Journal articles on the topic 'NJA 1996 s'

Daniel Treisman offers an ingenious explanation for the fact that the Russian Federation held together after the collapse of the Soviet regime. Unlike the three other ethnic federa- tions in the communist world-Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and the USSR itself-the Russian Federation, which was the largest of the 15 nationally based constituent republics in the Soviet Union, avoided disintegration. Many observers in the early 1990s feared the same pressures that had led to powerful separatist movements among the Soviet republics would prove too strong for the fragile central government to resist. Yet, Russia managed to maintain itself as a federal state, albeit weak. The one constituent republic in which separatism ultimately led to armed confrontation was Chech- nia, where a brutal war began in 1994, paused in 1996, and erupted again in 1999.

AbstractThe influence of linguistic and social factors on (r) in Boston and two New Hampshire towns is described. The preceding vowel and geographic, ethnic, and age-related differences were found to have strong effects. In comparison to Bostonians, New Hampshire speakers exhibit a higher rate of rhoticity, and fewer factors constrain their variability. Younger speakers are more rhotic than older speakers, as are more educated speakers and those in higher linguistic marketplace positions. This study demonstrates that these patterns fit the transmission (within Boston) and diffusion (to New Hampshire) framework (Labov, 2007) only with the addition of accommodation theory (Niedzielski & Giles, 1996), which connects our linguistic findings to evidence that many New Hampshire residents do not identify with Boston. The effects on (r) in other studies are compared to determine which effects are particular to individual communities (nonuniversal) and which occur across all communities examined. The nonuniversal effects are therefore available as measures of contact-induced change. This study introduces a method for quantitatively comparing the amount of change between communities.

The perinucleolar compartment (PNC) is a unique nuclear structure localized at the periphery of the nucleolus. Several small RNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III and two hnRNP proteins have been localized in the PNC (Ghetti, A., S. Piñol-Roma, W.M. Michael, C. Morandi, and G. Dreyfuss. 1992. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:3671–3678; Matera, A.G., M.R. Frey, K. Margelot, and S.L. Wolin. 1995. J. Cell Biol. 129:1181– 1193; Timchenko, L.T., J.W. Miller, N.A. Timchenko, D.R. DeVore, K.V. Datar, L. Lin, R. Roberts, C.T. Caskey, and M.S. Swanson. 1996. Nucleic Acids Res. 24: 4407–4414; Huang, S., T. Deerinck, M.H. Ellisman, and D.L. Spector. 1997. J. Cell Biol. 137:965–974). In this report, we show that the PNC incorporates Br-UTP and FITC-conjugated CTP within 5 min of pulse labeling. Selective inhibition of RNA polymerase I does not appreciably affect the nucleotide incorporation in the PNC. Inhibition of all RNA polymerases by actinomycin D blocks the incorporation completely, suggesting that Br-UTP incorporation in the PNC is due to transcription by RNA polymerases II and/or III. Treatment of cells with an RNA polymerase II and III inhibitor induces a significant reorganization of the PNC. In addition, double labeling experiments showed that poly(A) RNA and some of the factors required for pre-mRNA processing were localized in the PNC in addition to being distributed in their previously characterized nucleoplasmic domains. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis revealed a rapid turnover of polypyrimidine tract binding protein within the PNC, demonstrating the dynamic nature of the structure. Together, these findings suggest that the PNC is a functional compartment involved in RNA metabolism in the cell nucleus.

ReTain™ is an organic, water-soluble formulation that contains 15% (w/w) of aminoethoxy-vinylglycine (AVG). AVG, a naturally occurring plant growth regulator, competitively inhibits ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) synthase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to ACC, the immediate precursor of ethylene in plants. ReTain has been under commercial development for the past 6 years, which includes U.S. EPA-approved Experimental Use Permit (EUP) programs in 1995 (Shafer et al., 1996, Proc 23rd Annu. PGRSA Mtg., p. 233–234) and 1996. Under the 1996 EUP, ReTain was tested on nearly 4000 acres of apples in 18 states. When used according to label directions (i.e., 50 g AVG/acre applied 4 weeks before anticipated harvest) with a nonionic surfactant, ReTain effectively reduced preharvest drop and generally resulted in fruit of higher quality than untreated (control) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) -treated fruit. ReTain can delay fruit maturity (as indexed by starch conversion) by ≈7 to 10 days. ReTain-treated fruit were typically firmer (by 0.5 to 1.0 lb), produced significantly less ethylene, and maintained notably greater firmness through storage. The incidence and severity of watercore in `Delicious' was significantly reduced by ReTain, as was the frequency of fruit cracking in `Fuji' and `Gala' in several trials. Based on this benefit profile, ReTain can be an effective harvest management tool for apple growers. U.S. EPA approval for the commercial registration of ReTain is anticipated prior to the 1997 use season.

This article documents the earthquake ground motion database developed for the NGA-East Project, initiated as part of the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) research program and led by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER). The project was focused on developing a ground motion characterization model (GMC) model for horizontal ground motions for the large region referred to as Central and Eastern North America (CENA). The CENA region covers most of the U.S. and Canada, from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean and is characterized tectonically as a stable continental region (SCR). The ground-motion database includes the two- and three-component ground-motion recordings from numerous selected events relevant to CENA ( M > 2.5, with distances up to 3500 km) that have been recorded since 1976. The final database contains over 27,000 time series from 82 earthquakes and 1271 recording stations. The ground motion database includes uniformly processed time series, 5% damped pseudo-spectral acceleration (PSA) median-component ordinates for 429 periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s, duration and Arias intensity in 5% increments, and Fourier amplitude spectra for different time windows. Ground motions and metadata for source, path, and site conditions were subjected to quality checks by topical working groups and the ground-motion model (GMM) developers. The NGA-East database constitutes the largest database of processed recorded ground motions in SRCs and is publicly available from the PEER ground-motion database website.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the process capability of three-dimensional printing (3DP)-based casting solutions for non-ferrous alloy (NFA) components. Design/methodology/approach After selection and design of benchmark, prototypes for six different NFA materials were prepared by using 3DP (ZCast process)-based shell moulds. Coordinate measuring machine has been used for calculating the dimensional tolerances of the NFA components. Consistency with the tolerance grades of the castings has been checked as per IT grades. Findings The results of process capability investigation highlight that the 3DP process as a casting solution for NFA component lies in ±5sigma (s) limit, as regards to dimensional accuracy is concerned. Further, this process ensures rapid production of pre-series industrial prototypes for NFA. Final components prepared are also acceptable as per ISO standard UNI EN 20,286-I (1995). Originality/value This research work presents capability of the 3DP process supported with experimental data on basis of various process parameters for the tolerance grade of NFA castings. These statistics can help to enhance the application of 3DP-based NFA casting process in commercial foundry industry.

This article empirically examines racial salary differences in the National Basketball Association from 1987 to 1993. The results of our analysis depict the NBA as a racially equal labor market which experienced tremendous growth over this period. In contrast to studies using mid-1980's data which estimated a white advantage between twelve and twenty-five percent, we find that no significant racial wage differential exists. The convergence of the salary differential between 1984 and 1993 can be fully explained by a narrowing in the relative prices paid for additional production and an increase in the relative production of black players. Furthermore, a regression capturing customer preferences yields the result that customers, who during the mid-1980's preferred white players, no longer differentiate between white and black players.

Abstract Purpose Adrenal incidentaloma (AI) and adrenal masses in cases of subclinical Cushing’s syndrome (SCS) initially require follow-up imaging. In this study we used endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) as a method for high-resolution imaging. The aim was to evaluate the growth rate of AI and SCS by EUS. Materials and Methods This retrospective analysis included 93 out of 229 patients with AI or SCS who were investigated longitudinally by EUS in our university hospital between 1997 and 2013. The longitudinal follow-up required at least two investigations by EUS and evaluation of endocrine function. Plasma renin, serum aldosterone, 24 h urinary catecholamines and 2 mg dexamethasone suppression test were performed. EUS was performed at baseline and during follow-up. Each time, the maximum diameter was measured. Three groups were defined: non-functioning adenomas (NFA), non-functioning nodular hyperplasias (NFH) and SCS. Results 86 patients had non-functioning masses [NFM] (59 NFA, 48 NFH) and 7 patients had SCS (10 masses). At baseline the mean diameter was 19.4 (± 9.3) mm (NFM) and 19.6 (± 9.2) mm (SCS). The mean follow-up period was 31.6 ± 28.7 months. The estimated mean growth rates per year were low: They were 0.35 mm/yr [NFA], 0.02 mm/yr [NFH] and 0.53 mm/yr [SCS]. Furthermore, there was no malignant progression of any mass. Conclusion The growth rate as determined by EUS was low for all tumor entities observed in this study. There was no difference in tumor growth between the groups.

Der Artikel liefert eine Zusammenstellung von Ergänzungen und Berichtigungen zum im 2010 veröffentlichten „Gesamtregister zur NBA“ (vorgelegt von Frauke Heinze und Uwe Wolf, Kassel etc. 2010) enthaltenen Namenregister zu den Kritischen Berichten. In den drei Kategorien I - Obskure und periphere Zeitgenossen J. S. Bachs; II - Besitzer und Vermittler von Originalhandschriften, III - Anmerkungen zu einigen Musikforschern und anderen Wissenschaftlern des 20. Jh. werden weitergehende Informationen zu einer Auswahl der dort angeführten Personen gegeben. Erwähnte Artikel: Heinrich Miesner: Aus der Umwelt Philipp Emanuel Bachs. BJ 1937, S. 132-143 Ulrich Leisinger, Peter Wollny: "Altes Zeug von mir". Carl Philipp Emanuel Bachs kompositorisches Schaffen vor 1740. BJ 1993, S. 127-204 Michael Maul, Peter Wollny: Quellenkundliches zu Bach-Aufführungen in Köthen, Ronneburg und Leipzig zwischen 1720 und 1760. BJ 2003, S. 97-142 Tadashi Isoyama: Wiederaufgefundene Originalstimmen zur Hochzeitskantate "Vergnügte Pleißenstadt" BWV 216. BJ 2004, S. 199-208

<p>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological empowerment of police staffs of NAJA Special Unit in Isfahan province. The present study was an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive correlational research in terms of method. The population of the study included Special Unit Command of NAJA in Isfahan province. The sample size was 336 people using Morgan’s table. Data were collected through Spiterz (1995)’s psychological empowerment questionnaire and Nobari’s (2008) operational model of emotional intelligence. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts. The reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were 0.91 and 0.80 for psychological empowerment and emotional intelligence questionnaires, respectively. The data were analyzed Pearson correlation test and regression analysis. The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between responsibility, flexibility, and decisiveness, and psychological empowerment of police staffs of NAJA Special Units in Isfahan province. According to regression analysis, responsibility, flexibility, and decisiveness had the highest impact on psychological empowerment, respectively.</p>

This paper describes the development of a Decision support system (DSS) for earthquake warning service in Vietnam using Web GIS technology. The system consists of two main components: (1) an on-line database of earthquakes recorded from the national seismic network of Vietnam, and (2) a set of tools for rapid seismic hazard assessment. Using an online earthquake database, the system allows creating a shake map caused by a newly recorded earthquake. In addition, the Web GIS environment allows any user, including non-professional to get useful information about a just-occurred event and the possible impact caused by the earthquake shortly after its occurrence. A fault-source model developed for Vietnam was used as a part of the hazard calculation and mapping procedure. All information and results obtained from the system are automatically included in the earthquake bulletins, which will be disseminated national wide afterward by the Vietnam earthquake information and tsunami warning Center.The shake maps produced by the DSS in terms of both Peak Ground Acceleration and intensity values are rapidly available via the Web and can be used for emergency response, public information, loss estimation, earthquake planning, and post-earthquake engineering and scientific analyses. Application of the online decision support system in earthquake warning service can mitigate the earthquake risk and reduce the losses and damages due to earthquakes in Vietnam in future.ReferencesBoore D.M., Joyner W.B. and Fumal T.E., 1994. Estimation of Response Spectra and Peak Acceleration from Wester North American earthquakes: an interim report, USGS open file report, 94-127, Menlo Park, California, United States Geological Survey.Boore D.M. and Atkinson G.M., 2008. Ground-Motion Prediction Equations for the Average Horizontal Component of PGA, PGV, and 5%-Damped PSA at Spectral Periods between 0.01 s and 10.0 s. Earthquake Spectra, 24(1), 1-341.Bui Van Duan, Nguyen Anh Duong, 2017. The relation between fault movement potential and seismic activity of major faults in Northwestern Vietnam. Vietnam J. Earth Sci., 39, 240-255.Campbell K.W. and Bozorgnia Y., 1994. Near-Source Attenuation of Peak Horizontal Acceleration from Worldwide Accelerograms Recorded from 1957 to 1993, Proceedings, Fifth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Chicago, Illinois, July 10-14: V(III), 283-292.Campbell K.W. and Bozorgnia Y., 2008. NGA Ground Motion Model for the Geometric Mean Horizontal Component of PGA, PGV, PGD and 5% Damped Linear Elastic Response Spectra for Periods Ranging from 0.01 to 10s. Earthquake Spectra, 24(1), 1-341.Cauzzi C., Edwards B., Fäh D., Clinton J., Wiemer S., Kastli F., Cua G. and Giardini D., 2014. On the customisation of shakemap for optimised use in Switzerland, 2014. Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Istanbul, August 25-29, 1-10.Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University, 2016. Documentation for the Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4). Palisades NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/H4D50JX4 Accessed April 2018.Chiou B.S.-J. and Youngs R.R., 2008. An NGA Model for the Average Horizontal Component of Peak Ground Motion and Response Spectra. Earthquake Spectra, 24(1), 1-341.Cornell, C.A., 1968. Engineering seismic risk analysis. Bull. Seis. Soc. Amer., 58(5), 1583-1606.Der Kiureghian and A. S-H. Ang, 1977. A fault rupture model for seismic risk analysis, Bull. Seim. Soc. Am., 67(4), 233-241.Douglas B.M. and Ryall A., 1977. Seismic risk in linear source regions, with application to the San Adreas fault, Bull. Seis. Soc. Amer., 67, 729-754.Marreiros, C. and Carrilho, F., 2012. The ShakeMap at the Instituto de Meteorologia. The proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal September 24-28.Nguyen Le Minh, et al., 2012. The first peak ground motion attenuation relationships for North of Vietnam. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. Doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.09.012.Nguyen Dinh Xuyen and Tran Thi My Thanh, 1999. To find a formula for computing ground acceleration in strong earthquake in Vietnam, J. Sci. of the Earth, 21, 207-213 (in Vietnamese).Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, 2008. NGA model for average horizontal component of peak ground motion and response spectra. Earthquake Spectra, 24(1), 1-341.Tran V.H. and Kiyomiya O., 2012. Ground motion attenuation relationship for shallow strike-slip earthquakes in northern Vietnam based on strong motion records from Japan, Vietnam and adjacent regions, Structural Eng./Earthquake Eng., JSCE, 29, 23-39.Toro G.R., Abrahamson N.A. and Schneider J.F., 1997. Engineering Model of Strong Ground Motions from Earthquakes in the Central and Eastern United States, Seismological Research Letters, January/February.Wald D.J., Worden B.C., Quitoriano V. and Pankow K.L., 2006. ShakeMap Manual. Technical manual, users guide, and software guide.Wald D.L., Wald B. Worden and Goltz J., 2003. ShakeMap - a tool for earthquake response. U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 087-03.Wells D.L. and Coppersmith K.J., 1994. New Empirical Relationships Among Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture Width, and Surface Displacement, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84, 974-1002.

Abstract This experiment was conducted in 4 miniblocks, each ⅓ acre, of 15-yr-old trees on M 7A rootstock. Trees measured 16.5 ft. in height and 16 ft. in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of half a miniblock (18 trees) for each of 6 spray treatment combinations and an entire miniblock for the untreated plot. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the tree with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa. Dates (stage or degree-days after first trap catch of spring CM) of application were 11 Apr (tight cluster), 18 Apr (pre-pink), 12 May (petal fall), 26 May (273), 5 Jun (405), 8 Jun (462), 13 Jun (548), 22 Jun (696), 6 Jul (987), 18 Jul (1249), 1 Aug (1601), 16 Aug (1942), and 1 Sep (2225). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Dithane, Kocide, K-salt (NAA), Nova, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatment effect was evaluated by counting insects and injury on the periphery of 4 single-tree replications in the center row(s) of each plot periodically during the season. Control of SA was evaluated by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of 10 terminals/tree. WALH and RLH control was evaluated by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves/tree. Control of CM and OFM was determined by counting injured apples during a 5 min period/tree. Treatment effect against STLM was determined by counting tissue-feeding mines observed during a 5 min period/tree. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined at harvest by scoring for injury 100 picked apples/replication plus up to 100 drop apples/replication on 19 Sep.

University of Illinois, Department of Horticulture, Plant Science Lab, 1201 S. Dorner, Urbana, IL. Calli were initiated from immature inflorescences of selected cultivars of Hosta in the light on Hosta initiation medium (Carolina Biological Supply Company, 1986). Three cultivars, Francee, Birchwood Park's Gold, and Wide Brim Sum & Substance, produced microshoots. The calli were compact and green in color. The highest percentage of callus formation occurred with the Francee cultivar. Nakaiana, Golden Edger, Golden Scepter, Obscura, Sum & Substance, and Shade Fanfare produced only calli. The calli were transferred to modified Murashige and Skoog salts. The media containing 5 × 5 factorial combinations of NAA and BA (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/l). The results show that media with NAA at 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l in combination with BA from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/l produced the highest number of microshoots per explant.

Moloney murine leukemia virus causes thymic leukemias when injected into newborn mice. A major determinant of the thymic disease specificity of Moloney virus genetically maps to the conserved viral core motif in the Moloney virus enhancer. Point mutations introduced into the core site significantly shifted the disease specificity of the Moloney virus from thymic leukemia to erythroid leukemia (N.A. Speck, B. Renjifo, E. Golemis, T.N. Fredrickson, J.W. Hartley, and N. Hopkins, Genes Dev. 4:233-242, 1990). We previously reported the purification of core-binding factors (CBF) from calf thymus nuclei (S. Wang and N.A. Speck, Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:89-102, 1992). CBF binds to core sites in murine leukemia virus and T-cell receptor enhancers. Affinity-purified CBF contains multiple polypeptides. In this study, we sequenced five tryptic peptides from two of the bovine CBF proteins and isolated three cDNA clones from a mouse thymus cDNA library encoding three of the tryptic peptides from the bovine proteins. The cDNA clones, which we call CBF beta p22.0, CBF beta p21.5, and CBF beta p17.6, encode three highly related but distinct proteins with deduced molecular sizes of 22.0, 21.5, and 17.6 kDa that appear to be translated from multiply spliced mRNAs transcribed from the same gene. CBF beta p22.0, CBF beta p21.5, and CBF beta p17.6 do not by themselves bind the core site. However, CBF beta p22.0 and CBF beta p21.5 form a complex with DNA-binding CBF alpha subunits and as a result decrease the rate of dissociation of the CBF protein-DNA complex. Association of the CBF beta subunits does not extend the phosphate contacts in the binding site. We propose that CBF beta is a non-DNA-binding subunit of CBF and does not contact DNA directly.

Moloney murine leukemia virus causes thymic leukemias when injected into newborn mice. A major determinant of the thymic disease specificity of Moloney virus genetically maps to the conserved viral core motif in the Moloney virus enhancer. Point mutations introduced into the core site significantly shifted the disease specificity of the Moloney virus from thymic leukemia to erythroid leukemia (N.A. Speck, B. Renjifo, E. Golemis, T.N. Fredrickson, J.W. Hartley, and N. Hopkins, Genes Dev. 4:233-242, 1990). We previously reported the purification of core-binding factors (CBF) from calf thymus nuclei (S. Wang and N.A. Speck, Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:89-102, 1992). CBF binds to core sites in murine leukemia virus and T-cell receptor enhancers. Affinity-purified CBF contains multiple polypeptides. In this study, we sequenced five tryptic peptides from two of the bovine CBF proteins and isolated three cDNA clones from a mouse thymus cDNA library encoding three of the tryptic peptides from the bovine proteins. The cDNA clones, which we call CBF beta p22.0, CBF beta p21.5, and CBF beta p17.6, encode three highly related but distinct proteins with deduced molecular sizes of 22.0, 21.5, and 17.6 kDa that appear to be translated from multiply spliced mRNAs transcribed from the same gene. CBF beta p22.0, CBF beta p21.5, and CBF beta p17.6 do not by themselves bind the core site. However, CBF beta p22.0 and CBF beta p21.5 form a complex with DNA-binding CBF alpha subunits and as a result decrease the rate of dissociation of the CBF protein-DNA complex. Association of the CBF beta subunits does not extend the phosphate contacts in the binding site. We propose that CBF beta is a non-DNA-binding subunit of CBF and does not contact DNA directly.

Abstract. Climate regulates fire activity through the buildup and drying of fuels and the conditions for fire ignition and spread. Understanding the dynamics of contemporary climate–fire relationships at national and sub-national scales is critical to assess the likelihood of changes in future fire activity and the potential options for mitigation and adaptation. Here, we conducted the first national assessment of climate controls on US fire activity using two satellite-based estimates of monthly burned area (BA), the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED, 1997–2010) and Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS, 1984–2009) BA products. For each US National Climate Assessment (NCA) region, we analyzed the relationships between monthly BA and potential evaporation (PE) derived from reanalysis climate data at 0.5° resolution. US fire activity increased over the past 25 yr, with statistically significant increases in MTBS BA for the entire US and the Southeast and Southwest NCA regions. Monthly PE was strongly correlated with US fire activity, yet the climate driver of PE varied regionally. Fire season temperature and shortwave radiation were the primary controls on PE and fire activity in Alaska, while water deficit (precipitation – PE) was strongly correlated with fire activity in the Plains regions and Northwest US. BA and precipitation anomalies were negatively correlated in all regions, although fuel-limited ecosystems in the Southern Plains and Southwest exhibited positive correlations with longer lead times (6–12 months). Fire season PE increased from the 1980's–2000's, enhancing climate-driven fire risk in the southern and western US where PE–BA correlations were strongest. Spatial and temporal patterns of increasing fire season PE and BA during the 1990's–2000's highlight the potential sensitivity of US fire activity to climate change in coming decades. However, climate-fire relationships at the national scale are complex, based on the diversity of fire types, ecosystems, and ignition sources within each NCA region. Changes in the seasonality or magnitude of climate anomalies are therefore unlikely to result in uniform changes in US fire activity.

A leaf spot of basil, Ocimum basilicum L., was observed on container-grown and field plantings of cultivars Aussie Sweet and Sweet Basil. The disease was of minor importance under field conditions, but was of potential economic importance in seedling production. Gray to black, watersoaked, necrotic spots commonly developed at leaf margins. Large numbers of bacteria were released from cut lesions when viewed by light microscopy. Single colony bacterial isolates were established on nutrient dextrose agar (NDA) and yeast extract-dextrose-calcium carbonate agar (YDC). Pathogencity tests were performed by misting a water suspension containing 104 bacterial cells per ml on healthy basil plants. Plants were held for 24 h in a dew chamber at 26°C and then moved to a greenhouse for observation. Typical leaf spots developed on inoculated plants in 2 days, but not on healthy control plants, and the bacterium was reisolated. The bacterium was characterized as a gram-negative, motile rod, negative for potato rot test, positive in tobacco hypersensitivity test, and oxidase positive. Isolates were identified as Pseudomonas cichorii according to the Biolog Microplate system (similarities ranged from 0.937 to 0.995). Screening tests were conducted by inoculating 15 basil cultivars, six replicates each, and rating them for disease severity based on a scale of 1 to 5 in which 1 = no disease and 5 = dead plants. Cultivars most resistant to bacterial leaf spot (ratings in parentheses are averages of two tests and those followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Tukey's Studentized Range Test, P = 0.05) were Green Bouquet (2.0 a), Piccolo (2.2 a), Mrs. Burn's Lemon (2.2 a), Genovese (2.4 a), and Dark Opal (2.5 ab). Moderately susceptible cultivars were Bush Green (2.8 abc), Sweet Basil (2.8 abc), Large Green (2.9 abcd), Lemon (3.1 abcd), and Mexican Spice (3.6 bcd). The most susceptible cultivars were Lettuce Leaved (3.8 cd), Thai (3.8 cd), Napoletano (4.0 de), Green Ruffles (5.0 e), and Purple Ruffles (5.0 e). Bacterial leaf spot of basil caused by P. cichorii was first reported in the U.S. from Florida (1). Other bacterial diseases reported on basil include leaf blight from Egypt caused by P. syringae (2) and leaf necrosis from California caused by P. viridiflava (3). This is the first report on the occurrence of basil bacterial leaf spot in Louisiana and the first reported information on cultivar susceptibility. References: (1) S. M. Burgess et al. Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc. 99:249, 1986. (2) S. A. M. El-Sadek et al. Assiut J. Agric. Sci. 22:2, 1991. (3) E. L. Little et al. Plant Dis. 78:831, 1994.

Čeprav si andragogi še niso enotni o tem, ali je za izobraževanje odraslih koristno, da tudi to dejavnost država sistemsko bolj ureja kot doslej, ugotavljamo, da si nekatere države prizadevajo izdelati strategijo razvoja izobraževanja odraslih. Oblikovanje takšne strategije je bilo v zadnjem času priporočeno v več mednarodnih dokumentih, na primer OECD (1996), Unesco - CONFINTEA V (1997), praviloma v povezavi s strategijo vseživljenjskosti učenja. Takšne strategija naj bi včlenjevala tudi sistemsko urejanje izobraževanja odraslih. V primerjalni raziskavi smo skušali identificirati tiste nacionalne programe v različnih državah, ki bi jih pogojno lahko opredelili kot nacionalne strategije razvoja izobraževanja odraslih v tej državi. Potem ko smo jih identificirali, smo s primerjalno analizo skušali ugotoviti, ali vsebujejo temeljne prvine, ki jim mora strategija imeti, da bi jo lahko označili za celovito. Uporabili smo šest takšnih prvin, to so: a) splošne in širše družbene, zgodovinske, politične in pravne določnice; b) temeljni cilji programa; c) teoretično-pojmovne opredelitve izobraževanja odraslih; č) potrebe po izobraževanju odraslih; d) sistem in organizacija ter omrežje izobraževanja odraslih v državi; e) zdajšnja sistemska ureditev izobraževanja odraslih; f) obstoj nacionalnega programa; g) strategija vseživljenjskosti učenja. Naša raziskava je pokazala, ela večine obravnavanih programov še ne moremo označiti za celovite in koherentne strategije izobraževanja odraslih, čeprav vsebujejo več prvin. Zato jih lahko, bolj kot s celovitimi strategijami, označimo s pojmi, kot so program, akcijski program, kampanja itn., saj z njimi zadovoljujejo predvsem aktualne potrebe v državi. V Sloveniji skušamo predložiti strategijo, ki bo zadovoljevala vsa navedena merila.

Abstract This experiment was conducted in a 5.4 acre block of 39-yr-old trees, which measured 16.5 ft. in height antl 23 ft. in width and were planted 20 × 40 ft. apart. The experimental design for the first 7 treatments and the check consisted of 6 single-tree plots (3 ‘Rome Beauty’, 3 ‘Golden Delicious’) in a randomized block design. The experimental design for treatments of S-71639 and Fenoxycarb consisted of 3 replications of 9-tree plots (3 rows × 3 trees/row) in a randomized block design, with insect data taken from the center tree (‘Rome Beauty’) in each plot. Insecticides were applied with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer which traveled at 2.4 mph. A spray volume of 300 gpa was used in the delayed dormant application of oil in the first treatment, with all other treatments applied at 100 gpa. Dates of application were 14 Apr (delayed dormant [DD]), 24 Apr (prepink [PP]), 14 May (petal fall [PFJ), 27 May (first cover [1C]), 14 Jun (second cover [2C]), 29 Jun (third cover [3C]), 15 Jul (fourth cover [4CD, 30 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 12 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 26 Aug (seventh cover [7C]), and 8 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Bayleton, Captan, Dodine, Kocide, NAA, Nova, Streptomycin, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Control of SA was evaluated by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of 10 terminals from the periphery of each tree. Treatment effect against STLM was determined by counting mines observed on the periphery of trees during a 5 min period. Effect of treatments against RLH and WALH was determined by counting nymphs on 25 leaves selected from the tree periphery. ERM control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mitebrushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 100 picked apples/replication plus up to 100 drop apples/replication on 22 Sep. Fruit picked (100/tree) from 3 replications of ‘Golden Delicious’ trees were rated for finish as 0 (no russet), 1 (enlarged and raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (&gt;50% russeted surface).

Koprivnički tiskar Vinko Vošicki u više desetljeća djelovanja istaknuo se objavljivanjem djela Miroslava Krleže i Augusta Cesarca u vrijeme Obznane, ali i pokretanjem nekoliko nakladničkih nizova. Jedan od njih je nakladnički niz dječje književnosti Tako vam je bilo nekoć koji je preuzeo od njemačkih izdavača Dresdner Jugendschriften Verlaga i Verlagshaus Freye. Ukupno je u razdoblju od 1919. do 1946. objavljeno 56 sveščića koji su bili jeftini i prodavali se u više izdanja te utjecali na mnogobrojnu djecu u Hrvatskoj, ali i izvan nje. Iako je tijekom Drugoga svjetskoga rata tiskao materijal za partizane, kasnije je i zbog toga nakladničkoga niza imao problema s komunističkim vlastima, trpio medijske napade i na koncu, nakon što mu je tiskara oduzeta, završio u šezdesetodnevnom zatvoru.

AbstractRegional seasonal forecasting requires accurate simulation of the variability of local climate drivers. The South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) is a large region of low-level convergence, clouds and precipitation in the South Pacific, whose effects extend as far as northeast Australia (NEA). The location of the SPCZ is modulated by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) which causes rainfall variability in the region. Correctly simulating the ENSO-SPCZ teleconnection and its interplay with local conditions is essential for improving seasonal rainfall forecasts. Here we analyse the ability of the ACCESS-S1 seasonal forecast system to predict the SPCZ’s relationship with ENSO including its latitudinal shifts, zonal slope and rainfall magnitude between 1990 and 2012 for the December–January–February (DJF) season. We found improvements in ACCESS-S1’s SPCZ prediction capability compared to its predecessor (POAMA), although prediction of the slope is still limited. The inability of ACCESS-S1 to replicate seasons with a strong anti-zonal SPCZ slope is attributed to its atmospheric model. This has implications for accurate seasonal rainfall forecasts for NEA and South Pacific Islands. Future challenges in seasonal prediction facing regional communities and developers of coupled ocean–atmosphere forecast models are discussed.

Današnjo neoliberalno avtoritarno družbo obvladuje – če uporabimo besednjak Slavoja Žižka iz besedila Leninova izbira (2010) – nezapisani Denkverbot, »prepoved« kritičnega mišljenja, ki jo zgodovinsko ponazarja znamenita izjava angleške ministrske predsednice Margaret Thatcher: »Neoliberalizem nima alternative.« Neoliberalna ekonomska in družbena kontrarevolucija se je v 60. letih spočela na Oddelku za ekonomijo Univerze v Chicagu, njen najpomembnejši zagovornik pa je bil ameriški ekonomist in Nobelov nagrajenec za ekonomijo Milton Friedman. Friedmanov program je bil skrajno konservativen: »Prvič, vlade morajo odpraviti vsa določila in regulativo, ki preprečuje kopičenje dobička. Drugič, odprodati morajo vse premoženje, ki ga imajo v lasti in bi ga korporacije lahko vodile z dobičkom. In tretjič, financiranje socialnih programov morajo dramatično zmanjšati.« To popolnoma nečloveško ideologijo, ki se je »točno ujemala z interesi velikih multinacionalk«, je Friedman »skrbno « skril v akademizacijski »jezik matematike in znanosti« in jo s tem »preoblikoval« v nepristransko ekonomsko znanost. Neoliberalno urejanje gospodarstva tako naj ne bilo več stvar subjektivnih človeških odločitev, ampak »le« še izpolnjevanje znanstveno ugotovljenih naravnih zakonov. O njem zato naj ne bi bilo več mogoče »dvomiti« niti naj ne bi bilo več »smisla« o njem kritično razmišljati. Predpostavka je, da neoliberalna ekonomska ideologija lahko parazitira na znanosti le zato, ker so v neoliberalizmu tudi znanosti same postale »ideologija«. Švicarsko-kanadski sociolog in filozof Michel Freitag (1935–2009) jih je v svoji knjigi Brodolom univerze (1995, v slovenskem prevodu 2010) imenoval tehnoznanosti: »Znanost se ne ukvarja več s spoznavanjem sveta, temveč z napovedovanjem učinkov, ki jih bodo v svetu povzročili naši praktično smotrni posegi.« Tehnoznanosti se ukvarjajo torej s problemi, ki niso plod znanstvenoteoretičnega preučevanja, ampak so jim jih od zunaj ideološko vsilile znanstvene politike (pri nas teme vsiljujejo na primer razpisi za znanstvene projekte). Tehnoznanstveno raziskovanje se mora izogibati teoretskemu razmišljanju, razmišljati pa mu tudi ni treba več o svojem lastnem početju. Znanost – izjeme seveda obstajajo – tako ne ustvarja več ničesar novega. Ustanove znanstvene politike so znanosti preprečile njeno znanstveno in družbeno kritičnost. Znanost je postala nemisleča, nepolitična in nečloveška. Znanstvenike pa so take znanstvene politike oropale poklicnega in človeškega dostojanstva in smisla. Pričujoči esej skuša vsesplošno neoliberalno uničevanje mišljenja misliti.

This paper investigates the interpretive properties of what are termed expressiveness devices, characterised as clitic, pronoun and demonstrative. In what seems to be cases of multiple expression of a single argument, the proposed investigation involves generative syntactic analyses to the interaction of a set of expressiveness devices with an associate DP, accounting for their interpretation at both LF and PF interfaces (Chomsky, 1995 et seq). Exploration of a set of North Hail Arabic (henceforth, NHA) data containing expressiveness devices, all of which agree in &phi;-features with the associate DP, it is shown that the expressiveness devices maintain rigid order in the left periphery of the clause, each generated for certain discourse-interpretive property expressing a distinct value of information structure, through establishing an Agree relation (Chomsky, 2001) with the associate DP. Amongst the insights the analyses show is that NHA allows for multiple probes agreeing with a single goal. In this way, a probing head probes through another c-commanded probing head, in which case the goal is visible to the upper probing head. Movement is therefore shown to be triggered in case where goal&rsquo;s visibility, related to feature valuation, is not available, hence, movement presupposes agreement.

Fifteen-cm terminal cuttings of llex × `Nellie R. Stevens' were harvested 28 Nov. 1993. Basal leaves were stripped with five to six terminal leaves remaining. Groups of 10 cuttings were treated with a 5-s quick-dip by inserting stem bases to a depth of 2.5 cm into the treatment solution. Treated cuttings were immediately inserted into 12-cm-deep nursery flats containing moist 40% Pro-Mix/60% perlite. Hormone treatments were dilutions of Dip'N Grow formulation (10,000 ppm IBA + 5000 ppm NAA). IBA/NAA levels were set at 3000, 6000, and 9000 ppm and combined in a factorial arrangement with penetrating agents of 20% dimethylformamide and 20% triethanolamine with water as a control for nine treatment combinations. Ten replications were placed on a propagation bench with bottom heat (25C) and intermittent mist. When most cuttings were well-rooted, each cutting was rated on a scale of 1 (no or little rooting) to 5 (heavy rooting). Analysis of variance showed each level of rooting hormone to be different from every other level, with best rooting at 9000 ppm (3.80). Penetrating agent treatments were different from each other, with best rooting in triethanolamine treatments (3.54), followed by dimethylformamide treatments (3.29), and controls (2.65).

Povzetek Rezervna sestava kanadskih oboroženih sil (CAF) je sestavljena iz več komponent. Največja komponenta je primarna rezervna sestava (P Res), katere namen je dopolnjevanje redne sestave (Reg F) pri delovanju doma in v tujini. Vloge pripadnikov stalne in primarne rezerve sestave so zato podobne, obstajajo pa tudi pomembni samostojni vidiki. Sodelovanje v primarni rezervni komponenti lahko prinese bistveno drugačne izkušnje in izzive, povezane z zadrževanjem kadra. V tem članku primerjamo podatke iz dveh nedavnih velikih raziskav: ankete kanadskih oboroženih sil o zadrževanju kadra v stalni sestavi (CAF Reg F Retention Survey) (n = 1956) in ankete kanadskih oboroženih sil o zadrževanju kadra v rezervni sestavi (CAF Reserve Force Retention Survey) (n = 3669). Rezultati so pokazali, da je tako pri pripadnikih stalne sestave kot pri pripadnikih rezervne sestave prisoten konflikt med njihovimi vojaškimi, civilnimi in zasebnimi vlogami, čeprav na različne načine. Iz rezultatov je prav tako mogoče sklepati, da so pogoste domneve, da naj bi pripadniki stalne sestave rezerviste dojemali kot manj predane od njih, neutemeljene. Presenetljivo je, da je bila čustvena in normativna predanost rezervistov višja od predanosti pripadnikov stalne sestave, razlog njihovega odhoda pa pogosto povezan z željo po večji in ne manjši vpetosti v vojsko. Priporočila avtorjev se osredotočajo predvsem na izboljšanje ravnovesja med poklicnim in zasebnim življenjem pripadnikov ter na enakost med komponentami. Ključne besede: kanadske oborožene sile, stalna sestava, primarna rezerva, rezervna sestava, zadrževanje kadra. Abstract The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) Reserve Force comprises several subcomponents. The largest is the Primary Reserve (P Res), whose purpose is to supplement the Regular Force (Reg F) in operations at home and abroad. As such, there is similarity in the roles of Reg F and P Res members, but also important unique aspects. Membership of a primarily part-time force may result in significantly different experiences and retention-related challenges. This article compares data from two recent large-scale surveys: the CAF Reg F Retention Survey (n = 1,956) and the CAF Reserve Force Retention Survey (n = 3,669). The results indicated that both the Reg F members and the reservists experience conflict between their military, civilian, and personal roles, albeit in different ways. They also suggest that Reg F members’ oft-cited perceptions of reservists as being less dedicated than themselves are unfounded. Surprisingly, the reservists’ affective and normative commitment was higher than the Reg F members’, and their reasons for leaving often focused on a desire to be more, rather than less, involved with the military. Recommendations focus on improving work-life balance and equity between the components. Keywords: Canadian Armed Forces, Regular Force, Primary Reserve, Reserve Force, retention

Specific questions regarding the antiquity of major midwestern Hopewell culture sites and their role in regional exchange systems are addressed in this paper through the dating (obsidian hydration) and compositional characterization (neutron activation analysis [NAA] and atomic absorption spectroscopy [AAS]) of obsidian artifacts. The analysis of 34 specimens from the Seip, Mound City, and Hopewell sites, Ohio, and the Naples site, Illinois, increases fivefold the number of chronometric dates available from these sites and expands the sample of compositionally identified specimens beyond those resulting from Griffin et al."s (1969) pioneering work. The resulting hydration dates support earlier estimates of the age of these contexts based on 14C or artifact seriation alone. The range of dates (78 B.C.-A.D. 347) and the compositional variety within the sample favors an expanded view of the nature of obsidian trade in the Midwest to include additional western sources, a longer episode of importation, and possible changes in the sources used through time.

ABSTRACT In this study, we use the referenced empirical method of Atkinson (2008) to develop a ground-motion model (GMM) for estimating Arias intensity (IA) and cumulative absolute velocity (CAV) for the central and eastern North America. We use Campbell and Bozorgnia (2019) as the reference model. To achieve the objectives of this study, we begin with computing the geometric mean of the IA and CAV from the two as-recorded horizontal components of the motion for the recording motions in the Next Generation Attenuation-East strong-motion database. Then, we calculate the residuals of Campbell and Bozorgnia (2019) reference GMM for both IA and CAV. Next, we use the mixed-effect regression approach introduced by Abrahamson and Youngs (1992) to define adjustment factors to the Campbell and Bozorgnia (2019) model. Finally, we evaluate the proposed referenced empirical model by performing a set of residual analyses and comparing model predictions with observed data. The proposed model shows no apparent residual trend for magnitude or distance and implicitly accounts for the site term using the site factors proposed by Campbell and Bozorgnia (2019) model. The valid distance and magnitude range of the proposed model is the same as the selected reference model. In addition, we consider our new model to be applicable for time-averaged shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 m (VS30) between 150 and 2000 m/s.

Forests cover 28 % of the land area of Romania and, they are important from the ecological, economic and social perspectives. Political initiatives to restore property to its pre-nationalization (1948) forest owners became a reality, after the fall of communism. Compared to the other former communist countries from Central and Eastern Europe, the forest restitution process in Romania took a longer time and has been legally implemented via three successive restitution laws in a period of 15 years: Law 18/1991, Law 1/2000 and Law 457/2005. By the successive implementation of these forest restitution laws, the total forest area restituted to the non-state forest owners reached 3.15 million ha at the beginning of 2017, representing about half of the total forest area in Romania. The institutional changes in the forestry sector have been politically influenced (both by the Government and European Union) and not always responsive to the sector needs, realities and evolution. Whilst during the communist period, all typical sectoral functions such as regulatory, supervisory, management and ownership were under the responsibility of the same entity – the Ministry of Forests, in early 1990 s the regulatory and supervisory functions of the state were separated from the management function as the National Forest Administration (NFA)-Romsilva was established as the management entity of state forests, mainly with a commercial mandate. The move of the Department of Forests (the public authority responsible for forests in Romania) under different ministries in the last three decades was accompanied by many changes of the subordinated units and disruptions in the normal activity of its staff. Regarding the forest control and supervisory functions at regional level, 7 regional Forest Inspectorates were established in 1999, their number being increased to 16 in 2001. After 2003 they have had a tumultuous evolution, with several changes of mission and subordination and in 2015, the Forest Inspectorates were transformed into Forest Guards. A significant institutional milestone in the post-communist development of the forestry sector in Romania was the establishment of the first "private" forest districts (administrative/management legal entities for non-state forests, similar to those of NFA-Romsilva) in 2002: their number reached 145 in 2017, managing more than 1.7 million ha of forests. The radical change in forest ownership continues to pose a high pressure on the restructuring of the forest institutions, administration and management structures. It is expected that the decentralisation and reduction of state role in forest administration and management will continue in the next decade.

AbstractBasic principles of hyrogen-bonding are reviewed including cooperative effects and within the novel class of inclusion compounds formed by N,N′-ditosyl-p-phenylenediamine as a capable host, four aggregates with the hydrogen donor or acceptor guest molecules morpholine, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide are reported. Morpholine introduces three additional hydrogen bonds N-H···N, N-H···O as well as C-H···O and pyridine, DMF and DMSO each one of type N-H···N, N-H··O(=C) and N-H···O(=S ). Crystallization and structures determined are discussed in detail with special emphasis on the varying sulfonamide conformation as well as on cavity or channel inclusion of the guest molecules. In conclusion, the crystal growth conditions and the structures of the altogether 13 N,N′-ditosyl-p-phenylenediamine inclusion compounds investigated are reviewed and possible reasons for their formation are discussed.

It has been known for a number of years that glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins, in contrast to many transmembrane proteins, are insoluble at 4 degrees C in nonionic detergents such as Triton X-100. Recently, it has been proposed that this behavior reflects the incorporation of GPI-linked proteins into large aggregates that are rich in sphingolipids and cholesterol, as well as in cytoplasmic signaling molecules such as heterotrimeric G proteins and src-family tyrosine kinases. It has been suggested that these lipid-protein complexes are derived from caveolae, non-clathrin-coated invaginations of the plasmalemma that are abundant in endothelial cells, smooth muscle, and lung. Caveolin, a proposed coat protein of caveolae, has been hypothesized to be essential for formation of the complexes. To further investigate the relationship between the detergent-resistant complexes and caveolae, we have characterized the behavior of GPI-anchored proteins in lysates of N2a neuroblastoma cells, which lack morphologically identifiable caveolae, and which do not express caveolin (Shyng, S.-L., J. E. Heuser, and D. A. Harris. 1994. J. Cell Biol. 125:1239-1250). We report here that the complexes prepared from N2a cells display the large size and low buoyant density characteristic of complexes isolated from sources that are rich in caveolae, and contain the same major constituents, including multiple GPI-anchored proteins, alpha and beta subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins, and the tyrosine kinases fyn and yes. Our results argue strongly that detergent-resistant complexes are not equivalent to caveolae in all cell types, and that in neuronal cells caveolin is not essential for the integrity of these complexes.

AbstractThe swimming response to flow of the freshwater shrimp Paratya australiensis Kemp, 1917, was examined in a small recirculating laboratory stream. On three occasions during 1993 larvae, juveniles, small and large adults, and ovigerous females were collected from headwater populations and tested in the laboratory at current speeds of 10 and 30 cm s-1. Juvenile and adult shrimps showed the same strong positive rheotactic response at velocities of 10 and 30 cm s-1. However, large adults moved upstream more rapidly than juveniles and small adults. This response was not influenced by the time of year of collection or time of day tested (day/night). Ovigerous females showed a weak response to flow and tended to maintain position rather than move into the current. Early stage larvae (stages III and IV) were not able to maintain position at the lowest velocities. The positive rheotactic response of shrimps, particularly large adults, is seen as an adaptation to compensate for downstream movement of larvae by drift and juvenile and adult displacement during high discharge events. La nage en reponse au courant chez la crevette d'eau douce Paratya australiensis Kemp, 1917, a ete examinee en laboratoire dans un petit courant continu d'eau. A trois reprises durant l'annee 1993, des larves, des juveniles, de petits et grands adultes, ainsi que des femelles ovigeres ont ete collectes dans populations situees en amont et testes au laboratoire a des vitesses de courant de 10 a 30 cm s-1. Les crevettes juveniles et adultes ont repondu par une forte rheotaxie positive aux vitesses de 10 a 30 cm s-1. Cependant, les adultes de grande taille se sont deplaces vers l'amont plus rapidement que les juveniles et les petits adultes. Cette reponse n'a pas ete influencee par le moment du prelevement, que ce soit au cours de l'annee ou de la journee (jour/nuit). Les femelles ovigeres ont donne une faible reponse au courant et tendaient a maintenir leur position plutot qu'a se deplacer dans le courant. Les jeunes larves (stades III et IV) n'etaient pas capables de maintenir leur position aux vitesses les plus basses. La rheotaxie positive des crevettes, en particulier des grands adultes, est consideree comme une adaptation pour compenser le mouvement des larves entrainees vers l'aval par le courant et le deplacement des jeunes et des adultes au moment des hautes eaux.

Andragoška poletna šola je razvojni projekt in oblika izpopolnjevanja strokov­ njakov za izobraževa nje odraslih. Delovati je začela leta 1995 pod pokroviteljstvom Univerze v Ljubljani oziroma Filozofske fakultete, Oddelka za pedagogiko in andragogiko. Vsakoletno enotedensko srečanje združuje andragoge in druge strokonjake za izobraževanje odraslih. Izpopolnjevanju in razvojnoraziskovalnemu delu, ki je osredotočeno na skupnostno izobraževanje ali izobraževanje za razvoj ljudi in kraja, se vsako leto pridružijo vodilni strokovnjaki in inovatorji v andragoški praksi. Poleg tega, da Andragoška poletna šola promovira in oblikuje slovenski koncept skupnostnega izobraževanja, se že od vsega začetka ukvarja tudi s posebnim didaktičnim modelom. Poteka pa kot interakcijsko izobraževanje. To so aktivne oblike izobraževanja udeležencev na podlagi tesnih medsebojnih odnosov z lokalnimi koordinatorji, domačini, udeleženci andragoške poletne šole, vodji razvojnega projekta in gostujočimi tujimi strokovnjaki (Liam Carey iz Irske, John Wallis iz Velike Britanije in Stanislav Hubik iz Češke). Udeleženci izmenjajo svoje izkušnje o izobraževanju odraslih v domači občini, v dialogu in z upoštevanjem novih teorij, vendar šele potem, ko prisluhnejo tudi izkušnjam drugih udel ežencev. Občina Ajdovščina da je zaledje razvojnemu projektu in omogoča neposredno eksperimentalno delo na terenu. Vživljanje v kraj in okolje spodbuja tudi večerni kulturni program in neformalno druženje udeležencev.

Abstract Dancer, choreographer and teacher Augusta Johannesén was an important figure in several capacities for Nordic theatrical dance. She danced, taught and choreographed in Sweden, Finland as well as in Russia. Between 1860-1878 she was a member of the so-called Johannensénske Balletselskab, which toured extensively in the Nordic countries. The Johannesénske family settled in the Norwegian capital Kristiania in 1880, and Augusta Johannesén slowly established herself as a professional dance artist at the most important theatres in Kristiania. Over the years she became a dancer, choreographer and teacher of great significance, and her contribution to the development of Norwegian theatre dance cannot be overestimated. She was active as dancer well into the 1910’s and “arranger of dance” up until she died in 1926. As a ballet teacher, she trained hundreds of dancers, including several of those who later went on to play a role in the Norwegian dance- and theatre scene. In many ways, Augusta Johannesén is representative of a versatile dancer that can be found on many European stages, the versatile ballet dancer that was also typical of the Nordic dance scene around the “fin de siècle”. She typically also struggled with stereotypical notion of the “ballerina”. This article focuses on only a part of her career, her first fifteen years in Norway. Between 1880 and 1895 she established herself in Kristiania, dancing at the Christiania Theater and later at the Eldorado. The article also forefront an especially important event in Norwegian Nordic dance history instigated by Johannesén: The establishment of a “Ny Norsk Ballet” (“New Norwegian Ballet”) at the Eldorado theatre in Kristiania in 1892. This is probably the very first attempt at creating a professional ballet company in Norway, and Augusta Johannesén’s contribution is only one of many ways she made a difference to professional theatre dance in Norway.

Relevance. During the dentoalveolar growth and development, the direction and growth type of facial skull play a very important role. Development of esthetical symmetry, functional relationship, and clinical disharmony depends on skull parameters. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction is one of the most common diseases nowadays. That is why early identification of risk factors is among the priorities. This study aimed at evaluating occlusional and skeletal specific characteristics in patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction, comparing different cephalometric findings and CT findings relating to condylar position. Materials and methods. The study included 45 individuals. The study group consisted of 26 patients with bilateral condylar retroposition. Control group was made up of 19 patients. The participants underwent clinical examination, functional testing, palpation of masticatory muscles, occlusion diagnosis by applying Baush articulating film 200,100,8 microns, cephalometric analysis: Tweed, Kim, Jarabak, Ricketts, computed tomography of temporomandibular joint. Statistical analysis was carried out by the program IBM SPSS Statistic Base v.22. Results. There were no pathological contacts during evaluation of static and dynamic occlusion, laterotrusion as «canine guidance». The patients of the test group had bilateral posterior joint fissure reduced right-median 1,96, left-median 1,81. In control group the position was right-average 2,75 and left-median 2,67 The patients in the control and test groups the indices Tweed <FMA average were 19,6°/ median 21,7°; <IMPA average 97,9°/ median 97,8°; Kim ODI median was 68,9°/73,74°; Ricketts Overbite median 2.1 mm /1,9 mm, Overjet median was 2,9 mm /2,85 mm, PM-Xi-ANS median was 44,1°/43,75°, <NPog-FH median was 91°/86,85°,<NBa-PtGn median was 91,1°/90,1°, <MeGo-FH median was 18,7°/22,4°; Jarabak <N-S-Ar average was 127,2°/125,6 °. Conclusions. In the patients with bilateral condylar retropositionm the joint fissure is reduced. Cephalometric analysis demonstrated the following: Tweed <FMA, <IMPA; Kim ODI; Ricketts Overbite, Overjet, PM-Xi-ANS, <MeGo-FH; Jarabak <N-S-Ar can not be used as diagnostic criteria of bilateral condylar retroposition. Ricketts <NPog-FH in the test group showed the mandibular retroposition, but with normal type of mandibular growth <NBa-PtGn. It can be used as one of the primary cephalometric diagnostic indicator of bilateral condylar retroposition.

31. oktobra 2000 je Varnostni svet Organizacije Združenih narodov (OZN) sprejel Resolucijo 13251 o ženskah, miru in varnosti. Sledile so ji še druge (1820, 1888, 1889, 1960, 2106, 2122 in 2422), ki poudarjajo nesorazmeren vpliv vojn in konfliktov na ženske in otroke ter osvetljujejo dejstvo, da so bile ženske zgodovinsko vedno na obrobju mirovnih procesov in stabilizacijskih naporov. Poudarjajo pomembno vlogo žensk pri preprečevanju in reševanju konfliktov, v mirovnih pogajanjih, pri graditvi miru ter humanitarnih in pokonfliktnih aktivnostih. Resolucija 1325 poziva države članice, naj vključijo vidik spola v načrtovanje, priprave in usposabljanje za mirovne misije ter v sisteme obveščanja in programe OZN, predvsem naj zaščitijo ženske in deklice v oboroženih spopadih. Resolucijo je sprejela tudi naša država in Slovenska vojska jo je kot obvezno čtivo vgradila v programe usposabljanja in priprave slovenskih kontingentov, ki sodelujejo v mednarodnih operacijah in na misijah. V Sloveniji sta po osamosvojitvi leta 1991 izšla dva zbornika, namenjena ženskam v oboroženih silah. Prvi je nastal leta 1995, pet let pred resolucijo OZN. Njegova urednica je bila Zorica Bukinac, založilo ga je Ministrstva za obrambo, naslov pa je Ženske v oboroženih silah. Leta 2002 je nastal drugi. Urednici sta bili Ljubica Jelušič in Mojca Pešec, moči so združili Obramboslovni raziskovalni center Fakultete za družbene vede, Ministrstvo za obrambo in Generalštab SV. V prvem zborniku smo dobili prvi opis ženskih izkušenj iz SV ter poglede domačih in tujih avtorjev na vlogo žensk v oboroženih silah. V drugem so bili z vidikov tradicije, kulture in vzorcev spolnih vlog predstavljeni omejevalni dejavniki pri vključevanju žensk v oborožene sile ter analiza deleža žensk in dolžnosti, ki jih opravljajo v SV. Večje vključevanje žensk v oborožene sile še vedno vzbuja veliko pozornosti in vprašanj. Izkušnje številnih držav so zelo različne, veliko je pozitivnih, pa tudi negativnih. Leta 2015 je minilo 15 let od nastanka Resolucije 1325 o ženskah, miru in varnosti, 20 let od nastanka prvega zbornika in 13 let od nastanka drugega. V uredniškem odboru smo želeli s tematsko številko preveriti, kaj je novega na področju resolucije doma in po svetu, in to objaviti. K sodelovanju smo povabili podpolkovnico dr. Suzano Tkavc, svetovalko na področju vidika spola v Generalštabu SV, imenovano tudi za koordinatorico za enakost spolov na Ministrstvu za obrambo in nacionalno predstavnico v Natovem odboru za vidik spola. Z združenimi močmi je nastala številka, ki je pred vami. Pablo Castillo Díaz, ki je zaposlen v Organizaciji združenih narodov, je pripravil članek z naslovom Pripadnice oboroženih sil v mirovnih operacijah in politika Resolucije 1325 Varnostnega sveta OZN. V njem z nami deli svoj strokovni pogled in izkušnje z vidika resolucije o ženskah, miru in varnosti, pri čemer s poudarkom na mednarodnih operacijah in misijah opozarja na prednosti in pomanjkljivosti resolucije. Garry McKeon je napisal članek z naslovom Boljši državljani – usposabljanje s področja humanitarnosti in spola EUTM Somalija. Avtor je več kot 30 let pripadnik Irskih oboroženih sil, med drugim je sodeloval tudi na misiji v Somaliji. Njegove izkušnje pri usposabljanju za uresničevanje Resolucije 1325 so zelo zanimive, saj gre za kulturno okolje, ki se precej razlikuje od našega. V članku z naslovom Nekatere dobre prakse s področja vidika spola in uresničevanja Resolucje VS OZN 1325 v 25-letnem obdobju SV avtorice Suzane Tkavc dobimo vpogled v obravnavo vidika spola v obdobju samostojnosti slovenske države, predvsem s poudarkom na oboroženih silah in njihovih aktivnostih v mednarodnih operacijah in na misijah. Kako dobro smo se pri tem izkazali glede na predstavnice in predstavnike vojsk drugih držav? Dosežki in stališča pri izvajanju Resolucije VS OZN 1325 na Ministrstvu za obrambo in v Vojski Srbije je naslov članka avtoric Jovanke Šaranović, Brankice Potkonjak-Lukić in Tatjane Višacki. V Srbiji so si za uresničevanje Resolucije 1325 zelo prizadevali, saj je področje vključeno v nacionalni akcijski načrt. Pri tem sodeluje veliko različnih državnih organov in drugih nevladnih ustanov. Avtorice v članku ugotavljajo, kako uspešni so pri tem. V članku z naslovom Analiza in ocena Resolucije VS OZN 1325 – kakšna so priporočila za priložnosti v prihodnje nas Jane Derbyshire seznanja s pogledom na področje resolucije in z izkušnjami z vidika Obrambnih sil Nove Zelandije. So te zelo drugačne od izkušenj drugih držav? Avtorica meni, da je zdaj čas za spremembe. V primerjavi z večino avtorjev, ki so predstavniki oboroženih sil ali pa so z njimi neposredno povezani, je Nadja Furlan Štante članek z naslovom Ženske v oboroženih silah: med nasiljem in ranljivostjo napisala z drugačnega vidika. Specializirana za religijske in ženske študije izhaja iz bioloških, zgodovinskih, religijskih in drugih vidikov, hkrati pa upošteva tudi ugotovitve, prakso in dela avtorjev, ki pišejo o področjih obrambe in oboroženih sil. Verjamemo, da smo s to tematsko številko posredovali nove izkušnje in prispevali poglede v dinamičen mozaik vidika spola, spodbudili koga k branju in morda tudi k pisanju.

Dokumenty t&yacute;kaj&uacute;ce sa regul&aacute;cie hospod&aacute;renia v lesoch sa prakticky až dodnes považovali za materi&aacute;ly, t&yacute;kaj&uacute;ce sa skoro v&yacute;lučne len jednotliv&yacute;ch odborn&yacute;ch rezortov. Na z&aacute;klade Vyhl&aacute;&scaron;ky Ministerstva financi&iacute; SR <br />č. 465/1991 ich možno efekt&iacute;vne využ&iacute;vať aj v r&aacute;mci rezortov financi&iacute; a spravodlivosti. Ďal&scaron;ie v&yacute;znamn&eacute; medzirezortn&eacute; využitie t&yacute;chto dokumentov vypl&yacute;va zo Z&aacute;kona č. 127/1994 o posudzovan&iacute; environment&aacute;lneho dopadu. Cieľom pr&aacute;ce je demon&scaron;trovať proces posudzovania na konkr&eacute;tnom pr&iacute;klade &ndash; ploche patriacej do lesn&eacute;ho pozemkov&eacute;ho fondu. Okrem m&aacute;p, v&yacute;sledkov pozorovania, slovn&yacute;ch popisov a s&uacute;borov numerick&yacute;ch &uacute;dajov, t&yacute;kaj&uacute;cich sa jednotliv&yacute;ch porastov, obsahuj&uacute; tieto dokumenty aj k&oacute;dovan&eacute; &uacute;daje, ktor&eacute; pre v&auml;č&scaron;inu už&iacute;vateľov nie s&uacute; zrozumiteľn&eacute; bez využitia dek&oacute;dovac&iacute;ch kľ&uacute;čov. A pr&aacute;ve tieto posledn&eacute; &uacute;daje maj&uacute; pri vyhodnocovan&iacute; environment&aacute;lneho dopadu najvy&scaron;&scaron;iu v&yacute;povedn&uacute; hodnotu. Po nadobudnut&iacute; platnosti pripravovan&eacute;ho z&aacute;kona (vyhl&aacute;&scaron;ky) o&nbsp;strate vlastn&iacute;ctva, vypl&yacute;vaj&uacute;cej z&nbsp;prohibit&iacute;vnych a ďal&scaron;&iacute;ch podmienok v&nbsp;lesnom hospod&aacute;rstve v&nbsp;s&uacute;vislosti s&nbsp;presadzovan&iacute;m verejno-prospe&scaron;n&eacute;ho z&aacute;ujmu (Kundr&iacute;k et al. 1999), v&yacute;znamne vzrastie d&ocirc;ležitosť využitia fin&aacute;lnych dokumentov t&yacute;kaj&uacute;cich sa regul&aacute;cie hospod&aacute;renia v lesoch SR.

Context. The population of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) shows a large variety of objects in terms of physical and dynamical properties. They are subject to planetary encounters and to strong solar wind and radiation effects. Their study is also motivated by practical reasons regarding space exploration and long-term probability of impact with the Earth. Aims. We aim to spectrally characterize a significant sample of NEAs with sizes in the range of ~0.25–5.5 km (categorized as large), and search for connections between their spectral types and the orbital parameters. Methods. Optical spectra of NEAs were obtained using the Isaac Newton Telescope (INT) equipped with the IDS spectrograph. These observations are analyzed using taxonomic classification and by comparison with laboratory spectra of meteorites. Results. A total number of 76 NEAs were observed. We spectrally classified 44 of them as Q/S-complex, 16 as B/C-complex, eight as V-types, and another eight belong to the remaining taxonomic classes. Our sample contains 27 asteroids categorized as potentially hazardous and 31 possible targets for space missions including (459872) 2014 EK24, (436724) 2011 UW158, and (67367) 2000 LY27. The spectral data corresponding to (276049) 2002 CE26 and (385186) 1994 AW1 shows the 0.7 μm feature which indicates the presence of hydrated minerals on their surface. We report that Q-types have the lowest perihelia (a median value and absolute deviation of 0.797 ± 0.244 AU) and are systematically larger than the S-type asteroids observed in our sample. We explain these observational evidences by thermal fatigue fragmentation as the main process for the rejuvenation of NEA surfaces. Conclusions. In general terms, the taxonomic distribution of our sample is similar to the previous studies and matches the broad groups of the inner main belt asteroids. Nevertheless, we found a wide diversity of spectra compared to the standard taxonomic types.

Can Gio mangrove forest (CGM) is located downstream of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), situated between an estuarine system of Dong Nai - Sai Gon river and a part of Vam Co river. The CGM is the largest restored mangrove forest in Vietnam and the UNESCO’s Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. The CGM has been gradually facing to numeric challenges of global climate change, environmental degradation and socio-economic development for the last decades. To evaluate sediment quality in the CGM, we collected 13 cores to analyze for sediment grain size, organic matter content, and trace element concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn. Results showed that trace element concentrations ranged from uncontaminated (Cd, Cu, and Zn) to very minor contaminated (Cr, Ni, and Pb). The concentrations were gradually influenced by suspended particle size and the mangrove plants.ReferencesAnh M.T., Chi D.H., Vinh N.N., Loan T.T., Triet L.M., Slootenb K.B.-V., Tarradellas J., 2003. 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Tematski sklop z naslovom »Podsaharska Afrika« letošnje dvojne številke revije Ars et Humanitas je nastal v obdobju, v katerem opažamo, da se je zanimanje slovenskih raziskovalcev različnih humanističnih področij za ta del sveta močno povečalo. O tem pričajo v prvi vrsti številne znanstvene objave, ki so vsaj deloma posvečene podsaharski Afriki, in vedno večje zanimanje študentov slovenskih univerz za t. i. postkolonialne študije (kar se odraža med drugim v večjem številu diplom o postkolonialnih vprašanjih, zlasti o podsaharski Afriki). Na Filozofski fakulteti Univerze v Ljubljani, kjer potekajo prizadevanja za okrepitev afrikanistike v okviru novih univerzitetnih programov, pa so afriške književnosti v angleščini in francoščini zdaj močneje zastopane na študijskih smereh, ki so se doslej ukvarjale predvsem z evropskimi in severnoameriškimi literarnimi deli. To zanimanje za podsaharsko Afriko lahko pripisujemo večji pozornosti, ki se afriškim študijam namenja v Evropi in svetu nasploh, vse večji odprtosti slovenske družbe do oddaljenih dežel in kultur ter prizadevanjem slovenskih afrikanistov, ki so zadnja leta bolj številni in zelo dejavni. Med njimi naj omenim vsaj pokojnega etnologa in antropologa profesorja Boruta Brumna, ki je Afriko vrsto let približeval študentom ljubljanske univerze. Dodamo naj, da prav tako narašča število afriških literarnih del, ki jih lahko slovenski bralec bere v svoji materinščini, kar je znak, da se za ta del sveta vse bolj zanima tudi širša slovenska javnost. Pogled v bližnjo zgodovino nam pokaže, da se je zanimanje slovenske javnosti za Afriko v resnici krepilo že med šestdesetimi in osemdesetimi leti, ko je Slovenija kot jugoslovanska republika sodelovala pri gibanju t. i.»neuvrščenih«. To gibanje je med drugim ustvarilo družbenopolitično klimo, ki je nedvomno ugodno vplivala na boljše poznavanje »tretjega« sveta v Sloveniji, vključno s podsaharskimi deželami. Tako so se nizali obiski afriških politikov in izmenjave študentov, ki so včasih po študiju v Sloveniji ostali in postali del slovenske družbe. Tako je prišlo do živih, osebnih stikov med Slovenci in Afričani, ki so podlaga za resne, iskrene stike med narodi. Ta ugodna politična klima je privedla tudi do povečanja zanimanja pri slovenskih založnikih, saj so prevodi iz afriških književnosti začeli izhajati pogosteje: med letoma 1960 in 1990 je izšlo okrog 40 knjižnih izdaj, najbolj plodno pa je bilo leto 1980, ko je izšlo kar 8 afriških romanov v slovenskem prevodu. Omembe vredna je zbirka »Mostovi«, ki jo je leta 1976 ustanovila Pomurska založba in v kateri je izšlo dvanajst pomembnih romanov iz afriških književnosti (od Achebejevega romana Božja puščica leta 1977 do Marianinega izdajstva kamerunskega pisatelja Bernarda Nange leta 1987). V tem času bili so nekateri afriški grafiki (zlasti iz Južnoafriške unije) predstavljeni na ljubljanskih mednarodnih grafičnih bienalih (v letih 1955-1961 in 1977), prav tako so jugoslovanski grafiki nekajkrat gostovali po Afriki (npr. v letih 1980-1981 je bila razstava Contemporary Yugoslav Prints predstavljena v več afriških državah). Poleg tega številni potopisi, ki so izšli v zadnjih desetletjih, pričajo o tem, kako so se nekateri Slovenci poglobili v afriško resničnost in tradicijo. Pričujoči tematski sklop je sestavljen iz osmih razprav, v katerih raziskovalci predstavljajo bodisi s podsaharsko Afriko povezana vprašanja, pomembna s stališča posameznih strok, bodisi posebne vidike afriško-slovenskih odnosov. Prvi dve razpravi obravnavata posebna vidika sodobne afriške realnosti: vprašanje razvoja ob začetku 21. stoletja in vprašanje postkolonialnega nasilja. V članku »Razvojno zaostajanje podsaharske Afrike« Katja Vintar Mally s stališča regionalne geografije sooča razvojne težave podsaharske Afrike ob prelomu stoletij s t. i. razvojnimi cilji tisočletja, ki jih je OZN določila na podlagi Milenijske deklaracije iz leta 2000. Na podlagi novejših zgodovinskih dognanj in analize imperializma pri Hannah Arendt se Vlasta Jalušič v razpravi »Evropska zapuščina Afriki, afriška zapuščina Evropi: postkolonialno nasilje in pošast genocida« ukvarja z elementi zahodne zapuščine, katerih vpliv je bil odločilen pri zločinih, ki so zaznamovali podsaharsko Afriko ob prelomu med 20. in 21. stoletjem (zlasti pri genocidi v Ruandi). Proti koncu članka se avtorica sprašuje, kaj bi se lahko zahodni svet naučil iz situacije v Afriki, do kakšnih razmišljanj – zlasti v zvezi z rasizmom – bi ga morale pripeljati afriške postkolonialne izkušnje. Naslednji trije članki zadevajo preučevanje afriških književnosti s treh različnih perspektiv. V članku z naslovom »De l’oralité à l’écriture ou de l’africanité à la transculturalité« (»Od ustnosti do pisave ali od afriškosti do transkulturnosti«) senegalski profesor in raziskovalec Mwamba Cabakulu opredeli različne oblike ustne literature, ki so igrale pomembno vlogo v izoblikovanju afriških književnostih. Tako nazorno predstavi razmerje med ustno in pisno literaturo v afriških kulturah. V kolonialne čase se vrača Gabriela Babnik, ki prikazuje roman Chinua Achebeja z naslovom Razpad iz leta 1952 kot odgovor na negativno podobo Afričanov v Evropi, zlasti v Conradovem romanu The Heart of Darkness. Pisanje romana je pri nigerijskem pisatelju dejanje upora, ki bo zgled za številne druge afriške pisatelje. V članku »Zahod v Afriki in Afričanke na Zahodu« Nataša Hrastnik preučuje tematiko, značilno za žensko pisanje v sodobnih afriških književnostih s poudarkom na iskanju identitete, ki ga lahko imamo za vodilno temo pri afriških pisateljicah. Zadnji trije članki predstavljajo tri različne vidike slovensko-afriških odnosov. V članku z naslovom »Črno sonce v beli glavi« Marko Frelih predstavlja sudansko misijo, ki jo je sredi 19. stoletja vodil slovenski krščanski misijonar dr. Ignancij Knoblehar in ki jo lahko imamo za prvo temeljitejšo neposredno srečanje Slovencev s podsaharsko Afriko. Kot prevajalka afriških literarnih del se Katja Zakrajšek v članku »K problematiki prevajanja afriškega evrofonskega romana v slovenščino« ukvarja s posebnostmi afriških književnosti v »evropskih« jezikih in razmišlja o implikacijah teh posebnosti pri prevajanju v slovenski jezik. S prevajanjem se iz literarno-zgodovinske prespektive ukvarja tudi Tone Smolej v članku »Léopold Sédar Senghor pri Slovencih«, v katerem posveča pozornost izboru pesmi velikega senegalskega pesnika, ki je leta 1975 izšel v slovenskem jeziku. Slovenski raziskovalni prostor seveda premore veliko več zanimivih raziskav v zvezi z Afriko, zato lahko samo obžalujemo, da nekateri raziskovalci pri tej publikaciji niso mogli sodelovati in da zato njihova stroka tukaj ni zastopana. Ob tej priložnosti se iskreno zahvaljujem vsem, ki so sodelovali pri projektu s kakovostnimi in raznovrstnimi razpravami.

Tematski sklop z naslovom »Podsaharska Afrika« letošnje dvojne številke revije Ars et Humanitas je nastal v obdobju, v katerem opažamo, da se je zanimanje slovenskih raziskovalcev različnih humanističnih področij za ta del sveta močno povečalo. O tem pričajo v prvi vrsti številne znanstvene objave, ki so vsaj deloma posvečene podsaharski Afriki, in vedno večje zanimanje študentov slovenskih univerz za t. i. postkolonialne študije (kar se odraža med drugim v večjem številu diplom o postkolonialnih vprašanjih, zlasti o podsaharski Afriki). Na Filozofski fakulteti Univerze v Ljubljani, kjer potekajo prizadevanja za okrepitev afrikanistike v okviru novih univerzitetnih programov, pa so afriške književnosti v angleščini in francoščini zdaj močneje zastopane na študijskih smereh, ki so se doslej ukvarjale predvsem z evropskimi in severnoameriškimi literarnimi deli. To zanimanje za podsaharsko Afriko lahko pripisujemo večji pozornosti, ki se afriškim študijam namenja v Evropi in svetu nasploh, vse večji odprtosti slovenske družbe do oddaljenih dežel in kultur ter prizadevanjem slovenskih afrikanistov, ki so zadnja leta bolj številni in zelo dejavni. Med njimi naj omenim vsaj pokojnega etnologa in antropologa profesorja Boruta Brumna, ki je Afriko vrsto let približeval študentom ljubljanske univerze. Dodamo naj, da prav tako narašča število afriških literarnih del, ki jih lahko slovenski bralec bere v svoji materinščini, kar je znak, da se za ta del sveta vse bolj zanima tudi širša slovenska javnost. Pogled v bližnjo zgodovino nam pokaže, da se je zanimanje slovenske javnosti za Afriko v resnici krepilo že med šestdesetimi in osemdesetimi leti, ko je Slovenija kot jugoslovanska republika sodelovala pri gibanju t. i.»neuvrščenih«. To gibanje je med drugim ustvarilo družbenopolitično klimo, ki je nedvomno ugodno vplivala na boljše poznavanje »tretjega« sveta v Sloveniji, vključno s podsaharskimi deželami. Tako so se nizali obiski afriških politikov in izmenjave študentov, ki so včasih po študiju v Sloveniji ostali in postali del slovenske družbe. Tako je prišlo do živih, osebnih stikov med Slovenci in Afričani, ki so podlaga za resne, iskrene stike med narodi. Ta ugodna politična klima je privedla tudi do povečanja zanimanja pri slovenskih založnikih, saj so prevodi iz afriških književnosti začeli izhajati pogosteje: med letoma 1960 in 1990 je izšlo okrog 40 knjižnih izdaj, najbolj plodno pa je bilo leto 1980, ko je izšlo kar 8 afriških romanov v slovenskem prevodu. Omembe vredna je zbirka »Mostovi«, ki jo je leta 1976 ustanovila Pomurska založba in v kateri je izšlo dvanajst pomembnih romanov iz afriških književnosti (od Achebejevega romana Božja puščica leta 1977 do Marianinega izdajstva kamerunskega pisatelja Bernarda Nange leta 1987). V tem času bili so nekateri afriški grafiki (zlasti iz Južnoafriške unije) predstavljeni na ljubljanskih mednarodnih grafičnih bienalih (v letih 1955-1961 in 1977), prav tako so jugoslovanski grafiki nekajkrat gostovali po Afriki (npr. v letih 1980-1981 je bila razstava Contemporary Yugoslav Prints predstavljena v več afriških državah). Poleg tega številni potopisi, ki so izšli v zadnjih desetletjih, pričajo o tem, kako so se nekateri Slovenci poglobili v afriško resničnost in tradicijo. Pričujoči tematski sklop je sestavljen iz osmih razprav, v katerih raziskovalci predstavljajo bodisi s podsaharsko Afriko povezana vprašanja, pomembna s stališča posameznih strok, bodisi posebne vidike afriško-slovenskih odnosov. Prvi dve razpravi obravnavata posebna vidika sodobne afriške realnosti: vprašanje razvoja ob začetku 21. stoletja in vprašanje postkolonialnega nasilja. V članku »Razvojno zaostajanje podsaharske Afrike« Katja Vintar Mally s stališča regionalne geografije sooča razvojne težave podsaharske Afrike ob prelomu stoletij s t. i. razvojnimi cilji tisočletja, ki jih je OZN določila na podlagi Milenijske deklaracije iz leta 2000. Na podlagi novejših zgodovinskih dognanj in analize imperializma pri Hannah Arendt se Vlasta Jalušič v razpravi »Evropska zapuščina Afriki, afriška zapuščina Evropi: postkolonialno nasilje in pošast genocida« ukvarja z elementi zahodne zapuščine, katerih vpliv je bil odločilen pri zločinih, ki so zaznamovali podsaharsko Afriko ob prelomu med 20. in 21. stoletjem (zlasti pri genocidi v Ruandi). Proti koncu članka se avtorica sprašuje, kaj bi se lahko zahodni svet naučil iz situacije v Afriki, do kakšnih razmišljanj – zlasti v zvezi z rasizmom – bi ga morale pripeljati afriške postkolonialne izkušnje. Naslednji trije članki zadevajo preučevanje afriških književnosti s treh različnih perspektiv. V članku z naslovom »De l’oralité à l’écriture ou de l’africanité à la transculturalité« (»Od ustnosti do pisave ali od afriškosti do transkulturnosti«) senegalski profesor in raziskovalec Mwamba Cabakulu opredeli različne oblike ustne literature, ki so igrale pomembno vlogo v izoblikovanju afriških književnostih. Tako nazorno predstavi razmerje med ustno in pisno literaturo v afriških kulturah. V kolonialne čase se vrača Gabriela Babnik, ki prikazuje roman Chinua Achebeja z naslovom Razpad iz leta 1952 kot odgovor na negativno podobo Afričanov v Evropi, zlasti v Conradovem romanu The Heart of Darkness. Pisanje romana je pri nigerijskem pisatelju dejanje upora, ki bo zgled za številne druge afriške pisatelje. V članku »Zahod v Afriki in Afričanke na Zahodu« Nataša Hrastnik preučuje tematiko, značilno za žensko pisanje v sodobnih afriških književnostih s poudarkom na iskanju identitete, ki ga lahko imamo za vodilno temo pri afriških pisateljicah. Zadnji trije članki predstavljajo tri različne vidike slovensko-afriških odnosov. V članku z naslovom »Črno sonce v beli glavi« Marko Frelih predstavlja sudansko misijo, ki jo je sredi 19. stoletja vodil slovenski krščanski misijonar dr. Ignancij Knoblehar in ki jo lahko imamo za prvo temeljitejšo neposredno srečanje Slovencev s podsaharsko Afriko. Kot prevajalka afriških literarnih del se Katja Zakrajšek v članku »K problematiki prevajanja afriškega evrofonskega romana v slovenščino« ukvarja s posebnostmi afriških književnosti v »evropskih« jezikih in razmišlja o implikacijah teh posebnosti pri prevajanju v slovenski jezik. S prevajanjem se iz literarno-zgodovinske prespektive ukvarja tudi Tone Smolej v članku »Léopold Sédar Senghor pri Slovencih«, v katerem posveča pozornost izboru pesmi velikega senegalskega pesnika, ki je leta 1975 izšel v slovenskem jeziku. Slovenski raziskovalni prostor seveda premore veliko več zanimivih raziskav v zvezi z Afriko, zato lahko samo obžalujemo, da nekateri raziskovalci pri tej publikaciji niso mogli sodelovati in da zato njihova stroka tukaj ni zastopana. Ob tej priložnosti se iskreno zahvaljujem vsem, ki so sodelovali pri projektu s kakovostnimi in raznovrstnimi razpravami.

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La modélisation de synthèse en débit-durée-fréquence des régimes d'étiage observés s'inspire de travaux développés ces dernières années sur les modèles continus (multidurée et multifréquence) de prédétermination des crues (GALEA et PRUDHOMME, 1996). La variabilité des régimes d'étiage du bassin hydrographique de la Loire (S=117 000 km2) est étudiée à partir de deux variables hydrologiques, définies sur une durée (d) continue (1≤d≤90j), traduisant deux notions de régime complémentaires : la notion de débit-volume (moyen) minimal (VCNd) annuel et de débit-seuil minimal (QCNd) annuel non dépassé. L'étude statistique multidurée des événements annuels observés en 57 sites sélectionnés, selon la loi log-normale à deux paramètres (écart-type et moyenne), permet de répartir les différents bassins en 4 familles typologiquement homogènes. Pour chacune de ces familles est choisi un bassin versant de référence dont les courbes débit-durée-fréquence normées en débit et durée gagnent alors en représentativité régionale. L'utilisation de ces courbes adimensionnelles est rendue plus aisée, grâce à un formalisme mathématique. La norme de débit retenue est le débit journalier minimal annuel de période moyenne de retour 2 ans. La norme de durée quant à elle est déduite des courbes de tarissement observées et décrites selon l'équation de MAILLET. Ces deux normes (ou encore descripteurs de régime) constituent les seuls paramètres d'entrée des 4 modèles adimensionnels QdF d'étiage. Ces modèles et leur typologie associée, appliqués au bassin hydrographique de la Loire, ont permis de montrer la cohérence des quantiles observés et modélisés en chacun des 57 sites retenus. Une première validation de la méthodologie QdF d'étiage, établie sur le bassin de la Loire, a concerné 12 bassins versants du Crisu-Alb (S=3000 km2) en Roumanie. Cela n'a pas nécessité de nouveaux modèles de référence autres que ceux élaborés pour la Loire. Autrement dit, pour chacun des sites étudiés, la valeur de l'écart-type de la loi ajustée sur les VCNd=1j a permis de choisir la famille hydrologique d'appartenance et donc le modèle QdF d'étiage qui lui est associé. La qualité des modélisations effectuées confirment par ailleurs que les deux descripteurs locaux de régime retenus sont de bons intégrateurs des processus d'écoulement liés aux étiages. D'une manière générale, la démarche a permis d'éprouver la fiabilité de la méthodologie QdF développée en étiage et ces premiers résultats sont encourageants pour l'avenir. Notamment, l'usage opérationnel des modèles QdF d'étiage sur des sites non observés nécessite de poursuivre l'effort de recherche vers une explicitation du critère de choix ainsi que des deux descripteurs locaux du régime de basses eaux.

Resumen: En Argentina, la polá­tica oficial en materia de drogas de las dos últimas décadas, con excepciones, estuvo centrada en las sustancias de consumo y en la necesidad de solucionar el problema mediante la abstinencia, en el campo sanitario, y la penalización, en el campo legislativo. Esto contribuyó a una naturalización de las prácticas de segregación social, con la difusión de discursos que legitiman la existencia de ”ciudadanos de segunda”. Tanto las polá­ticas públicas como las principales instituciones vinculadas a la temática ”droga” se sostienen en la lógica bélica que instaura la discriminación de los adictos y la construcción de una alteridad social amenazante. Más allá del voluntarismo de algunas organizaciones no gubernamentales y del enunciado progresista de una parte de la clase polá­tica, el paradigma gestado en los años de 1990, bajo el menemismo, continua condicionando el abordaje del tema ”drogas”.Palabras clave: Drogas. Alteridad. Ciudadaná­a. Polá­ticas públicas. Argentina.POLáTICAS DE DROGAS, ALTERIDADES E CONSTRUÇÃO DA CIDADANIA NA ARGENTINA CONTEMPORá‚NEA Resumo: Na Argentina, a polá­tica oficial em matéria de drogas nas duas últimas décadas, salvo algumas exceções, esteve centrada nas substá¢ncias de consumo e na necessidade de resolver o problema mediante a abstinência, no campo sanitário, e na penalização, no campo legislativo. Isso contribuiu para uma naturalização das práticas de segregação social, com a difusão de discursos que legitimam a existência de ”cidadãos de segunda”. Tanto as polá­ticas públicas quanto as principais instituições vinculadas á temática ”droga” apoiam-se em uma lógica bélica que instaura a discriminação dos usuários e contribui para construção de uma alteridade social ameaçadora. Mas além do voluntarismo de algumas organizações não governamentais e do discurso progressista de uma parte da classe polá­tica, o paradigma gerado nos anos 1990, sob o menemismo, continua condicionando a abordagem do tema ”drogas”.Palavras-chave: Drogas. Alteridade. Cidadania. Polá­ticas públicas. Argentina.POLITICS OF DRUGS, ALTERITIES AND BUILDING OF CITIZENSHIP IN CONTEMPORARY ARGENTINA Abstract: In Argentina, the official drug policy during the last two decades, with a few exceptions, focused on the substances of consumption and the need to solve the problem concerning abstinence and penalty in the sanitary and in the legislative fields respectively. This contributed to a naturalization of the practices of social segregation, with the diffusion of discourses that legitimize the existence of "second-class citizens". Both the public policies and the main institutions linked to the topic "drugs" are based on a warlike logic that establishes the discrimination of users and contributes to the construction of a threatening social alterity. However, beyond the voluntarism of some nongovernmental organizations and the progressive discourse of one part of the political class, the paradigm generated in the 1990s under Menem ´s government continues conditioned to the approach of the topic ”drugs”.Keywords: Drugs. Alterity. Citizenship. Public policy. Argentina. POLITIQUES DE DROGUES, ALTÉRITÉS ET CONSTRUCTION DE LA CITOYENNETÉ DANS L”™ARGENTINE CONTEMPORAINERésumé: En Argentine, la politique officielle en matiá¨re de drogues dans les deux derniá¨res décennies, á quelques exceptions prá¨s, s”™est concentrée sur la consommation des substances et la nécessité de résoudre ce problá¨me á travers l”™abstinence, dans le champ sanitaire, et la pénalisation, dans le champ législatif. Ces politiques ont contribué á une naturalisation des pratiques de ségrégation sociale, avec la diffusion de discours légitimant l”™existence de ”citoyens de seconde classe”. Tant les politiques publiques que les principales institutions liées á la thématique des ”˜drogues”™ se fondent sur une logique belliciste qui promeut la discrimination des usagers et la construction d”™une altérité sociale menaçante. Malgré l”™implication de quelques organisations non-gouvernementales et d”™un discours progressiste porté par une partie de la classe politique, le paradigme engendré dans les années 1990, sous le ménémisme, conditionne toujours la façon d”™aborder les drogues. Mots-clés: Drogues. Altérité. Citoyenneté. Politiques Publiques. Argentine