Academic literature on the topic 'Nitrogenous waste'
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Journal articles on the topic "Nitrogenous waste"
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Choi, E., Z. Yun, and T. H. Chung. "Strong nitrogenous and agro-wastewater: current technological overview and future direction." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 5-6 (March 1, 2004): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0730.
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Nitrogen input to our environment has increased tremendously during the last four decades. It has been recognized that most of the nitrogenous wastes are produced from animal farms and agro-industries, which discharge a large amount of nitrogen as well as organics. Various biological and physico-chemical means are considered or applied for nitrogen removal. Particularly, biological nitrite nitrification and denitrification, and struvite precipitation have received more attention as applicable processes for strong nitrogenous waste treatment. The advanced oxidation process appears to be more attractive than activated carbon adsorption in terms of the removal of refractory organics when a further treatment of biologically treated effluent is required. Technologies using membrane bioreactors were very effective for solids separation, while reverse osmosis was found to be efficient for water reuse purpose with sufficient removal of refractory organics and nitrogen along with biological treatment. Reuse or recycling of strong nitrogenous wastes and agro-wastewater will be a desirable direction for the future in order to prevent the nitrogenous and organic pollution.
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Pang, Zhao Hui, Cai Hong Peng, and Yong Zhong Zhu. "Remediation of Groundwater Polluted by Nitrate Nitrogen in the Rural Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 606–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.606.
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Groundwater is always one of the main source of drinking water. But due to the vast use of nitrogenous fertilizer and irrationally discharge or utilization of animal wastes, domestic sewage and nitrogen-contained industrial waste drainage, the groundwater in the rural area is seriously polluted by Nitrate to varied degree.
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Burford, Michele A., and Kevin C. Williams. "The fate of nitrogenous waste from shrimp feeding." Aquaculture 198, no. 1-2 (June 2001): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(00)00589-5.
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., Farhat R. Malik, Soaliha Ahmed ., and Yazdana M. Rizki . "Utilization of Lignocellulosic Waste for the Preparation of Nitrogenous Biofertilizer." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 4, no. 10 (September 15, 2001): 1217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2001.1217.1220.
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Engelhardt, Sebastian, Katey Bender, Jörg Vogel, Stephen Duirk, Francisco Moore, and Hazel Barton. "Urine volume reduction during long-duration cave exploration by a light-weight and portable forward osmosis system." International Journal of Speleology 49, no. 3 (September 2020): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.49.3.2336.
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The preservation of caves is a challenge during long-duration cave expeditions where human waste can add significant nitrogen to the cave ecosystem. Since the removal of urine that accumulates during a multi-day caving trip is not always feasible due to weight and volume constraints, a light-weight and portable filtration system that is capable of reducing urine volume would be desirable. In this study we tested the Aquaporin Inside hollow fiber membrane in a forward osmosis (FO) setup to evaluate its capability to reduce urine volume while rejecting nitrogenous compounds using different draw solution chemistries and water recovery rates. As a result, we introduce a light-weight and portable FO prototype that was able to reduce urine volume by over 80%. Although total nitrogen (TN) rejection in this process did not exceed 70%, allowing some nitrogen to move across the membrane into the draw solution, evaporation allowed draw solution recycling without loss of nitrogenous compounds into the atmosphere. These data suggest that FO may be a suitable strategy to reduce urine volume and improve methods for nitrogenous waste handling during long-term cave exploration.
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Kumai, Yusuke, Jessica Harris, Hasanen Al-Rewashdy, Raymond W. M. Kwong, and Steve F. Perry. "Nitrogenous Waste Handling by Larval Zebrafish Danio rerio in Alkaline Water." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 88, no. 2 (March 2015): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/679628.
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Allison, Susan J. "An encapsulated bacterial cocktail for the removal of nitrogenous metabolic waste." Nature Reviews Nephrology 16, no. 9 (July 20, 2020): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41581-020-0331-4.
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Guo, Xiaoya, Lixin Wang, Li Zhang, Shouguang Li, and Jinyu Hao. "Nitrogenous emissions from the catalytic pyrolysis of waste rigid polyurethane foam." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 108 (July 2014): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.05.006.
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., Suwarno, and Komaruddin Idris. "Potential and Possibility of Direct Use of Guano as Fertilizer in Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2007): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitl.9.1.37-43.
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Guano is a material originally from sea bird or bat excrement. This material is an important source of P fertilizerduring nineteenth century and the early part of twentieth century. The development of artificial fertilizers and the depletion of guano deposits in Peru caused guano negligibled from world fertilizers trading. Recently, guano appeared in fertilizers trading and sciencetific publications again due to the development of organic farming and increasing the price of energy sources for fertilizer manufacture. Based on its origin, guano is classified into sea bird and bat guanos; and based on its composition guano is grouped into nitrogenous dan phosphatic guanos. Moreover, guano deposits are divided into two types: cave guano and insular guano deposits. The main component of guano is N, P, and Ca elements, and the additional elements are K, Mg, and S. Both nitrogenous and phosphatic guanos are important organic fertilizers because the N content of nitrogenous guano and the P content of phosphatic guano are far higher than those of manure, agricultural waste, or muniCipal waste. In Indonesia guano deposits are widely distributed in Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusatenggara, and Irian Jaya. The most deposits are cave guano deposits which contain thousands to hundred thousands tons of guano.Consequently, it is highly potential to develop direct use of guano in our country. Futhermore, results of experiments indicated that phosphatic guano has high possibility to be used directly as P fertilizer.
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Lalitha, N., M. Muralidhar, R. Saraswathy, P. Kumararaja, and A. Nagavel. "Effect of cassava waste on bioremediation of nitrogenous metabolites and shrimp growth." Journal of Environmental Biology 38, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/38/4/ms-158.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Nitrogenous waste"
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Rousseau, Matthew. "Nitrogenous emissions from the pyrolysis of a municipal solid waste component." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0021/MQ52650.pdf.
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Manipura, Walappuly Mudiyanselage Janakasiri Aruna Shantha Bandara. "Bioprocess development for removal of nitrogenous compounds from precious metal refinery wastewater." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007341.
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Removal of nitrogenous compounds from precious metal refinery (PMR) wastewater is important in terms of avoiding eutrophication (environmental protection), metal recovery (increased overall process efficiency and value recovery) and reuse of treated water (maximum use of natural resources). Extreme pH conditions (4 to 13 depending on the wastewater stream), high chemical oxygen demand (> 10,000 mg/I), numerous metals and high concentrations of those metals (> 20 mg/l of platinum group metals) in the wastewater are the main challenges for biological removal of nitrogenous compounds from PMR wastewater. Nitrogenous compounds such as NH₄⁺-N and N0₃-N are strong metal ligands, which make it difficult to recover metals from the wastewater. Therefore, a bioprocess was developed for removal of nitrogenous compounds from carefully simulated PMR wastewater. A preliminary investigation of metal wastewater was carried out to determine its composition and physico-chemical properties, the ability to nitrify and denitrify under different pH conditions and denitrification with different carbon Source compounds and amounts. Even at pH 4, nitrification could be carried out. A suitable hydraulic retention time was found to be 72 hours. There was no significant difference between sodium acetate and sodium lactate as carbon sources for denitrification. Based on these results, a reactor comparison study was carried out using simulated PMR wastewater in three types of reactors: continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), packed-bed reactor (PBR) and airlift suspension reactor (ALSR). These reactors were fed with 30 mg/l of Rh bound in an NH₄⁺ based compound (Claus salt: pentaaminechlororhodium (III) dichloride). Total nitrogen removal efficiencies of > 68 % , > 79 % and > 45 % were obtained in the CSTR, PBR and ALSR, respectively. Serially connected CSTR-PBR and PBR-CSTR reactor configurations were then studied to determine the best configuration for maximum removal of nitrogenous compounds from the wastewater. The PBR-CSTR configuration gave consistent biomass retention and automatic pH control in the CSTR. Ammonium removal efficiencies > 95 % were achieved in both reactors. As poor nitrate removal was observed a toxicity study was carried out using respirometry and the half saturation inhibition coefficients for Pt, Pd, Rh and Ru were found to be 15.81, 25.00, 33.34 and 39.25 mg/l, respectively. A mathematical model was developed to describe the nitrogen removal in PMR wastewater using activated sludge model number 1 (ASMl), two step nitrification and metal toxicity. An operational protocol was developed based on the literature review, experimental work and simulation results. The optimum reactor configuration under the set conditions (20 mg/I of Rh and < 100 mg/I of NH₄⁺-N) was found to be PBR-CSTR-PBR process, which achieved overall NH₄⁺-N and N0₃⁻-N removal efficiencies of > 90 % and 95 %, respectively. Finally, a rudimentary microbial characterisation was carried out on subsamples from the CSTR and PBRsecondary. It was found that the CSTR biomass consisted of both rods and cocci while PBRsecondary consisted of rods only. Based on these experimental works, further research needs and recommendations were made for optimisation of the developed bioprocess for removal of nitrogenous compounds from PMR wastewater.
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Silva, Thales Serrano. "Avaliação da taxa de mortalidade no transporte industrial de Tilápia, Oreochromis niloticus (LINNAEUS, 1758)." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1937.
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With the growth of the aquaculture even small mortality rates take big losses, so this study was goal to evaluate possible causes of death in fish at industrial scale in transportation. So eight abiotic variables of water quality were examined: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, pH, conductivity and turbidity, as well transportation time and density and gradient difference of the variables from the catch to the end transport. For this ten samplings between setembro/2013 and fevereiro/2014 were performed in western Paraná. The water sampling were performed at three different times during the transport process, because it was necessary to subdivide them for obtain the difference in gradient of environmental variables and identify which is the most critical step of the process. To characterize the quality of water, the abiotic variables were summarized using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The combined variation of variables was summarized in an index called variation in environmental gradient (ΔG). Further, to verify which variables were associated with mortality, the Probit model was used in the linear regressions. Both analyzes were evaluated at a significance level of five percent. APC in three main axes, which indicated high concentrations of nitrite for time pond, in loading the variables analyzed were satisfactory and unloading time had water with high levels of nitrate, electrical conductivity and ammonia. In linear regressions nitrite was significant for mortality in pond time, water temperature and electrical conductivity for loading and ammonia and dissolved oxygen for unloading time. Abrupt changes in gradient of the variables did not cause fish mortality and nitrogenous waste found in large concentrations at the end of the transport interfered in fish mortality. With that suggest that fish are subjected to stress before the transport process due to bad quality of water pond.
Com o crescimento da aquicultura até mesmo pequenas taxas de mortalidade assumem grandes prejuízos, logo, este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar possíveis causas de óbitos em peixes no transporte em escala industrial. Assim, foram examinadas oito variáveis abióticas de qualidade de água: temperatura da água, oxigênio dissolvido, amônia, nitrato, nitrito, pH, condutividade elétrica e turbidez, além de tempo e densidade de transporte e diferença de gradiente das variáveis desde a captura até o final do transporte. Para isto foram realizadas dez amostragens entre setembro/2013 e fevereiro/2014, na região oeste do Paraná. As coletas de água foram realizadas em três momentos diferentes durante o processo de transporte, pois foi necessário subdividi-las para obter a diferença de gradiente das variáveis ambientais assim como identificar qual a etapa mais crítica do processo. Para caracterizar a qualidade da água, as variáveis abióticas foram sumarizadas através de Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). A amplitude conjunta das variáveis foi sumarizada num índice denominado variação no gradiente ambiental (∆G). Na sequência, para verificar quais variáveis estiveram associadas às mortalidades, foi utilizado o modelo Probito nas regressões lineares. Ambas as análises foram avaliadas ao nível de significância de cinco por cento. Na APC foram retidos três eixos principais, os quais indicaram altas concentrações de nitrito para o tempo viveiro, no momento carregamento as variáveis analisadas apresentaram-se satisfatórias e o momento descarregamento apresentou água com elevados índices de nitrato, condutividade elétrica e amônia. Nas regressões lineares o nitrito mostrou-se significante para mortalidade no tempo viveiro, temperatura da água e condutividade elétrica para o carregamento e oxigênio dissolvido e amônia no momento descarregamento. Mudanças abruptas de gradiente das variáveis não ocasionaram mortalidade dos peixes e os resíduos nitrogenados encontrados em grandes concentrações ao final do transporte interferem na mortalidade dos peixes. Com isso pode-se sugerir que os peixes estão submetidos à estresse antes do processo de transporte devido má qualidade da água no momento viveiro.
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Turk, Oussama. "Feasibility of a shortened pathway for nitrogen removal from highly nitrogenous wastes." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27210.
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The objective of the research program was to demonstrate the feasibility of removing nitrogen from highly nitrogenous wastes by a shortened nitrification/denitrification pathway. This process bypasses the nitrite oxidation step to nitrate and the concomitant nitrate reduction to nitrite. The success of the shortcut is dependent on selectively inhibiting the nitrite oxidation step, allowing nitrite to accumulate in the aerobic environment, and be subsequently reduced anaerobically to a gaseous product. Seven runs lasting between 13 and 359 days were undertaken using bench-scale, activated sludge cells operated in series.
Parameters investigated as potential selective inhibitors were: dissolved oxygen, nitrous acid, anaerobiosis, and free ammonia. Of these, only free ammonia (at 5 to 10 mg NH₃-N/L) was found to be effective as a differential inhibitor of unacclimated populations. Nitrite build-up was achieved by intermittent contact of the nitrite oxidizers with the high, free ammonia level in the cell at the front-end of the system.
Comparison of this shortened nitrogen removal pathway with the traditional mechanism revealed: 1) a 40% reduction of COD demand during denitrification; 2) 63% higher rate of denitrifica-tion; 3) Two thirds reduction in biomass yield during anaerobic growth; 4) no apparent nitrite toxicity effects. The degree of nitrite build-up was found to be inversely related to the aerobic residence time. High nitrite concentrations could not be sustained indefinitely, due to acclimation of the nitrite oxidizers to free ammmonia. Measures investigated to overcome the effects of acclimation were: 1) reduction of the sludge age; 2) extension of contact time to high, free ammonia levels; 3) raising free ammonia levels; 4) use of a potentially more inhibitory waste; 5) double substrate inhibition; 6) provision of intermediary recycle, or internal denitrification; 7) temporary reduction of free ammonia levels; 8) temporary stoppage of feed. Of these, the most effective was internal denitrification, due to the continued ability of free ammonia to maintain some degree of inhibition to an acclimated population of nitrite oxidizers. As a result, their nitrifying activity lagged that of the ammonia oxidizers by several hours, allowing nitrite build-up to sustain itself.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Mills, Anthony. "Response of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) to irrigation with saline, sodic wastes and nitrogenous, manganiferous effluent." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23082.
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The Manganese Metal Company (MMC) situated in Nelspruit, Eastern Transvaal, South Africa produces a manganiferous saline effluent from a manganese ore leaching process. The high NH₄ content of the waste has been identified as a possible nitrogen fertilizer source. Irrigation of the MMC waste over nearby kikuyu ( Pennisetum clandestinum) pastures could thus potentially solve a waste disposal problem as well as provide fertilization of the pastures, although the high manganese content of the waste poses a risk of manganese toxicity or pollution. The kikuyu pastures are presently used as a land disposal system for a saline waste from a pulp bleaching process. Due to process changes, the dominant salt type in the waste is anticipated to change from KaCl to Na₂SO₄. Pot experiments with kikuyu were undertaken to investigate NaCl versus Na₂SO₄ salinity effects, Mn toxicity threshold levels and MMC waste versus a standard nitrogen fertilizer (NH₄NO₃) yield response. The results demonstrated that kikuyu grass is both salinity and Mn tolerant. Kikuyu salinity tolerance, using electrical conductivity as a salinity index, was significantly greater in NaCl than Na₂SO₄ salinity. This difference was attributed to the formation of SO₄ neutral ion pairs in Na₂SO₄ treatments which decreased cation uptake, increased osmotic stress relative to electrical conductivity and led to a possible SO₄-induced Ca deficiency. Cl adsorption in manganous sulphate and Na₂SO₄ treated soils was speculatively attributed to the formation of an undocumented ettringite-like mineral. Kikuyu exhibited both a fertilization effect and a Mn toxicity effect with manganous sulphate applications. An increase in yield occurred between Mn applications of 800 and 1600 mg/kg soil. This effect was attributed to increased nutrient availability as a result of nitrogen mineralisation and soil desorption processes. Mn applications of 3200 and 8000 mg/kg resulted in severe Mn toxicity symptoms and reductions in yield. Fertilization of kikuyu with NH₄NO₃ and MMC waste produced similar yield responses. Manganese toxicity did not manifest itself in MMC waste treated kikuyu, even at nitrogen loadings of 800 kgN/ha. Manganese attenuation in the soil by MnCO₃ precipitation, oxidation of Mn²⁺ and Mn adsorption are expected to prevent excess Mn²⁺ accumulation which would pose a Mn toxicity and water pollution risk. The disposal of untreated MMC waste as a nitrogen fertilizer substitute for kikuyu pastures is thus in principle a feasible operation in terms of maintaining pasture sustainability and preventing pollution of water resources.
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Oliver, Robert L. A. "Quantifying and modelling of the nitrogenous wastes associated with the commercial culture of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1741.
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In Scotland, environmental regulation restricts commercial cod culture to the equivalent of 66 % of that granted for commercial Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) farms. This calculation is based on estimations of nitrogen discharge from the difference in protein content between salmon and cod diets, with the higher levels of protein in cod diets suggesting a higher nitrogen discharge compared to that observed for salmon diets. In turn, this could potentially result in increased nitrogen enrichment of a marine ecosystem. The aims of this study (quantifying and modeling of nitrogenous wastes associated with the commercial culture of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) were achieved through a series of tank and cage investigations, each of which studied juvenile and adult Atlantic cod. The study provided data with respect to nitrogen excretion from juvenile and adult fish in both systems. This would allow the development of dispersion models and the calculation of nitrogen budgets for commercial cod culture, thus providing environmental regulators data independent of salmon models to create regulations that would be specifically applied to cod farming. The tank - based studies investigated three diet formulations produced by EWOS® Innovation in Norway, as a 4 mm pellet (juvenile study) and as a 7 mm pellet (adult study). The three iso -energetic diets varied primarily in protein content (40%, 50% and 60%). Two tank studies, one on juvenile and one on adult cod, investigated growth, condition and tissue composition, and the production of dissolved nitrogenous wastes over a 5 and 7 month period respectively. At the beginning of the acclimation period prior to the adult tank study commencing, the fish had a mean weight of approximately 1275 g. The difference in the final weight promoted by each diet was not significant (with an approximate final weight of 2400g), suggesting that a low protein diet (40 % protein) promoted similar growth to a high protein diet (60 % protein). Other growth and condition parameters were also similar for all diets with the condition improving over the course of the study. As the fish completed spawning immediately prior to the commencement of the study, an increase in condition was not observed until approximately day 90 of the 210-day investigation. Over the course of the 5-month juvenile study, growth was approximately 224g for the 40% protein diet and approximately 275g for the 50% protein and 60% protein diets. This suggests that a higher protein diet is required for optimal growth of juvenile cod and that 50 % and 60% protein diets promote similar growth and condition, potentially reducing the protein requirement of juvenile diets. In the juvenile investigation, condition increased over the full range of the study. In both tank studies, nitrogen digestion was directly related to protein (and associated nitrogen) content of the diets in the juvenile study expressed as a percentage of the nitrogen content of the diet as 59.19% (40% protein), 56.90% (50% protein) and 52.23% (60 % protein) suggesting that nitrogen digestion is more efficient at lower protein content in the diet. When expressed as a percentage of the nitrogen content of the diet, nitrogen digestion observed in the adult study was 60.55%, (40% protein) 60.92% (50% protein) and 60.60% (60% protein) respectively, suggesting protein digestion is similar regardless of protein content in adult cod. In the adult tank study, under a manual feeding regime, a post-prandial-peak is observed at 105 min. following the cessation of feeding. Thereafter, ammonia levels drop over the course of the sampling period. Following the afternoon meal commencing at 420 min., ammonia levels rise at least until the final samples are collected at 450 min. Under an automated regime, a lesser post-prandial-peak is observed but the ammonia concentration is lower over the sampling period compared to the respective profile under a manual regime. The ammonia profile produced throughout the juvenile tank study follows a very similar trend to that observed in the adult study under the manual feeding regime. Two cage - based investigations took place at the No Catch® Ltd. commercial organic cod farm in Vidlin Voe on the east coast of Shetland. Both studies investigated growth, condition and tissue composition, as well as the production of dissolved nitrogenous and particulate wastes associated with the culture of juvenile and adult Atlantic cod in cage systems. Sampling for the adult study occurred over three days during three sampling trips (September 2005, November 2005 and February 2006). Sampling for the juvenile study took place over three days on a single trip to Vidlin in late April 2006. The diets used at No Catch® Ltd. were produced by Biomar® in Grangemouth. A relationship between feeding and ammonia concentration is less evident in the cage studies than in the tank studies, and similarly, the relationship between feeding and ammonia concentration is less evident in juvenile fish than in adult fish. As ammonia values were converted to (µg/L/tonne biomass), the ammonia concentration recorded is largely dependent upon the biomass of the sampled cages at both the nursery site and production site. Deposition rates of organic carbon and nitrogen around the production and nursery cage sites in Vidlin Voe are related to the position of the sediment trap relative to its location and proximity of the trap to the specific cage site. Weather condition also had an impact on deposition rates with calmer weather producing lesser deposition rates. Around the production site, deposition rates of organic carbon and nitrogen are greatest in the direction of the prevailing current. Deposition rates decrease with an increasing distance from the cages. Although sediment trap results were inconsistent, a similar trend is observed for each of the three sampling trips, although actual deposition values were different. Differences between the deposition rates at the highly dynamic production site and the low energy nursery site indicated that sedimentation of waste from cod culture is highly dependent on water currents. Models of particulate waste deposition associated with the production cage site in Vidlin Voe were produced using the spreadsheet - based Cage Aquaculture Particulate Output and Transport (CAPOT) model, developed at the Institute of Aquaculture. The models were parameterised using the data collected and tested against an established regulatory model, DEPOMOD. The similarity in results illustrated the robustness of the highly flexible spreadsheet waste model for cod culture.
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Van, der Wulp Simon Adriaan [Verfasser]. "A strategy to optimize the arrangement of multiple floating net cage farms to efficiently accommodate dissolved nitrogenous wastes / Simon Adriaan Van der Wulp." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1067842063/34.
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Lemonon, Jérôme. "Valorisations énergétique et matière du revêtement de sol stratifié par pyrolyse & gazéification." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0338/document.
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Depuis quelques temps, les enjeux énergétiques ne cessent d’apparaître en tête de liste des préoccupations actuelles pour l’avenir. La fin annoncée des énergies fossiles, à l’origine de 80% de celle que nous consommons aujourd’hui, s’accompagne naturellement par la recherche d’alternatives pour subvenir aux besoins futurs. L’intégration d’une dimension environnementale pour la mise en œuvre d’un développement durable met clairement en avant les atouts des énergies dites renouvelables qui concernent de nos jours moins de 15% de la production mondiale. Le travail proposé ici s’inscrit dans ce cadre de recherche et de proposition de sources d’énergies primaires renouvelables avec l’étude de valorisation de déchets contenant de la biomasse et plus particulièrement du cas du revêtement de sol stratifié. Parmi les diverses voies de valorisation actuelles, l’incinération avec l’ensemble des autres déchets reste le plus usité. L’inconvénient majeur réside dans la nécessité de traitement des fumées qui s’avère relativement coûteux. Il semblerait donc judicieux d’envisager une autre issue de valorisation. Le procédé proposé fait apparaître les trois étapes suivantes : une étape de prétraitement par pyrolyse à basse température (275°C) assurant une séparation des éléments azotés (précurseurs susceptibles de conduire à la formation de polluants) en altérant au minimum le matériau en vue d’une récupération maximale d’énergie lors de l’étape suivante ; une étape de valorisation énergétique, qui constitue le centre du procédé, par une pyrolyse à haute température (1000°C). L’énergie est obtenue par l’intermédiaire du gaz de synthèse ; et une étape de valorisation matière sous deux aspects avec l’obtention de produits à valeur ajoutée (panneaux de particules et charbons actifs) dont l’entrée dans le bilan économique global d’une installation industrielle pourrait s’avérer intéressanteSince a few years, energy challenges are appearing at the top of the list of the current concerns for the future. The forecasted end of fossil fuels, at the origin of 80% of currently consumed energy, is obviously accompanied by research about alternatives to provide for the future needs. The integration of an environmental care concerning the implementation of a sustainable development puts clearly ahead the assets of renewable energies which constitutes nowadays less than 15% of the worldwide production. Work suggested here deals with this scope of research and proposal for renewable primary energy sources with the recovery study of waste containing biomass and more precisely the case of laminated flooring. Among the various current recovering ways, incineration with the whole waste remains the most used one. The main drawback deals with the need for smoke treatment, the cost of which can be really high. It would thus seem to be judicious to look for another recovering issue. The suggested process is divided in the three following steps: - A pretreatment step through low temperature pyrolysis (275°C) making it possible a nitrogenous components separation of the elements (precursor able to form pollutants species) in deteriorating the fuel the less as possible to provide a maximum energy recovery in the following stage.- An energy recovery step, which constitutes the main goal of the process, through a high temperature pyrolysis (1000°C). Energy is recovered via syngas.- A material recovery step through two aspects in order to produce added-value material (particle boards and activated carbon), the consideration of which in the global economic assessment of an industrial installation could be interesting
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Liaw, Tsuey-Ling, and 廖翠玲. "The Effect of Alkaline Pretreatment on Nitrogenous Materials in Waste Activated Sludge." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70840311333379024498.
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Ke, Chi-Tang, and 柯啟棠. "Biological Hydrolysis and Acidification of Waste Activated Sludge Generated From High Strength Nitrogenous Wastewater Treatment Plant." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77928985827315724602.
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碩士國立交通大學
環境工程所
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The chemical mixture, including acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene (named as ABS), is widely used in the manufacturing industries of car and electronic products in Taiwan. A large amount of the waste activated sludge (WAS) containing the ABS is generated from the industrial wastewater treatment plants. To effectively dispose the WAS, it is understood that the anaerobic hydrolysis is a suitable process. For the purpose of getting the maximum formation of the volatile fatty acids (VFAs), four reaction parameters such as the hydraulic retention time (HRT of 5 and 10 days), pH value (5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5), organic loading rate (0.71-1.96 Kg VS/m3d) and temperature (ambient temperature and 35oC) are studied in this research. The objective of this research is to find out the optimal condition for the treatment of WAS using an anaerobic hydrolysis process. The WAS sample was collected from a nitrification/denitrification tank in the industrial wastewater treatment plant located in southern Taiwan. In this research, the total solids (TS) concentration of the WAS was pre-adjusted to 1、2 and 2.5% (10,400、20,257 and 24,640 mg/l) and then was used as a feeding substrate in the anaerobic hydrolysis system. The working volume of the reactors was 3 liter, which was designed as a completely mixed reactor. Experimental result indicates that there are five types of short-chain VFAs are produced when the WAS is anaerobic hydrolyzed. A longer HRT and a higher reaction temperature give better productions of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and VFAs. When the pH value was conducted between 5.0 and 5.5, there is no biogas and was observed in the anaerobic reactors. Experiment al result also indicated that the concentration of DOC and VFAs in supernatant increases with increasing TS conc. or organic loading. When the reaction was performed in the optimal condition (HRT 10 days, pH 5.0, reaction temperature 35oC and organic loading rate 1.52 Kg VS/m3d), the concentration of DOC and VFAs containing in supernatant were 510 mg C/l and 1516 mg COD/l, respectively. In conclusion, the anaerobic hydrolysis process was proven in this study that it was enough to generated VFAs and DOC to achieve the purpose of resource recovery.
Books on the topic "Nitrogenous waste"
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Neligan, Patrick J., and Clifford S. Deutschman. Pathophysiology and causes of metabolic acidosis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0255.
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Critical illness is typically characterized by changes in the balance of water and electrolytes in the extracellular space, resulting in the accumulation of anionic compounds that manifests as metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis manifests with tachypnoea, tachycardia, vasodilatation, headache and a variety of other non-specific symptoms and signs. It is caused by a reduction in the strong ion difference (SID) or an increase in weak acid concentration (albumin or phosphate). Increased SID results from hyperchloraemia, haemodilution or accumulation of metabolic by-products. A reduction in SID results in a corresponding reduction is serum bicarbonate. There is a corresponding increase in alveolar ventilation and reduced PaCO2. Lactic acidosis results from increased lactate production or reduced clearance. Ketoacidosis is associated with reduced intracellular glucose availability for metabolism, and is associated with insulin deficiency and starvation. Hyperchloraemic acidosis is associated with excessive administration of isotonic saline solution, renal tubular acidosis and ureteric re-implantation. Renal acidosis is associated with hyperchloraemia, hyperphosphataemia, and the accumulation of medley nitrogenous waste products.
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Winyard, Paul. Human kidney development. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0343.
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The kidneys perform diverse functions including excretion of nitrogenous waste products, homeostasis of water, electrolytes and acid–base balance, and hormone secretion. The simplest functional unit within the kidneys is the nephron, which consists of specialized segments from glomerulus, through proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. Human nephrogenesis starts with two stages of transient kidneys, termed the pronephros and mesonephros, and ends with development of a permanent organ from the metanephros on each side. The latter consists of just a few hundred cells when it is formed in the fifth week of pregnancy but progresses to a nephron endowment of between 0.6 to 1.3 million by the time nephrogenesis is completed at 32–36 weeks of gestation. Key events during this process include outgrowth of the epithelial ureteric bud from the mesonephric duct, interactions between the bud and the metanephric blastema (a specific region of mesenchyme) that cause the bud to branch and mesenchyme to condense, epithelialization of the mesenchyme to form proximal parts of the nephron, and differentiation of segment specific cells. Molecular control of these events is being unpicked with data from human genetic syndromes and animal models, and this chapter highlights several of the most important factors/systems involved. Increased understanding of development is not just relevant to congenital kidney malformations, but may also be important in designing rational therapies for diseases of the mature kidney where recapitulation of developmental pathways is common.
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Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. Transport: blood and circulation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0005.
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The blood system transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes; other functions include defence. Fish have a closed, single circulation in which blood is pumped by a contractile heart via a ventral aorta to the gills, then via the dorsal aorta to vessels supplying the tissues and organs, with a venous return to the heart. Large venous sinuses occur in elasmobranchs. Air-breathing fish have modifications of the circulation. Complex networks of narrow blood vessels can occur as red patches, retia, maximizing transfer of nutrients, oxygen or heat. Most fish have nucleated red blood cells (erythrocytes) with haemoglobin. The types of white blood cells (leucocytes) are similar to those of other vertebrates but there are thrombocytes rather than platelets. Nutrient transport is in the plasma, the fluid component of the blood, which may also carry antifreeze agents and molecules (e.g. urea in elasmobranchs) which counteract deleterious osmotic effects
Book chapters on the topic "Nitrogenous waste"
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Chew, Shit F., and Yuen K. Ip. "Nitrogen Metabolism and Nitrogenous Waste Excretion." In Fishes Out of Water, 167–94. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017. | Series: CRC marine science series: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315119861-7.
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Linton, Stuart M., Jonathan C. Wright, and Caitlin G. Howe. "Nitrogenous Waste Metabolism Within Terrestrial Crustacea, with Special Reference to Purine Deposits and Their Metabolism." In Acid-Base Balance and Nitrogen Excretion in Invertebrates, 25–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39617-0_2.
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Chawley, Parmita, Krishna Yadav, and Sheeja Jagadevan. "Nitrogenous Wastes and Its Efficient Treatment in Wastewater." In Water Pollution and Management Practices, 147–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8358-2_7.
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Heisler, N. "Ammonia vs Ammonium: Elimination Pathways of Nitrogenous Wastes in Ammoniotelic Fishes." In Mechanisms of Systemic Regulation: Acid—Base Regulation, Ion-Transfer and Metabolism, 63–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-52363-2_4.
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Wright, P. A. "NITROGENOUS-WASTE BALANCE | Ureotelism." In Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology, 1444–49. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374553-8.00251-3.
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Randall, D. J. "NITROGENOUS-WASTE BALANCE | Excretion of Ammonia." In Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology, 1437–43. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374553-8.00032-0.
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Wright, Patricia A. "Ionic, Osmotic, and Nitrogenous Waste Regulation." In Fish Physiology, 283–318. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1546-5098(07)26006-6.
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Kültz, D. "OSMOTIC, IONIC AND NITROGENOUS-WASTE BALANCE | Osmosensing." In Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology, 1373–80. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374553-8.00213-6.
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Cutler, C. P. "OSMOTIC, IONIC AND NITROGENOUS-WASTE BALANCE | Water Balance and Aquaporin." In Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology, 1366–72. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374553-8.00214-8.
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Evans, D. H. "OSMOTIC, IONIC AND NITROGENOUS-WASTE BALANCE | Osmoregulation in Fishes: An Introduction." In Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology, 1348–53. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-374553-8.00210-0.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Nitrogenous waste"
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Chaturvedi, Shivani, Santosh Satya, Geetanjali Kaushik, and Arvind Chel. "Viable Tailored Organic Fertilizer Alternatives From Waste Produced by Bio-Diesel Extraction Process and Tobacco Industry." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54177.
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Rapid depletion of conventional sources of energy and the growing environmental concern of their use warrant urgent attention to look for suitable energy alternatives. In this regard the seeds of Jatropha curcas, constituting 40–50% bio-crude oil are considered as one of the most promising alternatives for the production of bio-diesel. It is estimated that about 1.5 tons de-oiled cake is produced from seeds obtained from one hectare of plantation, utilized for bio-diesel extraction process. Being non-edible due to its toxic contents, cost effective safe disposal of this by-product can only be possible if there is a meaningful utilization. India’s tobacco industry is the second largest in the world after China, having vast area under tobacco cultivation. The wastes from tobacco industry lead to significant environmental pollution that has severe impacts on both flora and fauna. A few studies on this aspect have revealed that Jatropha and tobacco bio-wastes have potential to be used as organic fertilizers. The present study aims at developing appropriate bio-processes and formulation that utilize Jatropha seed cake and waste of tobacco industry as organic fertilizer for improving the growth of Chrysanthemum, a flower variety valued for its beauty and fragrance and having wide applications in cosmetic and perfumery products. Pot experiments were carried out by adding specific proportions of Jatropha de-oiled cake and tobacco waste to normal garden soil. The growth and morphological parameters of Chrysanthemum plants grown in pots prepared by the treated soil were monitored for 4–5 months and the results were recorded. The results have been encouraging as the treatments lead to a significant enhancement in flower growth as well as yield. 11.5% increase in number of buds per plant was recorded for treated soil as compared to the control soil. The number of flowers per plant also recorded an increase of 16% to 24% due to the effect of formulation applied to the soil. Similar trends were observed for other parameters like flower size, flower head size, flower weight and ray floret number. Through experimentation new composted organic fertilizer formulations, tailored to specific commercial crop has been developed. The research findings would enable these bio-wastes to be used as a viable alternative to the energy intensive chemical fertilizers for floriculture, thus contributing to the mitigation of global climate change. This addition in the value chain would improve the financial viability of bio-diesel extraction process. This new synergistic organic fertilizer formulation when used as an alternative to nitrogenous chemical fertilizers would also provide an opportunity to earn carbon credits which is estimated to be € 67904 millions/year.
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Minchener, A. J. "An Overview of Recent Clean Coal Gasification Technology R&D Activities Supported by the European Commission." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-163.
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Gasification combined cycle has the potential to provide a clean, high efficiency, low environmental impact power generation system. A prime fuel for such systems is coal but there is scope in part to utilise renewable energy sources including biomass and waste materials such as sewage sludge or even oil residues. There is considerable scope to improve the performance of the first generation systems of gasification combined cycle plant, both through design changes and through the continued development towards second generation plant. Such improvements offer the prospect of even better efficiency, coal/biomass/waste utilisation flexibility, lower emissions especially of CO2, and lower economic cost of power generation. There have been several major R&D initiatives, supported in part by the European Commission, which have been designed to meet these aims. The approach adopted has been to form multi-partner project teams comprising industry, industrial research organisations and selected universities. The main technical issues that have been considered include co-gasification, e.g. co-feeding, fuel conversion, gas quality, contaminants, component developments, and the integration of hot fuel gas cleaning systems for removal of solid particles, control of sulphur emissions, control of fuel bound nitrogenous species, removal of halides and control of alkali species. The technical R&D activities have been underpinned by several major techno-economic assessment studies. This paper provides an overview of these various activities which either form part of the European Commission JOULE Coal R&D Programme or were supported under an APAS special initiative.