Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'NMD'
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Raimondeau, Etienne. "A new link between translation termination and NMD complexes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV048/document.
Full textPremature termination codons (PTCs) account for approximately one third of inherited and acquired diseases. A surveillance pathway called nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) detects and degrades PTC-containing transcripts. NMD core factors UPF1, UPF2 and UPF3 mediate the recognition of PTCs by associating with the terminating translation machinery composed of the ribosome, the release factors eRF1 and eRF3 and the poly(A) binding protein (Pab1p in yeast). Using electron cryo-microscopy, we solved such a complex in yeast and observed the translating ribosome, containing a P-site tRNA and an A-site density for the release factors but not for Pab1p indicating that Pab1p is flexibly bound. We also probed the function of NMD factors in mammalian termination using a reconstituted human in vitro translation system. Surprisingly, we found that UPF3B delayed stop codon recognition and promoted ribosomal dissociation. The addition of UPF2 could abolish UPF3B’s effect on translation termination. UPF1 had no influence in the termination process alone or in combination with UPF2. Using in vitro and in vivo pulldowns we found that UPF3B interacts with eRF3a and UPF1, indicating that UPF3B could be the missing link between termination and NMD. Our results point to a complex interplay between the NMD factors and the termination apparatus
Andjus, Sara. "Role of translation in the degradation of antisense long non-coding RNAs in yeast." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLS071.
Full textInitially thought to be by-products of the pervasive transcription of eukaryotic genomes, long non-coding (lncRNAs) progressively emerged as key players in multiple cellular processes. LncRNAs show tissue-specific expression and respond to diverse stimuli, suggesting that their expression is precisely controlled. Their dysregulated expression has been associated to human diseases, including cancer. Several classes of lncRNAs exist, including antisense (as)lncRNAs that are synthesized from the strand opposite to sense protein-coding genes. Despite their regulatory importance, aslncRNAs have been poorly explored due to their low cellular abundance. In fact, in yeast they are extensively targeted by RNA decay machineries – nuclear exosome and cytoplasmic Xrn1 exoribonuclease.Recent works in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that aslncRNAs are mainly targeted to Xrn1 through translation-dependent Nonsense-Mediated Decay (NMD) pathway. The NMD-sensitivity of aslncRNAs suggests that they are translated, raising the question of their coding potential. On the other hand, aslncRNAs can also form double-stranded RNA with their paired-sense mRNAs, at least in some cells, protecting them from NMD. However, the extent and the regulatory mechanisms governing the fate of the aslncRNA either subjected to translation/decay or pairing/stabilization are unknown.In this context, to enlighten the metabolism of aslncRNA, the objective of my thesis was to decipher the evolutionary role of decay machineries in controlling aslncRNAs expression, the role of translation in the degradation of aslncRNAs, and the heterogeneity of sense mRNA and aslncRNAs in yeast.First, we studied aslncRNAs degradation in Naumovozyma castellii, a budding yeast endowed with RNAi, unlike S. cerevisiae, which lost it during evolution, by examining the interplay between the nuclear exosome, Xrn1 and the RNase III Dicer. Our data showed that aslncRNAs decay in this species depends on the nuclear exosome and Xrn1 (with no major effect of Dicer) (Szachnowski*, Andjus* et al., 2019). They also suggest that the presence of cytoplasmic RNAi machinery in N. castellii reinforced nuclear RNA surveillance machinery to temper aslncRNAs expression.In S. cerevisiae, we showed that aslncRNAs accumulate upon translation elongation inhibition, reinforcing the idea that translation controls their decay. Using Ribo-Seq (in collaboration with Dr. Namy’s lab at I2BC, Gif sur Yvette) we defined actively translated aslncRNAs. We demonstrated the molecular bases subjecting aslncRNAs to NMD. Finally, we showed that a peptide is produced from an NMD-sensitive aslncRNA reporter, and is detected in wild-type cells, while the transcript is targeted for degradation via NMD. These results are described in a preprint deposited on bioRxiv (Andjus et al., 2022), while the evolutionary importance of NMD in ncRNA modulation was the subject of the review published in Noncoding RNA (Andjus et al., 2021).Lastly, using single-cell RNA-Seq data (in collaboration with Dr. Posas’s lab at IBR, Barcelona), we observed a large heterogeneity of co-expression of sense mRNA/aslncRNAs at the single cell level genome wide, critical for the metabolism of aslncRNAs. Moreover, we showed a direct correlation between aslncRNAs levels and the number of cells containing both sense and as RNA pairs, raising an intriguing hypothesis on the mechanistic impact of duplex formation on the fate of the involving pair.In conclusion, my project contributed to reconsider that aslncRNAs are devoid of coding potential, highlighting the role of translation in determining their degradation via the NMD. As the NMD factors targeting them are conserved, this work in yeast helps comprehend the aslncRNAs metabolism in higher Eukaryotes. Our work also opens perspectives regarding the possible regulatory roles of the aslncRNA-derived peptides
Yeramala, Lahari. "Caractérisation de complexes responsables de la dégradation des ARNm non-sens." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV008/document.
Full textNonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an important eukaryotic quality control mechanism that recognizes and degrades mRNA containing a premature termination codon (PTC). Up-frameshift proteins constitute the conserved core NMD factors (UPF1, UPF2 and UPF3). They mediate the recognition of a NMD substrate, i.e. a ribosome stalled at a PTC. UPF proteins were shown to associate with eukaryotic release factors (eRF1 and eRF3) and were suggested to impede translation termination. We showed that, at a normal termination codon, Poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) stimulates translation termination by directly interacting with eRF3a. Using a reconstituted in vitro translation system, we studied translation termination in the presence of the factors PABP and UPF1 using biochemistry and single particle electron cryo-microscopy (Cryo-EM). Additionally, we analysed the role of the other NMD factors UPF2 and UPF3B in translation termination in vitro. We discovered a novel role for UPF3B in translation termination. Moreover, we observed a novel interaction between UPF3B and the SMG1-8-9 kinase complex. The presence of UPF3B affects the kinase activity of SMG1 and thus the phosphorylation state of UPF1. Our results highlight a much more complex interplay of the NMD factors with the translation termination machinery and SMG1 kinase than anticipated
Neusiedler, Julia. "Etude du rôle de la protéine INT6 dans la dégradation des ARN par la voie du "Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay" (NMD) et dans la traduction et la dégradation des ARN histones." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00736233.
Full textBrogna, Saverio. "Nonsense-mediated mRNA reduction and pre-mRNA processing in Drosophila." Thesis, Open University, 2000. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54807/.
Full textBharudin, I. "The role of decapping factors during Nonsense-Mediated Decay (NMD) in Aspergillus nidulans." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2016. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3004998/.
Full textChicois, Clara. "Study of the interactome of UPF1, a key factor of Nonsense-mediated decay in Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ005.
Full textThe RNA helicase UPF1 is a key factor of Nonsense-Mediated Decay (NMD), a paneukaryotic mechanism involved in mRNA quality control and fine-tuning of gene expression. Despite important biological functions in plants, NMD is poorly described compared to other eukaryotes. This thesis presents the identification and study of UPF1 interacting proteins in Arabidopsis. Using approaches based on immunoaffinity and mass spectrometry, we identified a novel protein-protein interaction network between UPF1 and translation repressors in P-bodies. We propose a model in which translation repression exerts a protective action on NMD targets in plants. Our approach also identified novel P-body components, including the UCN endonuclease. A detailed study revealed its direct link with the decapping machinery and possible roles in hormone signaling and defense mechanisms, suggesting that the modulation of UCN expression could influence important agronomical traits. This work describes hitherto unknown UPF1 associated factors, their study will provide novel insights into the mechanisms involved in the balance between mRNA translation, storage and decay in plants
Bokhari, A'Dem. "Etude de la mutation de la chaperonne HSP110 dans les cancers gastro-intestinaux MSI : conséquences fonctionnelles et cliniques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066239/document.
Full textMicrosatellite instability (MSI) results from impaired DNA mismatch repair, being observed in 10-15% of frequent tumors in human, e.g. Colorectal (CRC), Gastric Cancers (GC) and others. In 2011, frequent somatic mutations of the HSP110 chaperone have been reported in MSI CRC by my lab, affecting a T17 intronic DNA repeat located in intron 8. Large (≥ 5 base pairs) bi-allelic somatic deletions of this DNA repeat in tumor DNAs, as observed in about 25% of MSI CRC, lead to complete inactivation of HSP110 by exon 9 skipping and sensitization of tumor cells to chemotherapy. These large deletions are predictive of improved response to adjuvant chemotherapy in CRC patients. During my PhD thesis, I further investigated the role of HSP110 in MSI tumors. My results demonstrate that HSP110 mutation leads to cell proliferation decrease through the reduction of STAT3 transcription factor phosphorylation in CRC tumors (Berthenet*, Bokhari*, et al., Oncogene 2016). Furthermore, I showed that HSP110 mutation is also frequently observed in MSI gastric cancer, leading to very similar pathophysiological consequences during tumor progression and improved patient’s survival independently from tumor stage (Cervera*, Lagrange*, Bokhari* et al., submitted). Finally, I worked on an innovative therapeutic approach that consisted in inhibiting the NMD (Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay) system, an ubiquitous process recognizing and degrading mRNAs containing premature termination codons (PTC). The inhibition of NMD leads to the expression of deleterious MSI-driven mutant transcripts such as the HSP110DE9, coding for a dominant negative mutant, derived from HSP110 mutation in MSI cancer cells
Gilbert, Agathe. "Impact of protein-protein interactions and phosphorylation on RNA decapping for nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS386.
Full textIn yeast, mRNA degradation is mainly initiated through the cleavage of the pyrophosphate bond between the mRNA and the cap structure at its 5’-end. While this step is important for the decay of most mRNAs, it is particularly critical to initiate the degradation of unstable RNA, targets of the NMD machinery. This pathway allows degradation of transcripts that contain a premature termination codon and thus is entirely dependent on translation. First considered as conserved throughout eucaryotes due to high sequence similarity of its core factors – the Upf proteins -, the discovery of the Smg proteins in C. elegans (Page et al., 1999) and the description of the SURF/DECID mechanism depending on phosphorylation of Upf1 (Kashima et al., 2006) indicated a divergence of NMD mechanisms between organisms. However, recently our laboratory described two NMD complexes revolving around Upf1 – named Detector and Effector - and identified the protein kinase Hrr25 as a member of a Upf1-decapping complex (Dehecq et al., 2018). The conserved protein kinase Hrr25 is the yeast equivalent of mammalian casein kinase 1 (CK1delta and CK1epsilon) and is involved in major cellular processes, including tRNA modification, ribosome biogenesis, transcription elongation and meiosis (Abdel-Fattah et al., 2015; Ghalei et al., 2015; Ye et al., 2016; Nemec et al., 2019). I demonstrated that the Hrr25 kinase activity has a role in NMD that is independent of its function in mRNA translation and DNA transcription. The association of Hrr25 to Upf1 was dependent on the kinase activity of the protein and on the presence of the decapping enzyme Dcp2. We identified conserved serine residues located in the C-terminal region of yeast Upf1 whose phosphorylation was dependent on Hrr25 and was modulated, like the phosphorylation of Upf1 in other organisms, by the presence of other NMD factors, such as Upf2 and Ebs1 (SMG5/7 equivalent). These results indicate that protein kinases can modulate NMD by direct interactions with the enzymes involved in RNA degradation and suggest that, contrary to previous beliefs, protein kinases are universally required for NMD
Durand, Sébastien. "Développement de molécules chimiques capables d’inhiber l’épissage et le Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay (NMD)." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20072.
Full textRNA splicing involves the processing of pre-messenger RNA molecules by the excision of introns and the precise joining of exons to form the mature messenger RNA that is exported from the nucleus for translation. Exon usage is often alternative, i. E. The cell decides whether to remove a part of the pre-mRNA as an intron or include this part in the mature mRNA as an alternative exon. Alternative splicing is therefore, a genetically economical process that enables a single gene to increase its coding capacity, allowing the synthesis of several structurally and functionally distinct protein isoforms. To avoid accumulation of aberrantly spliced mRNAs, several quality control processes determine the fate of mRNA in the cell. Among these processes, Nonsense-Mediated mRNA decay (NMD), is able to degrade mRNA containing premature termination codons (PTCs), preventing accumulation of truncated with deleterious effects for the cell. As central mechanisms controlling gene expression any disturbance of either splicing or NMD can lead to genetic diseases. Indeed, the numbers of diseases shown to be caused by a defect in pre-mRNA splicing or NMD is rapidly growing. For example, in ataxia telengectasia or type I neurofibromatosis, 54% of disease-inducing mutations affect mRNA splicing. Moreover, one third of acquired and inherited pathologies are due to nonsense creation that elicits NMD. Consequently, mRNA splicing and NMD represent a potential targets for new therapeutic strategies. During this thesis, we have screened a small chemical library to find splicing and NMD inhibitors. We have identified some molecules that modulate mRNA splicing efficiency by affecting SR proteins activity. We have also isolated the first specific inhibitor of NMD that blocks hUpf1 functions. These compounds allowed us to decipher splicing and NMD mechanisms and to propose a new model to describe the NMD-subjected mRNP transit trough the processing-Bodies. The next challenge will be to demonstrate the functional utility of these molecules in preclinical models of human disease
Adams, David Allan. "Congressional attitudes toward missile defense : implications for NMD from the sea /c David Alan Adams." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/8142.
Full textPursuing a ship-based missile defense capability could thrust the naval service into one of the most heated controversies of the past three decades: the congressional debate over the desirability--or danger--of erecting widespread ballistic missile defenses. To better understand the influences on congressional attitudes, this study examines five divisive congressional debates over missile defense. In contrast to traditional explanations that focus on the causal factors underlying congressional voting behavior, this thesis emphasizes the political process of framing issues to create the political climates that shape congressional attitudes and link them to voting decisions. This thesis shows that major shifts in missile defense policy occur when key individuals successfully manipulate powerful images to legitimize and popularize arguments favoring their desired policy option. Understanding how elites use images to shape political attitudes provides a framework for charting and navigating the congressional storm that is likely to surround the deployment of future Navy missile defense systems.
Casadio, Angela. "Identification and characterisation of novel factors involved in the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22897.
Full textKovalak, Carrie A. "Deep sequencing of pre-translational mRNPs reveals hidden flux through evolutionarily conserved AS-NMD pathways." eScholarship@UMMS, 2020. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/1061.
Full textAliouat, Affaf. "Etude de l'impact des facteurs eRF3 et Upf1 dans la traduction des ARN messagers porteurs d'uORF." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066183/document.
Full textRegulation of gene expression at the translational level is increasingly being recognized as a key mechanism by which cells can rapidly change their gene expression pattern in response to internal or external stimuli. Bioinformatic studies revealed that half of human transcripts present at least one expression regulatory element uORF in the 5’ leader sequence preceding the main ORF. We have previously shown that translation termination disruption caused by eRF3a depletion induces upregulation of the transcriptional activator ATF4 and its targeted genes partly by a translational control at uORFs, and partly in relation to a defect in Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay activation, increasing ATF4 mRNA stability. Through their physical association and their involvement in translation termination and NMD, eRF3 and Upf1 are regulating the protein and mRNA levels of a significant number of genes and thus contribute to the fine-tuning of their expression. It is not known yet, in what extent both of these factors affect translational control and what is the subset of genes that are regulated by these factors. In this study, we evaluated translation by ribosome profiling and mRNA level by RNA-seq in human cells subjected to either eRF3a or Upf1 depletion. These analyses allowed us to draw a transcriptome-wide map of uORFs and obtained a list of functional uORFs in our reference HCT116 transcriptome. We also observe that only a small fraction of these are common targets for both eRF3a and Upf1. Our results provide strong support for the notion that different classes of transcripts bearing uORFs are regulated either by translational processes involving translation termination or by NMD
Serdar, Lucas D. "The Functional Relationship between the Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay Pathway and the Prematurely Terminating Ribosome." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1554304118763865.
Full textDelpy, Laurent. "Blocage du développement lymphocytaire B par recombinaison homologue au sein de l'intron JH-C(microns) du locus IgH." Limoges, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIMO0015.
Full textRispal, Delphine. "Etude des facteurs impliqués dans la terminaison de la traduction et la dégradation des ARNm chez Saccaromyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112128.
Full textDuring my PhD thesis, I analyzed the relation between factors that participate intranslation termination and those participating in mRNA decay in yeast S. cerevisiae.First, I focused on Tpa1, that had been proposed to participate in translationtermination and mRNA decay in S. cerevisiae, and whose homologue in S. pombe, Ofd1,participates to the control of hypoxic response. Based on the structure of Tpa1, established byour collaborators, I performed functional analysis to understand more precisely the molecularfunction of Tpa1 and similarities with its role in S. pombe. Tpa1 is composed of two DSBHdomains; the first, which contains the catalytic site, has structural homologies with the familyof prolyl-hydroxylase. We could reproduce the effect of Tpa1 on stop codon readthrough invivo and we showed that the predicted catalytic site and the presence of the two domains ofTpa1 were necessary for its activity. We also showed that Tpa1 inhibited one factor, Hap1,implicated in regulation of gene expression by oxygen. The existence of an inhibitor of Ofd1in S. pombe, allowed the identification of Ett1 (its homologue in S. cerevisiae). We showedthat Ett1 has a role similar to the one of Tpa1 in translational readthrough. A collaborativestructural and functional study of Ett1 revealed a conserved region, which binds a sulfate ion,and an unknown ligand. This region is important for the readthrough. However, thesubstrate(s) of Tpa1 remain(s) for the moment unknown, and the precise roles of Tpa1 andEtt1 in translation termination and in response to hypoxia remain to be deciphered.I also analyzed the NMD process by focusing more particularly on the mechanism thatallows the discrimination between a normal stop and a PTC (premature termination codon)and on the analysis of the post-translational modification of an important factor for the NMD,Upf1. This study revealed that, not only the region downstream of the PTC but also theupstream region participates to its recognition. We have tested several hypotheses on the roleof this upstream region, which confirmed its implication but did not reveal a definitivemechanism. In parallel, we started the study of the post-translational modifications of Upf1,and more particularly by phosphorylation. Indeed, the phosphorylation of Upf1 in human isvery important for the NMD process. We could confirm the presence of a modified form ofyeast Upf1 and we have demonstrated that it was localized between amino acids 153 and 971.This modification appeared to be highly labile. This prevented us to confirm definitively thatit was really a phosphorylation and to cartography precisely its location
Fourati-Kammoun, Zeineb. "Etude structurale et fonctionnelle de protéines impliquées dans la dégradation des ARNm aberrants." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA114826.
Full textMRNA translation process is finely tuned thanks to the regulatory mechanisms evolved by the cell controlling its rate, efficiency and fidelity. Indeed, mRNAs are often subjected to transcription and maturation errors. In particular, mRNA harboring premature stop codons (PTC) in their open reading frames could be translated into truncated proteins with a deleterious impact on the cell. Thus, such mRNAs are rarely detected in the cell as they are rapidly degraded thanks to the NMD (Nonsence mediated mRNA Decay) pathway. In yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this process is governed by the Upf1, Upf2 and Upf3 proteins forming the “surveillance complex”, the termination factors (eRF1 and eRF3) as well as some other poorly characterized factors like Ebs1 protein. In addition, degradation of such mRNAs is enhanced by rapid degradation of the 5’ cap or decapping. In this work, we focused on the characterization of some proteins involved in this process. In particular, we addressed the structural characterization of Upf2 protein, the central component of the surveillance complex. In addition, we characterized a functional domain of Pat1 protein, a strong decapping enhancer. This study allowed us to give a new insight into the role of these proteins in mRNA quality control and decay
Gonzalez-Hilarion, Sara Sofia. "Identification d'inhibiteurs du nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) et utilisation comme approche thérapeutique dans certaines maladies génétiques." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01017363.
Full textGonzalez-Hilarion, Sara Sofia. "Identification d’inhibiteurs du nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) et utilisation comme approche thérapeutique dans certaines maladies génétiques." Thesis, Lille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL2S049/document.
Full textMRNAs harboring a premature termination codon are rapidly degraded by a mechanism called nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). NMD is a surveillance pathway that prevents the synthesis of truncated proteins that could be harmful for the cell or simply be non-functional. However in some cases, depending on the position of the premature stop codon, the truncated protein that would be synthesized if there were no NMD would be partially or fully as functional as the wild-type protein. It is noteworthy that premature termination codons are found in approximately one-third of inherited genetic disorders and several forms of cancer. In most of cases the disease arises not because a non-functional or unstable truncated protein is synthesized, but instead because the degradation of the transcript by NMD leads to complete loss of protein production. Therefore, NMD inhibition could be an interesting therapeutic approach in some cases of nonsense-related genetic diseases in which functional truncated proteins can restore the clinical phenotype. We decided to search for NMD inhibitors among thousands of small molecules. We developed a cell-based screening method which couples NMD efficiency into the cell to a luciferase activity that can be measured directly into cells by a luminometer. From a screening of approximately 1500 compounds, we have identified one molecule capable of efficiently inhibit NMD. Interestingly, this compound is also able to induce the synthesis of full-length proteins from an mRNA bearing a premature termination codon. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of this compound in different cellular models of genetic disorders such as Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis and cancer. Our results demonstrate that NMD inhibition in general can be considered as an useful therapeutic approach to rescue PTC consequences in genetic diseases provoked by the apparition of a nonsense mutation. We have also identified another compound that inhibits NMD and uncovers a relationship between the NMD efficiency and the integrity of the cytoskeleton
Swisher, Kylie. "Assembly of mRNP Complexes During Stress and Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay Quality Control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204068.
Full textAliouat, Affaf. "Etude de l'impact des facteurs eRF3 et Upf1 dans la traduction des ARN messagers porteurs d'uORF." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066183.pdf.
Full textRegulation of gene expression at the translational level is increasingly being recognized as a key mechanism by which cells can rapidly change their gene expression pattern in response to internal or external stimuli. Bioinformatic studies revealed that half of human transcripts present at least one expression regulatory element uORF in the 5’ leader sequence preceding the main ORF. We have previously shown that translation termination disruption caused by eRF3a depletion induces upregulation of the transcriptional activator ATF4 and its targeted genes partly by a translational control at uORFs, and partly in relation to a defect in Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay activation, increasing ATF4 mRNA stability. Through their physical association and their involvement in translation termination and NMD, eRF3 and Upf1 are regulating the protein and mRNA levels of a significant number of genes and thus contribute to the fine-tuning of their expression. It is not known yet, in what extent both of these factors affect translational control and what is the subset of genes that are regulated by these factors. In this study, we evaluated translation by ribosome profiling and mRNA level by RNA-seq in human cells subjected to either eRF3a or Upf1 depletion. These analyses allowed us to draw a transcriptome-wide map of uORFs and obtained a list of functional uORFs in our reference HCT116 transcriptome. We also observe that only a small fraction of these are common targets for both eRF3a and Upf1. Our results provide strong support for the notion that different classes of transcripts bearing uORFs are regulated either by translational processes involving translation termination or by NMD
Kanaan, Joanne. "Étude biochimique et biophysique de l’ARN hélicase UPF1 : un moteur moléculaire hautement régulé." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEE008/document.
Full textUPF1 (Up-Frameshift 1) is a multifunctional helicase that unwinds nucleic acids and is conserved throughout the eukaryote kingdom. UPF1 is required for the Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay (NMD) surveillance pathway, which degrades mRNAs carrying premature termination codons, among other substrates. UPF1 is the archetype of a family of 11 helicases sharing similar cores but involved in various cellular pathways. However, the structure-function relationship and intrinsic biophysical properties of these molecular engines remain poorly described. In vitro, the UPF1 helicase core is highly processive, it travels along thousands of RNA or DNA bases and unwinds double-strands. In this work, we looked for key factors governing this remarkable processivity. We combined biochemical and biophysical techniques. In particular, we used magnetic tweezers to study helicases in real time at a single molecule scale. In contrast to UPF1, the related IGHMBP2 is not processive, thus processivity is not a shared family trait. Based on the 3D structures of both proteins, we designed various mutants and used them to identify structural elements that modulate processivity. Our approach reveals that UPF1 has a very firm grip on nucleic acids, guaranteeing long binding lifetimes and action times that dictate its high processivity. Thanks to the variety in mutant behaviors, we built a novel mechanistic model linking binding energy to processivity. Furthermore, we show that UPF1 processivity is required for an efficient NMD in vivo. In addition, we used the same biochemical and biophysical tools to investigate a natural human UPF1 isoform moving faster than the major isoform, and to compare the regulation of human andyeast UPF1 by their flanking domains. We also characterized the interaction of yeast UPF1 with new NMD partners. Our work shows how a combination of biochemical, biophysical, structural and in vivo tools can offer unexpected insights into the operating mode of molecular motors
Mishra, Rahul Kumar. "Study of Exon Junction Complex in mouse neural stem cells." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066201/document.
Full textThe Exon Junction Complex (EJC) plays a central role in coupling post-transcriptional processes in metazoans. This multi-protein complex is assembled onto messengers RNAs (mRNAs) by the splicing machinery. Organized around a core complex serving as a platform for numerous factors, EJCs accompany mRNAs to the cytoplasm and is involved in mRNA transport, translation and stability. The physiological importance of the EJC is supported by observations associating defects in EJC component expression to developmental defects and human genetic disorders. Transcriptomic studies revealing the non-ubiquitous deposition of EJCs strengthened the hypothesis that EJCs could participate to gene expression regulation. However, despite a precise picture of the structure of the EJC, functional links between EJC assembly and regulation of specific transcripts under physiological conditions is yet to be established.During this thesis, I studied the expression of eIF4A3, Y14 and MLN51 three core proteins of the EJC in primary cultures of mouse neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs can be differentiated into multiciliated ependymal cells that line all brain ventricles and have important physiological functions in brain development. We observed by immunofluorescence that in quiescent NSCs, all three proteins are concentrated in the vicinity of the centrosome at the base of the primary cilia. This localization reflects the presence of fully assembled EJCs as proved by the study of Y14 mutant that prevent EJC core mounting
Geißler, Verena [Verfasser], and Hans [Akademischer Betreuer] Stahl. "Kontrolle physiologischer mRNAs durch einen Ddx5/p68-vermittelten "Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay" (NMD)-Prozess / Verena Geißler. Betreuer: Hans Stahl." Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1053682182/34.
Full textAmor, Souheila. "Régulation de l'épissage de la télomérase lors de la lymphomagenèse induite par l'herpèsvirus oncogène aviaire de la maladie de marek." Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR4045.
Full textThe telomerase, consisting of an RNA template (TR) and a reverse transcriptase (TERT) maintains telomere length and is highly expressed in the majority of cancer cells. The splicing regulation of TERT was studied in Marek‘s disease (MD), a natural lymphoma induced by MDV-1, the avian MD herpesvirus. Telomerase activation observed in TCD4+ cells at the onset of MD lymphoma was due to an increase of constitutively spliced and « non-sense mediated decay » (NMD) while basal telomerase activity of non infected TCD4+ cells was controlled by dominant negative isoforms. In addition, the viral protein ICP27, a putative regulator of splicing, expressed during MDV-1 lytic infection was characterised. ICP27 co-localized and interacted with spliceosome SR proteins and negatively controlled splicing of TERT and vIL8 viral gene in a way similar to that of ICP27 of herpesvirus simplex 1. The MD model provides the only data on the in vivo regulation of TERT splicing, possibly mediated by ICP27, and telomerase activation during lymphomagenesis induced by a herpesvirus in its natural host
Dehecq, Marine. "Composition et dynamique des complexes protéiques impliqués dans le "nonsense-mediated mRNA decay" chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS538.pdf.
Full textNonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay (NMD) detects and degrades RNA for which translation ends prematurely. It affects a large diversity of cytoplasmics RNAs; it is the major decay pathway for aberrants RNAs.In yeast, NMD targeted RNAs have a short open reading frame and a long 3’-UTR. How these two features lead to an efficient degradation through NMD and what are the steps of this mechanism is still unclear.From 112 affinity purifications of NMD factors followed by an analysis using quantitative mass spectrometry, we identified two distinct complexes. Those complexes were mutually exclusive and both contained Upf1, the major NMD protein. A first complex, named Detector, might have a role in the NMD substrates recognition whereas the second one, named Effector, would initiate the degradation through a direct interaction with the decapping machinery.The factors involved in our new model are all conserved throughout eukaryotes and the steps we describe have potential equivalents in other species. Our data suggest a new paradigm for the NMD mechanism that would be organised around a shared universal base to which specific steps could be added in certain organisms or for certain types of RNA substrates
Woodward, Lauren A. "Examining the Effects of Translation on the Exon Junction Complex." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1574724716785331.
Full textGangras, Pooja. "Understanding the Role of Exon Junction Complex-dependent Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay in Zebrafish Embryonic Development." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1574765848602854.
Full textAudebert, Léna. "Mécanismes de la dégradation des ARN dépendants ou indépendants de la déadénylation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS374.
Full textRNA degradation is a critical step in maintaining the proper balance required for gene expression and its regulation. In eukaryotes, RNA decay is thought to be controlled by the speed of poly-A tail shortening. Below a threshold, the presence of an oligo-A tail leads to decapping activation and rapid RNA degradation. However, progressive deadenylation is not required for a major fast RNA degradation pathway, the nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD), which occurs independently of the size of a poly-A tail. Based on large-scale poly-A tail length measurements and RNA half-life estimates, we hypothesize that a deadenylation-independent degradation model, similar to NMD, applies to other unstable RNAs. This model predicts that changes in the deadenylation speed should not impact the half-life of these RNAs. Poly-A tail shortening could be thus considered as a parallel event rather than a requirement for RNA degradation. We found that, as predicted by a deadenylation-independent model of RNA degradation, an unstable reporter RNA that is insensitive to NMD, is not stabilized by an inhibition of deadenylation, even if it is highly sensitive to the decapping activity. These results were obtained in a "degron" system for quick and specific depletion of the proteins, which allows a minimal global perturbation of the tested cells. In line with these functional results, we identified unstable RNAs as a population of RNA molecules associated with the poly-A binding protein and conclude that long poly-A tails are a natural feature of unstable RNAs. Our results are consistent with recent large-scale estimates of poly-A tails length and RNA stability and imply that molecular mechanisms involved in the initiation of RNA degradation in eukaryotes remain to be discovered
Spranger, Mareike Carolin [Verfasser], and Thorsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Langer. "Die Versorgungssituation mit Hilfsmitteln und die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität von Patienten mit Duchenne Muskeldystrophie in Europa anhand von Daten des CARE-NMD Projekts." Freiburg : Universität, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1161340009/34.
Full textJacques, Céline. "Méthodes d'apprentissage automatique pour la transcription automatique de la batterie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS150.
Full textThis thesis focuses on learning methods for automatic transcription of the battery. They are based on a transcription algorithm using a non-negative decomposition method, NMD. This thesis raises two main issues: the adaptation of methods to the analyzed signal and the use of deep learning. Taking into account the information of the signal analyzed in the model can be achieved by their introduction during the decomposition steps. A first approach is to reformulate the decomposition step in a probabilistic context to facilitate the introduction of a posteriori information with methods such as SI-PLCA and statistical NMD. A second approach is to implement an adaptation strategy directly in the NMD: the application of modelable filters to the patterns to model the recording conditions or the adaptation of the learned patterns directly to the signal by applying strong constraints to preserve their physical meaning. The second approach concerns the selection of the signal segments to be analyzed. It is best to analyze segments where at least one percussive event occurs. An onset detector based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) is adapted to detect only percussive onsets. The results obtained being very interesting, the detector is trained to detect only one instrument allowing the transcription of the three main drum instruments with three CNNs. Finally, the use of a CNN multi-output is studied to transcribe the part of battery with a single network
Mishra, Rahul Kumar. "Study of Exon Junction Complex in mouse neural stem cells." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066201.
Full textThe Exon Junction Complex (EJC) plays a central role in coupling post-transcriptional processes in metazoans. This multi-protein complex is assembled onto messengers RNAs (mRNAs) by the splicing machinery. Organized around a core complex serving as a platform for numerous factors, EJCs accompany mRNAs to the cytoplasm and is involved in mRNA transport, translation and stability. The physiological importance of the EJC is supported by observations associating defects in EJC component expression to developmental defects and human genetic disorders. Transcriptomic studies revealing the non-ubiquitous deposition of EJCs strengthened the hypothesis that EJCs could participate to gene expression regulation. However, despite a precise picture of the structure of the EJC, functional links between EJC assembly and regulation of specific transcripts under physiological conditions is yet to be established.During this thesis, I studied the expression of eIF4A3, Y14 and MLN51 three core proteins of the EJC in primary cultures of mouse neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs can be differentiated into multiciliated ependymal cells that line all brain ventricles and have important physiological functions in brain development. We observed by immunofluorescence that in quiescent NSCs, all three proteins are concentrated in the vicinity of the centrosome at the base of the primary cilia. This localization reflects the presence of fully assembled EJCs as proved by the study of Y14 mutant that prevent EJC core mounting
Celik, Alper. "mRNA Decay Pathways Use Translation Fidelity and Competing Decapping Complexes for Substrate Selection." eScholarship@UMMS, 2017. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/904.
Full textZhou, Yang. "Regulation of pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för molekylärbiologi (Teknisk-naturvetenskaplig fakultet), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138142.
Full textKerschgens, Kathrin Simone [Verfasser], and Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Nickel. "Funktionelle Charakterisierung der potenziellen Rolle des „Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay“ (NMD)-Proteins „Up-Frameshift 1“ (UPF1) in der Translation / Kathrin Simone Kerschgens ; Betreuer: Walter Nickel." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1179228855/34.
Full textGuedes, Ana Raquel Dias Pereira. "The role of SMG6 and PM/Sc 100 ribonucleases in messenger RNA degradation mechanisms." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17151.
Full textEukaryotic gene expression comprises a series of interconnected steps, from transcription to protein synthesis, in which messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are the key intermediates. While the multitude of events that take place throughout the whole process allows for the production of proteins to be controlled at many levels, ensuring maximum efficiency and fidelity, it also makes gene expression susceptible to errors. Eukaryotic cells have developed intricate mRNA quality control mechanisms that recognize and degrade aberrant transcripts. Two examples of these mechanisms are the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), which targets mRNAs with premature translation termination codons (PTCs), and the nonstop mRNA decay (NSD), which eliminates mRNAs lacking any in-frame translation termination codons. SMG6 and PM/Scl100 are both ribonucleases which have been implicated in mRNA degradation pathways. One of the mechanisms proposed for mammalian NMD involves an endonucleolytic cleavage of transcripts in the vicinity of the PTC catalyzed by SMG6. On the other hand, the human exosome, which includes the catalytic subunit PM/Scl100, has been associated not only with mRNA surveillance mechanisms, but also with normal mRNA turnover. However, questions relative to the specificity or indispensability of these enzymes in the pathways in which they participate have not yet been answered. The present work aimed to explore the role of SMG6 and PM/Scl100 ribonucleases in the degradation of normal or NSD- and NMD-sensitive mRNAs. The results obtained point to the involvement of SMG6, not only in NMD, but also in NSD and normal mRNA turnover. Moreover, they suggest that SMG6 plays an indirect role on the degradation of NMD targets. PM/Scl100 also appears to intervene in NMD, NSD and normal mRNA turnover; however, the results herein presented suggest that the main contribution to NMD-eliciting transcripts 3’→5’ degradation may be offered by other exoribonucleases.
A expressão génica em eucariotas envolve uma série de etapas interligadas, desde a transcrição do material genético até à síntese da proteína correspondente, nas quais os RNAs mensageiros (mRNAs) são os intermediários cruciais. Embora a panóplia de eventos que ocorrem ao longo de todo o processo permita que a produção proteica seja controlada a vários níveis, também torna a expressão génica vulnerável a erros. As células eucarióticas desenvolveram mecanismos elaborados de controlo de qualidade do mRNA que reconhecem e degradam transcritos anómalos. Dois exemplos destes mecanismos são o decaimento do mRNA mediado por mutações nonsense (NMD), que detecta mRNAs com codões de terminação da tradução prematuros (PTCs), e o decaimento do mRNA nonstop (NSD), que elimina mRNAs que não possuem codões de terminação da tradução em fase na grelha de leitura. A SMG6 e a PM/Scl100 são ambas ribonucleases já implicadas em vias de degradação de mRNAs. Um dos mecanismos propostos para o NMD em mamíferos envolve a clivagem endonucleolítica dos transcritos na proximidade do PTC, catalizada pela SMG6. Por outro lado, o exossoma humano, que inclui a subunidade catalítica PM/Scl100, já foi associado não só a mecanismos de vigilância do mRNA, mas também ao turnover do mRNA. No entanto, questões relativas à especificidade ou indispensabilidade destas enzimas nos mecanismos nos quais participam ainda não têm resposta. O presente trabalho teve como objectivo explorar o papel das ribonucleases SMG6 e PM/Scl100 na degradação de mRNAs normais ou sensíveis ao NSD e ao NMD. Os resultados obtidos apontam para o envolvimento da SMG6, não só no NMD, mas também no NSD e no turnover do mRNA. Para além disso, sugerem também que a SMG6 desempenha um papel indirecto na degradação de alvos do NMD. A PM/Scl100 também parece intervir no NMD, no NSD e no turnover do mRNA; no entanto, os resultados aqui apresentados sugerem que a principal contribuição para a degradação 3’→5’ de transcritos que desencadeiam o NMD é oferecida por outras exoribonucleases.
Smith, Jenna E. "Investigation of the mRNP and Transcriptome Regulated by Nonsense-Mediated RNA Decay." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1421428941.
Full textSPATARO, CLARISSA. "IDENTIFICATION OF NEW MYC DEPENDENCIES AMONG RNA-BINDING PROTEINS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/909490.
Full textLambert, Jean-Marie. "Impact des immunoglobulines tronquées produites par saut d’exon dans les plasmocytes : vers des approches thérapeutiques utilisant des oligonucléotides antisens." Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIMO0029.
Full textThe thesis projects aimed to explore the therapeutic value of antisense approaches targeting immunoglobulin (Ig) transcripts in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and other monoclonal gammopathies. This strategy consists in inducing an exon skipping using antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) to provoke the synthesis of truncated Ig and apoptosis of tumor plasma cells (Patent WO 2017/089359). The toxic effect V domain-less Ig is the consequence of an uncontrolled amplification of ER stress and the UPR (Unfolded Protein Response). We have shown that treatments with ASO directed against monoclonal Ig (mo-Ig) pre-mRNAs induced strong toxicity on myeloma cell lines and regression of tumor xenografts after intratumoral ASO injections. Although improvements in terms of in vivobiodistribution of ASOs are necessary, this approach capable of specifically destroying the tumor clone could allow a personalized treatment of MM patients and spare healthy plasma cells. We have also observed a drastic decrease in Ig production after treatment of stimulated human B cells or myeloma cells with a generic ASO targeting the exon CH1γ that can be used in all patients expressing IgG. In parallel, we explored the relationship between protein stress and RNA surveillance in plasma cells. In contrast with previously published data from non-lymphoid cells, we have demonstrated a cooperation between the mechanism of NMD (Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay) and UPR in plasma cells, favored by the low activation of the PERK pathway of the UPR. Therefore, these works have shed new light on the impact of truncated Ig in antibody-secreting cells and, on the close link between the proteic stress associated with massive Ig synthesis and plasma cell survival
Marchadier, Brice. "Etude de l'assemblage et des fonctions du complex EJC (Exon Junction Complex)." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112241.
Full textIn human cells, splicing plays a key role in coordinating of different processes of genic expression by loading a protein complex called EJC (for Exon Junction Complex) on nuclear mRNA. Initial functionnal studies showed that the EJC is implicated in export, localisation, translation and decay of mRNA. During my PHD, I studied the EJC composition. After expression and purification of proteins potentially involved in this complex, I performed interaction experiments in vitro. This work allowed me to reconstitute the EJC core and clarify its assembly process. This mecanism acts by locking an ATP-dependent helicase onto RNA by three protein partners. Then, I have shown a direct interaction between the EJC core and the ASAP complex composed of RNPS1, Acinus and SAP18. Acinus, and most of all, RNPS1 are splicing enhancers when they are targeted to pre-mRNA. I wanted to understand the physiological role of these proteins bound to the EJC. If an EJC is loaded on each exonic junction, some RNA should contain at the same time the EJC and remaing introns. The presence of splicing factors recruted by the EJC could regulate splicing of the neighbouring introns. In parallel to this, I have studied the EJC in D. Melanogaster. In this organism, proteins homologus to the EJC core components are well conserved and implicated in a localization process never seen in human. However, EJC existence has never been demonstrated in drosophila
Ashi, Mohamad Omar. "Régulation de l'expression des immunoglobulines au cours du développement lymphocytaire B tardif." Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0008/document.
Full textThe random V(D)J recombination process contributes to the generation of a vast immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire. However, imprecise V(D)J junctions lead to the appearance of frameshift mutations in two-third of the cases. Hence, numerous B-lineage cells retain non-productively V(D)J rearranged Ig alleles in their genome. Several studies including ours have shown that these non-productive alleles are transcribed but rapidly degraded by NMD « Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay », thus decreasing the level of mRNA encoding truncated Ig. However, less is known about the impact of alternative splicing on non-productive Ig transcripts, and especially « exon skipping », with regard to the production of truncated Ig with internal deletions. During my thesis, we have shown that truncated Ig chains lacking variable (V) domain exhibted toxic effects in plasma cells revealing a new « Truncated-Ig Exclusion » (TIE-) checkpoint during plasma cell differentiation. The TIE-checkpoint eliminates plasma cell-expressing truncated Ig, as a consequence of exon skipping during splicing of non-productive Igκ transcripts. However, the TIE checkpoint activation limits the analysis of NAS (« Nonsense associated Altered Splicing ») of Ig transcripts in plasma cells. Using a mouse model harboring an additional frameshift-inducing V exon at the IgH chain locus, we could analyze NAS of non-productive Ig transcripts in primary B cells and plasma cells. This study revealed that hypertranscription of Ig genes accompanying plasma cell differentiation favors alternative splicing of non-productive Ig transcripts. We also investigated potential connections between the NMD mechanism, involved in mRNA surveillance, and the UPR (« Unfolded Protein Response ») pathway that regulates protein homeostasis in plasma cells. Interestingly, we identified a positive regulatory loop between RNA (NMD) and protein (UPR, autophagy, proteasome) surveillance processes. In view of the literature, the occurrence of such cooperation is unique to plasma cells, and this should help to limit the expression of truncated Ig while allowing massive Ig synthesis. Finally, we studied other aspects of Ig RNA splicing, and investigated the role of splice donor site on non-coding « germline » I transcripts during CSR (« Class Switch Recombination »). Using dedicated mouse models, we found that the deletion of Iƴ1 splice donor site drastically decreased CSR to IgG1. Overall, this study demonstrated that the recognition of I exon donor splice site enhances transcription of « switch » regions S, facilitating their opening and the subsequent recruitment of AID « Activation-Induced cytidine Deaminase » during CSR
Morgado, Ana Sofia João. "Analysis of the intranuclear life of nonsense transcripts." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8798.
Full textNonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a quality control mechanism that detects and rapidly degrades mRNAs carrying premature translation-termination codons (PTCs). Mammalian NMD depends on both splicing and translation, and requires recognition of the premature stop codon by the cytoplasmic ribosomes. Surprisingly, some published data have suggested that nonsense codons may also affect the nuclear metabolism of the nonsense-mutated transcripts. Therefore, we hypothesized that human β-globin transcripts sensitive to NMD could have a singular subcellular localization and processing state in mammalian cells nuclei. To determine if PTCs could influence nuclear events, we have established mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cell lines stably transfected with wild-type or PTC-containing human β-globin genes. Subsequently, we analyzed the accumulation of NMD-competent β-globin transcripts versus wild-type counterparts using two different approaches: visualization of transcripts localization by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); and quantification of pre-mRNA steady-state levels by ribonuclease protection assays (RPA) and reverse transcription-coupled quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). FISH analysis shows that MEL cells stably expressing PTC-containing β-globin transcripts present a marked tendency to display an abnormal speckled-like pattern of localization in the nucleus. However, in addition to the presence of the PTC, other effectors may act on the β-globin transcripts localization, as some wild-type β-globin MEL cells presented this abnormal FISH phenotype as well. On the other hand, our analyses by RPA and RT-qPCR clearly show that β- -globin pre-mRNAs carrying NMD-competent PTCs, but not those containing a NMD-resistant PTC, exhibit a significant decrease in their steady-state levels relatively to the wild-type or to a missense-mutated β-globin pre-mRNA. Conversely, in non-erythroid HeLa cells, human β-globin pre-mRNAs carrying NMD-competent PTCs accumulate at normal levels. Half-life analysis of these pre-mRNAs in MEL cells demonstrate that their low steady-state levels do not reflect significantly lower pre-mRNA stabilities when compared to the normal control. Furthermore, our results also provide evidence that the relative splicing efficiencies of intron 1 and 2 are unaffected. In conclusion, our set of data highlights potential nuclear pathways that induce a selective downregulation of PTC-containing β-globin pre-mRNA in MEL cells, albeit not affecting their stability or splicing effectiveness. These specialized nuclear pathways, which may act in concert with the general NMD mechanism, might discriminate the NMD-sensitive transcripts as abnormal in a promoter- and/or cell line-specific manner, probably to obtain optimal NMD activity.
Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - (SFRH/BD/31920/2006); financial support [Centro de Investigação em Genética Molecular Humana (CIGMH) and Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG)]
CASELLA, CINZIA. "STRATEGIES FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF ALLELES INVOLVED IN HEREDITARY BREAST CANCER." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427033.
Full textIl tumore della mammella e’ la neoplasia più frequente nelle donne dell’Occidente. Ad oggi sono stati identificati alcuni fattori di rischio per lo sviluppo della neoplasia mammaria, ma il maggiormente significativo è la presenza di storia familiare, che è associata alla presenza nei membri della famiglia di alterazioni germinali predisponenti. Fino ad oggi sono stati identificati alcuni geni responsabili dell’aumento di rischio per lo sviluppo del tumore della mammella, tra cui i più rilevanti sono i geni ad alta penetranza BRCA1 e BRCA2. Tuttavia più del 70% dell’eccesso di rischio che si riscontra in casi familiari di tumore della mammella rispetto la popolazione generale non trova ad oggi un riscontro in alterazioni genetiche predisponenti. Durante il mio dottorato mi sono occupata dell’identificazione di alterazioni genetiche coinvolte nella predisposizione e progressione del tumore eredo-familiare della mammella in cui sono state escluse mutazioni chiaramente patogenetiche dei geni BRCA1/BRCA2. In un primo progetto ho partecipato alla caratterizzazione del ruolo patogenetico della variante BRCA1 p.Val1688del, identificata come variante di incerto significato clinico (Unclassified Variant, UV) e riscontrata frequentemente in pazienti provenienti dalla regione Veneto. In assenza di un chiaro effetto deleterio sulla funzionalità della proteina, le UV non possono essere utilizzate per l’identificazione e la sorveglianza degli individui ad alto rischio per lo sviluppo della neoplasia mammaria. Allo scopo di chiarire il ruolo patogenetico della delezione p.Val1688del, abbiamo utilizzato un approccio multi fattoriale, descritto da Golgar et al. (2004), attraverso il quale evidenze di diversa natura vengono integrate per derivare un rapporto di probabilità in favore della patogenicità o neutralità della variante. A questo scopo, i membri di 12 famiglie portatrici della variante sono stati analizzati per ottenere dati quali la co-segregazione della variante con il fenotipo tumorale, la co-presenza di mutazioni patogenetiche nel gene BRCA1, l’istopatologia del tumore, la perdita di eterozigosi (LOH) e la conservazione filogenetica del residuo aminoacidico alterato. Assunta l’indipendenza delle evidenze raccolte, i rapporti di probabilità associati a ciascuna evidenza sperimentale e clinica sono stati combinati, ottenendo un valore di 349000:1 in favore del ruolo patogenetico della variante, che supera di molto il cut off di 1000:1 stabilito per poter classificare la variante come alterazione predisponente. Il secondo progetto di cui mi sono occupata riguarda la definizione del profilo genetico della linea cellulare di carcinoma mammario HCC1500, derivata da una paziente con probabile tumore eredo-familiare della mammella. Nonostante l’età precoce di insorgenza e la storia familiare di tumore della mammella e del colon, il coinvolgimento dei geni BRCA1, BRCA2 e TP53 è stato escluso mediante screening mutazionale. La linea HCC1500 è stata quindi analizzata mediante due approcci complementari: i) l’identificazione di mutazioni nonsenso mediante l’utilizzo di un’approccio di analisi recentemente descritto chiamato GINI (Gene Identification by NMD Inhibition; Noesie and Dietz, 2001), e ii) l’identificazione di alterazioni numeriche mediante l’utilizzo di array per la genotipizzazione di un elevato numero di SNP, una recente tecnologia che permette un’elevata risoluzione di analisi. Mediante questo approccio è stato possibile identificare singoli geni mutati con specifiche alterazioni puntiformi o a causa di più estesi riarrangiamenti genomici. In particolare, nel gene PNLIPRP3 abbiamo identificato una sostituzione intronica che, modificando lo splicing del pre-mRNA, potrebbe dare origine ad un trascritto con mutazione troncante. Inoltre, l’elevata risoluzione dell’analisi per lo studio delle alterazioni cromosomiche numeriche, ci ha permesso di identificare singoli o pochi geni coinvolti in delezioni in omozigosi, amplificazioni di piccole regioni e riarrangiamenti intragenici derivanti da eventi di amplificazione o delezione. Sulla base di criteri quali la funzione biologica e mutazioni ritenute rilevanti per la selettività con cui alterano specifiche regioni codificanti, abbiamo selezionato alcuni geni che, prioritariamente ad altri, andrebbero confermati e analizzati in maggior dettaglio con ulteriori studi.. Un terzo progetto che ho seguito direttamente, ma che comunque non tratterò nella mia tesi, riguarda l’identificazione di fattori genetici coinvolti nella modificazione del rischio per i soggetti portatori di mutazione BRCA1 e BRCA2. Tale progetto si inserisce nell'ambito di un consorzio internazionale, denominato CIMBA (Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2; (Chenevix-Trench et al., 2007). SNP identificati prevalentemente attraverso studi di associazione genome-wide sono stati genotipizzati in 213 carriers di mutazione BRCA1/2 della nostra casistica mediante discriminazione allelica con sonde TaqMan. L’analisi statistica è stata effettuata sui dati genotipici provenienti da più di 30 gruppi di lavoro, permettendo la raccolta di dati derivanti da migliaia di individui. In questo modo è possibile ottenere la potenza statistica necessaria per l’identificazione dell’associazione tra polimorfismi con debole effetto e un aumentato rischio di sviluppo del tumore della mammella in specifiche sottoclassi di soggetti già portatori di mutazione nei geni ad alta penetranza BRCA1/2. Effettuati su più di 9400 e 5600 carriers di mutazione rispettivamente di BRCA1 e BRCA2, tali studi hanno permesso di identificare un’associazione significativa tra gli SNP rs3817198 (LPS1) e rs13387042 (2q35) ed un aumentato rischio in soggetti portatori di mutazioni BRCA2, e, nel secondo caso BRCA1 o BRCA2. L’identificazione e studio di fattori genetici modificatori permetterà di acquisire una più approfondita conoscenza della predisposizione e patogenesi del tumore della ereditario mammella, ma anche di stimare con migliore precisione il rischio di sviluppo della neoplasia così come di fornire utili informazioni per l'identificazione di nuovi approcci terapeutici.
Berger, Felicitas. "NMN-Adenylyltransferase und NAD+-Kinase essentielle Enzyme der NAD(P)+-Synthese /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2003/163/index.html.
Full textMarkwardt, Jack, and Steve LaPoint. "TELEMETRY CHALLENGES FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE TESTING IN THE CENTRAL PACIFIC." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/607604.
Full textThe Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) is developing new Theater Missile Defense (TMD) and National Missile Defense (NMD) weapon systems to defend against the expanding ballistic missile threat. In the arms control arena, theater ballistic missile threats have been defined to include systems with reentry velocities up to five kilometers per second and strategic ballistic missile threats have reentry velocities that exceed five kilometers per second. The development and testing of TMD systems such as the Army Theater High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) and the Navy Area Theater Ballistic Missile Defense (TBMD) Lower Tier, and NMD systems such as the Army Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle and the Army Ground-Based Radar, pose exceptional challenges that stem from extreme acquisition range and high telemetry data transfer rates. Potential Central Pacific range locations include U.S. Army Kwajalien Atoll/Kwajalein Missile Range (USAKA/KMR) and the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) with target launches from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Wake Island, Aur Atoll, Johnston Island, and, possibly, an airborne platform. Safety considerations for remote target launches dictate utilization of high-data-rate, on-board instrumentation; technical performance measurement dictates transmission of focal plane array data; and operational requirements dictate intercepts at exoatmospheric altitudes and long slant ranges. The high gain, high data rate, telemetry acquisition requirements, coupled with loss of the upper S-band spectrum, may require innovative approaches to minimize electronic noise, maximize telemetry system gain, and fully utilize the limited S-band telemetry spectrum. The paper will address the emerging requirements and will explore the telemetry design trade space.
Gabriel, André Filipe Gonçalves. "Suppression therapy of ß-thalassemia using Kanamycin and Gentamicin." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17790.
Full textAs mutações nonsense são mutações pontuais que originam codões de terminação prematura (PTCs). A expressão de genes portadores de PTCs pode levar à síntese de proteínas truncadas. As proteínas truncadas caracterizam-se por serem menores e, na maioria das vezes, não possuem função biológica, apesar de poderem ter funções deletérias para a célula. Em condições normais, transcritos portadores de PTCs são degradados rapidamente através do processo de nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Quando um PTC atinge o sítio A ribossomal, os fatores de terminação da tradução ligam-se ao mesmo e a tradução termina imediatamente. A terapia de supressão consiste numa abordagem terapêutica que tem o objetivo de utilizar compostos de baixo peso molecular para induzir a incorporação de aminoacil-tRNAs quase cognatos, moléculas que possuem complementaridade para dois dos três nucleótidos de um códão de stop, quando o ribossoma atinge um PTC. Assim, a tradução não termina prematuramente. Estudos anteriores mostraram que alguns aminoglicósidos possuem a capacidade de suprimir PTCs responsáveis por doenças, como fibrose quística e distrofia muscular de Duchenne. Algumas mutações nonsense são responsáveis pela β-talassemia. Neste estudo foram utilizados dois aminoglicósidos, canamicina e gentamicina, de modo a avaliar a sua capacidade em aumentar a competitividade de tRNAs quase cognatos com os fatores de terminação da tradução pelo sítio A ribossomal, na presença de um PTC, evitando dessa forma a terminação prematura da tradução.
Nonsense mutations are point mutations that originate premature termination codons (PTCs). The expression of PTC-containing genes may lead to the synthesis of truncated proteins. Truncated proteins are shorter proteins that at most times do not have biological function, but may have deleterious functions for the cell. In regular conditions, PTC-containing transcripts are taken to rapid decay, through nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD). When a PTC reaches the ribosomal A-site, translation release factors bind it and translation immediately stops. Suppression therapy is a therapeutic approach that aims to suppress PTCs by using low molecular weight compounds to induce the incorporation of near cognate aminoacyl tRNAs, molecules that show complementarity to two of the three nucleotides of a stop codon, when the ribosome reaches a PTC. Thus, translation does not prematurely terminates. Previous studies have shown that some aminoglycosides have the ability to suppress PTCs responsible for diseases like cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Some nonsense mutations are responsible for β-thalassemia disease. In this study two aminoglycoside compounds, kanamycin and gentamicin, were used in order to evaluate their capacity to increase the competition of near cognate aminoacyl tRNAs with translation release factors by the ribosomal A-site, when the ribosome reaches a PTC, therefore avoiding the premature termination of translation.
Kanaan, Joanne. "Étude biochimique et biophysique de l’ARN hélicase UPF1 : un moteur moléculaire hautement régulé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEE008.
Full textUPF1 (Up-Frameshift 1) is a multifunctional helicase that unwinds nucleic acids and is conserved throughout the eukaryote kingdom. UPF1 is required for the Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay (NMD) surveillance pathway, which degrades mRNAs carrying premature termination codons, among other substrates. UPF1 is the archetype of a family of 11 helicases sharing similar cores but involved in various cellular pathways. However, the structure-function relationship and intrinsic biophysical properties of these molecular engines remain poorly described. In vitro, the UPF1 helicase core is highly processive, it travels along thousands of RNA or DNA bases and unwinds double-strands. In this work, we looked for key factors governing this remarkable processivity. We combined biochemical and biophysical techniques. In particular, we used magnetic tweezers to study helicases in real time at a single molecule scale. In contrast to UPF1, the related IGHMBP2 is not processive, thus processivity is not a shared family trait. Based on the 3D structures of both proteins, we designed various mutants and used them to identify structural elements that modulate processivity. Our approach reveals that UPF1 has a very firm grip on nucleic acids, guaranteeing long binding lifetimes and action times that dictate its high processivity. Thanks to the variety in mutant behaviors, we built a novel mechanistic model linking binding energy to processivity. Furthermore, we show that UPF1 processivity is required for an efficient NMD in vivo. In addition, we used the same biochemical and biophysical tools to investigate a natural human UPF1 isoform moving faster than the major isoform, and to compare the regulation of human andyeast UPF1 by their flanking domains. We also characterized the interaction of yeast UPF1 with new NMD partners. Our work shows how a combination of biochemical, biophysical, structural and in vivo tools can offer unexpected insights into the operating mode of molecular motors
Srour, Nivine. "Impact de la production des immunoglobulines tronquées sur le développement lymphocytaire B normal et tumoral." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0011/document.
Full textThe recombination process V(D)J of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes is characterized by random junctions between the variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) segments. A frameshift mutation appears in two-third of cases, generating a non-productive or « out of frame » junction. Several studies have shown that both productive and non-productive alleles are actively transcribed. The mature transcripts from nonproductive alleles are usually considered sterile and innocuous as a result of an mRNA surveillance mechanism called NMD « Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay ». By degrading aberrant mRNA, this mechanism prevents the appearance of truncated Ig during B cell ontogeny. However, less is known about the impact of alternative splicing on non-productive Ig transcripts. This mechanism, called NAS « Nonsense-associated Altered Splicing » can lead to the production of truncated Ig with internal deletions of variable domain (V). During my thesis, we have shown that the presence of a stop codon, within the variable exon (VJ) of Igκ transcripts, promotes exon skipping and synthesis of V domain-less κ light chains (ΔV-κLCs). Interestingly, such truncated Ig causes cellular stress and leads to plasma cells apoptosis (Article 1). These findings have identified a new checkpoint acting late during plasma cell differentiation: TIE « Truncated-Ig Exclusion » checkpoint. This process ensures counter-selection of plasma cells producing truncated-Ig. We also studied the alternative splicing of non-productive Ig transcripts in the absence of TIE-checkpoint (Article 2). We found that hypertranscription of Ig genes in plasma cells promote alternative splicing of non-productive Ig transcripts. Using a model forcing the expression of truncated Ig, we identified a cooperative action between mRNA surveillance mechanisms (NMD) and those of protein surveillance (UPR « Unfolded Protein Response », autophagy) (Article 3). Based on these results, we have developed a new therapeutic approach by increasing the production of truncated Ig using antisense oligonucleotides (AON) that leads to the elimination of the variable exon during splicing. This invention could open new avenues for the treatment of Multiple Myeloma patients and other pathologies affecting plasma cells
Pfleger, Jaroslav. "Soubor řadových NED domů pro bydlení - lokalita "vinohrady" ve Vážanech nad Litavou." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225797.
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