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Journal articles on the topic 'Nitrogenous waste'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Choi, E., Z. Yun, and T. H. Chung. "Strong nitrogenous and agro-wastewater: current technological overview and future direction." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 5-6 (March 1, 2004): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0730.

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Nitrogen input to our environment has increased tremendously during the last four decades. It has been recognized that most of the nitrogenous wastes are produced from animal farms and agro-industries, which discharge a large amount of nitrogen as well as organics. Various biological and physico-chemical means are considered or applied for nitrogen removal. Particularly, biological nitrite nitrification and denitrification, and struvite precipitation have received more attention as applicable processes for strong nitrogenous waste treatment. The advanced oxidation process appears to be more attractive than activated carbon adsorption in terms of the removal of refractory organics when a further treatment of biologically treated effluent is required. Technologies using membrane bioreactors were very effective for solids separation, while reverse osmosis was found to be efficient for water reuse purpose with sufficient removal of refractory organics and nitrogen along with biological treatment. Reuse or recycling of strong nitrogenous wastes and agro-wastewater will be a desirable direction for the future in order to prevent the nitrogenous and organic pollution.

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2

Pang, Zhao Hui, Cai Hong Peng, and Yong Zhong Zhu. "Remediation of Groundwater Polluted by Nitrate Nitrogen in the Rural Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 606–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.606.

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Groundwater is always one of the main source of drinking water. But due to the vast use of nitrogenous fertilizer and irrationally discharge or utilization of animal wastes, domestic sewage and nitrogen-contained industrial waste drainage, the groundwater in the rural area is seriously polluted by Nitrate to varied degree.

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3

Burford, Michele A., and Kevin C. Williams. "The fate of nitrogenous waste from shrimp feeding." Aquaculture 198, no. 1-2 (June 2001): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(00)00589-5.

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4

., Farhat R. Malik, Soaliha Ahmed ., and Yazdana M. Rizki . "Utilization of Lignocellulosic Waste for the Preparation of Nitrogenous Biofertilizer." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 4, no. 10 (September 15, 2001): 1217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2001.1217.1220.

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5

Engelhardt, Sebastian, Katey Bender, Jörg Vogel, Stephen Duirk, Francisco Moore, and Hazel Barton. "Urine volume reduction during long-duration cave exploration by a light-weight and portable forward osmosis system." International Journal of Speleology 49, no. 3 (September 2020): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.49.3.2336.

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The preservation of caves is a challenge during long-duration cave expeditions where human waste can add significant nitrogen to the cave ecosystem. Since the removal of urine that accumulates during a multi-day caving trip is not always feasible due to weight and volume constraints, a light-weight and portable filtration system that is capable of reducing urine volume would be desirable. In this study we tested the Aquaporin Inside hollow fiber membrane in a forward osmosis (FO) setup to evaluate its capability to reduce urine volume while rejecting nitrogenous compounds using different draw solution chemistries and water recovery rates. As a result, we introduce a light-weight and portable FO prototype that was able to reduce urine volume by over 80%. Although total nitrogen (TN) rejection in this process did not exceed 70%, allowing some nitrogen to move across the membrane into the draw solution, evaporation allowed draw solution recycling without loss of nitrogenous compounds into the atmosphere. These data suggest that FO may be a suitable strategy to reduce urine volume and improve methods for nitrogenous waste handling during long-term cave exploration.

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6

Kumai, Yusuke, Jessica Harris, Hasanen Al-Rewashdy, Raymond W. M. Kwong, and Steve F. Perry. "Nitrogenous Waste Handling by Larval Zebrafish Danio rerio in Alkaline Water." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 88, no. 2 (March 2015): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/679628.

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7

Allison, Susan J. "An encapsulated bacterial cocktail for the removal of nitrogenous metabolic waste." Nature Reviews Nephrology 16, no. 9 (July 20, 2020): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41581-020-0331-4.

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8

Guo, Xiaoya, Lixin Wang, Li Zhang, Shouguang Li, and Jinyu Hao. "Nitrogenous emissions from the catalytic pyrolysis of waste rigid polyurethane foam." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 108 (July 2014): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.05.006.

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9

., Suwarno, and Komaruddin Idris. "Potential and Possibility of Direct Use of Guano as Fertilizer in Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2007): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitl.9.1.37-43.

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Guano is a material originally from sea bird or bat excrement. This material is an important source of P fertilizerduring nineteenth century and the early part of twentieth century. The development of artificial fertilizers and the depletion of guano deposits in Peru caused guano negligibled from world fertilizers trading. Recently, guano appeared in fertilizers trading and sciencetific publications again due to the development of organic farming and increasing the price of energy sources for fertilizer manufacture. Based on its origin, guano is classified into sea bird and bat guanos; and based on its composition guano is grouped into nitrogenous dan phosphatic guanos. Moreover, guano deposits are divided into two types: cave guano and insular guano deposits. The main component of guano is N, P, and Ca elements, and the additional elements are K, Mg, and S. Both nitrogenous and phosphatic guanos are important organic fertilizers because the N content of nitrogenous guano and the P content of phosphatic guano are far higher than those of manure, agricultural waste, or muniCipal waste. In Indonesia guano deposits are widely distributed in Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusatenggara, and Irian Jaya. The most deposits are cave guano deposits which contain thousands to hundred thousands tons of guano.Consequently, it is highly potential to develop direct use of guano in our country. Futhermore, results of experiments indicated that phosphatic guano has high possibility to be used directly as P fertilizer.

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10

Lalitha, N., M. Muralidhar, R. Saraswathy, P. Kumararaja, and A. Nagavel. "Effect of cassava waste on bioremediation of nitrogenous metabolites and shrimp growth." Journal of Environmental Biology 38, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/38/4/ms-158.

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11

Walsh, P. J., Y. Wang, R. Gonzalez, M. Patrick, J. Du, and C. M. Wood. "Nitrogenous waste elimination under field conditions: ancient Chinese and African (fish) secrets." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 126 (July 2000): S100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-0491(00)80198-4.

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12

Arlian, Larry G., and Diann L. Vyszenski-Moher. "Responses of Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) to Nitrogenous Waste and Phenolic Compounds." Journal of Medical Entomology 33, no. 2 (March 1, 1996): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/33.2.236.

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13

Legkii, Alexander, Natalya Karapuzova, Alexei Kudashev, Vladimir Zlobin, and Oksana Vlasova. "Environmental efficiency investigation of a gas turbine unit." E3S Web of Conferences 281 (2021): 09017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128109017.

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A method for purifying the gas-air mixture of a gas turbine unit and a waste-heat boiler is considered [1-3]. This work describes the principle of a gas-turbine plant and a waste-heat boiler operation using a catalytic afterburner, with the help of which a more complete process of carbon dioxide and nitrogenous compounds release occurs. Also, as a result of the exhaust gas-air mixture deeper cleaning process, there is a decrease in emissions within the maximum admissible concentrations (MAC), namely, by the amount of nitrogen and carbon oxides [4–7]. That allows to reduce the number of harmful substances, oxides of nitrogenous and carbon compounds, emitted into the environment. A scheme for cleaning a catalytic afterburner using rotary mesh devices, followed by disposal of carbon deposits and soot substances from the cleaning chamber is shown. This makes it possible to perform a stable ion exchange process, reducing the exhaust gases combustion products amount. It is proposed in this article to use mesh devices in the afterburner, treated with active substances by the method of ion implantation, as one of the most promising methods for modifying mesh surfaces. These processes occurring when the gas-air mixture passes through the afterburner, can reduce MAC emissions for various options for utilizing the discharge fuel mixture of a gas turbine unit (GTU) and heat supply to the waste heat boiler.

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14

Katsou, Evina, Nicola Frison, Simos Malamis, and Francesco Fatone. "Use of external carbon sources derived from biowaste for short-cut nutrient removal from anaerobic effluents." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 9 (February 20, 2014): 1853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.089.

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This work evaluated the use of different external carbon sources to promote the via-nitrite nutrient removal from anaerobic effluents. The carbon sources consisted of fermentation liquid produced from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW FL), drainage liquid produced from OFMSW, fermentation liquid produced from vegetable and fruit waste (VFW FL) and acetic acid. Denitritation and phosphorus uptake via nitrite were evaluated in two sequencing batch reactors, one treating the anaerobic supernatant produced from the co-digestion of OFMSW and activated sludge (highly nitrogenous anaerobic effluent – HNAE), and the other one treating the weakly nitrogenous anaerobic effluent (WNAE) from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. The use of OFMSW FL to treat HNAE resulted in high nitrite (27 mgN/(gVSS·h) (VSS – volatile suspended solids) and phosphate uptake (15 mgP/gVSS·h). In the WNAE, nutrient kinetics were much slower. The use of acetic acid and VFW FL performed poorly, while the use of OFMSW FL, which was rich in butyric acid and propionic acid, resulted in significant nutrient removal (7 mgN/gVSS·h and 6 mgP/gVSS·h). The economic evaluation showed that the use of OFMSW FL is a less expensive option than the acetic acid use.

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15

Atkinson, D., and C. A. Watson. "The environmental impact of intensive systems of animal production in the lowlands." Animal Science 63, no. 3 (December 1996): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135772980001523x.

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AbstractEnvironmental issues, linked to the production of animals in lowland farming systems, are reviewed, using pigs, poultry and dairy cattle as examples. The principal livestock production factors influencing their environmental impact are identified as the balance between different farm animal types and the husbandry practices used for these species, the variable potential which exists for the recycling of wastes and the modification of inputs to systems, the extent to which animal production can be integrated into more holistic farming systems and the impact of livestock on 'wildlife' (plant and animal) biodiversity. The production of large quantities of nitrogenous waste, resulting from the importation of large quantities of nitrogen to intensive animal production units, is identified as the major environmental problem for lowland animal production. The development of-systems which allow these waste products to be re-used at sites of primary crop production is seen as a sustainable solution to this problem.

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16

Karnchanawong, Somjai, Takashi Ikeguchi, Seni Karnchanawong, and Suporn Koottatep. "Characteristics of leachate produced from simulation of landfill in a tropical country." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 9 (May 1, 1995): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0351.

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Four different heights of lysimeter were prepared to investigate the leachate characteristics produced from waste beds. The solid wastes from Chiang Mai municipal area were filled into the lysimeters with an inplace density of about 0.85 ton/m3. The experiment had been started for 853 days from May, 1990 to October, 1992. The leachates were collected every week to every month depending on the age of the waste and analysed for pH, conductivity, total solids, suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total volatile solids, alkalinity, acidity, total volatile acid, Cl−, SO=4, BOD, COD, TOC, TKN and NH3−N. The results showed that conductivity, volatile acid, total solids, total volatile solids, COD, BOD and TOC were very high in the first rainy season or in the first dry season, after that, they decrease abruptly, and then gradually decrease until the end of the experiment. Acidity, alkalinity, suspended solids, TKN and NH3−N were high in the first rainy season and gradually decreased until the end of the experiment. High percentage reduction of acidity, volatile acid, COD, BOD and TOC concentrations in the leachate produced from lysimeters after one year of waste filling showed that the acidogenic phase of the biodegradation process had terminated and that the major portion of carbonaceous organic matter in the waste bed had been utilised within the first year of the experiment. For the deeper waste layer, nitrogenous compounds in the leachate produced after two years of waste filling were still high due to the low activity of nitrification in the waste bed. It was found that the shallower waste layer produced lower concentrations of pollutants in the leachate. Higher amounts of leachate volume and extracted substances per dry weight of wastes were produced from the shallower waste layer.

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17

Barman, Prasenjit, Ahmet Kati, Amit Kumar Mandal, Partha Bandyopadhyay, and Pradeep Kumar Das Mohapatra. "Biopotentiality of Bacillus cereus PB45 for nitrogenous waste detoxification in ex situ model." Aquaculture International 25, no. 3 (December 30, 2016): 1167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-016-0105-y.

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18

McGoogan, Bruce B., and Delbert M. Gatlin. "Dietary manipulations affecting growth and nitrogenous waste production of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus." Aquaculture 182, no. 3-4 (February 2000): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00260-4.

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19

Li, Menghe, and Richard T. Lovell. "Effect of Dietary Protein Concentration on Nitrogenous Waste in Intensively Fed Catfish Ponds." Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 23, no. 2 (June 1992): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1992.tb00759.x.

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20

Wang, Chi-Hao, Chien Thang Doan, Van Bon Nguyen, Anh Dzung Nguyen, and San-Lang Wang. "Reclamation of Fishery Processing Waste: A Mini-Review." Molecules 24, no. 12 (June 14, 2019): 2234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122234.

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Seafood such as fish, shellfish, and squid are a unique source of nutrients. However, many marine processing byproducts, such as viscera, shells, heads, and bones, are discarded, even though they are rich sources of structurally diverse bioactive nitrogenous components. Based on emerging evidence of their potential health benefits, these components show significant promise as functional food ingredients. Fish waste components contain significant levels of high-quality protein, which represents a source for biofunctional peptide mining. The chitin contained in shrimp shells, crab shells, and squid pens may also be of value. The components produced by bioconversion are reported to have antioxidative, antimicrobial, anticancer, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and anticoagulant activities. This review provides an overview of the extraordinary potential of processing fish and chitin-containing seafood byproducts via chemical procedures, enzymatic and fermentation technologies, and chemical modifications, as well as their applications.

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21

Martins, O., and T. Dewes. "Loss of nitrogenous compounds during composting of animal wastes." Bioresource Technology 42, no. 2 (January 1992): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(92)90068-9.

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22

Nihemaiti, Maolida, Ratish Ramyad Permala, and Jean-Philippe Croué. "Reactivity of unactivated peroxymonosulfate with nitrogenous compounds." Water Research 169 (February 2020): 115221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115221.

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23

Gupta, S. K., and R. Sharma. "Biological oxidation of high strength nitrogenous wastewater." Water Research 30, no. 3 (March 1996): 593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(95)00172-7.

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24

Kajimura, M. "Dogmas and controversies in the handling of nitrogenous wastes: The effect of feeding and fasting on the excretion of ammonia, urea and other nitrogenous waste products in rainbow trout." Journal of Experimental Biology 207, no. 12 (May 15, 2004): 1993–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00901.

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25

Munguti, Jonathan M., James G. Kirimi, Kevin O. Obiero, Erick O. Ogello, Domitila N. Kyule, David M. Liti, and Levi M. Musalia. "Aqua-Feed Wastes: Impact on Natural Systems and Practical Mitigations—A Review." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n1p111.

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Dietary composition of aquaculture feeds (aquafeeds) determines the quality of wastes from aquaculture production systems. These wastes, which are derived mainly from nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds subsequently affect water quality in the culture systems and the ambient environment. Depending on the type of culture systems and management practices employed, the aquafeed wastes can influence the water pH, algal turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and may cause fish mortality. The aquafeed wastes also can facilitate eutrophication leading into harmful algal blooms. Moreover, large quantities of aqua-waste are discharged as fish cannot retain all the food they consume which means a significant portion of the feed remains uneaten. In this paper, we review and discuss practical nutritional strategies and mitigation measures to reduce aquafeed wastes including controlled formulation using high-quality ingredients, enzyme-based aquafeed, processing, reduction of anti-nutrition factors and precision feeding. The paper further recommends strategies for enhancing the resilience of aquaculture production systems and mitigation measures to reduce the effects of aqua-wastes on ambient natural environments.

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26

Wei, Min, Fu Yang, Xuyan Song, Ran Li, Xi Pan, Qiang Gao, Yunlu He, Mingqiao Ye, and Hongyun Hu. "Extraction of Nitrogen Compounds from Tobacco Waste via Thermal Treatment." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 5, 2020): 4619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184619.

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Alkaloids, typical nitrogen compounds, were found to be abundant in tobacco waste. The recovery of alkaloids from tobacco waste for biological pesticides could reduce the use of traditional chemical pesticides and avoid the pollution of farmland by the leaching of alkaloids from tobacco waste. Considering the fact that alkaloids can easily volatilize, thermal treatment is expected to be a potential technology to achieve the release and recovery of alkaloids from tobacco waste. For better understanding of conversion behavior of nitrogen-containing compounds in tobacco waste during thermal treatment, purge/trap-GC/MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry), PY-GC/MS (pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry), and fixed-bed/ATD-GC/MS (auto-thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry) were adopted to detect the ingredients and concentration of nitrogen-containing compounds in tobacco waste and/or volatiles. The results of purge/trap-GC/MS showed that nitrogen-containing compounds in tobacco waste could be effectively evaporated at 180 °C in the forms of N-benzyl-N-ethyl-P-isopropyl benzamide, 2-Amino-4-methylphenol, or N-butyl-tert-butylamine. Specifically, N-benzyl-N-ethyl-P-isopropyl benzamide was the main nitrogenous compound in the volatiles of tobacco wastes accordingly. (S)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine was dominant in N-compounds in pyrolysis condition according to the results of Py-GC/MS. In air atmosphere, with the heating temperature increasing, the concentration of main (S)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine was firstly increased and then decreased. Besides, the interactions between the released volatiles could be accelerated at a high temperature. Accordingly, these findings suggested that pyrolysis under proper conditions could effectively promote the extraction of alkaloids from tobacco waste.

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27

Medvedeva, Xenia V., Jury J. Medvedev, Stephen W. Tatarchuk, Rachelle M. Choueiri, and Anna Klinkova. "Sustainable at both ends: electrochemical CO2 utilization paired with electrochemical treatment of nitrogenous waste." Green Chemistry 22, no. 14 (2020): 4456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc01754j.

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28

Ahn, Y. H., and H. C. Kim. "Nutrient removal and microbial granulation in an anaerobic process treating inorganic and organic nitrogenous wastewater." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 6 (September 1, 2004): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0378.

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The sustainable anaerobic nitrogen removal and microbial granulation were investigated by using a laboratory anaerobic granular sludge bed reactor, treating synthetic (inorganic and organic) wastewater and piggery waste. From inorganic synthetic wastewater, lithoautotrophic ammonium oxidation to nitrite/nitrate was observed by an addition of hydroxylamine. Also, the results revealed that the Anammox intermediates (particularly, hydrazine) contents in the substrate would be one of the important parameters for success of the anaerobic nitrogen removal process. The results from organic synthetic wastewater show that if the Anammox organism were not great enough in the startup of the process, denitritation and anaerobic ammonification would be a process prior to the Anammox reaction. The anaerobic ammonium removal from the piggery waste was performed successfully, probably due to the Anammox intermediates contained in the substrate. This reactor shows a complex performance including the Anammox reaction and HAP crystallization, as well as having partial denitritation occurring simultaneously. From the activity test, the maximum specific N conversion rate was 0.1 g NH4-N/g VSS/day (0.77 g T-N/g VSS/day), indicating that potential denitritation is quite high. The NO2-N/NH4-N ratio to Anammox is 1.17. The colour of the biomass treating the piggery waste changed from black to dark red. It was also observed that the red-colored granular sludge had a diameter of 1-2 mm. The settleability assessment of the granular sludge revealed that the granular sludge had a good settleability even though it was worse than that of seed granular sludge.

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29

Roxburgh, Lizanne, and Berry Pinshow. "Ammonotely in a passerine nectarivore: the influence of renal and post-renal modification on nitrogenous waste product excretion." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 12 (June 15, 2002): 1735–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.12.1735.

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SUMMARYMost aquatic vertebrates are ammonotelic, whereas terrestrial vertebrates are typically uricotelic or ureotelic. However, the principal form of nitrogenous waste product in the urine of an animal may vary, depending on environmental conditions. Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna) was found to switch from uricotely at high ambient temperature (Ta)to ammonotely at lower Ta, when energy demands and consequent nectar intake rates were high. In extension of this, we hypothesised that nectarivorous birds would switch from uricotely to ammonotely when water intake rates were high or when protein or salt intake rates were low. We examined the influence of water, electrolyte and protein intake and of Ta on the excretion of ammonia, urea and urate (uric acid and its salts) in nectarivorous Palestine sunbirds(Nectarinia osea). The proportion of ammonia in ureteral urine and excreted fluid was not influenced by total water or salt intake or by Ta. Protein intake did not influence nitrogenous waste product concentrations in ureteral urine. However, when protein intake was reduced, the proportion of ammonia in excreted fluid was higher because of the reduced urate concentration. This reduction in urate concentration leads to`apparent' ammonotely. We suggest that ammonotely may not be a unique feature of nectarivorous birds. It could occur in any species in which breakdown of urate in the hindgut allows the uric acid-nitrogen concentration in the excreta to fall below that of the ammonia-nitrogen concentration.

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30

Ji, Qingsong, Haichao Li, and Jingjing Zhang. "Preparation and characterization of bio-based activated carbon from fish scales." BioResources 16, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 614–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.614-621.

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The object of this study was to prepare activated carbons containing nitrogenous functional groups by a chemical method from nitrogen-containing raw materials. Fish (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) scales were impregnated with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and activated at varied temperatures. The adsorption ability, structural characteristics, surface chemistry, and morphology of the activated carbons were characterized by methylene blue and iodine values, nitrogen adsorption, the Boehm method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The total alkaline groups content of the activated carbon produced from fish scales was 0.4330 mmol/g, the total acidic groups was 1.68 mmol/g, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area was 501 cm2/g, and the total pore volume was 0.284 cm3/g. The average pore diameter was 1.94 nm under an activation temperature of 550 °C, an activation time of 1 h, and an impregnation ratio of 2. As a result of this study, nitrogenous functional groups that contained acid-base amphoteric adsorbent were produced.

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31

Kaloyianni, Martha, and Maria Lazaridou-Dimitriadou. "Nitrogen excretion and the uricolytic enzymatic system in the nephridia and hepatopancreas of the snail Xeropicta arenosa." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 10 (October 1, 1989): 2473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-349.

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The quantitative and qualitative examination of the uricolytic system in the nephridia and hepatopancreas of the terrestrial snail Xeropicta arenosa showed the presence of all the metabolites of uric acid catabolism, and examination of the metabolites of the uricolytic system in the snails waste products revealed that uric acid was the main nitrogenous waste product excreted. Correlation of excretion capability with the age of the snails revealed that (i) uric acid concentration was nine times higher in the waste products of the juveniles than in those of the old snails, (ii) urea was detectable only in waste products of old snails, (iii) traces of ammonia were detected in the waste products of snails of both ages, and (iv) the amount of allantoin present in the old snails' nephridia and heart was significantly higher than in those of the juveniles. On the other hand, all snails, regardless of age, stored most uric in the nephridia. Uric acid nitrogen represented 1% of the total nitrogen in the nephridia. Data from chemical analysis were confirmed by radiochemical analysis and showed the existence of the complete sequence of uricolytic catabolites in the snails' waste products and nephridia.

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32

Ma, Xiaoqiang, Gökalp Gözaydın, Huiying Yang, Wenbo Ning, Xi Han, Nga Yu Poon, Hong Liang, Ning Yan, and Kang Zhou. "Upcycling chitin-containing waste into organonitrogen chemicals via an integrated process." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 14 (March 25, 2020): 7719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1919862117.

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Chitin is the most abundant renewable nitrogenous material on earth and is accessible to humans in the form of crustacean shell waste. Such waste has been severely underutilized, resulting in both resource wastage and disposal issues. Upcycling chitin-containing waste into value-added products is an attractive solution. However, the direct conversion of crustacean shell waste-derived chitin into a wide spectrum of nitrogen-containing chemicals (NCCs) is challenging via conventional catalytic processes. To address this challenge, in this study, we developed an integrated biorefinery process to upgrade shell waste-derived chitin into two aromatic NCCs that currently cannot be synthesized from chitin via any chemical process (tyrosine andl-DOPA). The process involves a pretreatment of chitin-containing shell waste and an enzymatic/fermentative bioprocess using metabolically engineeredEscherichia coli. The pretreatment step achieved an almost 100% recovery and partial depolymerization of chitin from shrimp shell waste (SSW), thereby offering water-soluble chitin hydrolysates for the downstream microbial process under mild conditions. The engineeredE. colistrains produced 0.91 g/L tyrosine or 0.41 g/Ll-DOPA from 22.5 g/L unpurified SSW-derived chitin hydrolysates, demonstrating the feasibility of upcycling renewable chitin-containing waste into value-added NCCs via this integrated biorefinery, which bypassed the Haber–Bosch process in providing a nitrogen source.

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33

Hwang, I. S., K. S. Min, E. Choi, and Z. Yun. "Nitrogen removal from piggery waste using the combined SHARON and ANAMMOX process." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2005): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0727.

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Nitrogen removal in piggery waste was investigated with the combined SHARON-ANAMMOX process. The piggery waste was characterized as strong nitrogenous wastewater with very low C/N ratio. For the preceding SHARON reactor, ammonium nitrogen loading and conversion rates were 0.97kg NH4-N/m3reactor/day and 0.73kg NH4-N/m3 reactor/day, respectively. Alkalinity consumption for ammonium conversion was 8.5gr bicarbonate utilized per gram ammonium nitrogen converted to NO2-N or NO3-N at steady-states operation. The successive ANAMMOX reactor was fed with the effluent from SHARON reactor. Nitrogen loading and conversion rates were 1.36kg soluble N/m3 reactor/day and 0.72kg soluble N/m3 reactor/day, respectively. The average NO2-N/NH4-N removal ratio by ANAMMOX reaction was 2.13. It has been observed that Candidatus “Kuenenia stuttgartiensis” were dominated in the ANAMMOX reactor based on FISH analysis.

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Gunadi, Bambang, Enang Harris, Eddy Supriyono, Sukenda Sukenda, and Tatag Budiardi. "CARBON TO NITROGEN RATIO AND NITROGENOUS WASTE ACCUMULATION IN THE INTENSIVE CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus) CULTURE." Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2011): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.6.1.2011.19-29.

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This experiment was carried out to determine the optimum C/N ratio for heterotrophic bacteria (biofloc) growth in order to control nitrogenous waste accumulation in the catfish (Clarias gariepinus) culture. Twenty fish with an initial individual size of about 50 g were stocked in fiberglass tanks which were filled with 200 L of water. Fish were fed with commercial floating fish feed with a protein level of 31%-33% (manufacturer label). The daily feeding rate was 2.5% of the fish biomass. The inoculation of commercial Bacillus sp. isolates was applied in the first day of the experiment after fish stocking in order to obtain a bacterial density in water of 106 cfu/L. Molases was suplemented daily to the tanks to adjust C/N ratio in water. Four C/N ratios, i.e. 0, 7, 14, and 21, were applied as treatments in this experiment. The results showed that molasses suplementation up to C/N ratio 14 to 21 were able to support the growth of heterotrophic bacteria and to inhibit the accumulation of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite in water therefore increase water quality for better growth of cultured catfish.

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LEMARIE, G., J. MARTIN, G. DUTTO, and C. GARIDOU. "Nitrogenous and phosphorous waste production in a flow-through land-based farm of European seabass ()." Aquatic Living Resources 11, no. 4 (July 1998): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0990-7440(98)89007-4.

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Chen, Wei-Hsiang, Yuan-Chung Lin, Jun-Hong Lin, Po-Ming Yang, and Syu-Ruei Jhang. "Treating Odorous and Nitrogenous Compounds from Waste Composting by Acidic Chlorination Followed by Alkaline Sulfurization." Environmental Engineering Science 31, no. 11 (November 2014): 583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2013.0272.

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Simonyan, Armen. "Drinking and Waste Water Price Specificity Formation Process in the Republic of Armenia." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 844–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.844.

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In the article represented specificity`s price formation process strength of technical activity hydro social cycle in the Republic of Armenia.Analysis of drinking water consumption is done with respect to three groups: standpoint of interest domestic farms, especially in industry and farmers.Industry included all subjects of services and products maker in economy, which is not included in domestic farms or agriculture fields. Appear from industry field include for example: nitrogenous factory, power generation company, banks holding, railways, hospitals and the others.Drinking water supply and waste water derivations services have six important technical directions in hydro social cycle: water intake, drinking water conditioning, drinking water distribution, waste water collecting, waste water reconditioning and derivations:Here are calculated unit cost, overhead and cross costs for each process fabrication, and corresponding its we create hypothetical named average unit cost, as well as average overhead and cross costs.In the article we analyse, that we can improve water supply options in the domestic farms, industry and agriculture fields.

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Costa, Jonathan, Robert S. Crausman, and Marc S. Weinberg. "Acute and Chronic Renal Failure." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 94, no. 2 (March 1, 2004): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-94-2-168.

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Renal failure is defined as a deterioration of kidney function that results in the retention of nitrogenous waste products. It is increasingly prevalent in older populations, individuals with diabetes or hypertension, and postoperative patients. Therefore, podiatric physicians caring for these populations can expect to encounter this condition frequently. This article describes the epidemiology, causes, complications, and appropriate evaluation of renal failure relevant to a practicing podiatric physician. Also highlighted are treatment considerations, renal dosing of medications, and prevention of contrast nephropathy. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(2): 168-176, 2004)

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Takahashi, N. "Variation of biodegradability of nitrogenous organic compounds by ozonation." Water Research 28, no. 7 (July 1994): 1563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)90223-2.

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LeMoine, Christophe M. R., and Patrick J. Walsh. "Ontogeny of ornithine-urea cycle gene expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio)." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 304, no. 11 (June 1, 2013): R991—R1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00411.2012.

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Although the majority of adult teleosts excrete most of their nitrogenous wastes as ammonia, several fish species are capable of producing urea early in development. In zebrafish, it is unclear whether this results from a functional ornithine-urea cycle (O-UC) and, if so, how it might be regulated. This study examined the spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression of four major O-UC enzymes: carbamoyl phosphate synthase III (CPSIII), ornithine transcarboxylase, arginosuccinate synthetase, and arginosuccinate lyase, using real-time PCR and whole mount in situ hybridization. In addition, we hypothesized that CPSIII gene expression was epigenetically regulated through methylation of its promoter, a widespread mode of differential gene regulation between tissues and life stages in vertebrates. Furthermore, to assess CPSIII functionality, we used morpholinos to silence CPSIII in zebrafish embryos and assessed their nitrogenous waste handling during development, and in response to ammonia injections. Our results suggest that mRNAs of O-UC enzymes are expressed early in zebrafish development and colocalize to the embryonic endoderm. In addition, the methylation status of CPSIII promoter is not consistent with the patterns of expression observed in developing larvae or adult tissues, suggesting other means of transcriptional regulation of this enzyme. Finally, CPSIII morphants exhibited a transient reduction in CPSIII enzyme activity 24 h postfertilization, which was paralleled by reduced urea production during development and in response to an ammonia challenge. Overall, we conclude that the O-UC is functional in zebrafish embryos, providing further evidence that the capacity to produce urea via the O-UC is widespread in developing teleosts.

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Hu, Anhui, Ping Zheng, Qaisar Mahmood, Lei Zhang, Lidong Shen, and Shuang Ding. "Characteristics of nitrogenous substrate conversion by anammox enrichment." Bioresource Technology 102, no. 2 (January 2011): 536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.015.

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Mahajan, Garima, and Dhiraj Sud. "Nano sized carbonized waste biomass for heavy metal ion remediation." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2014-0062.

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Abstract Utilization of agricultural waste material with approach to enhance the heavy metal remediation properties by carbonizing the biomass at nano size particles has been explored in present investigation from aqueous solutions. In this study the lignocellulosic, nitrogenous agricultural waste biomass Delbergia sissoo pods (DSP) has been tried for sequestering of Cd (II), Pb (II) and Ni (II) metal ions from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were performed for removal of targeted metal ions keeping in consideration the preliminary affecting parameters such as effect of adsorption dose, pH, initial metal ion concentration, stirring speed and contact time. The sorption studies were analyzed by using, Freundlic isotherm and Langmuir isotherm models. The kinetics of the process was evaluated by pseudo pseudo-first order and pseudo second order kinetic models. Studies reveal that the equilibrium was achieved with in 30 min of the contact time at optimized parameters. Analytical studies of biosorbent were done by means of FT-IR, SEM and XRD. Desorption experiments were carried out using HCl solution with a view to regenerate the spent adsorbent and to recover the adsorbed metal ions.

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Petrovic, A. Martin. "The Fate of Nitrogenous Fertilizers Applied to Turfgrass." Journal of Environmental Quality 19, no. 1 (January 1990): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1990.00472425001900010001x.

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Lauff, R. F., and C. H. Wood. "Respiratory gas exchange, nitrogenous waste excretion, and fuel usage during aerobic swimming in juvenile rainbow trout." Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 166, no. 8 (November 29, 1996): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003600050038.

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Wilkie, M. P., Y. Wang, P. J. Walsh, and J. H. Youson. "Nitrogenous waste excretion by the larvae of a phylogenetically ancient vertebrate: the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 5 (October 1, 1999): 707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-038.

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Larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) (ammocoetes) excreted significant quantities of urea, which composed 15-20% of the total nitrogenous waste excreted. Compared with teleosts of similar size, ammonia and urea excretion rates (JAmm and JUrea, respectively) in ammocoetes were relatively low, reflecting the low metabolic rate of these burrow-dwelling suspension feeders. Analyses of liver enzymes indicated that ammocoetes had all the enzymes necessary to produce urea via uricolysis, but not those of the ornithine-urea cycle (OUC). Further, exposure to 2 mmol·L-1 total ammonia for 5 d was accompanied by a 3-fold elevation of JUrea, but did not lead to greater OUC activity. Internal ammonia levels increased markedly, however, exceeding 2000 µmol·L-1 in plasma and 5000 µmol·L-1 in muscle after the 5-d exposure period. This high resistance to internal ammonia accumulation was related to the very high glutamine synthetase activities measured in ammocoete brains. The excretion and production of urea by ammocoetes demonstrates for the first time that agnathans are capable of producing physiologically relevant amounts of urea. Given the ancient origins and conserved evolution of lampreys, these observations also suggest that at least some of the early jawless vertebrates were able to produce and excrete urea.

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Prajapati, R. P., Anand Sharma, and D. R. Tiwari. "Industrial hazardous waste management studies of nitrogenous chemical fertilizer factory in Vijapur, District Guna (M.P.) India." Current World Environment 5, no. 1 (June 25, 2010): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.5.1.23.

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47

Lauff, R. F., and C. H. Wood. "Respiratory gas exchange, nitrogenous waste excretion, and fuel usage during aerobic swimming in juvenile rainbow trout." Journal Of Comparative Physiology B 166, no. 8 (December 1996): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02338293.

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48

Oliveira Filho, Paulo Roberto Campagnoli de, Carmen Sílvia Fávaro-Trindade, Marco Antônio Trindade, Júlio Cesar de Carvalho Balieiro, and Elisabete Maria Macedo Viegas. "Quality of sausage elaborated using minced Nile Tilapia submmitted to cold storage." Scientia Agricola 67, no. 2 (April 2010): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162010000200009.

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Filleting yield of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) is low (30%) and generates large amount of wastes that may turn into environmental and economic problem. However, these wastes can be used for the extraction of minced fish (MF) which can be used in the preparation of sausages. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of sausages prepared with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of MF from Nile tilapia filleting waste during storage at 0±0.3ºC. Alterations in the instrumental color (L*, a* and b*), lipid oxidation (TBARS), total volatile nitrogenous bases (TVB-N), pH, microbiological condition (pathogenic bacteria and aerobic psychrotrophic bacteria), and sensory attributes (color, odor, flavor, texture and overall acceptability) were evaluated for up to 40 days. The addition of MF to sausages increased TBARS values and decreases TVB-N, L*, a* and b* values. Acceptability of color attribute decreased with increasing MF; best flavor, texture and overall acceptability scores were registered for sausages containing 40 and 60% MF; best odor was registered for 100% MF. Pathogenic microorganisms were not detected, but decrease in pH and proliferation of aerobic psychrotrophic bacteria which, however, did not compromise sensory evaluation of sausages were registered throughout storage. Sausages prepared with MF from tilapia filleting waste have a shelf-life of 40 days when stored at 0±0.3ºC, and the maximum recommended MF inclusion to maintain good sensory quality is 60%.

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Raj, Ishan, A. N. Vaidya, R. A. Pandey, Amit Bansiwal, Sharvari Deshmukh, and Hemant J. Purohit. "Recent advancements in the mitigation of obnoxious nitrogenous gases." Journal of Environmental Management 205 (January 2018): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.064.

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Gutiérrez-Gamboa, Gastón, Eva P. Pérez-Álvarez, Pilar Rubio-Bretón, and Teresa Garde-Cerdan. "Use of different waste waters from the leachate of the mushroom production process as foliar fertilizers: Effects on grape amino acids concentration." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 16, no. 2 (July 11, 2018): e0901. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2018162-11772.

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The production of edible mushrooms presents a serious problem for the environment, since about 5 kg of waste are produced for each kilogram of mushroom. These waste waters have nitrogenous matter. Thus, the aim was to investigate the effect of foliar applications of waste water from the mushroom production process on must amino acid composition during two seasons compared to other nitrogen sources. The treatments were applied to the vineyard at veraison and one week later at a total dose of 0.9 kg N/ha. Amino acids were analysed by HPLC. Results showed that treated mushroom water (Tmw) and mushroom water (Mw) improved the amino acid concentration in both seasons differentially. Tmw applied to the grapevines increased total amino acids concentration from 1479.58 to 1735.90 mg/L compared to untreated grapevines over the second study season. The effectiveness of the applications depends on grapevines nitrogen needs. Under moderate nitrogen conditions, Tmw and Mw applications seem to be more effective than urea and phenylalanine treatments. These results are important in relation to the sustainable management of the agri-food sector.

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