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1
Gao, Chun. "19F DOSY Diffusion NMR Spectroscopy of Fluoropolymers." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1447069266.
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Colbourne, Adam. "Developments in multivariate DOSY processing and pure shift NMR." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/developments-in-multivariate-dosy-processing-and-pure-shift-nmr(12eaae86-174a-4bf9-92ca-3c9ddfa748ec).html.
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Developments in Multivariate DOSY processing and Pure Shift NMR, authored by Adam Colbourne and submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences at the University of Manchester, 26th February 2014. The theme of this thesis is resolution; the separation of overlapping, entangled information in NMR spectroscopy data. The ability to resolve the features of a dataset is important because it greatly simplifies, or even makes possible, the interpretation of those features to yield information. Here, methods developed to increase resolving power in two different areas of NMR spectroscopy are described; these areas are so-called 'pure shift' or δ-resolved NMR and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY). Pure shift NMR aims to reduce the overlap of the signals present in an NMR spectrum by collapsing the multiplet structure caused by spin-spin coupling. There are a variety of methods for achieving this, each of which has its pros and cons. A homo-nuclear decoupling scheme originated by K. Zangger and H. Sterk is implemented in its most recent form to decouple the F1 and F2 dimensions of the 2D NOESY experiment individually. The application of covariance processing to allow the removal of all the multiplet structure from data produced by these singly decoupled experiments is demonstrated and the results discussed. Full experimental homo-nuclear decoupling of 2D NMR is discussed and demonstrated with the TOCSY experiment using a combination of Bax's constant time decoupling scheme in F1 and Zangger-Sterk decoupling in F2. DOSY is strictly a catch-all term for the data processing applied to pulsed field gradient NMR data to extract information on the diffusion of chemical species, but is widely accepted as referring to the combination of the two. Applied to mixtures, DOSY is a powerful tool that can allow the separation of the spectra of the mixture components; this greatly simplifies the process of interpreting mixture NMR data. However, DOSY processing struggles where signals from different, but similarly diffusing chemical species overlap; one is faced with the problem of separating similar, overlapping exponentials in noisy data. Standard DOSY processing schemes can be described as univariate or multivariate with respect to the way in which they handle DOSY data; the former analyses the data a single frequency at a time, the latter tries to untangle the whole dataset at once. Multivariate processing schemes are better suited to resolving overlap in DOSY data, because they use all of the information available, the counter point being that too much information causes them to break down. SCORE is one such algorithm. Research into constraining and augmenting SCORE is presented, leading into a discussion of the potential application of prior knowledge of the DOSY dataset. While exploring the application of prior knowledge, it was realised that the differences between the spectra extracted by SCORE could be used to separate mixture components in a general manner. The presented OUTSCORE algorithm uses information from both the spectra and diffusion dimensions of DOSY data to separate components almost an order of magnitude more similarly diffusing than was previously possible. Finally, a hybrid processing scheme termed LOCODOSY is reported, that breaks a dataset down into smaller sections for individual multivariate analysis before recombination of the results; circumventing the problem of having too much or too little data in any one analysis. The LOCODOSY processing scheme is demonstrated on both the SCORE and OUTSCORE algorithms.
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Swan, Iain. "Advanced NMR methods for formulation analysis." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/advanced-nmr-methods-for-formulation-analysis(42a72ebf-b797-403f-a3bc-353e0e3987eb).html.
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This thesis concentrates on diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY): a technique in liquid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy that is able to distinguish different chemical species by their size in solution, and measure species’ diffusion coefficients. DOSY is an invaluable tool to analyse and resolve the signals of mixtures of chemicals in solution. DOSY measures an ensemble of nuclei in a mixture, using pulsed field gradients (PFGs) to encode, and later decode, the positions of spins. This provides information on the root mean square distance that spins diffuse during a delay between a pair of PFGs, which allows the determination of diffusion coefficients. However, DOSY is susceptible to a number of complications. Where a sample convects, the distance molecules move during the delay is greater than for simple diffusion, and the estimate of the diffusion coefficient becomes greater than the true value. Rayleigh-Bénard convection has been known in NMR for a long time, and is known to result from heating the base of an NMR sample, giving rise to negative vertical temperature gradients. Here, cooling the base (and inadvertently the sides) of the sample is also shown to cause convection from transverse temperature gradients, known as Hadley convection and commonly observed in atmospheric circulation. The theory for convection from transverse temperature gradients is given and recommendations to reduce convection in NMR are made. DOSY analysis can also be challenging where signals from different species overlap. In such instances, it can help to reduce the overlap, which can be achieved by collapsing multiplets into singlet signals: pure shift NMR is a technique that uses band-selection in order to refocus scalar coupling during the free induction decay, leaving pure chemical shift information. However, PFGs can vary in strength across the sample, which can have an effect on band selective experiments, such as Zangger-Sterk pure shift experiments, in the measured peak amplitudes, and where DOSY is combined with the Zangger-Sterk pure shift sequence, the apparent diffusion coefficients are also altered, seemingly as a function of chemical shift. A correction for this is given, simply using a DOSY and a DOSY pure shift experiment, as an alternative to the current literature method (gradient mapping).An investigation into an emulsion, agrochemically important for the delivery of active ingredients (fertiliser,pesticides, etc.) to plants, was then undertaken, in the hopes of finding restricted diffusion, but instead discovering substantial chemical exchange on the diffusional timescale. Finally a program was written for the automated acquisition of DOSY data, without the need for a human controller to calibrate DOSY parameters for the optimum acquisition.
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Chapman, Bogdan E., and Philip W. Kuchel. "Diffusion-Ordered (DOSY) NMR of solute exchange across the human erythrocyte membrane." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-194446.
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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to study exchange of three distinctly different molecules across the membranes of human red blood cells (RBCs). In studying water, t-butanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide we exploited the marked
differences in the apparent diffusion coefficients of these species inside and outside the cells in suspensions. The measurements were made with diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) with a domain of ‘diffusion times’ of 20 - 100 ms. In attempting to make the DOSY spectra quantitative we identified time domains for each of the three molecules in which the spectra showed well resolved peaks, and those in which only a single peak was evident for two of the species. The apparent mean resident times for water and t-butanol in the RBCs estimated by the methodology were ~17 ms, while the DMSO exchange was too slow, on the NMR timescale, to be quantified by this method. However, it is very clear that other methods that are based on regression analysis with a prescribed fitting function provide more reliable estimates of exchange rate constants. Also, to make the DOSY analysis more generally accessible we implemented a Laplace transform inversion method (the Post-Widder algorithm), and a procedure for enhancing the resolution of the resulting diffusion spectra by using standard functions in Mathematica.
5
Oliveri, Anna. "Solution Characterization of Inorganic Nanoscale Cluster Species via 1H-NMR and DOSY." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18708.
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Completely inorganic nanoscale clusters play an essential role in many aspects of inorganic chemistry, materials chemistry, and geochemistry. The underlying dynamic behavior of these species in solution defines how and why they make successful thin film precursors as well as exist naturally in the environment. There have been a limited number of previous solution studies involving inorganic nanoscale clusters due to the lack of spectroscopic handles and availability of analytical techniques. This dissertation outlines the available and appropriate characterization techniques needed for identifying and studying inorganic nanoscale species and then uses proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) and Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy (DOSY) to fully characterize the Ga13-xInx(µ3-OH)6(µ-OH)18(H2O)24(NO3)15 (0 ≤ x ≤ 6) cluster series in solution. This research lays a foundation for a multitude of future studies on the dynamic behavior of these species that was previously unachievable.
This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material.
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Moutzouri, Pinelopi. "New and improved methods for mixture analysis by NMR." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/new-and-improved-methods-for-mixture-analysis-by-nmr(d6bad99a-36dd-440b-a7b1-f8243a8ab4a3).html.
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A unique characteristic of NMR is that, unlike other spectroscopic techniques, it separates the excitation of signals from their detection. By manipulating the type of signal excitation used, the chemical information content of a spectrum can be controlled. This versatility has made NMR a powerful and flexible weapon in the analytical arsenal of chemists, not only for the determination of structural, chemical, dynamic, and physical properties of molecules, but also for the analysis of mixtures, since NMR has the ability to study these intact without the need for physical separation. Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the theoretical NMR background necessary for this thesis. Chapter 2, 3 and 6 detail the development of new methods that suppress 13C satellites not only in conventional 1D 1H and 19F spectra, but also in 1H DOSY spectra, and can facilitate the analysis of minor components in high dynamic range mixtures (i.e. those with a wide range of concentrations). Chapter 4 introduces a new experiment which suppresses low-level artefacts in pure shift NMR, and gives clean pure shift spectra that can be used for the detection of minor components in the presence of strong signals. Chapter 5 and 7 illustrate how 19F NMR can be exploited for the acquisition of simplified proton spectra associated with a given 19F chemical shift, or for the virtual separation of mixture components using broadband 19F DOSY. Chapter 8 summarises the conclusions extracted from the research introduced in the main body of this thesis, and gives suggestions for future developments. Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 contain published research articles and their Supporting Information and are presented without modification. Chapter 6 is presented as a manuscript intended for publication.
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Fadaei, Ehsan, and Mohsen Tafazzoli. "Study of the self-diffusion coefficient in the water-methanol binary mixture from the hydrogen bonding viewpoint using DOSY NMR: Study of the self-diffusion coefficient in the water-methanol binary mixturefrom the hydrogen bonding viewpoint using DOSY NMR." Diffusion fundamentals 24 (2015) 13, S. 1, 2015. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14527.
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Guduff, Ludmilla. "Ultrafast diffusion-ordered NMR analysis of mixtures." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS239/document.
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La spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) est un outil puissant qui permet l’étude directe de mélanges de manière non destructive. Les spectres RMN de petites molécules en solution peuvent être différenciés grâce à la stratégie DOSY (diffusion-ordered spectroscopy), une méthode de ‘chromatographie virtuelle’ qui s’appuie sur la mesure de coefficients de diffusion translationnelle. Les principaux obstacles à l’utilisation de la DOSY sont liés à la piètre sensibilité de la RMN de manière générale mais aussi à la nécessité d’introduire une dimension temporelle supplémentaire d’acquisition, ce qui va augmenter de manière significative la durée de l’expérience. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de mettre au point des outils inédits de RMN plus rapides et plus adaptés à la caractérisation de mélanges peu concentrés de petites molécules. Dans un premier temps, le concept de codage spatial de la diffusion dans l’expérience DOSY a été généralisé. Mis à profit dans les méthodes RMN dites ‘ultrarapides’, l’utilisation d’une dimension spatiale plutôt que temporelle pour encoder le phénomène de diffusion permet une accélération des expériences de RMN multidimensionnelles de plusieurs ordres de grandeur. L’acquisition séquentielle de spectres est remplacée par une acquisition parallèle de ces spectres dans différentes parties de l’échantillon. L’étude poussée des méthodes de DOSY rapides s’est appuyée sur des outils de simulation numérique dans le but d’améliorer la résolution des spectres et la précision des résultats. Les problèmes de sensibilité ont été abordés via le couplage des méthodes DOSY rapides avec des méthodes d’hyperpolarisation qui permettent d’augmenter l’intensité du signal. La combinaison des méthodes de diffusion conventionnelles avec les méthodes avancées de RMN ultrarapide et d’hyperpolarisation permettront des avancées significatives pour l’analyse de mélanges, en particulier les mélanges dynamiques<br>NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool that allows a direct study of mixtures in a non-invasive manner. The NMR spectra of molecular species in mixtures can be separated with diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), a ‘virtual chromatography’ approach based on the measurement of translational diffusion coefficients. Major limitation of DOSY comes from the time-dependent diffusion dimension, which results in long experiment durations, and also from the low sensitivity of NMR. The present work aims to build an innovative tool for mixtures characterization that will be faster and more efficient for low concentrated samples. We first generalized the concept of nD spatially encoded (SPEN) DOSY experiments for the analysis of complex mixtures. As bring forward by the so-called “ultrafast NMR” (UF NMR), the use of a spatial dimension to encode diffusion can accelerate experiments by several orders of magnitude since it replaces the sequential acquisition of sub-experiments by a parallel acquisition in different slices of the sample. More advanced exploration of SPENDOSY were carried out using numerical simulations for purpose of resolution and accuracy improvement. To address sensitivity issues, we then demonstrated that SPENDOSY data can be collected for hyperpolarized substrates. This particular coupling between conventional diffusion-based method with advanced techniques such as ultrafast NMR and hyperpolarization should mark a significant progress for complex mixtures analysis especially for time-evolving processes
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Hernandez, Cid Aaron. "New NMR methods for mixture analysis." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/new-nmr-methods-for-mixture-analysis(8ee7b062-e1cf-4c31-9a4b-3e6603b2d29c).html.
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This thesis is focussed on the investigation of matrices for matrix-assisted diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (MAD). Diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) is a family of experiments where the resonances in the chemical shift dimension are further dispersed in an extra dimension according to diffusion coefficient. A typical DOSY spectrum shows one single diffusion coefficient for all the resonances coming from one single species. However, If two or more resonances overlap, the diffusion resolution of the DOSY spectrum is compromised and a spurious diffusion coefficient results, intermediate between the species. In case of signal overlap, the use of more advanced processing methods aids to separate two analytes that differ by at least 30% in diffusion coefficient. In practice, many mixtures contain species of similar diffusion coefficients whose resonances overlap in the chemical shift dimension. The addition of co-solutes can modify the chemical environment (matrix), with which different analytes interact to different extents, and enhance the diffusion resolution of DOSY. However, the addition of co-solutes can risk the benefits of DOSY by increasing the probability of signal overlap. Signal overlap in MAD is avoided by using a 1H NMR-invisible surfactant such as sodium perfluorooctanoate (NaPFO), which has replaced each proton by a fluorine atom. PFO micelles are a tunable matrix which allows the separation of analytes via coulombic interactions by adjusting the pH. Differences in diffusion coefficient in NaPFO solution can be analysed using a modified Lindman's law to model the diffusion coefficient as a function of pH. The model rationalises the binding constants of analytes to PFO micelles with good accuracy, subject to the spectral data quality. Another alternative to resolve diffusion coefficients using the invisible MAD approach is by means of a commercially available alkyl surfactant like cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). CTAB in high ionic strength solution forms worm-like micelles whose resonances can be filtered out from the final DOSY spectrum. CTAB worm-like micelles have short transverse relaxation times compared to all of the analytes in the mixture. If a transverse relaxation filter is positioned at the beginning of a standard DOSY pulse sequence, as in PROJECT-Oneshot, the strong CTAB signals vanish and leave behind only the analyte resonances and hence avoid signal overlap. Finally, the use of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a potential invisible matrix, using a similar approach to CTAB worm-like micelles is investigated, using a relaxation-weighted DOSY pulse sequence to suppress most of the BSA background signal (at a cost in analyte signal to noise ratio). An alternative to suppress most of the BSA background and preserve most of the analyte signal is by means of mild transverse relaxation filtration and spectral editing to obtain an edited DOSY spectrum that shows only the analyte signals. Nonetheless, it is a shame that useful MAD results can only be obtained under a narrow set of conditions: i) different mole ratios BSA: analyte to aid diffusion resolution, ii) mild T2 filtration to improve analyte signal to noise ratio and iii) spectral editing to remove residual BSA background.
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Oliveira, Emanuele Catarina da Silva. "Estudo de agregação em asfaltenos por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Alto Campo." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2013. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6742.
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Previous issue date: 2013-03-25<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Heavy crude oils have attracted a growing interest from oil industries around the world. In this scenario, asphaltenes, which are molecules known for their low reactivity and high molecular weight, have received special attention in recent decades, due to the problems they cause during oil processing. In an effort to minimize these problems, researchers have increasingly looked for a better understanding of aspects such as molecular structure, stability and physicochemical properties of asphaltenes, as well as for the development of methods to prevent their unwanted precipitation. In recent decades, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been widely used as a tool for the study of petroleum and its derivatives. The analysis of 1H and 13C NMR spectra allows the direct determination of a series of structural parameters such as the fractions of aromatic carbons and of carbon atoms in alkyl chains. Diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY), which is based on the results of pulsed-field gradient (PFG) experiments, is a new developed NMR technique highly useful for the elucidation of complex mixtures. This work sought to identify the differences in average molecular parameters of asphaltenes from national crudes and to correlate them with the physicochemical properties of the asphaltene and of the original crude. The aim was also to investigate and to compare the asphaltenes among themselves, using data such as diffusion coefficient, concentration of these compounds in the oil and state of aggregation. Extraction and quantification of the amount of asphaltenes were performed using ASTM D6560-00 standard and the characterization of the asphaltenes was performed using the following analytical techniques: elemental analysis, atomic absorption spectrometry, mass spectrometry, high-resolution 1H and 13C NMR and DOSY. Significant changes were observed in almost all studied parameters. To study the asphaltene aggregation behavior using DOSY, the asphaltenes were diluted in various concentrations of deuterated toluene and the DOSY spectra were correlated with their respective states of aggregation. The diffusion properties were highly dependent on the concentration and type of oil from which the asphaltene was extracted<br>Os petróleos pesados são de grande interesse das indústrias petroleiras ao redor do mundo. Com isso, os asfaltenos, moléculas conhecidas por sua baixa reatividade e alto peso molecular, têm recebido uma atenção especial nas ultimas décadas, devido aos problemas que causam durante o processamento do óleo. Buscando minimizar estes problemas, pesquisadores têm investido cada vez mais no conhecimento da estrutura molecular e estabilidade dos asfaltenos, no entendimento de suas propriedades físico-químicas e no desenvolvimento de metodologias que impeçam sua precipitação indesejada. Nas últimas décadas, a ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) tem sido amplamente utilizada como ferramenta no estudo de petróleos e seus derivados. A obtenção de espectros de RMN de 1H e 13C permite a determinação direta de uma série de parâmetros estruturais, tais como a fração de carbonos aromáticos e de carbonos ligados em uma cadeia alquílica. O desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de RMN, como a espectroscopia de RMN ordenada pela difusão (DOSY), baseada na sequência de gradiente de campo pulsado (PFG), têm se mostrado excelentes ferramentas na elucidação de misturas complexas. Neste trabalho, procurou-se identificar as diferenças observadas nos parâmetros moleculares médios dos asfaltenos provenientes de petróleos nacionais, bem como correlacioná-las com as propriedades físico-químicas do próprio asfalteno e do óleo de origem. Pretende-se, ainda, investigar e comparar os asfaltenos, a partir de dados de coeficiente de difusão, concentração desses compostos no óleo e forma de agregação. A extração e quantificação do teor de asfaltenos foram realizadas utilizando-se a norma ASTM D6560-00 e a caracterização dos asfaltenos foi realizada através das técnicas analíticas de: análise elementar, espectrometria de absorção atômica, espectrometria de massas de alta resolução, RMN de 1H e 13C e, RMN DOSY. Foram observadas modificações significativas em praticamente todos os parâmetros estudados. No estudo do comportamento de agregação com a técnica RMN DOSY os asfaltenos foram diluídos em concentrações diferentes de tolueno deuterado e os espectros correlacionados com os seus respectivos estados de agregação. As propriedades de difusão se mostraram altamente dependentes da concentração e do tipo de óleo utilizado para a obtenção dos asfaltenos
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Chapman, Bogdan E., and Philip W. Kuchel. "Diffusion-Ordered (DOSY) NMR of solute exchange across the human erythrocyte membrane: including an application of Post-Widder Laplace inversion." Diffusion fundamentals 4 (2007) 8, S. 1-15, 2007. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13230.
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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to study exchange of three distinctly different molecules across the membranes of human red blood cells (RBCs). In studying water, t-butanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide we exploited the marked
differences in the apparent diffusion coefficients of these species inside and outside the cells in suspensions. The measurements were made with diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) with a domain of ‘diffusion times’ of 20 - 100 ms. In attempting to make the DOSY spectra quantitative we identified time domains for each of the three molecules in which the spectra showed well resolved peaks, and those in which only a single peak was evident for two of the species. The apparent mean resident times for water and t-butanol in the RBCs estimated by the methodology were ~17 ms, while the DMSO exchange was too slow, on the NMR timescale, to be quantified by this method. However, it is very clear that other methods that are based on regression analysis with a prescribed fitting function provide more reliable estimates of exchange rate constants. Also, to make the DOSY analysis more generally accessible we implemented a Laplace transform inversion method (the Post-Widder algorithm), and a procedure for enhancing the resolution of the resulting diffusion spectra by using standard functions in Mathematica.
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Fadaei, Ehsan, and Mohsen Tafazzoli. "Study of the self-diffusion coefficient in the water-methanol binary mixture from the hydrogen bonding viewpoint using DOSY NMR." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-198103.
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Assemat, Gaëtan. "RMN haut champ et bas champ pour l'analyse de produits de santé." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30268/document.
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L'objectif de ces travaux a été de démontrer l'intérêt d'appliquer la Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire (RMN) à des problématiques analytiques dans le domaine des produits de santé. Deux axes principaux ont été abordés. Le premier cible principalement les compléments alimentaires adultérés. Les études ont été menées par RMN à haut champ. Diverses expériences de RMN mono et bidimensionnelles ont permis de mettre en évidence la présence illicite, dans des compléments alimentaires déclarés comme naturels, de médicaments à visée érectile et/ou de leurs analogues structuraux. Ces substances actives peuvent induire, à l'insu du consommateur, des risques importants pour sa santé. De plus, des analyses menées par RMN 1H et 13C ont permis de révéler des cas d'adultération de compléments alimentaires pour sportifs par des substances considérées comme dopantes par la règlementation en vigueur. Le second axe a été mené en explorant les potentialités de la RMN à bas champ pour l'analyse de médicaments. Cette technique, moins onéreuse et plus adaptée à des analyses de routine que la RMN à haut champ, s'est avérée très efficace pour mettre en évidence des cas de médicaments falsifiés par de simples expériences RMN 1H monodimensionnelles. Des expériences bidimensionnelles de diffusion (DOSY : Diffusion Ordered SpectroscopY), qui permettent d'obtenir la séparation virtuelle des constituants d'un mélange complexe, ont été mises au point et appliquées, pour la première fois, à la dé-formulation d'un médicament<br>The purpose of this research was to demonstrate the interest of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to deal with analytical issues in the field of health products. The studies focused on two main axes. The first one targeted adulterated dietary supplements and the studies were conducted with high-field NMR. Various mono and bidimensional experiments revealed the illegal presence in dietary supplements claimed as natural, of erectile drugs and/or their structural analogues. These active substances can induce, without the consumer's knowledge, significant risks to his health. Moreover, analyses conducted with 1H and 13C NMR, highlighted cases of adulteration of dietary supplements for exercise and athletic performance with doping substances. The second axis explored the potential of low-field NMR for drug analysis. This technique, which is less expensive and more suitable for routine analyses than high-field NMR, has proved very effective in detecting cases of falsified medicines by simple one-dimensional 1H NMR experiments. Two-dimensional diffusion experiments (DOSY: Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy), which provide virtual separation of the constituents of a complex mixture, were developed and applied for the first time to the de-formulation of a drug
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Asencio, Hernandez Julia. "Novel approaches in NMR and biophysics for the study of complex systems : application to the N-terminal domain of the androgen receptor." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ013/document.
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Cette thèse vise à réaliser une étude approfondie sur le développement de méthodologies pour l’analyse de systèmes complexes. Cela comprend l’étude des systèmes hors d’équilibre, des systèmes d’auto-assemblage, et les systèmes biologiques désordonnés. Les méthodes développées recouvrent principalement la RMN, tel que la mesure de diffusion (DOSY) mais également d’autres techniques telles que la spectrométrie de masse, le dichroïsme circulaire (CD), la microscopie électronique (EM) et diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles (SAXS). La partie N-terminale du récepteur des androgènes (AR) est utilisée comme un système complexe. D’après la littérature, il est connu que cette région joue un rôle important pour l’activité du récepteur, et elle est également décrite comme étant intrinsèquement désordonnée. Les résultats que j’ai acquis durant la thèse m’ont permis d’identifier une courte région de ce domaine, impliquée dans la formation réversible de fibres amyloïdes, par modulation des conditions d’oxydo-réduction du milieu. Les résultats révèlent un aspect inconnu du mécanisme de AR<br>My PhD project was focused on the development of methods for the analysis of complex systems and their biophysical characterization. This includes the study of large chemical libraries, self assembly systems, protein-ligand interaction studies and disordered biological systems. A wide range of biophysical methods were used for this purpose. Specially, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR) but also other techniques such as mass spectrometry, circular dichroism (CD), electron microscopy (EM) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The N-terminal Domain of the Androgen Receptor is studied as an example of a complex system. This region plays an important role in receptor activity, and is also described as being intrinsically disordered. The results obtained during my thesis shown a short conserved region involved in the amyloid fibers formation under oxidative conditions. These results open new possibilities to understand the mechanism of the AR activity
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Nunes, Patrique Nelson Ramos. "Dynamic and interaction of cytochrome c with Pf1 virus." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/5662.
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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em BioOrgânica<br>Cytochrome c is a positive protein and the Pf1 virus surface is negative forging strong electrostatic complex. When a critical ratio concentration of Cytochrome c and Pf1 virus is achieved a spontaneous complex is formed. The maximum association upon addition of cytochrome c to Pf1 solutions is about
1700 cytochrome c molecules to one Pf1 virion particle. The effect of univalent salt concentration on protein polyelectrolyte complex formation was measured by Dynamic Light Scattering. Complex
disaggregation occurred when monovalent salt concentration increased.
The assembly process was also observed by NMR at low salt concentration in the system. The aggregate can be gradually dissociated in order to enable NMR spectra acquisition. Depending on virus/cytochorme c ratio or ionic strength concentration we could shift from free protein and virus in solution to transient binding or fully immobilized complex. It was possible to map the most affected regions of the oxidized heme cytochrome c, with chemical shift variation due to the binding to Pf1 virus, during salt titration.
Dry and liquid samples of Cytochrome c and Pf1 at different ratios and pH were studied and evaluated by Atomic Force Microscopy.
The system was also studied above the critical salt concentration of complex dissociation by PGSEDOSY NMR. A gradual decrease in the translational diffusion coefficient of cytochrome was caused by higher content of Pf1 virus in solution. We conclude that a strong electrostatic correlation between pf1 virus and cytochrome c occurs even after complex dissociation.
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Nambiath, chandran Jima. "Development of NMR methodology for the analysis and simplification of complex mixtures." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4306.
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Ces travaux de thèse portent sur l'analyse des mélanges réels et synthétiques complexes composés de petites molécules à l'aide de la RMN HRMAS. Dans une première partie, une approche RMN HRMAS basée sur l'analyse métabolomique en combinaison avec des techniques de reconnaissance des formes (PCA et O-PLS-DA) a été appliquée pour le diagnostic des lésions thyroïdiennes indéterminées et étudier également les effets biologiques négatifs des nanoparticules d'aluminium sur pseudomonas brassicacearum. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons étudié la RMN chromatographique en utilisant la silice comme matrice de support qui pourrait fournir une alternative rapide et complète de la LC pour la caractérisation de mélanges complexes. En outre, l'exigence de la suppression du signal dans l'extrait de plantes naturelles et d'hydrocarbures aromatiques conduit à l'élaboration d'une méthode rapide et précise en utilisant des polymères à empreintes moléculaires avec une excellente sélectivité. La sélectivité des polymères à empreintes moléculaires à travers la capture d'une cible moléculaire spécifique est exploitée ici pour éliminer efficacement les signaux RMN<br>This thesis work deals with the analysis of natural and synthetic complex mixtures composed of small molecules using HRMAS NMR. In a first part, an integrated HRMAS-NMR based metabolomic analysis in combination with pattern recognition techniques (PCA and O-PLS-DA) has been applied for the diagnosis of indeterminate thyroid lesions and also studied the potential adverse biological effects of aluminium nanoparticles on pseudomonas brassicacearum. In a second part we investigated that chromatographic NMR using silica as the matrix support could provide a quick alternative and complement to LC for the characterization of complex mixtures. In addition, requirement for signal suppression in natural plant extract and aromatic hydrocarbons led to the development of a rapid and accurate method using molecularly imprinted polymers with excellent selectivity. The selectivity of Molecularly Imprinted polymers towards capturing a specific molecular target is exploited here to efficiently remove NMR signals
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Toumi, Ichrak. "Decomposition methods of NMR signal of complex mixtures : models ans applications." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4351/document.
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L'objectif de ce travail était de tester des méthodes de SAS pour la séparation des spectres complexes RMN de mélanges dans les plus simples des composés purs. Dans une première partie, les méthodes à savoir JADE et NNSC ont été appliqué es dans le cadre de la DOSY , une application aux données CPMG était démontrée. Dans une deuxième partie, on s'est concentré sur le développement d'un algorithme efficace "beta-SNMF" . Ceci s'est montré plus performant que NNSC pour beta inférieure ou égale à 2. Etant donné que dans la littérature, le choix de beta a été adapté aux hypothèses statistiques sur le bruit additif, une étude statistique du bruit RMN de la DOSY a été faite pour obtenir une image plus complète de nos données RMN étudiées<br>The objective of the work was to test BSS methods for the separation of the complex NMR spectra of mixtures into the simpler ones of the pure compounds. In a first part, known methods namely JADE and NNSC were applied in conjunction for DOSY , performing applications for CPMG were demonstrated. In a second part, we focused on developing an effective algorithm "beta- SNMF ". This was demonstrated to outperform NNSC for beta less or equal to 2. Since in the literature, the choice of beta has been adapted to the statistical assumptions on the additive noise, a statistical study of NMR DOSY noise was done to get a more complete picture about our studied NMR data
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Viéville, Justine. "Etudes d'interactions moléculaires par RMN dans les systèmes complexes : utilisation de la technologie HR-MAS pour l'étude de l'interaction protéine ligand." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ015/document.
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La RMN est un outil analytique extrêmement puissant pour l’analyse quantitative et structurale, et est très utilisée en biologie structurale. C’est dans ce contexte que nous avons choisi d’étudier les interactions par RMN. Le premier système choisi est un système de polymères, les PEO. Ils sont caractérisés par plusieurs grandeurs physiques dont l’indice de polydispersité. Cet indice représente la distribution de taille d’une population de polymères. Nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode de diffusion par RMN, la DOSY afin d’accéder à cet indice : J. Viéville et al. / Journal of Magnetic Resonance 212 (2011)169–173 Le deuxième système complexe étudié est un type de molécules chimiques mimétiques de l’ADN, les PNA, acides nucléiques peptidiques. Les PNA possèdent des bases nucléiques leur permettant de former des liaisons avec l’ADN ou l’ARN. Nous avons montré par des analyses de RMN que les PNA en solution peuvent former des complexes très stables avec des températures de fusion élevées. Ces analyses RMN sont complétées par des analyses de dichroïsme circulaire.Afin de compléter notre panel d’études sur les interactions moléculaires par RMN, nous avons étudié les interactions protéine-ligand avec greffage de la protéine sur phase solide : J.M.P. Viéville et al. / Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 89 (2014) 18–23<br>NMR is a powerfull technique we decided to extend to follow interactions in complex mixtures. First part is about polydispersity index of polymer which is an important physical parameter when working with polymers. We developed here a new method, based on PEO analysis, using diffusion experiments (DOSY) by NMR to assess the polydispersity index: J. Viéville et al. / Journal of Magnetic Resonance 212 (2011) 169–173. In a second time, we worked on peptidic nucleic acids, PNA. These chemicals molecules are designed to bind DNA or RNA for clinical studies. We studied PNA in solution, by NMR to showwhich kind of interactions they form on themselves. We found very stable complexes with high fusion temperatures. Circular dichroism measurements were helpful for fusion temperature determination and structural studies. To complete this panel, we were interested in the study of protein-ligand interaction. We developed a new way to follow them, using a grafted protein on a solid phase based on HR-MAS NMR technology: J.M.P. Viéville et al. / Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 89 (2014) 18–23
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Rodrigues, Edilene Delphino. "Estratégias de aumento de eficiência da análise de produtos naturais por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59138/tde-17052010-121733/.
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Dois dos principais aspectos da Química de Produtos Naturais são a identificação e a determinação estrutural dos compostos orgânicos presentes em materiais de origem vegetal ou animal. Para realizar esta tarefa são empregados diversos métodos de separação e espectroscópicos. Dentre os métodos espectroscópicos, destaca-se a espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear pela riqueza dos dados fornecidos. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento da área exige métodos cada vez mais eficientes e sensíveis, para permitir o estudo de amostras em quantidades cada vez menores. Neste trabalho, empregamos três estratégias distintas para aumentar a eficiência da análise de amostras de produtos naturais por RMN. A primeira estratégia busca acelerar o processo de identificação dos componentes de frações de extratos vegetais através da separação virtual dos componentes da mistura, baseada nas diferenças de seus coeficientes de difusão. Esta estratégia permitiu identificar os quatro componentes majoritários da fração em acetato de etila do extrato etanólico das partes aéreas de Bidens sulphurea (Asteraceae) através de um estudo de RMN DOSY-2D. A segunda estratégia é dedicada ao problema da baixa sensibilidade da RMN 13C, o que torna difícil, e em alguns casos, proibitiva em termos do tempo necessário, a análise de amostras muito pequenas. Dada a dificuldade de se obter diretamente um espectro com uma relação sinal/ruído adequada, uma abordagem possível se baseia em estratégias de pós-processamento de um espectro de RMN em que predomina o ruído. A estratégia utilizada neste trabalho fornece um espectro reconstruído de secções que foram previamente processadas para a eliminação do ruído pela decomposição do valor singular (SVD). Os espectros assim processados nos auxiliaram na identificação e/ou elucidação estrutural de dois alcalóides obtidos de Duguetia furfuraceae (Annonaceae) e um poliacetileno e dois flavonóides de B. sulphurea (Asteraceae). A terceira estratégia utilizada neste trabalho se baseia na ampliação dos parâmetros rotineiramente obtidos numa análise por RMN, com a finalidade de fornecer novos subsídios para a determinação da estrutura de produtos naturais. Neste sentido, a determinação das constantes de acoplamento heteronuclear forneceu dados valiosos para a identificação de dois poliacetilenos obtidos de B. gardneri.<br>Two major aspects of Natural Products Chemistry are the identification and structure determination of organic compounds in materials of vegetable or animal. To accomplish this task are used various methods of separation and spectroscopic. Among spectroscopic methods, we highlight the spectroscopy of nuclear magnetic resonance by the wealth of data provided. However, the development of the area requires methods increasingly efficient and sensitive to allow the study of small or diluted samples. In this work, we employ three different strategies to increase the efficiency of analysis of samples of natural products by NMR. The first strategy seeks to accelerate the process of identifying the components of fractions of plant extracts through the virtual separation of the components of the mixture based on differences in their diffusion coefficients. With this strategy we have identified four major components of the in ethyl acetate fraction of ethanol extract of aerial parts of Bidens sulphurea (Asteraceae) by 2D DOSY NMR. The second strategy is devoted to the problem of low sensitivity of 13C NMR, which makes it difficult, and in some cases prohibitive in terms of time, the analysis of very small samples. Due to the difficulty of obtaining directly a spectrum with a signal-to-noise ratio adequate, a possible approach is based on strategies for post-processing of an NMR spectrum in which noise predominates. This strategy used here provides a spectrum of reconstructed sections were first processed to remove noise by singular value decomposition (SVD). Spectra processed of this way helped us in identifying and / or structural elucidation of two alkaloids derived from Duguetia furfuraceae (Annonaceae) and a polyacetylene and two flavonoids from Bidens gardneri (Asteraceae). The third strategy used in this work is based on expansion of the parameters routinely obtained in an analysis by NMR in order to provide new subsidies for the structure determination of natural products. In this sense, the determination of heteronuclear coupling constants provided valuable data for the identification of two polyacetylenes obtained from B. gardneri.
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Botana, Alcalde Adolfo. "New methods in mixture analysis." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/new-methods-in-mixture-analysis(3e15a837-6576-4252-b060-587eb10cc25a).html.
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The quest for a complete understanding of mixtures is a challenge which has stimulated the development of several techniques. One of the most powerful NMR-based techniques is known as Diffusion-Ordered SpectroscopY (DOSY), in which it is possible to distinguish the NMR spectra of chemical species with different hydrodynamic radii, i.e. with different self-diffusion coefficients. It allows the study of intact mixtures, providing information on the interactions within the mixture and saving time and money compared to other techniques. Unfortunately, DOSY is not very effective when signals overlap and/or the diffusion coefficients are very similar. This drawback has led to the development of new methods to overcome this problem. The present investigation is focused on developing some of these. Most DOSY datasets show multiplet phase distortions caused by J-modulation. These distortions not only hinder the interpretation of spectra, but also increase the overlap between signals. The addition of a 45º purging pulse immediately before the onset of acquisition is proposed as a way to remove the unwanted distortions. Most DOSY experiments use 1H detection, because of the higher sensitivity which is generally achieved. However, acquiring spectra with other nuclei such as 13C can reduce overlap problems. Two new sequences have been developed to maximize the sensitivity of heteronuclear DOSY experiments. In order to increase resolving power, it is also possible to incorporate another variable into diffusion experiments as a further dimension. If this results in an approximately trilinear dataset (each dimension varying independently), it is possible to extract physically meaningful information for each component using multivariate statistical methods. This is explored for the cases where the new variable is either the relaxation behaviour or the concentration variation (which can be measured during a reaction or in a set of samples with different concentrations for each component). PARAllel FACtor (PARAFAC) analysis can obtain the spectra, diffusional decay and relaxation evolution or kinetics for each of the components. In a completely different approach, the separation power of liquid chromatography has been combined in a novel way with the NMR potential for elucidating structures. NMR has been used previously as a precise way to measure average flow velocities, even in porous media. Using this capability to detect the different average velocities of solutes that occur in chromatographic columns ought to provide a new way of analysing mixtures with the same potential as LC-NMR, but faster and more simple. In such a flow system, a chromatographic column is introduced into the NMR probe and a 2D dataset is acquired and Fourier transformed to obtain the velocity distribution for each of the detected NMR signals.
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Zayed, Jameel Majed. "Self-assembly of synthetic and biological components in water using cucurbit[8]uril." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/242016.
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This thesis discusses progress made towards assembling molecular building blocks in the presence of our molecular host of choice, cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). Our studies on the self-assembly of synthetic and biological components in water bridge overlapping conceptsand techniques drawn from the fields of synthetic organic chemistry, supramolecular self-assembly, and applied NMR techniques. Chapter 1 introduces the reader to chemical complexity, and how supramolecular chemistshave advanced in their capability of assembling more complex molecular architectures. The discussion focusses particularly on self-assembly carried out in the aqueousphase, and how, like in biology, molecular design of the building blocks become criticalin enabling non-covalent assembly to occur in this dynamic, and relatively competitiveenvironment. The cucurbit[n]uril family of molecular hosts are then introduced with anoverview of their modes of binding, and affinities towards typical guests. Finally, a practicalintroduction to NMR methods gaining prominence in supramolecular chemistry ispresented. In particular, the use of diffusion NMR, a key tool for probing the solutiondynamics of molecular assemblies, is highlighted. Chapter 2 details work carried out on the CB[8]-mediated self-assembly of supramolecularblock copolymers from polymeric, and small molecule building blocks. Here, endgroup-functionalised polymer guests were shown to assemble with small molecule ditopicguests in the presence of CB[8] to form block copolymers. Copolymers of various molecularweights were assembled, and the supramolecular complexes were studied usingsolution viscometry and diffusion NMR. This study represented the first use of diffusionNMR for probing the assembly of polymeric guests with CB[8].Chapter 3 describes the self-assembly of CB[8] with complementary ditopic guests. Highmolecular weight supramolecular polymers are known to form through the step-growthassembly of complementary ditopic building blocks. Here we sought to probe CB[8]?sability to drive supramolecular polymerisation. Solution viscometry, ESI-MS, and diffusionNMR were used to investigate the self-assembly process, which indicated that cyclicoligomers had formed. The relatively low solubility of CB[8] in water was thought to bea major limitation to polymer formation in this instance. Important observations relating to the effect of salts on the solution viscosities and stabilitiesof the complexes, are also discussed. Chapter 4 places emphasis on the synthetic methods employed towards preparing multivalentguests for CB[8] binding studies. Our synthetic guests were based on watersolubleoligomers of ethylene glycol. A bidirectional elongation route is presented foraccessing higher molecular weight, and monodisperse ethylene glycol oligomers (n = 12)in suitable purity. Chapter 5 describes the assembly of protein-polymer conjugates, and the versatility ofdiffusion NMR as a means to probe the assembly process. Here, end group-functionalisedpoly(ethylene glycol) guests were appended to bovine serum albumin (BSA) through amixed chemical ligation-self assembly protocol. The NMR studies conducted are emphasisedhere, which served to complement other characterisation methods used thatare reported elsewhere. Chapter 6 discusses ongoing work on lipid-based guests, and the resulting liposome assembliesformed. Head group-functionalised phospholipid guests, and cholesterol-basedguests were synthesised. Phospholipid guests were obtained through an enzymatic route,a novelty in our group. Dye-encapsulated liposomes were then assembled, purified, andcharacterised by fluorescence microscopy. Finally, we sought to optimise lipid formulationsto enhance liposome stability, towards conducting molecular recognition studies inthe presence of CB[8].Chapter 7 then closes the thesis with concluding remarks that summarise the describedresearch, while highlighting points of note.
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Almeida, Vitor dos Santos. "An?lise de mistura de componentes de ?leo decantado por meio de DOSY/RMN auxiliada por matrizes." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2016. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1437.
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Previous issue date: 2016-04-15<br>The analysis of mixtures is a common place challenge in the laboratory. Conventional methods demand a previous treatment which may be time consuming. At present, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance may be employed for the analysis of mixtures by using the DOSY (diffusion ordered spectroscopy) technique, whereby the different components of a mixture are separated by their diffusion coefficients. Pitches, in general, are products which are employed as starting material for the production of a variety of carbon materials, such as anodes for the production of aluminum, graphite electrodes for the steel industry, and carbon fibers. Pitches obtained from coal tar, itself a residue in the production of coke, are the most traditionally used. However, it is a carcinogen and therefore has had its use greatly diminished. Petroleum pitches, which are produced from decanted oil, may be a safer and less expensive alternative. The decanted oil is a heavy fraction obtained from catalytic cracking of petroleum. The difficulties in controlling its processing are derived from its complex composition, which includes paraffins, aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds. The present work investigates the analysis by NMR-DOSY of a mixture of model compounds present in decanted oil. Thus, a mixture of Tetracosane, Phenanthrene, 9-Mehylanthracene, Pyrene, Carbazole, 9-metil Carbazol, Dibenzothiophene, Dibenzofuran, Hexadecane, 1-Methylnaphthalene, Thiophene, Tetrahydrofuran was analyzed by NMR with an Avance III 500 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a BBO probe with a gradient on z-axis, at 20?C. To help in the separation by diffusion, the following polymers were used: poly-(ethyleneglycol), poly-(vinylpyrrolidone), poly-(dimethylsiloxan), poly-(butylmethacrylate) e poly-(vinylacetate).The shift reagent Eu(fod)3 was also employed. The results from DOSY-INEPT experiments show that poly-(butylmethacrylate) is the matrix which afforded the best separation of the different components of the mixture, followed by poly-(vinylacetate), poly-(ethyleneglycol) and finally, poly-(vinylpyrrolidone), which showed satisfactory results<br>Um grande desafio, muitas das vezes at? comum nos laborat?rios, ? a an?lise de misturas. Os m?todos convencionais em sua maioria exigem um tratamento pr?vio das misturas, o que demanda tempo, al?m de interferir diretamente no equil?brio do sistema. Hoje em dia, a t?cnica de Resson?ncia Magn?tica Nuclear pode ser usada na an?lise de misturas medindo-se o coeficiente de difus?o dos componentes da mistura, permitindo a obten??o dos espectros de cada componente individualmente por meio de um experimento r?pido que n?o interfere na mistura em si. O experimento mais comum ? o DOSY, do ingl?s Espectroscopia de Difus?o Ordenada. Piches, em geral, s?o produtos que s?o empregados como mat?rias-primas na produ??o de uma variedade de materiais de carbono, tais como: anodos de carbono para produ??o de alum?nio, eletrodos de grafite para a ind?stria sider?rgia e fibras de carbono. Piches obtidos a partir do alcatr?o da hulha, res?duo da produ??o de coque metal?rgico, s?o os tradicionalmente mais usados, mas apresentam alto potencial carcinog?nico e tem demanda decrescente em fun??o de novas tecnologias empregadas nas coquerias. Piches de petr?leo, produzidos a partir de ?leos decantados, podem potencialmente constituir uma alternativa mais segura e com maior disponibilidade. O ?leo decantado ? uma fra??o pesada obtida nas unidades de craqueamento catal?tico fluido no refino de petr?leo, e o controle de seu processamento ? dificultado pela complexidade de sua composi??o, que inclui compostos paraf?nicos, homoarom?ticos e heteroarom?ticos. O presente trabalho se prop?em a investigar a an?lise por RMN de uma mistura de padr?es de subst?ncias representativas dos tipos de compostos presentes no ?leo decantado. Assim, foram escolhidos padr?es de Tetracosano, Fenantreno, 9-metil Antraceno, Pireno, Carbazol, 9-metil Carbazol, Dibenzotiofeno, Dibenzofurano, Hexadecano, 1-metil Naftaleno, Tiofeno, Tetrahidrofurano. Todos os experimentos foram realizados no laborat?rio de RMN do PPGQ-UFRRJ a 20?C com o espectr?metro de RMN de 500 MHz Bruker Avance III, equipado com sonda BBO, gradiente no eixo z. Para auxiliar na separa??o dos componentes da mistura foram usados o pol?mero poli-(etilenoglicol), poli-(vinilpirrolidona), poli-(dimetilsiloxano), poli-(metacrilato de butila) e poli-(acetato de vinila), al?m do reagente de deslocamento Eu(fod)3. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos experimentos de DOSY-INEPT mostraram que o pol?mero PMAB foi a matriz que mais auxiliou na separa??o dos componentes da mistura em quest?o no presente trabalho, sendo seguido pelas matrizes PAV, PEG e PVP, que tamb?m apresentaram resultados satisfat?rios
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Olsson, Helena. "Making wood durable. A sustainable approachwith linseed oil." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259682.
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Linseed oil has been and is used for vast number of applications, such as in food and paint industry, and wood preservation. It is a good environmental choice, as it originates from renewable sources. Linseed oil is mainly a mixture of triglyceride of fatty acids, both saturated and mono- or polyunsaturated, which allows the oil to oxidize. The oxidation occurs via an auto-oxidation mechanism with the carbon-carbon double bonds and oxygen from the air, reacts to form a polymer. Herein, four different linseed oils (three commercial ones and one industrially available) were analyzed to obtain a better understanding of why different oils provide different protection of wooden materials. This was done by a study of the unoxidized oil, followed by an oxidation time-resolved study of oxidized oil films. The analysis was done by nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography - mass spectrometry and/or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. This study provided the fatty acid profile of the oils, which were similar for all oils. The unoxidized oils contained some metals ions which probably originate from additives. Aluminum, cobalt, iron, manganese, and zinc was detected in some of the oils at concentrations up to 135 mg/L, but only manganese was detected in all oils and its concentration was much higher than all other metals together. The time-resolved oxidation study had some problems with the solubility of the formed polymers. Several solvents were examined, such as dimethylsulfoxide, alkaline alcohol solutions and toluene, before chloroform-d was chosen as solvent. Though, chloroform-d was not a perfect solvent; it was capable to solve a fraction of the sample, but the fraction decreased with oxidation time. After fifteen days of oxidation, only a few percent of the sample could be dissolved, but for short oxidation times (<48 h) the majority of the samples were dissolved. The oils were analyzed after thirteen different oxidation times. Some structural changes appeared, for example loss of unsaturated protons and some oxidation products arose, such as peroxides and aldyhydes. The diffusion coefficient decreased over the first 3-4 days of oxidation, as expected when the polymerization progressed. After a week of oxidation, the diffusion coefficient increased again, this could possibly be explained by the solubility problem for the large polymer formed. Contrary, at shorter oxidation times this method probably could still be used, as the majority of the sample was dissolved. However, the solubility problem made it impossible to conclude anything about the oxidation rate at longer oxidation times and thus prevented any ranking of the oils.<br>Linolja har använts och används för många olika tillämpningar, till exempel i mat- och färgindustrin, samt för att bevara trä. Det är klimatmässigt ett bra val, då det kommer från en förnyelsebar källa. Linolja innehåller huvudsakligen en blandning av triglycerider av fettsyror, som både kan vara mättade, enkelomättade eller fleromättade, detta gör att linolja kan oxidera och torka. Oxidationen sker via en auto-oxidation mekanism, med kol-kol dubbelbindningarna och syre från luften som producerar till en polymer. I detta projekt undersöktes fyra olika linoljor (tre kommersiella och en industriell), för att ge en bättre förståelse till varför olika oljor ger olika bra skydd för trämaterial. Detta gjordes genom att undersöka de icke-oxiderade oljorna och sedan göra en tidsstudie på oxiderade oljefilmer. Alla dessa prover analyserades med nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography - mass spectrometry and/or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Studien gav resultat på sammansättningen av fettsyror i oljorna, vilken var liknande för alla oljorna. De icke-oxiderade oljorna innehöll ett par metaller, som förmodligen kommer från additiv. Aluminium, kobolt, järn, mangan och zink hittades i några av oljorna i koncentrationer upp till 135 mg/L, men bara mangan var detekterad i alla oljorna och dess koncentration var högre än alla andra metaller tillsammans. Tidsstudien hade problem med lösligheten av proverna. Flertalet lösningsmedel undersöktes, exempelvis dimetylsulfoxid, alkaliska alkohollösningar och toluen, innan kloroform-d valdes som lösningsmedel. Däremot var kloroform-d inte ett perfekt lösningsmedel, den hade förmågan att lösa en del av proverna, men den delen minskade med oxidationstid. Efter femton dagar kunde den bara lösa ett par procent, men efter kortare oxideringstider (<48 h) gick majoriteten av proven att lösa. Oljorna analyserades vid tretton olika oxideringstider. Några strukturella förändringar uppmättes, till exempel minskade mängden dubbelbindningar, och ett par biprodukter från oxideringen detekterades, så som peroxider och aldehyder. Diffusionskonstanterna för oljorna minskade under de första 3-4 dagarna av oxidering, precis som förväntat under polymeriseringen. Efter en vecka av oxidering ökade diffusionskonstanterna igen, det kan förmodligen förklaras av löslighetsproblemen, då diffusionskonstanten är beroende av koncentrationen. Å andra sidan, vid kortare oxideringstider kan denna metod fortfarande användas, eftersom vid denna tidpunkt löste sig fortfarande majoriteten av provet. Dock, löslighetsproblemet gjorde det omöjligt att dra slutsatser kring längre oxideringstider och därmed förhindrades rangordning av oljorna.
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Bachmann, Sebastian. "Estimating Molecular Weights of Organometallics in Solution with Diffusion NMR Techniques." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3DF9-7.
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Gaulier, Florine. "Étude de la diffusion des charges lourdes en conditions réelles dans les catalyseurs d'hydrotraitement." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1088.
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Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de la diffusion des asphaltènes dans les catalyseurs d'hydrotraitement. La revue bibliographique met en évidence d'importantes lacunes dans les connaissances, d'une part sur l'impact sur les processus de diffusion des fortes températures rencontrées dans les procédés de raffinage et d'autre part, sur la dynamique des asphaltènes dans les réseaux poreux des catalyseurs. Ainsi, une double approche expérimentale a été développée, s'articulant dans un premier temps autour d'une étude de diffusion et d'adsorption dans des conditions proches de celles des procédés, puis dans un second temps une étude de la diffusion en milieu confiné par Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire (RMN) à travers des techniques de mesure de temps de relaxation ainsi que la RMN à gradient de champ pulsé (DOSY). Les résultats obtenus montrent que même à haute température, la diffusion des asphaltènes dans les catalyseurs est un processus très lent, plusieurs jours étant nécessaires pour que le coeur soit atteint. Les techniques de RMN utilisées montrent le caractère fortement confiné des asphaltènes dans le milieu poreux ainsi que de fortes interactions entre les asphaltènes et la surface alumine des catalyseurs, à l'origine d'une très faible dynamique bien que le processus d'adsorption soit dans une certaine mesure quand même réversible<br>This PhD thesis deals with the diffusion of asphaltenes in hydrotreatment catalysts. The literature review shows weaknesses in knowledge about both, how does the high temperature impact the diffusion phenomena and, what is the dynamic of asphaltenes in the porous media. Therefore, a double experimental approach has been developed, first the diffusion and the adsorption of asphaltenes near process conditions have been studied, and then the dynamic in porous media has been studied by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technics which involves relaxation times measurements and Diffusion Ordered SpectroscopY (DOSY). Results show that even at high temperature, the diffusion of asphaltenes in catalysts is relatively slow; several days are needed to reach the center. The NMR results highlight a slow dynamic of asphaltenes in the porous media, since they are in confined environment and they are in strong interactions with alumina, even if the adsorption is to a certain extent reversible
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Ahmad, Sheraz. "Applications of NMR techniques: Hyphenations (LC-SPENMR), affinity (DOSY) and NOE based (STD and Tr-OESY) to probe the binding interactions of ligands (synthetic and natural) towards protein." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/6289.
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Previous issue date: 2014-01-17<br>Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos<br>O foco principal desse trabalho foi a implementação, otimização e aplicações práticas de métodos de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) com o propósito de avaliar as interações entre moléculas de diferentes massas molares, sendo que essas técnicas foram implementadas pela primeira vez no laboratório de RMN do DQ-UFSCar. Existem várias abordagens que podem ser utilizadas com esse propósito, e dentre elas, destacamos: STD NMR, Tr-NOESY, WaterLOGSY, SALMON, INPHARMA, DOSY, SAR. Esses métodos são muito úteis para detectar mudanças de comportamento, a nível molecular, quando adicionamos macromoléculas em um meio contendo somente micromoléculas. O entendimento desse comportamento molecular ajuda a desvendar sistemas complexos de interações moleculares existentes no corpo humano, e que, são muito importantes para o descobrimento de novos medicamentos. O primeiro passo para a implementação das técnicas foi a utilização da proteína de soro bovino (do inglês BSA) e proteína de soro humano (do inglês HSA) como fonte de macromoléculas e micromoléculas orgânicas isoladas da fração etanólica do extrato bruto (1 mg) de Rauia resinous e da fração acetato de etila de Strypnodendron polyphyllum, utilizando cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, extração por fase sólida e a ressonância magnética nuclear (CLAE-EFS/RMN) para a completa elucidação estrutural quando necessário. As técnicas utilizadas foram: saturation transfer difference (STD), transfer nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy (Tr-NOESY) e STD-TOCSY (total correlation spectroscopy). Essa mesma metodologia além de representar um importante mecanismo para avaliar as interações entre moléculas, também pode ser utilizada para outras matrizes variando tanto as macro quanto as micromoléculas.<br>The main focus of this work was the implementation, optimization and practical applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods for the purpose of evaluating the interactions between molecules of different masses, and these techniques were implemented for the first time in the laboratory NMR DQ - UFSCAR. There are a number of ligand-based screening approaches available, such that, STD NMR, Tr-NOESY, WaterLOGSY, SALMON, INPHARMA, DOSY, SAR by NMR etc. These methods are sensitive towards the perturbations as results of the macromolecular addition in a medium containing the small molecules. The molecular understanding of this behavior helps to uncover the complex systems of molecular interactions existing in the human body, which are very important for the discovery of new medicines. In the first step while implementing these techniques, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and Human Serum Albumin (HSA) as a source of organic macromolecules were used. While, for the small organic molecules, a 1 mg crude extract from the hydroethanolic fraction of the Rauia resinous and ethyl acetate fraction of Strypnodendron polyphyllum was utilized, however, for the complete structural characterization, solid phase extraction following high-pressure liquid chromatography in an integrated fashion and then nuclear magnetic resonance (LC-SPE/NMR) was employed when necessary. On the other hand, the ligand screening techniques used were the saturation transfer difference (STD), Nuclear Overhauser Transfer Effect SpectroscopY (Tr- NOESY), Diffusion-Order Spectroscopy (DOSY) and STD- TOCSY (TOtal Correlation SpectroscopY). More importantly, this methodology also represents an important mechanism to evaluate the interactions between molecules or the first hand detection of the active constituents/inhibitors, which can also be used for other matrices varying both the macro and the small molecules.
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Durand, Emmanuelle. "Extrapolation des bio-techniques RMN à la caractérisation des produits lourds du pétrole." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10204.
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Dans un contexte où la demande énergétique ne cesse de croître et où les réserves pétrolières sont limitées, il est nécessaire de développer des sources énergétiques alternatives ainsi que de ransformer celles existantes afin de satisfaire les besoins croissants notamment dans les secteurs du transport et de la pétrochimie. Un des objectifs de l’IFP est de concevoir et d’améliorer des procédés de raffinages existants afin d’optimiser l’utilisation des ressources conventionnelles tout en les diversifiant afin de produire notamment du carburant à partir des produits lourds du pétrole. L'enjeu des prochaines décennies est de convertir efficacement des bruts lourds en produits légers valorisables tels que l'essence, le kérosène et le gazole. Pour cela, il est indispensable de disposer d'une connaissance précise des produits présents dans la charge, principalement des asphaltènes, afin d'adapter le catalyseur utilisé et obtenir les meilleurs résultats de conversion possibles. L’objectif de la thèse visait à obtenir une meilleure caractérisation physico-chimique des asphaltènes en solution. Le manuscrit décrit une nouvelle application de la technique RMN DOSY (Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy) à la caractérisation des produits lourds du pétrole. Des asphaltenes de cinq origines différentes ont été analysées sur une large gamme de concentration afin d’étudier leur agrégation en solution. Les résultats révèlent l’existence de deux familles d’agrégats en régime semidilué : une famille diffusant rapidement appelée nanoagrégats et un type d’agrégats diffusant plus lentement nommée macroagrégats dans ce manuscrit. L’influence du solvant a été étudiée sur une charge analysée dans le toluène, le tetra-hydrofurane et le chloroforme. Des informations physiques moyennes sur la taille et la masse moléculaire des nanoagrégats des asphaltènes ont été calculées à partir de leur diffusion en solution. Il a ainsi été possible de mettre en évidence des familles de produits caractérisées par une structure et une masse moléculaire en une seule expérience. Le manuscrit propose également une discussion sur le caractère continental ou/et archipel des asphaltènes. L’hypothèse de départ est basée sur la co-existence des deux types d’asphaltènes avec un caractère archipel (ou continental) plus ou moins marqué suivant l’origine des échantillons<br>New energy supplies need to be developed to face the growing worldwide energy demand. Heavy oils have attracted attention since their represent an important energy reserve. The problem to deal with during their upgrading is the presence of asphaltenes, representing the heaviest and the most resistant fraction of the crude oil. It is worth getting a better understanding into the physico-chemistry of asphaltenes to develop new catalysts and new conversion processes. The manuscript describes a new application of Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy (1H-DOSY) NMR experiment. It is evaluated as a potential tool to investigate the physico-chemistry of asphaltenes from five different origins in just one experiment. Asphaltenes were studied over a wide range of concentrations in different solvents to get a deeper insight into their aggregation behaviour. For the first time, two different aggregates were observed in the semi-dilute regime and reported in this manuscript. Average size and molecular weight are estimated from diffusion measurements at infinite dilution. Based on different results, a discussion about continental and archipelago type is also provided. Asphaltenes are expected to be a distribution of the two types of asphaltenes with a more pronounced archipelago (or continental) type depending on the origin of the sample
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Khoukh, Abdelouahed. "Apport de la RMN diffusionnelle à l’étude des systèmes polymères : extrémités de chaîne, contrôle des architectures et auto-assemblage." Thesis, Pau, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PAUU3055/document.
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La Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire RMN DOSY (Diffusion Ordered SpectroscopY) 1H est une technique permettant de mesurer les coefficients de diffusion des espèces en solution. Elle permet ainsi d’obtenir des informations structurales de par sa dimension RMN conventionnelle mais également des informations physico-chimiques telles que la taille de la (macro)molécule ou encore la formation d’agrégats. L’objectif de ces travaux a été d’examiner comment les méthodes de RMN (RMN 1D ,2D et DOSY), permettent de fournir des informations sur la caractérisation des matériaux polymères. La première partie de ce travail souligne l’intérêt de la RMN pour la caractérisation de la microstructure de quelques matériaux polymères en s’attardant plus particulièrement sur l’exploration de leurs extrémités de chaînes. La RMN s’est en effet révélée très performante pour établir le lien entre extrémité de chaîne et méthode de polymérisation appliquée. Le deuxième volet de ces travaux concerne l’étude de quelques architectures complexes (type dibloc et tribloc) et la mise en évidence du caractère contrôlé d’une copolymérisation radicalaire grâce à la RMN diffusionnelle. Nous avons également vu comment déterminer la masse moyenne en poids (Mw) par une simple mesure du coefficient d’autodiffusion. Finalement, l’ensemble des travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit a été valorisé grâce à l’étude des interactions par RMN diffusionnelle. Plus particulièrement la RMN DOSY 1H a permis d’observer des phénomènes de micellisation, d’agrégation, d’encapsulation et de relargage de molécules de principe actif<br>Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (DOSY NMR 1H) makes it possible to determine physicochemical data such diffusion coefficients. While typical NMR data on the structure of molecules can be obtained, this technique also permits determinations of the physicochemical characteristics, such as molecular sizes or aggregate formation. The objective of this work was to examine how various NMR methodologies, specifically, 1 and 2 dimensional DOSY NMR, can be applied to the characterization of polymers. The first part of the manuscript relates the NMR characterization of some polymeric materials with a special interest in chain-end groups. In particular, we demonstrate the relationships between chain-ends and the polymerization methods employed. In a second part, the potential of the DOSY technique is used to determine controlled features of a radical polymerization resulting in di- and triblock architectures. Molecular weights are also determined by self-diffusion coefficient measurements. The results presented herein demonstrate that diffusional NMR can be effectively employed to understand interactions in polymeric structures. Indeed, DOSY 1H-NMR provides new interesting results concerning micellization, aggregation, encapsulation phenomena and the release of active molecules
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Kotze, Izak Aldert. "Self-association of [PtII(1,10-Phenanthroline)(N-pyrrolidyl-N-(2,2-dimethyl-propanoyl)thiourea)]+ and non-covalent outer-sphere complex formation with fluoranthene through cation-π interactions : a high resolution 1H and DOSY NMR study". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1796.
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Cherni, Afef. "Méthodes modernes d'analyse de données en biophysique analytique : résolution des problèmes inverses en RMN DOSY et SM." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ055/document.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse à la création de nouvelles approches algorithmiques pour la résolution du problème inverse en biophysiques. Dans un premier temps, on vise l’application RMN de type DOSY: une nouvelle approche de régularisation hybride a été proposée avec un nouvel algorithme PALMA (http://palma.labo.igbmc.fr/). Cet algorithme permet d’analyser des données réelles DOSY avec une précision importante quelque soit leur type. Dans un deuxième temps, notre intérêt s’est tourné vers l’application de spectrométrie de masse. Nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche par dictionnaire dédiée à l’analyse protéomique en utilisant le modèle averagine et une stratégie de minimisation sous contraintes d'une pénalité de parcimonie. Afin d’améliorer la précision de l’information obtenue, nous avons proposé une nouvelle méthode SPOQ, basée sur une nouvelle fonction de pénalisation, résolue par un nouvel algorithme Forward-Backward à métrique variable localement ajustée. Tous nos algorithmes bénéficient de garanties théoriques de convergence, et ont été validés expérimentalement sur des spectres synthétisés et des données réelles<br>This thesis aims at proposing new approaches to solve the inverse problem in biophysics. Firstly, we study the DOSY NMR experiment: a new hybrid regularization approach has been proposed with a novel PALMA algorithm (http://palma.labo.igbmc.fr/). This algorithm ensures the efficient analysis of real DOSY data with a high precision for all different type. In a second time, we study the mass spectrometry application. We have proposed a new dictionary based approach dedicated to proteomic analysis using the averagine model and the constrained minimization approach associated with a sparsity inducing penalty. In order to improve the accuracy of the information, we proposed a new SPOQ method based on a new penalization, solved with a new Forward-Backward algorithm with a variable metric locally adjusted. All our algorithms benefit from sounded convergence guarantees, and have been validated experimentally on synthetics and real data
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Li, Xuesong. "Synthesis and physical properties of helical nanosized quinoline-based foldamers : structure, dynamics and photoinduced electron transport." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0013/document.
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Ce travail présente la synthèse, la caractérisation et l’utilisation (transfert électronique photo-induit) de foldamères de taille nanométriques constitués d’unité quinolines. Grâce a une stratégie de synthèse de doublement de segment une grande variété d’oligomères (jusqu’à 96 unités) ont pu être préparé à partir du synthon 8 aminoquinoline-2-carboxylate.Leurs propriétés dynamiques de ces objets ont été étudiées en solution et en phase gazeuse. La spectrométrie de masse de mobilité ionique a permis de déterminer leur conformation en phase gazeuse. Les expériences de RMN DOSY et d’anisotropie de Fluorescence ont permis de déterminer leurs propriétés de diffusion (transrationnelle et rotationnelle). Ces résultats ont révélés qui ces foldamères sont rigides et que leur architecture hélicoïdale est conservée.Le transport électronique photo-induit à travers ces foldamères de taille nanométrique ont été étudié et le mécanisme de transfert ainsi que son efficacité ont été déterminé pour une série de composés de tailles variables<br>Herein, synthesis, characterization and application (photoinduced electron transport) of nanosized quinoline-based foldamers have been explored. With double segment strategy, a variety of helical nanosized foldamers (up to 96 quinoline units) were successfully prepared based on 8-aminoquinoline-2-carboxylic acid monomer.The dynamic properties in gas phase and solution were investigated. Ion mobility mass spectrometry afforded access to the conformation state of foldamers ingas phase; DOSY and fluorescence anisotropy assessed the diffusion (translational and rotational, respectively) of foldamers in solution. All of these techniques revealed that quinoline-based foldamers are rigid and that helical conformation is conserved. Photoinduced electron transport through nanosized foldamer was also studied and the mechanism and the transport ratios were revealed
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Mallol, Parera Roger. "Development and evaluation of a novel advanced lipoprotein test based on 2d diffusion orderen 1h nmr spectroscopy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/296439.
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La determinació de la mida i el nombre de lipoproteïnes utilitzant tests avançats de lipoproteïnes és d'un gran interès clínic ja que el nombre de partícules LDL s'ha posicionat com a millor predictor de risc cardiovascular que el colesterol LDL. Tanmateix, els tests avançats de lipoproteïnes actuals encara no s'han introduït en l'àmbit clínic en gran part per la falta d'una estandarització. En aquesta tesi presentem el test LipoScale, un nou test avançat de lipoproteïnes basat en espectroscopia de RMN de difusió 2D. Amb aquest test es pretén obtenir una millor caracterització de les lipoproteïnes plasmàtiques, tant el seu contingut lipídic com la seva mida i nombre de partícules, de manera que amb ell s'aconsegueixi una millor predicció del risc cardiovascular. Durant el desenvolupament del test s’han estudiat diferents patologies i cohorts dins del marc de les malalties metabòliques (les quals són un factor de risc de les malalties cardiovasculars). Entre les malalties estudiades destaquem la diabetis, la dislipèmia aterògena i la síndrome de l’ovari poliquístic (PCOS). A més, també s’han monitoritzat canvis en el perfil de les lipoproteïnes deguts a intervencions nutricionals i a l’exercici. La principal diferència entre la nostra aproximació i la dels mètodes actuals és que aquests últims utilitzen mètodes de RMN 1D estàndards, mentre que el nostre test està basat en l'ús de gradients de camps magnètic, els quals generen espectres 2D amb els que es pot obtenir informació directa i objectiva de la mida de les partícules lipoproteiques. Aquesta tesi ha generat diferents publicacions científiques així com també s'ha fet la sol•licitud d'una patent europea i s'ha creat una spin-off per comercialitzar el test.<br>La determinación del tamaño y el número de lipoproteínas utilizando tests avanzados de lipoproteínas es de un gran interés clínico ya que el número de partículas LDL se ha posicionado como mejor predictor de riesgo cardiovascular que el colesterol LDL. Sin embargo, los tests avanzados de lipoproteínas actuales aún no se han introducido en el ámbito clínico en gran parte por la falta de una estandarización. En esta tesis presentamos el test LipoScale, un nuevo test avanzado de lipoproteínas basado en espectroscopía de RMN de difusión 2D. Con este test se pretende obtener una mejor caracterización de las lipoproteínas plasmáticas, tanto su contenido lipídico como su tamaño y número de partículas, por lo que con él se consiga una mejor predicción del riesgo cardiovascular. Durante el desarrollo del test se han estudiado diferentes patologías y cohortes dentro del marco de las enfermedades metabólicas (las cuales son un factor de riesgo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares). Entre las enfermedades estudiadas destacamos la diabetes, la dislipemia aterògena y el síndrome del ovario poliquístico (PCOS). Además, también se han monitorizado cambios en el perfil de las lipoproteínas debidos a intervenciones nutricionales y el ejercicio. La principal diferencia entre nuestra aproximación y la de los métodos actuales es que estos últimos utilizan métodos de RMN 1D estándar, mientras que nuestro test está basado en el uso de gradientes de campo magnético, los cuales generan espectros 2D con los que se puede obtener información directa y objetiva del tamaño de las partículas lipoproteicas. Esta tesis a generado diferentes publicaciones científicas así como también se ha hecho la solicitud de una patente europea y se ha creado una spin-off para comercializar el test.<br>Determination of lipoprotein particle size and particle number using advanced lipoprotein analyses is of particular interest since the LDL particle number has been shown to improve cardiovascular disease risk prediction. Advanced lipoprotein tests (ALT), however, are not yet routinely introduced in clinical practice partly due to the lack of standardization. This thesis presents the LipoScale test, a novel advanced lipoprotein test based on 2D diffusion-ordered 1H NMR spectroscopy. This test is to obtain a better characterization of plasma lipoproteins in terms of their lipid content, particle size and particle number that will allow a better assessment of cardiovascular risk. During the development of the test various diseases and cohorts were studied in the context of metabolic diseases (which are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease). Among the diseases studied we highlight diabetes, atherogenic dyslipidemia and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In addition, changes were also monitored in the lipoprotein profile due to nutritional interventions and exercise. The main difference between our approach and the current NMR methods is that the latter use standard 1D methods, whereas our test is based on the use of magnetic field gradients, which generate the 2D spectra that can be used to get direct and objective information on lipoprotein particle sizes. This thesis generated various scientific publications, includes an application for a European patent and a spin-off has been created to commercialize the test.
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Gajraj, Rhiad. "A Study of Drug Transport in the Vitreous Humor: Effect of Drug Size; Comparing Micro- and Macro-scale diffusion; Assessing Vitreous Models; and Obtaining In Vivo Data." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33202.
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Treatment of vision impairing diseases involves drug transport through the vitreous humor. Diffusion cells were used to measure macro-scale (mutual) diffusivity (Dm) to understand how solute size affects diffusion through the vitreous humor of rabbit and porcine eyes. Solutes examined included timolol maleate, dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DMSP), sodium fluorescein, and FITC-dextrans (4, 40, and 150kDa). Diffusivity was inversely dependent on solute size. The Dm's of small solutes in the vitreous were 30 – 65% of that in PBS, while the Dm's of large solutes were 40 – 60% of that in PBS. Extrapolations to the human eye produced similar results using diffusivities based on either species. We used Diffusion Ordered NMR Spectroscopy to measure micro-scale (self) diffusivity (Ds) of DMSP through vitreous humor. The Ds and Dm were significantly different in PBS, but similar in vitreous. A method for obtaining in vivo imagery and data of vitreous fluorophore distribution is also presented.
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Swift, Thomas, Richard Hoskins, Richard Telford, R. A. Plenderleith, David Pownall, and Stephen Rimmer. "Analysis Using Size Exclusion Chromatography of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) using Methanol as an Eluent." 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/12126.
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Yes<br>Size Exclusion Chromatography is traditionally carried out in either aqueous or non-polar solvents. A system to present molar mass distributions of polymers using methanol as a mobile phase is presented. This is shown to be a suitable system for determining the molar mass distributions poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)s (PNIPAM); a polymer class that is often difficult to analyze by size exclusion chromatography. DOSY NMR was used to provide intrinsic viscosity data that was used in conjunction with a viscometric detector to provide absolute calibration. Then the utility of the system was shown by providing the absolute molar mass distributions of dispersed highly branched PNIPAM with biologically functional end groups.<br>Wellcome Trust
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Murugavel, Kathiresan. "Synthesis, Characterization and Host-Guest Complexation Studies of Dendritic and Linear Pyridinium Derivatives." Doctoral thesis, 2010. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-201012206743.
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Convergent and divergent strategies for the synthesis of viologen dendrimers with 1,3,5-tri-methylene branching units are presented. The synthesis of 3,5-bis(hydroxymethyl) benzyl bromide was optimized. The analysis of the crystal structure of 1-[3,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)benzyl]-4-(pyridin-4-yl) pyridinium hexafluorophosphate together with PM3 calculations opens an avenue to judge the structure and conformation of benzylic viologen dendrimers.
In order to study chemical trigger induced conformational changes, viologen dendrimers were spin-labeled via a divergent approach. 1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-4-(pyridin-4-yl)pyridinium hexafluorophosphate was used as the end group to yield an activated dendrimer of the respective generation. The corresponding dendrimers were spin-labeled by reacting the active functionality with 4-amino TEMPO. The products were characterized by ESR (spin-label efficiency) and conventional cyclic voltammetry. Dynamic ESR studies are planned.
New trimethylene-dipyridinium dendrimers were synthesized via a divergent approach using 4-tert-butylbenzyl group as the peripheral group. These dendrimers are well soluble in DMF or DMSO as PF6 salts and they act as a host for anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS). They can be stoichiometrically titrated with AQDS as shown by 1H-NMR, DOSY and cyclic voltammetry. Upon loading them with AQDS, the dendrimers undergo first a contraction, they reach a minimum hydrodynamic radius for complete charge compensation and they re-open when overcharging takes place. The contraction is supported by MM+ calculations. Upon stepwise loading of G2 (42 positive charges) with AQDS (2 negative charges), the first 3 molar equivalents (6 neg. charges) occupy the innermost dendrimer shell (consisting of 6 pos. charges), the next 6 equivalents (12 neg. charges) occupy the middle shell (12 pos. charges) and the last 12 equivalents AQDS (24 neg. charges) occupy the outermost shell of the dendrimer (24 pos. charges), as supported by 1H-NMR titrations yielding the magic equivalent numbers of 3, 9=3+6, and 21=3+6+12. Such stepwise radial complexations again in DMSO were further demonstrated using other molecular guests (mono-, di- and trianionic) as well as with on purpose synthesized viologen dendrimers.
α,ω-dibromoalkanes were bifunctionalized in two steps to yield alkyl phosphonates with pyridinium, trimethylenedipyridinium, bipyridinium or a sulfonate at their ω end. These compounds were used as surface modifiers to build biomimetic membranes on the pore walls of mesoporous TiO2. Host-guest interaction studies with on purpose synthesized viologen compounds have been performed in collaboration.
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Pudakalakatti, Shivanand. "Novel NMR Methods for Fast Data Acquisition : Application to Metabolomics." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/2797.
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Synopsis My research work is focused on: (i) development of novel Fast NMR methods in solution state and their application to metabolomics and small molecules. (ii) NMR based metabolic study of human IVF to assess embryo viability for implantation. The major components of the embryo growth media were identified for evaluating the embryo quality. Described below are the projects carried out towards the dissertation of my PhD. Chapter 1 describes NMR methods which are the foundation stones for new Fast NMR methods developed. Typical 1D and 2D NMR experiments used in metabolomics and statistical methods for analysis are described. A few applications of metabolomics are also covered in the chapter. Chapter 2 describes a new Fast NMR method based on polarization sharing and parallel acquisition using the dual receiver system. The method developed helps in acquiring simultaneously three 2D NMR spectra: 2D [13C-1H] HETCOR, 2D [1H-1H] TOCSY and 2D [13C-1H] HSQC-TOCSY in a single data set. This method achieves a time saving of about two fold. All the experiments are acquired on molecules with natural abundance of 13C. The method was used to assign the side chain atoms (1H and 13C) of two important peptides. i) 12 amino acid residue peptide, which is a part of central linker domain of Human Insulin like Growth Factor Binding Protein-2 known to play a vital role in the IGF system and ii) a 18 amino acid residue peptide which acts as an antimicrobial agent.
Chapter 3 describes extension of the Fast NMR method described in chapter 2. The method is combined with G-matrix Fourier Transform NMR spectroscopy. In this method we have acquire simultaneously two 2D NMR experiments and one reduced dimensional 3D experiment. The three experiments are 2D [13C-1H] HETCOR, 2D [1H-1H] TOCSY and GFT (3,2)D [13C-1H] HSQC-TOCSY, which provide complementary information for rapid assignments. GFT (3,2)D [13C-1H] HSQC-TOCSY gives 3D correlations in a 2D manner facilitating high resolution and unambiguous assignments. The experiments were applied for complete assignment of 21 unlabeled metabolite mixtures corresponding to the Innovative Sequential medium (ISM1) used for culturing human embryos for IVF. Further, a 13C multiplicity edition block is added to the method to simplify the resonances assignment in GFT (3,2)D [13C-1H] HSQC-TOCSY. Taken together, experiments provide time gain of order of magnitudes compared to conventional data acquisition.
Chapter 4 of the thesis describes a metabolomics study of Human in-vitro fertilization to assess viable embryos of implantation potential using NMR as non-invasive tool. NMR study included the analysis of 127 embryo culture media (Innovative Sequential Media-1) and 29 controls (culture media without embryo) of both day-2 and day-3 transferred. The embryos were divided into 3 categories 1) implanted (successful) 2) transferred not-implanted (unsuccessful) 3) not transferred based on morphological studies. All NMR experiments were acquired with CPMG (T2 filter) incorporated in 1D 1H presaturation pulse scheme. The study was based on estimation of lactate, pyruvate and alanine levels in the embryo culture media (ISM1). The study reveals higher uptake of pyruvate and high pyruvate/alanine ratios in case of implanted embryos compared to one which failed to implant. Present study provides pyruvate/alanine ratio as a biomarker to select the
embryos with high implantation potential. The method combined with morphology based assessment or with other biomarkers can be serve as a powerful tool to assess the embryo quality. Chapter 5 describes a novel NMR method for rapid characterization of translation diffusion of molecules in solution either in mixture or pure form. Unlike acquisition of several 2D [13C-1H] HSQC experiments with varying gradients to get diffusion measurement, a single 2D [13C-1H] HSQC is sufficient to measure the diffusion coefficients which is in the linewidths of peaks. The method uses the idea of accordion NMR spectroscopy, wherein gradients are linearly co-incremented with 13C chemical shift evolution period during t1. The methodology speeds up the acquisition by replacing series of 2D [13C-1H] HSQC with single 2D constant time [13C-1H] HSQC. The method was used to monitor the diffusion of metabolites in a time-resolved manner during polymerization of SDS-PAGE gel. Using this method, it was possible to detect the presence of oligomers of diphenylalanine (FF) during its self assembly to form nanotubular structures.
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Nosek, Vladimír. "Dynamery založené na reverzibilní tvorbě hemiacetalové vazby." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-348675.
Full textAbstract:
This work deals with the design and synthesis of building blocks, usable for creating dynamic polymers based on the reversible formation of hemiacetals bond. Next part is focused on the study of the formation of hemiacetal between polyfunctional alcohols and trifluoromethylketones via NMR spectroscopy. Key words: constitutional dynamic chemistry, hemiacetals, trifluoromethylketones, diols and polyols