene urea is to be used as fertilizer. Conversely, RAOC could remove sulfonamide antibiotic without consuming urea. It was also confirmed that the methylene urea could be synthesized from synthetic urine treated by RAOC. Thus, we concluded that RAOC should be inserted prior to the nitrogen recovery process for effective treatment of urine and safe use of methylene urea as fertilizer.
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PATIENCE, J. F., D. W. FRIEND, K. E. HARTIN, and M. S. WOLYNETZ. "A COMPARISON OF TWO URINE COLLECTION METHODS FOR FEMALE SWINE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 859–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-089.
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Six pairs of littermate gilts were used to compare an invasive (catheter) and a noninvasive (tube affixed around the vagina) urine collection system. Urine volume and nitrogen excretion were greater and water retention and urine specific gravity less (P < 0.05) in the catheterized swine. Collection method had no effect on urogenital infection. Key words: Urine collection, catheter, urine composition, swine
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Liao, Hsuan-Chieh, Grant O’Keefe, Fred Woo, Lisa Lawrence, and Geoffrey Baird. "Twelve-Hour Urine Collection Can Be Utilized to Estimate 24-Hour Total Urinary Nitrogen in Critically Trauma Patients." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 152, Supplement_1 (September 11, 2019): S1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqz112.001.
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Abstract Patients suffering from trauma, burns, and sepsis are frequently in a hypermetabolic state, and as the majority of urinary nitrogen comes from amino acid metabolism, the determination of total urinary nitrogen (TUN) provides an accurate measurement of all nitrogen excreted in urine and can be used as an indicator of catabolic stress. To evaluate whether time of collection influences the performance of TUN test, 12-hour urine specimens were collected from ICU trauma patients and the 12-hour results were correlated with results from 24-hour collections. Two consecutive 12-hour urine samples were collected (06:00-18:00 hours and 18:00-06:00 hours) from surgical ICU patients. Total urinary nitrogen levels were measured in each 12-hour sample, as well as in a pooled sample (24 hours). Pyrochemiluminescence was used to determine TUN level on an Antek 9000N elemental analyzer. In this approach, the urine sample is completely oxidized at high temperature in a quartz pyrotube. Nitrogen is converted to nitric oxide (·NO), then mixed with O3 (ozone) to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Light is emitted and specific wavelengths between 650 and 900 nm were measured in a photomultiplier tube. The measured chemiluminescent emission is specific and proportional to the amount of nitrogen in the sample. Fifty 12-hour urine samples from 16 patients were collected. One patient was excluded from the study due to acute renal injury during the collection period. There was no significant observed circadian effect on measured TUN. The 12-hour TUN (g/total volume) was multiplied by 2 to compare to 24-hour TUN for statistical analysis. There was strong correlation between either day or night 12-hour TUN and corresponding pooled 24-hour TUN, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.93 to 0.98 and regression slopes ranging from 0.98 to 1.01. No statistically significant difference was found between the 12-hour TUN and 24-hour TUN approaches. A 12-hour TUN collection was overall highly predictive of 24-hour TUN collection and has the advantage of convenience of sample collection and improved clinical efficiency. Serial 12-hour urine collection is therefore preferred for monitoring nitrogen balance and adjusting protein intake for critically ill ICU patients.
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Yang, Min, Lun Hua, Zhengyu Mao, Yan Lin, Shengyu Xu, Jian Li, Xuemei Jiang, De Wu, Yong Zhuo, and Jiankui Huang. "Effects of Dietary Fiber, Crude Protein Level, and Gestation Stage on the Nitrogen Utilization of Multiparous Gestating Sows." Animals 12, no. 12 (June 14, 2022): 1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12121543.
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To investigate the effects of dietary fiber (DF), crude protein (CP) level, and gestation stage on nitrogen utilization, 28 Landrace-Yorkshire cross gestating sows at parity two were randomly divided into four dietary treatments with seven duplicates of one pig with a repeated-measures design. The diets comprised one with normal crude protein (CP) of 13.3%, one with a low CP diet of 10.1%, and two diets, one with dietary fiber (DF) supplementation of inulin and cellulose at the ratio of 1:1 and one without DF. The total litter size, litter size alive, and newborn birthweight of piglets did not differ between treatment groups. Sows that received high DF levels had greater nitrogen output in feces, lower urinary nitrogen, and increased nitrogen retention. Sows that received a low CP diet had reduced nitrogen excretion in feces and urine, lower nitrogen retention, and an unchanged nitrogen retention ratio. Sows at the late stage of gestation on days 95 to 98 had lower nitrogen excretion in urine and greater nitrogen retention than in the early stage of gestation on days 35 to 38, associated with a significant decrease in serum amino acids in late gestation. Maternal protein deposition was increased by high DF, decreased by low CP, and lower in late gestation compared with early gestation. Collectively, DF improved nitrogen utilization by decreasing urine nitrogen output, and nitrogen utilization increased as gestation advanced.
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Jurga, Anna, Kamil Janiak, Anna Wizimirska, Piotr Chochura, Stanisław Miodoński, Mateusz Muszyński-Huhajło, Krzysztof Ratkiewicz, et al. "Resource Recovery from Synthetic Nitrified Urine in the Hydroponic Cultivation of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa Var. capitata L.)." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 2242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112242.
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The application of hydroponic cultivation fertilized with biologically nitrified synthetic urine can produce nitrate-rich fertilizer for lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.). The mounting water crisis and depletion of natural resources makes nitrogen recovery from human urine a practical option. Nitrified urine can be used in indoor vertical hydroponic cultivation and is characterized by a high degree of element recovery. Because of its high ammonium content, hydrolyzed fresh urine may be toxic. A nitrification sequencing batch reactor with suspended activated sludge biomass ensured urine stabilization and biological conversion into nitrate-rich fertilizer. The diluted nitrate-rich fertilizer was then supplied for soilless cultivation. The results show that diluted nitrified urine is an excellent source of bioavailable nitrogen and phosphorus and, with proper enrichment with microelements, could replace commercial fertilizers in hydroponic systems. The yield and quality parameters of lettuce cultivated with enriched urine were comparable to those obtained with a commercial fertilizer. The mass balance calculation showed that industry-scale lettuce production can be based on urine fertilizer collected from a few hundred people for a single unit.
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Beler-Baykal, B., A. D. Allar, and S. Bayram. "Nitrogen recovery from source-separated human urine using clinoptilolite and preliminary results of its use as fertilizer." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 4 (February 1, 2011): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.324.
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The use of source separated human urine as fertilizer is one of the major suggestions of the new sanitation concept ECOSAN. Urine is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium which act as plant nutrients, however its salinity is high for agricultural and landscape purposes. Moreover, characteristics change significantly throughout storage where salinity increases to higher values as the predominant form of nitrogen shifts from urea to ammonium. Transferring nitrogen in human urine onto the natural zeolite clinoptilolite and using the subsequently recovered ammonium from the exhausted clinoptilolite for agricultural/landscape purposes is suggested as an indirect route of using urine in this work. Results reporting the outcome of the proposed process together with characterization of fresh and stored urine, and preliminary work on the application of the product on the landscape plant Ficus elastica are presented. Up to 97% of the ammonium in stored urine could be transferred onto clinoptilolite through ion exchange and about 88% could be recovered subsequently from exhausted clinoptilolite, giving an overall recovery of 86%. Another important merit of the suggested process was the successful elimination of salinity. Preliminary experiments with Ficus elastica had shown that the product, i.e. clinoptilolite exhausted with ammonium, was compatible with the synthetic fertilizer tested.
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Bethune, David N., Angus Chu, and M. Cathryn Ryan. "Passive evaporation of source-separated urine from dry toilets: UES optimization and dry product accumulation over time." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 1 (February 6, 2016): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.103.
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A urine evaporation system (UES) was optimized and evaluated in a laboratory by adding 5 L of urine at the same time each day for 65 days. The UES consisted of a wooden box that is open at the front only with tracks for 22 vertically stacked cafeteria-type trays and a fan and chimney at the back. Urine flowed from tray to tray via gravity exiting each tray via a weir along the long side of the tray. A distinctive physical and chemical zonation in the solid urine product was observed from the upper to lower trays due to leaching of precipitated minerals in the upper trays and mineral accumulation in the lower trays. The redox conditions became increasingly oxidizing from the top to bottom trays due to contact with the atmosphere thus favouring more stable mineralized forms of nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate) and sulphur (sulphate) and disfavouring the less stable and volatile ammonia, nitrogen gas and hydrogen sulphide. The quality of the fertilizer product is higher in the upper trays with higher levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, whereas the lower trays have higher levels of sodium chloride. Nitrogen losses due to ammonia volatilization were approximately 35%.
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Beltran, Ignacio E., Ivan Calvache, Rocio Cofre, Francisco Salazar, Juan P. Keim, Alvaro Morales, Ruben G. Pulido, and Marta Alfaro. "Nitrogen Intake and Its Partition on Urine, Dung and Products of Dairy and Beef Cattle in Chile." Agronomy 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010015.
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Nitrogen that is excreted through the urine and dung of cattle is an important source of nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions. In Chile, several studies have evaluated nitrogen (N) intake and its partitioning into urine and dung from beef and dairy cattle, however, there are no studies collating all data into one central database, which would allow an estimation of N excretion and its key variables to be developed. The aim of this study was to determine the N partition (milk or meat, urine and dung) and variables influencing the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and urinary N excretion of cattle based on a database generated from Chilean studies. The search of studies was carried out using a keyword list in different web-based platforms. Nitrogen excretion into urine and dung was calculated using equations reported in the literature for beef and dairy cattle. Mixed models were used to identify variables influencing the N partitioning. Nitrogen intake and its partitioning into the animal product, urine and dung were higher for dairy compared to beef cattle. For dairy cattle, NUE was influenced by milk yield, the non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC)/crude protein ratio, acid detergent fiber intake and milk urea N (MUN), while urinary N excretion was influenced by milk yield, MUN and NFC intake. For beef cattle, N intake and its excretion were greater for grazing compared to the confined system, while NUE was greater for confined animals. This database supplies new information on N intake and its partitioning (milk, meat, urine and dung) for dairy and beef cattle, which can be used for the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from pasture-based livestock in Chile. Additionally, our study supplies new information on nutritional variables determining NUE and urinary N excretion for dairy cattle, which can be used by farmers to reduce N excretion into the environment.
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Engelhardt, Sebastian, Katey Bender, Jörg Vogel, Stephen Duirk, Francisco Moore, and Hazel Barton. "Urine volume reduction during long-duration cave exploration by a light-weight and portable forward osmosis system." International Journal of Speleology 49, no. 3 (September 2020): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.49.3.2336.
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The preservation of caves is a challenge during long-duration cave expeditions where human waste can add significant nitrogen to the cave ecosystem. Since the removal of urine that accumulates during a multi-day caving trip is not always feasible due to weight and volume constraints, a light-weight and portable filtration system that is capable of reducing urine volume would be desirable. In this study we tested the Aquaporin Inside hollow fiber membrane in a forward osmosis (FO) setup to evaluate its capability to reduce urine volume while rejecting nitrogenous compounds using different draw solution chemistries and water recovery rates. As a result, we introduce a light-weight and portable FO prototype that was able to reduce urine volume by over 80%. Although total nitrogen (TN) rejection in this process did not exceed 70%, allowing some nitrogen to move across the membrane into the draw solution, evaporation allowed draw solution recycling without loss of nitrogenous compounds into the atmosphere. These data suggest that FO may be a suitable strategy to reduce urine volume and improve methods for nitrogenous waste handling during long-term cave exploration.
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Wu, Qiang, Pu Wang, Changhong Wang, Xiangrong Liu, and Xue Zhang. "Effect of sanhuanghuoxue decoction on the treatment of chronic renal failure." Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology 11 (March 10, 2016): S131—S135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v11is1.26832.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of sanhuanghuoxue decoction in the treatment of chronic renal failure by examining the changes in serum creatinine and blood urine nitrogen using rat models. Compared with the control group, which was treated by coated aldehyde oxystarch, the group treated by sanhuanghuoxue showed remarkable decrease in serum creatinine and blood urine nitrogen. The difference was found statistically significant.
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Jiang, F., Y. Chen, H. R. Mackey, G. H. Chen, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. "Urine nitrification and sewer discharge to realize in-sewer denitrification to simplify sewage treatment in Hong Kong." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 618–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.491.
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The chemically enhanced primary treatment works in Hong Kong will be upgraded for biological nitrogen removal. This study proposed a novel approach to waive the upgrading by urine source-separation, onsite nitrification and discharge of nitrified urine into sewers to achieve in-sewer denitrification. Human urine was collected and a lab-scale experiment for full urine nitrification was conducted. The results showed that full nitrification was achieved with alkaline addition. Simulation of nitrified urine discharge into an 8-km pressure main in Hong Kong was conducted with a quasi-2D dynamic sewer model developed from a previously calibrated sewer biofilm model. It was assumed that 70% of the residents' urine was collected and fully nitrified on-site. The simulation results revealed that the proposed approach is effective in removal of nitrogen within the sewer, which decreases ammonia-N at the sewer outlet to a level required for secondary effluent discharge in Hong Kong.
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Rongre, Grace Inriani, I. Gusti Putu Hendra Sanjaya, Agustinus I. Wayan Harimawan, and Sianny Herawati. "Kadar Urine Urea Nitrogen (UUN) sebagai prediktor mortalitas pada pasien luka bakar >20% di RSUP Prof. Dr. I. G. N. G. Ngoerah Denpasar." Intisari Sains Medis 13, no. 3 (September 21, 2022): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/ism.v13i3.1470.
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Background: Urine urea nitrogen (UUN) is an examination of nitrogen balance with the concept of calculating the amount of urea excreted through urine. The amount of urea that comes out of the urine is in line with the amount of protein breakdown in the body and the amount of protein that enters the body. This study aimed to evaluate UUN levels on days 1, 3 and 7 as a predictor of mortality in burn patients >20%. Methods: This study was an observational analytic retrospective study. Data were collected from January 2020 to December 2021. This study used secondary data from medical records of patients with IIAB-III degree burns with burn area > 20% TBSA treated at Prof. Dr. I. G. N. G. Ngoerah General Hospital for 2020-2021. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 for Windows. Results: The majority of burn patients were male, about 73.9%. The average age of burn patients is 48.26±15.95 years. On the first examination day, the UUN value was still low (29.4 mg/24 hours). Then on the 3rd day, there was an increase in the average UUN level, namely the maximum value of 61,987 mg/24 hours. Examination on the 7th day showed an increase in line with the previous day, namely the maximum value of 57,489 mg/24 hours. On day 1, the mean UUN value was higher in patients who died, while on days 3 and 7 the mean UUN level in patients with living outcomes was higher than in patients who died, but not significantly (p>0.05). Conclusion: Urine urea nitrogen levels on days 1, 3 and 7 in burn patients >20% at Prof. Dr. I. G. N. G. Ngoerah General Hospital showed an increasing trend. Urine urea nitrogen levels cannot be used to predict mortality in burn patients because the results were insignificant. Latar Belakang: Urin urea nitrogen (UUN) merupakan pemeriksaan keseimbangan nitrogen yang berkonsep pada perhitungan jumlah urea yang dieksresikan lewat urin. Jumlah urea yang keluar bersama urine sejalan dengan jumlah pemecahan protein dalam tubuh serta jumlah protein yang masuk dalam tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kadar UUN hari ke-1,3, dan 7 sebagai prediktor mortalitas pasien luka bakar >20%. Metode: Studi ini merupakan studi retrospektif analitik observasional. Data dikumpulkan dari Januari 2020 hingga Desember 2021. Studi ini menggunakan data sekunder dari catatan rekam medis pasien luka bakar derajat IIAB-III dengan luas luka bakar > 20% TBSA yang dirawat di RSUP Prof. Dr. I. G. N. G. Ngoerah periode 2020-2021. Data dianalisis dengan SPSS versi 21 untuk Windows. Hasil: Mayoritas pasien luka bakar berjenis kelamin laki-laki yaitu sebesar 73,9%. Usia rata-rata pasien luka bakar yaitu 48,26±15,95 tahun. Pada pemeriksaan hari pertama didapatkan nilai UUN masih rendah (29,4 mg/24 jam). Kemudian pada hari ke-3 didapatkan peningkatan rata-rata kadar UUN yakni nilai maksimum 61.987 mg/24 jam. Pemeriksaan pada hari ke-7 menunjukkan peningkatan yang sejalan dengan hari sebelumnya yakni nilai maksimum 57.489 mg/24 jam. Pada hari ke-1, nilai rerata UUN lebih tinggi pada pasien meninggal, sedangkan pada hari ke 3 dan 7 kadar rerata UUN pasien dengan luaran hidup lebih tinggi dibandingkan pasien yang meninggal, namun tidak bermakna secara signifikan (p>0,05). Simpulan: Kadar UUN pada hari ke-1, 3 dan 7 pada pasien luka bakar >20% di RSUP Prof. Dr. I. G. N. G. Ngoerah menunjukkan adanya trend peningkatan. Kadar UUN tidak dapat dipakai sebagai prediktor mortalitas pada pasien luka bakar karena hasil tidak signifikan.
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El-Nakhel, Christophe, Danny Geelen, Jolien De Paepe, Peter Clauwaert, Stefania De Pascale, and Youssef Rouphael. "An Appraisal of Urine Derivatives Integrated in the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Inputs of a Lettuce Soilless Cultivation System." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 10, 2021): 4218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084218.
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Reinforcing and optimizing sustainable food production is an urgent contemporary issue. The depletion of natural mineral resources is a key problem that is addressed by recycling mined potassium and phosphorus, and nitrogen, whose production depends on very high energy input. A closed-loop approach of fertilizer use asserts the necessity for efficient management and practices of organic waste rich in minerals. Human-derived urine is an underutilized yet excellent source for nitrogen fertilizer, and, in this study, processed urine fertilizer was applied to greenhouse soilless cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Grand Rapids. Biomass increase, biometric parameters, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) index, minerals, and organic acids content of lettuce were analyzed. From eight different urine fertilizer products generated, K-struvite, urine precipitate-CaO, and the liquid electrodialysis (ED) concentrate supported the growth of lettuce similar to that of commercial mineral fertilizer. ED concentrate application led to the accumulation of potassium (+17.2%), calcium (+82.9%), malate (+185.3%), citrate (+114.4%), and isocitrate (+185.7%); K-struvite augmented the accumulation of magnesium (+44.9%); and urine precipitate-CaO induced the highest accumulation of calcium (+100.5%) when compared to the control, which is an added value when supplemented in daily diet. The results underlined the potential of nitrogen- and phosphate-rich human urine as a sustainable source for the fertilization of lettuce in soilless systems.
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Koguchi, Koguchi, Nakajima, Takano, Yamamoto, Innami, Maekawa, and Tadokoro. "Dietary Fiber Suppresses Elevation of Uric Acid and Urea Nitrogen Concentrations in Serum of Rats with Renal Dysfunction Induced by Dietary Adenine." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 74, no. 4 (July 1, 2004): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.74.4.253.
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This study was conducted to examine the effects of several kinds of dietary fiber (DF) with different physical properties on the elevation of uric acid and urea nitrogen concentrations in serum of rats induced by dietary adenine. DF decreased an uptake of 14C-labeled adenine in the rat jejunum in vitro, but the reduction varied with the physical property of DF. Male Wistar rats (3 weeks old) were fed a diet with or without a 0.4% adenine and a 5% DF (cellulose, chitin, chitosan, or xanthan gum) for 20 days. Feeding of adenine in the fiber-free group elevated the concentrations of uric acid, creatinine, and urea nitrogen in serum, but decreased the excretions of these compounds into urine and increased the amounts of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (2,8-DHA) in kidney and urine. The test DF was found to suppress the elevation of uric acid, creatinine, and urea nitrogen concentrations in serum induced by dietary adenine, and to mitigate the decreased excretions of these compounds into urine and the increased retention of 2,8-DHA in kidney and urine. This phenomenon was remarkable in the xanthan gum group. These results suggest that DF suppresses the elevation of uric acid and urea nitrogen concentrations in serum by attenuating the absorption of dietary adenine.
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Marsden, Karina A., Davey L. Jones, and David R. Chadwick. "Disentangling the effect of sheep urine patch size and nitrogen loading rate on cumulative N2O emissions." Animal Production Science 56, no. 3 (2016): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15613.
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Ruminant urine nitrogen (N) concentration and volume are important parameters influencing the size and N loading rate of urine patches deposited to soil. Such parameters can influence N cycling and emissions of the greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O) from grazed grassland, yet, there is limited information on the effect of these parameters within typical ranges reported for sheep. We used an automated, high-frequency gas monitoring system to investigate N2O emissions from varying urine N application rates and patch sizes under field conditions. Using artificial sheep urine, we manipulated urine N concentration to provide two urine N application rates (4 and 16 g N/L; equivalent to 200 and 800 kg N/ha). We investigated the effect of urine patch size with equal N application rates (4 × 125 cm2 vs 500 cm2, at 200 and 800 kg N/ha) and the effect of patch size with unequal N application rates, but the same total amount of N applied (62.5 mL over 125 cm2 at 800 kg N/ha and 250 mL over 500 cm2 at 200 kg N/ha). Cumulative emissions of N2O generally increased with N loading rate, whether applied as one large urine patch or four smaller ones. Cumulative N2O emissions increased when the N was applied in four smaller urine patches compared with one large patch; this difference was significant at 800 kg N/ha, but not at 200 kg N/ha. When the total amount of N applied was held constant (1 g of N), the amount of N2O released was similar when urine was applied as a high N concentration small patch (800 kg N/ha) compared with a low N concentration large patch (200 kg N/ha). Urine N2O emission factors in this study were, on average, 10 times lower than the IPCC default of 1% for sheep excreta. This research clearly demonstrates that the chemical and physical nature of the urine patch influences N2O emissions, yet further research is required to gather more data on typical sheep urine volumes (individual and daily), urination frequency, urine N concentrations and the typical volumes of soil influenced by urine deposition, to provide more accurate estimates of emissions from sheep grazed pastures.
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Wang, Pengbo, Jinhua Li, Yang Xu, Changhui Zhou, Yan Zhang, Lina Zha, Bo Zhang, Jing Bai, and Baoxue Zhou. "Efficient Hydrogen Generation and Total Nitrogen Removal for Urine Treatment in a Neutral Solution Based on a Self-Driving Nano Photoelectrocatalytic System." Nanomaterials 11, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 2777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112777.
Full textAbstract:
Urine is the main source of nitrogen pollution, while urea is a hydrogen-enriched carrier that has been ignored. Decomposition of urea to H2 and N2 is of great significance. Unfortunately, direct urea oxidation suffers from sluggish kinetics, and needs strong alkaline condition. Herein, we developed a self-driving nano photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) system to efficiently produce hydrogen and remove total nitrogen (TN) for urine treatment under neutral pH conditions. TiO2/WO3 nanosheets were used as photoanode to generate chlorine radicals (Cl•) to convert urea-nitrogen to N2, which can promote hydrogen generation, due to the kinetic advantage of Cl−/Cl• cyclic catalysis. Copper nanowire electrodes (Cu NWs/CF) were employed as the cathode to produce hydrogen and simultaneously eliminate the over-oxidized nitrate-nitrogen. The self-driving was achieved based on a self-bias photoanode, consisting of confronted TiO2/WO3 nanosheets and a rear Si photovoltaic cell (Si PVC). The experiment results showed that hydrogen generation with Cl• is 2.03 times higher than in urine treatment without Cl•, generating hydrogen at 66.71 μmol h−1. At the same time, this system achieved a decomposition rate of 98.33% for urea in 2 h, with a reaction rate constant of 0.0359 min−1. The removal rate of total nitrogen and total organic carbon (TOC) reached 75.3% and 48.4% in 2 h, respectively. This study proposes an efficient and potential urine treatment and energy recovery method in neutral solution.
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Hanæus, Jörgen, Daniel Hellström, and Erica Johansson. "A study of a urine separation system in an ecological village in Northern Sweden." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 9 (May 1, 1997): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0339.
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The development of a sustainable sewerage system includes the utilisation of nutrients from human urine and faeces in agriculture. One strategy for developing a sustainable sewerage system is to handle urine separately and use it as a fertiliser. One important reason for this strategy is the fact that urine is the source of around 70% of phosphorus and around 90% of nitrogen in black wastewater (wastewater from water closets). However, experience from systems with urine separation is limited. In this study a urine separation system in an “ecological” village in northern Sweden has been investigated. The village consists of 17 self-contained houses and the number of inhabitants have varied around 55 persons. The sewerage system is equipped with urine separation toilets. Thus, the urine is intended to be collected separately and led through a sewer system to a collection tank for urine. However, the collected urine was found to be relatively diluted. This could to some extent be explained by errors in the construction of the toilet. However, the main reason for the dilution is probably leakage of water into the urine sewer system. The study also showed that less than about half of the nitrogen and phosphorus from human urine disposed of through the toilets of the village was successfully collected. Thus, the study shows that the successful operation of a urine separation system is very dependent on well-designed toilets and a user behaviour that promotes a high degree of separation.
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Bélanger, Gilles, Philippe Rochette, Martin Chantigny, Noura Ziadi, Denis Angers, Édith Charbonneau, Doris Pellerin, and Chang Liang. "Nitrogen availability from dairy cow dung and urine applied to forage grasses in eastern Canada." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 1 (January 2015): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-039.
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Bélanger, G., Rochette, P., Chantigny, M., Ziadi, N., Angers, D., Charbonneau, E., Pellerin, D. and Liang, C. 2015. Nitrogen availability from dairy cow dung and urine applied to forage grasses in eastern Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 55–65. Nitrogen availability from dung and urine excreted by dairy cows has been studied extensively but few studies have been conducted in areas with short growing seasons and cold winters. We assessed N availability from dairy cow urine and dung applied to forage grasses under the cool conditions of eastern Canada, with a focus on soil- and plant-based indicators. The experiment was conducted with timothy (Phleum pratense L.)-dominated swards on two soil types (clay, sandy loam) with three periods of application (mid-September, early June, early July) and four treatments: Control, Dung (1.75 kg fresh weight m−2), Diluted urine (U-50; 50 g N m−2), and Urine (U-100; 100 g N m−2) from lactating cows. Dry matter (DM) yield and N concentration were measured from several successive clippings. Ion exchange membranes (IEM) and crop N nutrition index (NNI) were used, respectively, as soil-based and plant-based indicators of N availability. Relative cumulative DM yields, calculated as cumulative DM yield over all clippings for a given treatment divided by maximum cumulative DM yield among the four treatments, increased from Control (clay: 31 - 69%; sandy loam: 21–63%) to Dung (clay: 39–84%; sandy loam: 46–86%) and U-50 (clay: 81–83%; sandy loam: 78–100%). Relative values of cumulative N uptake were close to those of DM yields. The percentage of applied N taken up by the crop from all clippings was greater with urine (8–28%) than with dung (3–12%) on both soil types. Nitrogen from dung and urine was available to timothy at all periods of application, but urine N availability was greater than that of dung N. Nitrogen exposure, calculated as cumulative mineral N on IEMs, and NNI were both related to relative DM yield (R 2>0.61; P<0.001), confirming their capacity to assess N availability to forage grasses receiving dung and urine excreted by dairy cows.
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Wilsenach, J. A., W. P. M. van Bragt, P. de Been, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. "Evaluation of separate urine collection and treatment to augment existing wastewater treatment works." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0089.
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Simultaneous increases in wastewater loads and effluent quality demand improved nutrient removal techniques. A simple technique for nitrogen removal is post-denitrification with methanol. The trade-off between better effluent vs. methanol consumption is debatable. Methanol dosing is not only un-sustainable in the long term, but the cost of methanol is also becoming increasingly important. Urine contains 80% of the total nitrogen (N) and 50% of the phosphate in wastewater. Separate collection and treatment of urine could improve existing treatment works and diminish the need for post-denitrification. In this paper, a nitritation-denitrification process is proposed where 20–30% of the N in urine is removed with the COD available in urine. The treated urine consists of ammonium-nitrite, which is to be introduced to the anoxic zone of a conventional treatment plant. Optimal denitrification via nitrite is possible with COD from other wastewater sources. The case study presented here shows that 40–50% urine separation and improvement of the flow scheme would improve effluent quality from 19 to 10 g N/m3, which would eliminate the need for post-denitrification.