Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'NMT India'

This study explores the factors that have an impact on the decisions of educated Indian mothers in South Africa who are not pursuing careers and answers the on-going questions about why Indian women pursue tertiary education but do not pursue careers. Secondly, this study also helps to understand the identity negotiation that these mothers go through – how they negotiate their various identities and the intersection of their gender and cultural identities that affect their decision not to pursue a career. The research aims to emphasise the extent and impact of the cultural roles that educated Indian mothers have to deal with. This study makes a theoretical contribution and conveys pioneering knowledge to assist top management to understand the skills shortage of this minority group and create an understanding of the reasons why Indian women decide not to pursue careers, and of their identity negotiation in the process. A qualitative research approach, using in-depth, semi-structured life story interviews, was used in the study to gain a deeper understanding of the reasons why educated Indian women are not pursuing careers. A non-probability sampling strategy (snowball and purposive sampling) was used, and therefore a total of 17 Muslim and Hindu participants were interviewed in the main study. Content analysis was used to analyse the data with the Atlas-Ti programme. The results exemplify that an individual‟s identity is formed by the cultural context and that Indian gender identities were instilled in these women from a young age. The women in the study highlighted that motherhood and family obligations take precedence over any other identity they possess. At first the women seemed despondent with the decision to leave their careers. However, as time went by they felt that cultural obligations were more important and accepted their cultural identity.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Human Resource Management
unrestricted

THESIS ABSTRACT Sandeep K. Sambhi Master of Science Conflict Dispute Resolution Program June 2016 Title: All is Not Fair: The Cosmetics War on Women in India I examine the effects of skin whitening and bleaching practices by women and girls of India, and the links between globalization, capitalism, and Indian media. I examine the negative health effects of the use of skin lightening creams, along with the psycho-social effects for women and girls, and the pan-cultural effects of the advertising and marketing by the companies who sell these creams as cosmetics. I argue that the companies who sell them carry great economic power, bolstered by their promotion of colorism and bias toward fair skin. The links between profit, colorism, caste and gender inequality are explored, along with the historical roots of caste and color in India. Media bias for fair skin in India and media are discussed, along with effects on women’s efficacy, self-esteem, and the effects of fair skin bias on opportunities in work and marriage. Resolution, education and public outreach efforts are also presented here.

The objective of this study is to understand the logic of popular mobilization in Sao Paulo (Brazil) and New Delhi (India) and to explain why subaltern groups use their political freedoms to mobilize on some issues and not on others. More specifically, the study attempts to address a puzzle: Why do the popular sectors not mobilize to make claims for health when the vast majority of the urban poor experience severe health deficits? My contention is that the nature of public discourse determines both the emergence of popular movements and the issues on which they engage in claims-making. Competing ideas about what democracy is and what it ought to be, the meaning of social justice, and the relationship between democracy and social justice, constitute the 'raw materials' around which mobilization frames are created. The empirical evidence presented in this study supports my claim that the nature of public discourse is crucial for democratic deepening from below.
Based on extensive field research in low-income communities in Sao Paulo and New Delhi, my study explains the differences and similarities in the political actions of the urban poor. In India, the near-absence of a public discourse on health accounts for the lack of mobilization by subaltern groups to seek improvements in their health situation. In contrast, I find that there has been a tradition of public discourse on health in Brazil since the 1970s when "external actors" such as doctors and progressive Church officials became engaged in social causes and contributed to the emergence of health movements. However, since Brazil's transition to democracy, this public discourse has fractured, becoming more receptive to "new" health issues such as violence, even though "old" health problems continue to persist. While the popular sectors experience the dual burden of "old" and "new" health problems, they are perceived to be the cause of many "new" health hazards like violence rather than its victims. The disengagement of "external actors" from "old" health issues and the widespread perception that the popular sectors are themselves to blame for the "new" health problems has inhibited popular mobilization for health in democratic Brazil.

This study of early years services in India explores the take-up of the government ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services Scheme) and RGNCS (Rajiv Gandhi National Crèche Scheme), and the factors affecting their uptake by working mothers in a Delhi slum. Policy cannot assess programme outcomes effectively without understanding how services are implemented. Existing literature indicates that programme impact is related to programme take-up, with non-take-up being a complex phenomenon affected by factors operating at multiple levels of the policy process. The study makes original contributions by examining user perspectives on early childhood education and care (ECEC) in the Indian context; in being the first to research any aspect of the RGNCS; and in utilizing Critical Realism as the underlying philosophical, theoretical and methodological paradigm for studying programme uptake. It poses five research questions that examine mothers' childcare arrangements and needs/expectations from services, their take-up of government programmes and component services, and the combination of factors affecting uptake. Study findings are based on surveys with 200 working mothers and 37 children's centre workers, and interviews with 15 policy experts. Findings reveal childcare arrangements and needs/expectations to vary by family structure, child's age, and mother's age and employment. ICDS uptake is found to be higher (54.3% of all mothers), than RGNCS (18.6%). An explanatory framework for analysing take-up reveals that low take-up results from a combination of multiple factors, most significantly programme characteristics for the ICDS, and participant characteristics for the RGNCS. Two theoretical frameworks frame this analysis - Wolman's (1981) determinants of programme success and failure, and the 'barriers and bridges' to programme uptake. Critical policy analysis further identifies the effects of the policy meaning-making processes, and the role of local 'street-level bureaucrats' in take-up. Both programmes display 'conflicted policy success' vis-à-vis take-up when categorised using McConnell's (2010) criteria for programme 'success' and 'failure'. Policy implications include strategies for increasing programme uptake, and a policy focus upon service users and women in the informal economy, recognition of the dual role of ECEC, and the importance of evidence-creation for interactive governance.

The Christian Church has since its inception formulated various ways of relating its claims regarding the decisive and universal significance of the Christ-event to the religious traditions and experience of people of other faiths. A common theme that undergirds several of the approaches that have emerged in the history of the Christian engagement with other religions is the fulfilment concept. The fulfilment concept, with its roots in the New Testament and the early church fathers, continues to find prominence and creative theological expression in Roman Catholic circles. Protestant fulfilment theology, however, reached the peak of its development in the early years of the twentieth century, and subsequently fell into decline. This study presents a case for the revitalization of the Protestant fulfilment tradition based on a recovery and assessment of the fulfilment approaches of Indian Christian converts in the pre-independence period, focussing especially on the views of Krishna Mohan Banerjea and Sadhu Sundar Singh. Our analyses of the fulfilment approaches of Indian converts furnish us with a conceptual framework for a cumulative fulfilment proposal which complements the nineteenth century Protestant fulfilment tradition. The experience of Indian converts affords significant evidence to c9nfirm the fulfilment claim that there are elements in the Hindu tradition that can serve as a 'pedagogy' to Christ. It offers empirical verification of a trinitarian scheme of progressive, differentiated and complementary divine revelation for affirming revelational continuity between Christianity and Hinduism. It also provides components for a theologically coherent Christology upon which to base the fulfilment proposal.The fulfilment approaches of Indian converts help authenticate the plausibility of fulfilment theology, confirming its adequacy over alternative explanations, in affirming the particular truth claims of the Christian faith while ascribing genuine value to the religious traditions and experience of people of other faiths. The recovery of Protestant fulfilment theology requires attention to several pending tasks, including the development of a Christian hermeneutic of non-Christian texts, and a careful assessment of the influence of the fulfilment concept among Hindu converts and "non-baptised believers in Christ" today. This study contributes towards that recovery.

Mobile Health (mHealth) in evidence-based patient care is a fast-growing technology that is yet to be adapted in the healthcare setting for managing asthma. This research thesis aims to understand the determinant factors that can be recognized as drivers and barriers for mHealth implementation for asthma.  The literature review chapter outlined the aspects of wicked problems in implementing innovation, and the study of implementation science explained in relevant to the implementation of mHealth in the healthcare system. The selected framework is based on the implementation outcome and addressed all four categories of human organizational levels. A qualitative case study was carried out in metropolitan cities of India, and a purposive sampling method is applied to choose the engaged pulmonologist & healthcare providers.  The empirical findings are categorized into themes using thematic analysis and identified the barriers and drivers under five themes, such as Technology, Human Factor, System, Literacy and Process.  The aspects under the theme technology include integrating IoT systems and data platforms, pre-testing, and adaptability. In contrast, the human factor’s theme revolves around the patient behaviour and attitude, emotions and beliefs on the technology. The aspects under the system and literacy theme mainly suggest that health literacy and language play a significant role. The results of these empirical studies have not previously been explored in the literature. And finally, the process theme indicates that the doctors play an essential role as an opinion leader and implementation leader in driving the implementation efforts. The analysis concludes that the determinant factors acting as barrier and driver are more under the human factors, technology and system aspects. These factors need to be considered when implementing the mHealth intervention for asthma management, and the role of healthcare practitioners engaging in the implementation process is foreseen as a potential driving factor for the successful outcome and technology acceptance by the patients.

This thesis is essentially about the "how" and "why" of the Indian experience as documented in novels by Paul Scott, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala and V S Naipaul. The study points to the difficulty of arriving at any conclusive definition of the country and its people. I show that differences in attitudes, responses or behaviour are both overt and subtle, and depend upon whether the writer or the character identifies with the situation or community with which he or she interacts. It is the individual's sense of belonging or not belonging to his or her own group - be this along racial, cultural or gender lines - that accounts for the differing perspectives evident in these novels. The points-of- view of the outsider and the insider can therefore be seen as mutual comments upon the other. Since the struggle between belonging and not belonging becomes acute when the old meets the new, focus is centred on communities experiencing change. These include the British in India, West-Indian Indians and westernised Indians. Despite their differences, all three communities share similar reasons for either an acceptance or rejection of the 'Other'. The thesis argues that the need for emotional stability compels allegiance to the traditional group, while the desire for individuality encourages surrender to the new. The former nurtures a sense of belonging while, it is argued, that the latter is perceived as the hallmark of those who do not belong. Tensions arise when both these needs demand to be met. What I show to be ironic in this struggle between belonging and not belonging is that those things which individuals overtly reject are often unexpressed parts of their personal pysche. The barrier between "them" and "us" is therefore very fragile.

This thesis concerns the performance of identity in the music of Indian American jazz musicians Rudresh Mahanthappa and Vijay Iyer. In combining the use of Indian classical music elements with jazz, Iyer and Mahanthappa create music that is inextricably tied to their multifaceted identities. Traditional musicological analysis is juxtaposed with a theoretical framework that draws on postcolonial theory and the history of Asian immigrant populations to the U.S. I chronicle the interactions between Indian and Western music and link it to larger issues of Asian American identity formation and activism through music. Through interviews and transcriptions of studio recordings, I identify specific compositional and improvisational strategies of the musicians. I emphasize the role of individual agency in the formation of second-generation identities, drawing attention to the distinct ways that Iyer and Mahanthappa approach their music. Finally, I connect this research to a larger discourse on Indian American artistic identity.

Que se passe-t-il dans l'espace du Jharkhand, nouvel Etat de l'Inde créé en l'an 2000? Plus précisément, que se passe-t-il entre les groupes tribaux, appélés Adivasi, et les gens de caste dans ce lieu perçu de manières différentes par les protagonistes, et qui trouve un formidable raccourci dans cette phrase éponyme de notre thèse livrée à un carrefour d'une ville : "It's not real India there". Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés aux relations qui relient ces deux groupes sociologiques. La forte politisation du lieu nous a ainsi conduit à considérer "les modes d'agir dans le monde comme modes d'agir sur le monde". Le positionnement des Adivasi face aux gens de caste, et inversement, entraîne en effet un troisième élément : le territoire. Nous avons ainsi suivi "les jeux relationnels constitutifs du Jharkhand",à travers des assemblages et des mises en relation de situations et d'attitudes ou encore d'histoires, dans leurs expressions quotidiennes et leurs oppositions politiques.

In a situation where population growth and development is to be sustained throughnaturally limited water resources, something needs to be done to either render waterusage more effective or make more water available. This is the situation in Bangalore Urban District (BUD), an ever growing city lying far from perennial water sources. This thesis presents the water situation in BUD, and aims to analyze the current status of water resources on multiple levels in BUD. Further the aim is to look at people‘s attitudes towards water scarcity. The methods used are literature studies and semistructured interviews. The study shows that there is a lack of water in relation to the population on basin level, creating the perquisites for water scarcity. Even so, the water stress on city level does not seem to be a direct effect off the water scarcity on basin level, but rather a result of inefficient governance and inadequate infrastructure. This means that to solve the issue, the governing entities in BUD must firstly look at improving the situation on city level rather than focusing on Water Supply Managementon basin level. The perception of this problem varies among people in BUD, and the perception of water stress in relation to the most favorable incentives to care which are a combination of personal and common good incentives, can affect household‘s water behavior. The significance of these results is that people‘s attitudes towards water resources will affect how they handle and use water. Through further research this knowledge can be vital to understanding how to achieve behavioral changes that can lover usage in a growing city like Bangalore.

This study focuses on multiculture from a teacher's point of view. Five teachers, all working in a governmental school in Banaras were interviewed about their thoughts on multiculture and how they act in the classroom. The question formulations are the following: How do the teachers in a governmental school in Banaras approach and work with the religious diversity that exists in the classroom? In what ways are the teachers in a governmental school in Banaras observing and working with the students’ different culture? What are the thoughts about teaching and school situations with students from different socioeconomic backgrounds among teachers who work in a governmental school in Banaras? The theory in this study is an intercultural perspective which we used by using multicultural learning, culture and language. The conclusion is that the teachers are working in a inclusive way in a diverse school in Banaras, India.

This dissertation explores the adaptation of traditionally objectified women's spaces, into an arena for leadership development, research which incorporates the development of culturally relevant mechanisms of leadership training within Indigenous societies. Cultural pageants offer a place for young women to become spokespersons on social justice issues, without the sexual objectification of entering beauty pageants. Such pageants also provide a glimpse of how cultural groups wish their national identity to be portrayed to the general public. Fifty years in the making, today's Native Nations cultural pageants have been decolonized to present images of young leaders, confident in their heritage, introducing themselves in their Native language, and committed to cultural continuity and sustainable Nations. This research examines a state-wide Alaska Native pageant, Miss World Eskimo Indian Olympics, from three perspectives: 1) The young women who develop culturally based leadership skills; 2) The community, who gains language and cultural, revitalization and maintenance role models; 3) And the general public, who gains a much needed positive representation of a contemporary Indigenous women. This study draws from interdisciplinary theories and research methodologies (including observation, in-depth interviews, questionnaires, surveys, and archival research) and follows the young women through to the contest at the national level, Miss Indian World, run annually in Albuquerque, through Gathering of Nations. The underlying hypothesis is that women use cultural pageants as a stepping stone to advance their cultural leadership. In doing so, they promote factors of community well-being affecting Indigenous communities, such as suicide prevention, substance abuse, and language and cultural revitalization.

Solar thermal technology is a rapidly evolving technology that still has a smaller market share than other green technologies. Therefore, this study aims to recognize barriers and drivers for the use of solar thermal technologies in the industrial sector. A literature review summarized the existing literature problems concerning drivers and barriers for the use of solar thermal technology in the industrial sector. To establish drivers and barriers to the use of solar thermal technology in the industrial sector and to supplement the literature review, a cross-sectional analysis was carried out in this study. Case studies have been performed in India, where two companies have undergone pilot testing of solar thermal systems in their manufacturing processes, and one has an option to incorporate solar thermal systems. Purposeful sampling was used to select the companies for the interviews, while convenience sampling and the snowball sampling were used to pick interview participants, further in this research six interviews was conducted from 4 different companies in the industrial sector. The findings were presented with thematic analysis. Drivers and Barriers have been divided into themes. Namely, Drivers include futuristic technology and Barriers include high costs, infrastructure requirements, more efficient and cheaper alternatives and lack of institutional support. Futuristic technology theme explains why this technology is beneficial for industrial adoption in the Indian market. High-cost theme explains why this technology is expensive over other renewable sources. Infrastructure requirements theme explains installation barriers influencing the adoption of solar thermal systems in the industrial process. Efficient and cheaper alternatives theme explains competitors influencing the adoption of solar thermal energy in the industrial sector. Lack of institutional support theme explains government and multinational companies that are influencing the adoption of solar thermal energy in the industrial sector. Aspects covered by the theme, high costs were most frequently mentioned among the respondents, suggesting that barriers play a significant role in implementing solar thermal systems. In contrast, aspects covered by the themes lack institutional support, infrastructure requirements, and more efficient and cheaper alternatives have not been addressed in the literature. Finally, the study concluded that the adoption of solar thermal energy in the Industrial Sector faces various barriers and drivers that must be investigated before the implementation.

Construímos um forno para preparação de cristais metálicos e semicondutores, com ponto de fusão de ate 600 °C pela técnica de puxamento. O sistema foi testado com o crescimento de cristais de antimoneto de indio de alta pureza com diâmetros de ate 17mn. Esse material foi caracterizado e utilizado na construção de um protótipo de detetor fotocondutor de infravermelho que apresentou responsividade compatível com a calculada teoricamente. Apresentamos uma revisão das propriedades do antimoneto de indio, da teoria de crescimento por puxamento e da teoria dos detetores fotocondutores. O equipamento, os sistemas de controle e os procedimentos sao descritos em detalhes permitindo sua reprodução. Descrevemos, também, os sistemas montados para a caracterização elétrica dos cristais e de medida de responsividade do detetor
We have constructed a Czochralski growth furnace for metals and semiconductors with melting point up to 600 °C. The system was tested with the growth of indium antimonide single crystals of high purity and diameters up to 17mm. A infrared fotoconductive detector was built with this material and his performance was found to be in agreement with theory. We present a review of the indium antimonide proprieties, of the melt growth theory and of the fotoconductive detectors theory. Equipment, control systems and procedures are described in details allowing their reproduction. The systems for electrical caracterization of the crystals and detectors are described too

This research looks at the contributions made by some Indian women photographers to the representation of privacy. Indian women photographers have enjoyed a privileged access in their bid to depict privacy, or the quality or state of being apart from observation, and that access can often be attributed to their gender. I propose to analyse the parallelisms and divergences in the representation of privacy by pioneer women photographers -with special attention to the phenomenon of zenana photography- as well as three contemporary practitioners: Dayanita Singh, Gauri Gill and Ketaki Sheth. I will argue that each of them has pushed, in her own way, the boundaries of representing privacy through photography and ensured that certain forms of privacy -often related to intimacy and the domestic domain- did not get “lost to human sight”.
La presente tesis doctoral analiza las contribuciones de algunas fotógrafas indias a la representación de la privacidad. Desde 1840 las fotógrafas indias han disfrutado de un acceso privilegiado a retratar lo privado -aquello que se ejecuta en soledad o a la vista de unos pocos- y ese acceso se explica frecuentemente en razón de su género. En este estudio se analizan las correspondencias y divergencias en la representación de la privacidad de las primeras fotógrafas indias -prestando especial atención al fenómeno de la fotografía zenana - y tres fotógrafas contemporáneas: Dayanita Singh, Gauri Gill y Ketaki Sheth. El argumento es que, en cada uno de los casos de estudio propuestos, la fotógrafa ha explorado los límites de representación de la privacidad en fotografía, impidiendo que algunas de sus formas o manifestaciones, a menudo relacionadas con lo doméstico y la intimidad, “se escaparan a la mirada humana”.

This is a study on the Indian government's use of mercantilism and imperialism in their policy choices in regards to the diminishing supply of sand. Because of this the study will revolve around the globally growing problem that is a sand shortage, and how the Indian government is preparing to handle it. What consequences the solutions have had and how different levels inside the government are working against each other. Then the rising phenomenon that is the Indian sand mafia will be analyzed, who are their partners and benefactors. How come they could emerge and what exactly is a sand mafia? These are some of the questions this thesis will answer

This thesis explores the development of a multi-stakeholder partnership model using a multiple case study research design. Specifically this study examines the rationale for the launch of the Rajasthan Education initiative, its development and its impact on educational development and reaches conclusions about the scalability and sustainability of multistakeholder partnerships (MSPs) in the context of Rajasthan. The literature review shows that there is insufficient independent research evidence to support the widespread claims that public private partnerships (PPPs), of which MSP is a new ‘avatar', are able to deliver results in terms of developmental gains and added value. This paucity of evidence and profusion of claims is partly explained by the fact, that the research that has been commissioned is not independent and its conclusions have been shaped by vested interests of those promoting the organisations they claim to evaluate. In particular organisations associated with the World Economic Forum (WEF) have been projecting PPPs and programmes of corporate responsibility as a way to engage for-profit organisations and enhance the effectiveness of external support for the delivery of services to basic education. Alongside this not-for-profit PPPs are seldom scrutinised in terms of public accountability, value for money, scalability, or sustainability partly due to the voluntary nature of such inputs to the public system. I believe my research makes a new and unique contribution to the independent evaluation of state enabled, not-for-profit MSPs in action. The research selected eight formal partnerships for case study which were selected using a matrix of organisational characteristics, scale and scope of interventions. The case studies are organised into four thematic groups i.e, School adoption, ICT based interventions, teachers' training and universalisation of elementary education in underserved urban localities. Each case study is examined using a framework which highlights three dimensions. These are i) the design of the partnership, ii) stakeholder involvement and intra agent dynamics and iii) the Governance of the partnership. A cross case analysis of the eight partnerships is used to arrive at conclusions about MSPs in Rajasthan. This uses the concept of double contingency of power (Sayer 2004), and specifically the concept of causal power and causal susceptibilities and Stake's (2006) multiple case analysis, to discuss the commonalities and differences across partnerships and emerging themes while cross analysing the partnerships. I have engaged in interpretivist inquiry and sought to understand the workings of an MSP which involves businesses and CSR groups alongside NGOs and government agencies with an aim to place Rajasthan on a fast development track. Rather than looking for an ideal type MSP, I problematise the MSPs in Rajasthan as I explain the workings of an MSP model in action. Given this methodological perspective, I have used semi structured interviews, observations of the partnership programmes in action, and document analysis as methods to collect and corroborate data for this study. The study concludes that the exiting MSP arrangements in REI are not scalable, unsustainable and have very limited impact. Moreover, the MSPs are unstable and reflect fluid inter-organisational evolution, as well as ambiguous public accountability. There was no purposeful financial management at the REI management level. In addition the exit routes for partners supporting interventions were not planned, resulting in the fading away of even those interventions that showed promise in accruing learning gains for children, and by schools and teachers. Non-scalability and lack of sustainability can be inferred from the fact that the partners do not have a long term view of interventions, lack sustained commitment for resource input and the interventions are implemented with temporary work force. The instability of the partnerships can be explained through the absence of involvement of government teachers and communities. Also economic and political power dominated the fate of the programmes. In this MSP it was clear that corporate social responsibility (CSR) was a driving force for establishing the MSP but was not backed by continued and meaningful engagement. The ‘win-win' situation of greater resources, efficiency and effectiveness, which formed the basic premise for launching the REI was not evident in reality. MSPs are gaining currency globally. This research points to the fact that much more intentional action needs to be taken to ensure that partnerships such as these have a sustained impact on development. The problems and issues of education are historically, politically and socially embedded. Any action that does not take this into account and which is blind to the interests of different stakeholders in MSPs, will surely fall short of achieving what it set out to do. Further independent research examining the ambitions and realities of other MSPs is needed to inform policy development and implementation. This is essential for achieving the goals of education for all before investing further in what appears to be a flawed modality to improve access, equity and outcomes in education.

Contemporary fascination with 'Bollywood' proliferates much of reality TV dance shows, media blurbs and other communicative outlets. These avenues homogenize India as 'Bollywood', while social and political outlets place Indians and people of South Asian descent into fitted stereotypes that are ridiculed and largely distorted. The intent of this thesis was to explore how the growing international intrigues of popular Hindi films exist beyond 'Bollywood'. This study is especially important because current U.S. demographics are undergoing a 'browning' effect yet a comprehensive method for understanding South Asian peoples and their cultures have been isolated to terrorist 'breeders', the model minority or as products primed for consumption. This thesis discusses the history of popular Hindi popular cinema, its changing methods of songs and dance and includes options of pedagogical applications within secondary level classrooms. In short, this thesis is an effort to highlight the similarities present amongst the differences that are consciously and unconsciously created or implicitly believed by the general population when attempting to decipher the many different components that exist across South Asian cultures, ethnicities, traditions, histories and identities.
ID: 031908403; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for honors in the major in DEPT HERE.; Thesis (B.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references.
B.S.
Bachelors
Education and Human Performance
English Language Arts Education

Fair Trade is an international movement which aims to strengthen the livelihoods of producers in the South, and to give the opportunity for conscious customers in the North to buy socially and environmentally friendly products. The conventional trade system is criticised, as well as the efficiency of aid to support developing countries. The core idea of Fair Trade is therefore “Trade not Aid”, where marginalised producers are given the chance to improve their living conditions by fair wages, market access and improved working conditions. The aim of the thesis is to investigate the potential of Fair Trade to contribute to sustainable development and empowerment, which therefore also act as the theoretical frameworks for this thesis. Sustainable development is investigated by its division into economic, social and environmental sustainable development. Fair Trade is furthermore investigated through specific key elements connected to these theories, by performing interviews with managers and producers within five separate Fair Trade organisations in India and Sri Lanka.  The main findings within this study reveal how Fair Trade does have the potential to contribute to sustainable development and empowerment to a certain degree. It is specifically prominent regarding social development and empowerment, while economic development occurs mainly on an individual level. The contribution to environmental development is also possible to detect, even though it remains clear how the initiative to do so might not always be fully related to environmental causes.
Fair Trade är en internationell rörelse som fokuserar på att förbättra livssituationen för producenter i Syd, och att ge medvetna konsumenter i Nord möjligheten att köpa produkter med miljöhänsyn och socialt ansvar. Det konventionella handelssystemet kritiseras, såväl som effektiviteten för bistånd att stödja utvecklingsländer. Grundtanken med Fair Trade är därmed “Trade not Aid”, då marginaliserade producenter får möjligheten att förbättra sina livssituationer genom rättvisa löner, tillgång till en marknad och förbättrade arbetsförhållanden. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka Fair Trades potential att bidra till hållbar utveckling och empowerment, vilket därmed är det teoretiska ramverket för den här studien. Hållbar utveckling undersöks även genom att dela upp det i ekonomisk, social och miljömässig hållbar utveckling. Fair Trade utreds även utifrån specifika indikatorer kopplade till dessa teorier, genom intervjuer med managers och producenter inom fem separata Fair Trade-organisationer i Indien och Sri Lanka. De huvudsakliga upptäckterna inom denna studie visar hur Fair Trade har potentialen att bidra till hållbar utveckling och empowerment i viss utsträckning. Det är speciellt framträdande vad gäller social utveckling och empowerment, medan ekonomisk utveckling främst sker på individnivå. Det är även möjligt att observera hur rörelsen kan bidra till miljömässig utveckling, även om det är tydligt att initiativet till att göra så inte alltid är av en miljörelaterad anledning.

The Musqueam Indian Reserve is one of the few in North America located within the boundaries of a major city. Although historical narratives have long silenced the experiences of urban Aboriginal people, this case study draws attention to the many contexts in which Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people interacted across legal boundaries that supposedly kept reserve space and urban space separate. This thesis argues that the Department of Indian Affairs was the principal actor in both facilitating and constraining Musqueam and non-Musqueam relations in early-twentieth-century Vancouver though its control of land, resources, and the consumer economy. Furthermore, this thesis argues that the policies and practices of the state were so pervasive that they have come to dominate any memory of those relations today. Using an extensive collection of oral histories recently carried out for a local community history project in Vancouver, this study explores the processes through which the history of Musqueam and non-Musqueam interactions have been both remembered and erased. In doing so, this thesis makes clear the relationship of social history to social memory, and contributes to recent scholarly work in documenting how Aboriginal histories are necessarily urban histories.

This thesis seeks to answer the question of why some rebel movements choose to take on a religious character, and why some do not, even in cases where they share many characteristics. This thesis argues that a religious or secular framing is a tool that can be tactically utilised by rebel groups in order to further their goals and strengthen their position.   Given the fact that rebel groups usually start out at an inherent resource disadvantage, securing external support is paramount for any rebel group to stand a fighting chance. External actors need to be talked into supporting these rebel groups, and are more likely to support rebel groups with whom they share certain characteristics. This thesis argues that one of the main ways in which insurgent groups can seek to lobby or appease external actors is through aligning its religiosity to fit that of the external actor. Through examining the lifespan of two separate ethnic insurgencies in Pakistan, that of the Baloch and of the Pashtun, and tracing that to the religiosity of the latest iterations of insurgent groups within these long-standing conflicts, the Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) and the Tehreek-e-Taliban (TTP), which have taken very different paths when it comes to religiosity despite their similar origins, and examining their potential external backers and the influence they may have had, this thesis found that foreign backer religiosity might be a powerful determinant in influencing insurgent religiosity.

As a result of technological growth, there is a change in lifestyle which increases thedemands and expectations of consumers, especially in younger generations. Thisdemand forces the companies to update their business models to fulfil customerneeds, which results in the development of mobile applications and websites thatprovide convenience and flexibility to the users. This development gives rise to thesharing economy; it is the combination of old sharing practices with the newtechnological advancement through online. This sharing system hugely affects theconsumer behaviour, and this consumer behaviour is noted in the younger generation,especially in generation Z as they are the generation with the primary consumermarket in the upcoming decades, who are born and brought up in the internet world.Finding the attitude towards sharing economy is considered between the Indian andthe Swedish generation Z. Therefore, in order to understand more about this concept,a qualitative study is performed with the Indian and Swedish gen Z sharing economyconsumers. Our study includes ten interviews, five on both sides. An integrated modelwas developed from existing theories, which was adapted to analyze and comparethe findings of this study. This framework is regarded as the bedrock for this research,and themes were segmented from the transcribed interviews through the thematicanalysis. The finding of this study indicates that the Indian generation Z respondentsare showing active response to the sharing economy platforms. In contrast, theSwedish generation Z respondents are exhibiting passive participation towards sharingplatforms due to the various factors which are discussed in detail. The researchexplores how each structure is related in this study to evaluate the attitude of Indianand Swedish generation Z.Supervisor:

This thesis takes the initial steps to find what it calls a ‘posture of peace’, a counterpart to what Hobbes refers to as a posture of war (Hobbes 1651/2004: 79)1. A posture of war representsdefensive initiatives that can be interpreted by others as a certain preparation for conflict, and its base definition is used as a template to formulate an initial version of a posture of peace2.While keeping this concept as an overarching theme throughout the thesis explores the concepts of nuclear posture and a credible minimum deterrence (CMD) through the examples of India and Pakistan. While the thesis discusses four different nuclear postures, there really are only two categories, namely the pro-nuclear and anti-nuclear posture. The main examples of pronuclear posture used here is the case of India and Pakistan, two geographical neighbouring Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) who have been experiencing ongoing frictions and conflicts since (and prior to) becoming nuclear powers. On the other side Kazakhstan serves as an example of an anti-nuclear posture and in regards to the nuclear debate a possible empirical example of a posture of peace. In addition to these postures there is also the concept of NonOffensive Defence (NOD), which is more exemplified in the Kazakhstan’s approach to their nuclear situation as well as their more contemporary initiative in collaboration with several other neighbouring states to form the Central Asia Nuclear Weapons Free Zone (CANWFZ). The thesis concludes that while NOD finds little support in pro-nuclear posturing, there is ample space for it over on the ani-nuclear posture side of the spectrum which in addition aligns more with the present interpretation of a posture of peace. Moreover, the CANWFZ initiative appears to be as close a perfect example of a NOD in the present case and as close as this stage of the research will come to observing a posture of peace.

Des données obtenues avec le multidétecteur INDRA portant sur des réactions ¹²⁹Xe +nat Sn à 25 AMeV ont montré la présence inattendue de fragments ayant une charge largement supérieure (autour de Z=70) à celles du projectile ou de la cible, qui sont de Z=54 et Z=50 respectivement. Les collisions impliquant des noyaux dont le produit des charges est supérieur à 2700 sont dominées par les transferts très inélastiques. Pour Xe+Sn, ce produit est 2700. Suite à ces observations, une série d'expériences a été effectuée en utilisant les réactions ¹²⁹Xe +nat Sn à 8, 12, 15, 20 et 25 AMeV. Il sera alors possible de déterminer si ces résidus sont produits par fusion incomplète, par d'importants transferts de masse lors de collisions profondément inélastiques ou encore par la fission très asymétrique d'un système composite. Le présent travail présentera les résultats expérimentaux obtenus lors de l'analyse de ces expériences. On montrera que des résidus lourds ayant une charge supérieure à 70 sont produits avec une section efficace de production de 10~2 mb. Les distributions angulaires montrent que ces résidus peuvent être produits par la fusion incomplète du projectile et de la cible. L'étude des produits en coïncidence avec les résidus montrent qu'un système composite s'est formé pour ensuite subir une fission qui mène au résidu et à un fragment plus petit. Enfin, la comparaison des résultats avec un modèle phénoménologique, HIPSE, confirme la validité du modèle pour ce régime énergétique.

Using the tracer caesium-137 (137Cs) and experimental approaches this study quantified soil redistribution induced spatial variation of nutrients and soil organic carbon (SOC), net C flux between soil and atmosphere and soil respiration rate at various landscapes positions (eroding to deposition) within agricultural fields from the foot hills of Indian Himalaya. The depth distributions of 137Cs and the spatial patterns of 137Cs inventories were consistent with previous applications of the approach in that low inventories were associated with low concentrations in the cultivation layer and high inventories were reflected in deeper 137Cs profiles indicative of accumulation of labelled soil. This supports the contention that 137Cs is a suitable tracer for use in this environment. The study found that soil redistribution within fields altered the spatial variation of nutrients and SOC; with significantly lower concentrations of nutrients in the most eroded part of fields (upslope) and significantly higher concentrations of nutrients and SOC in the depositional part of field (downslope). The spatial pattern of nutrients and SOC is reflected in differences in depth distributions between eroded and depositional areas. The 137Cs and SOC inventory and depth distribution data were used to derive retrospective assessments of net C exchange between soil and atmosphere. The C flux quantification model was used to estimate lateral and vertical soil and SOC redistribution under an assumption of equilibrium conditions and the net exchange of C between soil and atmosphere was derived from the difference between measured and ‘equilibrium’ SOC inventories. Fluxes were derived for each landscape position within the agricultural fields studies and calculated at field and site scale. High rates of soil loss were measured and the results showed that the majority of eroded sediment and SOC was exported from field with only a small fraction redeposited within the field. The effect of soil and SOC redistribution was to create disequilibrium in SOC dynamics at eroding and deposition positions and this supported the formation of a field scale C sink. The sink strength is highest in the most eroded parts of the fields due to dynamic replacement of eroded C. This is assumed to be due to the high rate of incorporation of SOC-poor subsoil, with a large C-unsaturated surface area, into the cultivation layer. The C sink is smaller that those reported from high nutrient-input mechanised farm lands. Irrespective of the fate of exported SOC, the SOC stocks in the fields appear to be in dynamic equilibrium and, therefore, there is no evidence of a C source to the atmosphere due to erosion. Also the rate of SOC export from the fields is very high, especially when compared with mechanised fields and, if it is assumed that some portion of exported C is stored in some part of low lying area, the C sink strength would be comparable to mechanised farm lands. The soil redistribution and C flux study confirmed the existence of spatial variation in C flux at various landscapes position and was consistent with an important role for vertical mixing of soil and SOC in determining net C exchange with the atmosphere. This informed the design of the final element of the research that examined soil respiration differences in soil from shallow and deep layers in eroding and aggrading landscapes position. Respiration was measured over a one year period in samples derived from separate depth layers and in mixtures of soil from different depths at each landscape position. No significant difference was found in C release rate (per unit mass of C) from topsoil of eroding and deposition position but the subsoil of eroding pits exhibited significantly higher C release than the subsoil from deposition positions. This result suggests that topsoil in both locations has almost equal and similar C origin. The relatively high rate of respiration in sub soils from eroding pits may be due to the presence of a larger proportion of SOC formed from recently incorporated plant material (crop roots) at these locations. In buried and deposition locations the reduced mineralisation is consistent with the proposition that burial of top soil can contribute to formation of a C sink. In the samples containing mixed topsoil and subsoil, evidence for priming was seen where the respiration rate in the mixed sample was significantly higher than the expected rate based on the respiration rate seen in the separate depth samples. No priming was evident in mixed soils from eroding locations, suggesting that mixing of subsoil and surface soil does not accelerate loss of old SOC from the subsoil. In contrast, significant priming action was evident in mixed soils from aggrading locations suggesting that buried SOC at depositional locations may be subject to accelerated respiration as long as it is exposed to fresh plant input (as found in surface soils). In conclusion, despite the low input and low productivity of the farmlands in the Indian Himalaya region studied here, there is consistent evidence that high rates of soil erosion and soil redistribution have induced spatial variation of nutrients and SOC, net C flux and soil respiration rates that combine to create a pattern of SOC stocks that are close to equilibrium and, if some of the exported C is sequestered, to create a net C sink. This result again confirms that erosion induced redistribution of C does not directly cause a net release of C to the atmosphere. The consistency of these results with previous studies suggests that there is both scope and need for soil erosion induced carbon fluxes to be incorporated into carbon budgets, research frameworks, land management and climate change mitigation strategies at policy-relevant scales.

Indian cities are currently facing various transportation issues like congestion, pollution, urban inequity, high fatality rate due to accidents etc. because of an increase in the ownership of private motor vehicles and their usage. This has prompted many policy makers to search for alternate modal options that are more sustainable than motorized modes. Non Motorized Transport (NMT), which includes mainly walking and cycling in an urban context, do not produce many of the issues associated with motorized modes like congestion, pollution, fatal accidents etc. But, promotion of NMT requires a clear-cut planning strategy, with a lucid understanding of various strategies and their effect on the NMT usage. Present study tries to answer certain pertinent questions, particularly with respect to walking and cycling, which can arise while preparing a plan for promoting NMT in Indian cities. The following are the questions that the author seeks to answer in the present study. 1) Which are the areas inside a city that a planner shall target for promotion of NMT?2) Where shall a planner locate the infrastructures for NMT in these areas?3) What may be the possible impacts of providing these NMT facilities?4) What may be the possible effect of built environment factors on the choice of NMT? Providing NMT infrastructures requires knowledge of location characteristics such as the trip distance of NMT. Present study tries to elicit the existing distance characteristics of walking and cycling in terms of an acceptable trip distance. The household travel data of Bangalore city, for the year 2009, are used in the study. First, a description and a statistical analysis of the walking and cycling trip distances across the subcategories of socio-demographic and regional factors is done. Secondly, the acceptable distance is computed from the cumulative trip length distribution based on the results of the statistical analysis. The socio-demographic and regional factors used in the study include purpose, age, gender, educational level, occupational status, and motor vehicle ownership. The major results include a significant difference between the mean trip distances on foot for the subcategories of variables such as gender (z value, 4.94), whether the respondent owned a private vehicle (z value, -21.2), and whether the trip was made inside the Central Business District (CBD) (z value, -3.93). One of the major implications of this study pertains to requirement of a footpath around main activity centers like bus stations, at least up to a distance of 1385 meters (maximum value for walking as the main mode) and around the bus stops, at least up to a distance of 750 meters (maximum value for walking as the access mode). Next, the present study analyzes the influence of built environment factors –density and diversity -on the mode choice and trip distance of the residents in the Bangalore city. The built environment factors are analyzed, for their marginal effects in the presence of various socio-demographic and alternative attributes, for the two segments -respondents owning at least a personal vehicle and respondents not owning any personal vehicle. The density used is the total density, which was the sum of population density in a zone and employment density in a zone. The diversity index, which was an explainer of the land-use mixture, was set such that, when a zone with small area had employment opportunities comparable with its population, the diversity index would be high. When tested on a holdout sample other than the ones used in the estimation of the mode choice model, for the vehicle-owning group, the model estimated produced a validation accuracy of 93% and 91% respectively for two-wheelers and walking. For the vehicle non-owning group, the prediction success rate was highest for walking (97%), and lowest for public transit (84%). For the vehicle non-owning group, an increase in the density increased the trip distance (parameter values of 0.016 for total density at origin and 0.002 for total density at destination) and decreased the NMT usage (parameter values of -0.036 and 0.038 respectively for cycling and walking for total density at origin, and -0.092 and 0.073 respectively for cycling and walking for total density at destination), but for the vehicle-owning group, the inverse was true. The results for the vehicle non-owning group highlighted the requirement of a policy framework to control the employment and housing location of them in order to reduce their trip distance. In the mode choice model for the personal vehicle-owning group, the similarity between the parameters of the built environment factors across the two-wheeler and NMT reflected the need for adopting policies that would change the attitude of people towards NMT. Also, the trip distance model determined that females preferred a shorter working distance, with a parameter value -0.109 for the vehicle-owning group and -0.04 for the vehicle non-owning group, when compared with males. Lastly, the study develops a methodological framework to determine the sustainability impact on providing NMT infrastructures using a Composite Sustainability Index (CSI). More specifically, the study develops a methodological framework to determine the variation in the CSI on providing NMT -walking and cycling – infrastructure. The methodology establishes a link between the proposed NMT infrastructures and the CSI using two explanatory indicators: 1) number of motorized vehicles and 2) vehicle-kilometers travelled by the motorized modes. The main components of the framework include the estimation of a mode choice model for a study area, calculation of the explanatory indicators for the scenarios before and after providing NMT infrastructures, and determination of the sustainability impact. The proposed framework, along with the acceptable distance determined in the earlier step, is then used to determine the sustainability impact on providing NMT facilities, for a future scenario, inside the CBD of Bangalore and around the bus stops carrying trips to the CBD. Three case studies are presented with the first one considering only intra zonal (CBD) trips, the second one considering only inter zonal trips having CBD as destination, and the third one considering both above mentioned the trips. The results of all the three case studies found an increase in the CSI (0.002 for the first case study, 0.076 for the second case study, and 0.100 for the third case study) for the peak-hour trips inside the CBD, on providing NMT infrastructures. This increase showed an improvement in the sustainability. Further, for the case study 1, which consisted of high percentage of short distance trips, the major beneficiaries of the NMT infrastructures were the low-income group. There was a reduction in public transport trips, of which the main contributors were the low-income group, from 142706.2 to 96410.2.

Technology is the ‘engine of economic growth’ and technological progress is the most important factor driving a nation’s sustained economic growth. New technologies assume significant and long term role in this process of economic development. New technologies can trigger new cycles of economy, provide windows of opportunity for less developed countries to catch up with the more advanced nations and are important from the wealth creation point of view. However for this to happen, the technology should be able to reach society in the form of new products, processes. Nanotechnology is a new and emerging technology that can play important role to promote India’s economic development. Wide ranges of applications are claimed for nanotechnology and it is considered to be the next big wave of technology after information technology and biotechnology. Government of India has started a mission on nanoscience and nanotechnology in May 2007 with an allocation of ~ 200 million USD for 5 years. However, if one looks at the ‘Nanotechnology’ from the wealth creation point of view, then, research efforts alone in this field, are not sufficient. The research efforts should lead to new products, new processes, and new platforms. Management of technology can assume significant role in this process. It is generally agreed upon that management of nanotechnology is necessary to create economic advantage at the national level. However, the macro level understandings namely, policy at the national level, must result in ground level organization performance. In order to facilitate innovation in the field of NST (Nanoscience and Technology), the process of innovation in this field must be well understood. Infrastructure and management of R&D is a key aspect and entrepreneurship is vital for the development of a new technology. The aim of this study is to do the assessment of nanoscience and nanotechnology initiatives in India. Emerging technology assessments for nation building to meet societal objectives is an extremely complex task. Challenge lies in understanding complex R&D requirements and likely innovations at the lab level. Further challenge lies in assessing initiatives of the start-ups, individual entrepreneurs and comparing them with the Government research initiatives. Understanding the resource requirements of different research initiatives in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology (NST) will greatly assist in facilitating innovation in this field. Further understanding of human, cultural issues, education and training aspects, technical and market uncertainties faced by nanoscience and nanotechnology research initiatives will be an added advantage for the policy makers to facilitate innovation in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology (NST). Review of Literature A critical literature review in the field of Technology Management; Innovation, Technological Innovation; and nanoscience and nanotechnology from a business perspective gave researcher a strong foundation to define nanotechnological innovation and understand the process of nanotechnological innovation. This literature along with the literature on the emergence of a new industry helped identify factors that would facilitate innovation in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. While understanding importance of management in developing nanotechnology to realize its benefits, no study has attempted to link the management processes with the innovation output in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Also, there are very few empirical studies in this area. Thus need to empirically determine various management processes that can facilitate innovation in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology and their causal relatedness to output measures of innovation in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology is identified as a research gap. Aims, Objectives This study aims at conceptualizing the challenges of developing appropriate framework for assessment of emerging technologies in a particular domain. It further aims to use this framework for assessing nanoscience and nanotechnology initiatives in India and to come up with set of alternatives for policy makers at the national level. The objectives are 1. To develop a framework for the assessment of a new technology initiative with a view to enable innovation in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. This further gave rise to two objectives viz, a. Measure the innovation in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. b. Identify factors that enable innovation in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. 1 To use developed framework to assess nanoscience and nanotechnology initiatives in India. 2 To make suggestions for effective institution building and develop interventions for efficient management of nanoscience and technology research and development initiatives. Conceptual Model The conceptual model links two major aspects viz., output of innovation and factors facilitating innovation in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology (NST). This model is used as a tool to assess nanoscience and nanotechnology initiatives in India. Output of innovation is measured at three levels, namely, Focused NST initiative -an initiative where with clear goals, deliverables and resources work on NST project has started. Newness of NST initiative -which measures generation of new products, new processes in the field of NST and Dissemination of NST initiative -which measures publications and patents in the field of NST. Factors facilitating innovation include Organization context, presence of Basic resources, Leadership, Strategic research partnerships, Link with venture capitalists, Technology characteristics and Innovation culture. These factors were thought to be positively linked with the output of innovation in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Methodology Based on a critical literature review, a preliminary study entailing in-depth interviews with strategy experts and a pilot study, a structured questionnaire was developed, to measure constructs and variables in the conceptual model. The main study consisted of data collected from 112 researchers from private as well as public organizations engaged in nanoscience and nanotechnology research and development. Results and Discussion The first part of the analysis began with factor analysis. Based on the factor loadings 31 factors were obtained. These factors were considered to be facilitating innovation in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Similarly output of innovation in the field of NST got loaded onto 3 factors, namely Focused NST initiative, Newness of NST initiative and Dissemination of NST initiative. Non-Hierarchical K-means (K = 2) cluster analysis resulted in two useful clusters among respondents; Cluster 1 primarily represented academic institutes whereas, Cluster 2 mainly represented private sector start-ups in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Factors facilitating innovation and output of innovation were compared across two clusters of the organizations. The student’s t-test was used to compare means of factor scores and items under it across two clusters. Based on the statistical significance of the difference between the factor scores across two clusters, conclusions were drawn as to whether the presence of factors facilitating innovation and output of innovation differ across academic institutes and private sector start-up firms. Significant differences were obtained between the two clusters of organizations with respect to availability of finance, technical and industrial experience of the leadership, strategic research partnerships, market uncertainty and link with the venture capitalists. Output of innovation also differed across two types of organizations, wherein, academic institutes were more active in producing “dissemination” output of innovation and private start-up firms are more active in producing “newness” output of innovation. The next stage of analysis dealt with finding out what among these factors actually contribute to innovation in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Multiple linear regression technique was used to for this purpose. Thus, for three levels of innovation output, three regression models are obtained. Industrial experience of the leaders, Finance, Market readiness of the products are some of the factors facilitating ‘Newness’ output of innovation, whereas, Academic experience and Link with the technical communities are some of the factors affecting Dissemination of NST Initiative. The next stage of analysis dealt with simultaneous estimation of dependent variables. Structural equation modeling in the form of path analysis (AMOS software from SPSS) was used for this purpose. This also helped in explaining how different variables (dependent as well as independent) are related to each other. At an aggregate level, causal model could be fitted between factors facilitating innovation and output of innovation in the field of nanoscience and technology. Chi-square, Normed Fit Index (NFI) and Root mean square error analysis (RMSEA) were the measures used to accept the model. Path analysis also helped to find significant covariances among the independent variables. Concomitant with the quantitative approach of data analysis, qualitative approach using case study was also used to assess nanoscience and nanotechnology initiatives in India. Case study was conducted in two different types of organizations; a premier academic institution and a private start-up firm. Case study revealed that private sector organizations indeed struggle to raise finance. However, high entrepreneurial attitude motivates these young engineers. In case of academic institutions it was noted that in an academic environment there is no real motivation for commercialization or taking research to the market. Performance and rewards for faculty depend to a large extent on publications and to a very small extent on patents. Culture of industrial R&D is not very strong in India and not many companies are willing to experiment. Major conclusions of the study Major conclusions of the study pointed out differences between academic institutes and private start-up firms with respect to availability of the resources, leadership of the people, strategic research partnerships. It also pointed out differences in the types of output of innovation produced by these two firms. Causal analysis in the form of regression and path analysis pointed out factors actually contributing to innovation in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Case study analyzed qualitatively challenges faced by researchers from academic institutes and private start-up firms. Major Suggestions to organizations From the data analyzed in the study, it can be seen that private sector firms in India are facing the problem of raising finance as compared with academic institutions. Similarly, analysis of the data shows, significantly less Industry – Government interactions as compared with Academic institutions – Government interactions. Understanding the importance of private industries in developing applications of new technologies, Government needs to come out with appropriate practices to build a good “ecosystem” for nanotechnology innovation. At the national level, efforts are undertaken by the Government to increase and encourage research initiatives in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Substantial investment can be made in developing technology managers and also build technology entrepreneurs who would commercialize the products and build new products from the new technology. Thus, formation of start-up firms can be encouraged. This will absorb the manpower trained by academic research institutes and will enhance technical and market experience among researchers which was noted as a important factor for enhancing ‘newness’ output of innovation. Detailed analysis of various programs initiated by Government of India does show presence of various mechanisms to promote private sector initiatives in field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. However, present study shows that the private sector is finding it difficult to raise finance through various Government schemes. Academic sector is the major beneficiary of Government funding however, the research results stop at publications in these organizations. Private sector is able to bring new products, new processes, however, struggles to raise finance. Thus private sector start-ups could be funded with Government funding mechanisms. These mechanisms can be made less cumbersome for the start-up firms. Academic sector on the other hand should be encouraged by way of incentives for generation of new products. Considering importance of strategic research partnerships, institutional mechanisms could be put into place which will enhance Government – Industry and Industry-Academia research interaction. Contribution of the study The main contribution of this study includes, a conceptual model involving resource based view of innovation. The conceptual model is further used for measuring output of innovation in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology (NST) at three levels, namely newness of NST initiative, dissemination of NST initiative and having a focused NST research initiative. Factors which may promote and facilitate innovation in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology (NST) are also measured. Comparison is made across different types of organizations to see availability of these enabling factors in Indian nanoscience and nanotechnology initiatives. Using regression analysis and path analysis, factors which actually contribute to innovation in the field of NST are identified. The main implication of the study is towards a better policy formulation in strengthening human resources, organizational capability, increasing funding for research and enhancing academic – industry interaction for better innovative performance. Limitations of the study The present study does not include all the types of organizations in the technology environment, this includes, namely nanoscience and nanotechnology R&D initiatives in large sized organizations and Government research organizations like Defense research and Development Organization (DRDO), Indian Space research Organization (ISRO). These organizations were contacted for data collection for this study, however they denied permission. Directions for future research Present study involved cross section of researchers engaged in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Future studies can be longitudinal that can track changes in leadership, organizational structure and organizational processes. This study provides a conceptual model that can be used for the assessment of other new technologies in India e.g. defence or manufacturing related technologies.

This dissertation argues for the potential of an American politics built on identities, cultures, and faith. Works by two Caribbean authors, Alejo Carpentier (1904-1980) and Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960), provide central connections throughout these considerations while demonstrating how disparate people consider themselves American without losing their differences. Chapter one examines faith as enunciated in Carpentiers explanation of American Marvelous Realism and as practiced in Hurstons novels. According to these works, credence in America comes not from governmental attempts at continental unity, which too often leads to domination, but instead arises out of cultural endeavors that transcend political boundaries. Music in the second chapter exemplifies American cultural practice by boldly going where politicians fear to tread, resonating throughout the continent with sounds that typify specific regions while remaining strongly connected to one another. A backbeat, for example, that reveals musical connections between swing and vallenato does not negate the individuality of, respectively, Kansas City or Baranquilla. The third chapter considers Gayatri Chakravorty Spivaks employment of Area Studies competencies in studies of Comparative Literature. In this case, specific applications of biology and music history apply to cultural studies of the Americas. Recent studies in genetics that trace similarities in all humans also reveal America as a site of greatest biological differentiation. Following ideas put forth by Spivak, Homi Bhabha, and Nstor Garca Canclini, this deconstructive approach to cultural studies concludes in the fourth chapter with an American politics that does not merely reverse established patterns of domination but instead emulates American cultural practices with the potential to make hegemonic readings irrelevant.
English

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-11, Section: A, page: 4538. Adviser: Paula Treichler. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-234) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

The study explores the perceptions of deans and academics associated with integrating Sustainability Education (SE) in business and accounting schools in Indian universities and management institutions. Using theories including Institutional Theory and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the study uses a mixed methods approach in order to understand these perceptions towards this approach. In the first phase, using semi-structured interviews with business and accounting school deans from north Indian universities and management institutions, the thesis explores the issues and challenges associated with integrating SE in accounting and business curricula in the Indian higher education sector. A qualitative research approach explores the differences in SE delivery between private and public institutions in India. An analysis of data from interviews with accounting deans from 22 public and 14 private institutions in northern India using an Institutional Theory perspective revealed that SE integration is nuanced, and market pressures determine the level of SE integration more than regulatory pressures. Public institutions lack the motivation and intent to integrate SE by designing updated curricula relevant to industry and the community. By contrast, market pressures generated by the profit-maximisation model have forced private institutions to integrate SE effectively. The findings emphasise the role of macro-level factors in integrating SE and offer theoretical, managerial and policy implications for improving the integration of SE in public sector universities at the macro and institutional levels. Specifically, the government needs to depoliticise appointments of senior academic leadership, and government funding bodies need to provide dedicated funds to promote SE integration in public institutions. In the second phase, the study examines how the direct and indirect factors of the extended TPB relate to academics’ intentions and actual behaviour towards implementing SE in business and accounting schools in Indian universities and management institutions. A current study used a questionnaire survey to understand the academic perspective of implementing SE in business and accounting schools. The quantitative analysis using an extended TPB model tested direct variables such as attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioural control (PBC), environmental consciousness and ethical consciousness. Indirect variables such as outcome beliefs (OB), outcome evaluation (OE), normative beliefs (NB), motivation to comply (MC), self-belief (SB), perceived external barriers (PEB) determined academic, behavioural intentions (BI) and actual behaviour (AB) towards implementing SE in business and accounting schools in Indian universities and management institutions with faculty members chosen as the target respondents. The study investigated the academic perspectives regarding two additional variables: environmental and ethical consciousness. The data analysis results from the structured equational modelling method (SEM) for the present research study indicated that all five TPB constructs, such as ATT, SN, PBC, environmental consciousness, and ethical consciousness, positively influence academic intentions and actual behaviour. The study contributes to the academic literature in business and accounting education and, more specifically, integrates SE into mainstream education. The study has implications for academics, administrators in higher education institutions, and policymakers. The findings may guide various stakeholders such as India's Universities Grants Commission (UGC)0F , the All-India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), university administrations, government, industry, and others promoting SE in Indian universities. This is the first research study that applied Institutional Theory in order to understand the deans' perceptions and extend the TPB model to predict academic intentions and behaviour in integrating SE in developing Asian countries such as India.

This thesis looks at the media event of Kahani Hamare Mahabharat Ki (Our Story of the Mahabharat), a serialized, televised version of the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata which ran on prime-time Indian television from July to November 2008. The show was created and produced by Balaji Telefilms and Ekta Kapoor, well known throughout Asia for extremely successful prime-time soap-operas which have come to be representative of the genre in India. Kahani Hamare Mahabharat Ki was canceled quite early in its run (it was intended to air for upwards of three years) due to low ratings and intense viewer criticism of the program. The bulk of the criticism compared it unfavorably to an earlier version aired by B.R. Chopra and his team in 1988-90, which is to this day remembered as one of the most watched events in Indian television history, and is still widely seen as a largely “successful” visual translation of the story to television. This thesis analyses the dimensions of Kahani Hamare Mahabharat Ki’s promises to offer something both “old and new” to the Indian public, its internal structure, the influences upon its creation, its failure, the nature of the criticism against it, and how it sparked a large public debate about how “authenticity” and “tradition” are currently being conceptualized by modern popular media in India. The thesis takes data and evidence from a variety of scholarly, print, online, and ethnographic sources to demonstrate that Kahani Hamare Mahabharat Ki’s failure was much more complex than the case of its being simply a “bad” show; rather it reveals that to many, Chopra’s earlier version has become in some ways monolithic, containing an essential “rightness” that speaks to broader concerns about the current state of India’s cultural and religious heritage as refracted through the lens of modern media. This thesis examines Kahani Hamare Mahabharat Ki as one unique occurrence within a much broader field of mythological/devotional programming currently available in India, and points to the need for a larger scholarly study of this phenomenon.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2006. Graduate Programme in Geography.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 305-324). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR19799

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業研究所
87
The red palm mite, Raoiella indica, is known to infest, besides coconut and betel nut palms, date palm and other palms. It is usually found along the mid-rib on the underside of a palm leaf. The mite inflicted considerable damage to plants by sucking up plant sap, turning leaves to yellow or dark brown, and causing a premature leaf drop. Results of the study of the acarian fauna on coconut and betel nut palms in Taiwan indicated that there was a total of 15 mite species, injurious and beneficial. Of these species, the red palm mite was the most prevalent with the widest distribution. The life cycle of this mite was divided into five different stages; namely, egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult. When reared at 25, 30, 35°C in a growth chamber at RH 75±5% and 12L:12D with two different rearing methods, the petri dish method (containing either a section of mature coconut or betel nut leaf) and the modified closed-cell rearing method (containing either a portion of a leaf of coconut or betel nut seedling), the developmental time for each stage and the sum of the developmental time decreased with the increase of temperature. The sum of the developmental time of a male was the longest at 34.48 ± 3.71 days when it was reared with the petri dish method containing a coconut leaf at 25°C and the shortest was at 20 ± 3.51 days when it was reared with petri dish method containing a betel nut leaf at 35°C. For a female, the longest sum of the developmental time was at 45 ± 7.07 days when it was reared with petri dish method containing a betel nut leaf at 25°C and the shortest was at 29 ± 1.00 days when it was reared with the petri dish method containing a coconut leaf at 35°C. The developmental time and the sum of the developmental time for the male and female were not significantly different when they were reared with the modified closed-cell method. The lack of significant difference may be attributed to the fact that there were only two temperatures used for making the comparison. The longevity of the mite decreased with the increase of the temperature when it was reared with the petri dish method. The longevity of a male was the longest at 14 ± 17 days when it was reared at 25°C with the modified closed-cell method containing a coconut seedling leaf and the shortest was at 2.33 ± 1.53 days when it was reared at 35°C with the petri dish method containing a coconut leaf. The longevity of a female was the longest at 22.00 ± 7.78 days when it was reared at 30°C with the modified closed-cell method containing a coconut seedling leaf and the shortest was at 6.33 ± 4.04 days when it was reared at 35°C with the petri dish method containing a coconut leaf. The number of eggs laid by a female was relatively low at all temperatures. The number was the largest at 11.00 ± 1.41 eggs when it was reared at 30°C with the modified closed-cell method containing a coconut seedling leaf and the least was at 2.60 ± 1.71 eggs when it was reared at room temperature with the petri dish method containing a betel nut leaf. Based on the coefficients of the linear regressions under different temperatures, the mite with a lower developmental zero had a higher thermal unit accumulation. The mite underwent both bi-parent and uni-parent reproductions; the former resulted in exclusively female progenies and the latter resulted in only male progenies. When comparing the success rates for a mite to develop from egg to adult at different temperatures with different rearing methods, the success rate was the highest when it was reared at 25°C with the modified closed-cell method. Its averaged hypothetical number was 3.77, which means the rearing nearly reached the deutonymph stage. The rate was the lowest when it was reared at 35°C with the petri dish method containing a betel nut leaf. Its averaged hypothetical number was 2.10, which means the rearing reached the larval stage. Since the petri dish method required several changes of fresh leaves during the course of the study and had high rates of drowning and escaping, the rearing method was switched to the modified closed-cell method, which significantly improved the rates of success in rearing the mite from egg to adult. The population dynamics of the mite in the field were influenced by climatic factors, such as humidity, total day length and the population density of the previous sampling. The population density of the mite was negatively correlated with the humidity (P<0.05) and positively correlated with the total day length and the population density of the previous sampling (P<0.01). Based on the population density of the mite, its distribution in the field was determined to be in clusters as the ratio of S2/m was greater than 1, the slope of the linear regression was greater than 1 and its intercept was smaller than 1. The preferences of the mites to coconut and betel nut palm and to the directions of the location of the two hosts in an orchard were investigated. The results indicated that the mite preferred coconut to betel nut as the mite density was significantly higher on the coconut than on the betel nut (P<0.05). The mite, however, showed no significant preference in the directions of the location of the host plants (P>0.05).

The oral background, ability in English and academic and social interaction of the non mother-tongue student was the focus of this study. The oral background of the African student is an important consideration as it helps one to contextualise his life and educational experiences. A severe lack of knowledge and interest in each others' cultures and backgrounds among all the players at the tertiary institution was apparent. The focus group interview technique was adapted to elicit students' perceptions of their own problems. This technique proved invaluable in allowing participants to express their views freely, thus offering the researcher an in-depth insight into their life at the tertiary institution and an understanding of the problems they encounter. The focus group discussion was supplemented by questionnaires. The study comprised 40 non mother-tongue students who were divided into 8 groups of 5 students each. On completion of the group discussion, a verbatim transcript of each audio-recording was made. Analyses of the focus group discussion and the questionnaire revealed that non mother-tongue students do in fact experience many problems with academic and social interaction due to their cultural background and ability in English. These students feel isolated and misunderstood. Racism, albeit subtle, seems to be a problem on the campus. It was found that with a few exceptions, there is very little difference between the experiences of the first year students as compared to the second year students. Also, the admissions criteria for the different faculties did not 'eliminate' problems.This illustrates that the problems do not 'disappear' after a whole year at the institution, because the underlying causes are not being addressed. One cannot expect the non mother-tongue student to simply adapt to the new experiences, namely, a different environment and a second language as the medium of instruction and communication. Several recommendations were made for the implementation of the research findings in the tertiary environment. Further research possibilities were also suggested.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1995.