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Journal articles on the topic 'Nobility or the hereditary ruling class'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Margreiter, Klaus. "The Notion of Nobility and the Impact of Ennoblement on Early Modern Central Europe." Central European History 52, no. 03 (2019): 382–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938919000736.

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AbstractThis article discusses the problem of why there was a constant demand for ennoblement in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Central Europe, even though those who aspired to it had little or no prospect of integration into the established feudal nobility. Nobility was first and foremost an ideological concept closely connected to power and rule. The Holy Roman emperors ennobled persons who exercised power precisely because, in the premodern social order, the exercise of power was a prerogative of the nobility. However, the newly ennobled had only their title in common with the old aris
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2

Prof., Swapna K. Jadhav. "MANOHAR MALGONKAR - "THE INDIAN KIPLING"." International Journal of Research – Granthaalayah 4, no. 2 (2017): 62–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.848069.

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Manohar Malgonkar a versatile Indian fictional writer represents the life of pre independent and of post independent India that has left heavy memories of events which changed our nation’s history and society in the most profound ways. His novels “ Distant Drum” (1960), “Combat of Shadows “(1962),” The Princes” (1963), “A Bend in the Ganges” (1964), and “The Devil's Wind” (1972) witness a wonderful knock of weaving plots of singular originality. His themes such as the army life, the aristocracy, commonality, partition of India, violence, sex, hunting, betrayal and revenge actually provides sco
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3

Le Donne, John P. "The eighteenth-century Russian nobility [Bureaucracy or ruling class?]." Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique 34, no. 1 (1993): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/cmr.1993.2341.

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4

Šmigelskytė-Stukienė, Ramunė. "The Wettins and the Issue of Inheritance of the Polish-Lithuanian State Throne in the Context of the Constitution of May 3, 1791: Position of the Lithuanian Nobility." Open Political Science 2, no. 1 (2019): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2019-0009.

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AbstractThe article analyses attitudes of the Lithuanian nobility towards the inheritance of the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (the Commonwealth) in the period of the Four-Year Sejm (1788-1792). Thorough analysis of historiography and research of narrative sources amplifies the position of the Lithuanian nobility towards the issue of inheritance of the throne of the Commonwealth as it was reflected in the political literature of 1787-1789 period. Analysis of the documents produced by the February and November dietines (Pol. sejmiks), 1790 of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (the GDL
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5

Roterme, Liudmila R. "K.-J. Hölkeskamp's Scientific Outlook on the Formation of the Roman Nobility." Herald of Omsk university. Series: Historical studies 11, no. 2 (2024): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2312-1300.2024.11(2).106-111.

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The article analyzes the German historian K.-J. Hölkeskamp's views on the formation of a new ruling class (“political” class by his definition) in Rome in the 4th - early 3rd centuries B.C. The researcher's scientific outlook relies foremost on the assumption that the surviving Roman historical tradition maintains an authentic core. K.-J. Hölkeskamp takes as a premise that the formation of the nobility was influenced by interconnected external and internal factors, with the former considered as playing the leading role. Nevertheless, he believes that both types of factors contributed to the in
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Aizatullova, Alsu Shamilievna, and Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sudakov. "The nobility of Simbirsk Governorate at the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th century." Samara Journal of Science 9, no. 1 (2020): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202091207.

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The goal of the paper is to analyze the socio-economic situation of the Simbirsk Governorate nobility in the late 18th - first half of the 19th century. The authors have characterized the dynamics of the number of nobles in Simbirsk Governorate (in comparison with indicators of Kazan Governorate and the Penza Governorate). The nobility is divided into two groups - hereditary and personal. The authors reveal the position of both groups in the structure of the estate in Simbirsk Governorate and other Middle Volga governorates and trace the dynamics of this indicator. It is noted that hereditary
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Zhitko, Anatolij. "Discriminative Economic Policy of the Russian Government Towards the Catholic Nobility of Belarus (Second Half of the 19th Century – the Beginning of the 20th Century)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (August 2021): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.4.8.

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Introduction. The upper class of Belarus within the Russian Empire attracted the attention of researchers. However, the restrictive economic policy of the Russian government towards the nobility of the Roman Catholic faith has not been the subject of special study. The aim of the article is to identify the main aspects of the discriminative policy of the autocracy against the Catholic nobility of Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Methodology. The study is based on the fundamental principles of historical knowledge – historicism, objectivity, value-based approach, a
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8

S, Jessintha, and Jaiganesh B. "The Political Postulates Constructed in the Epic Perunkathai." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, no. 3 (2022): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22319.

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During Sangam era, petty kings those who were ruling small territories or emperors who conquered many countries and built empires have followed monarchy. This was told in verses of Purananuru (400 heroic poems about kings). It said that, kingdom is hereditary; after a king, only his son has the right to rule his empire. Elderly son takes the crown and his siblings govern and support him in ruling the kingdom. The eldest one who got the right to rule differ themselves according to their mind-set. It will be a burden for those who just depend on tax collection from the people of his kingdom. Whe
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9

Eka Kurniawati and Anwari. "HEGEMONY OF LANGUAGE AS REFLECTED IN BURNETT’S A LITTLE PRINCESS." Vilvatikta: Jurnal Pengembangan Bahasa dan Sastra Daerah 1, no. 1 (2023): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.59698/vilvatikta.v1i1.18.

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This research is intended to find out the form of the hegemony of language that is conducted by the ruling class over the subaltern people in the Novel A Little Princess. This research also explains the causal factor and its effects on the characters of Burnett’s novel in the Victorian Era. The researcher uses Gramsci’s concept of hegemony. Hegemony is the predominance obtained by consent rather than the force of one class over other classes. This research applies to library research because the corpus is a novel entitled A Little Princess. Besides that, this research is a concept analysis. Th
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10

Kreačič, Goranka. "Fux family from Metlika." Kronika 71, no. 1 (2023): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.56420/kronika.71.1.08.

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The Fux family from Metlika held a hundred-years hereditary lease on the town’s post house, a relay station between Karlovac and Ljubljana. Between the end of the eighteenth century and the end of the nineteenth century, maintaining a successful and lucrative business made it one of the most distinguished middle-class families in Metlika and White Carniola. The family’s standing was further raised and fortified through equally successful strategies of forming marriage alliances, above all with the Croatian petty nobility along the Kolpa River. Studies of these interesting marriage ties shed li
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Agafonov, Anatoly I. "Kalmyk Motifs in Russian and Don Heraldry." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 2 (218) (June 23, 2023): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2023-2-51-61.

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Ethnic symbols in Russian and Don heraldry are studied on the example of the princely families of the Dondukovs, the Dondukovs-Korsakovs, the noble families of the Korsakovs, first of all their visual accompaniment - coats of arms, which allowed to determine the place and status of the owners in the noble hierarchy of the Russian Empire. The rights and privileges, possession/non-possession of titles, their reflection and changes in the identification symbols of various historical epochs are considered. It is shown that the establishment of the princely Dondukov family and the formation of the
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12

Pokotilova, T. E., and T. A. Shebzukhova. "Nobility and charity in the Stavropol region in the 19th – early 20th centuries." Гуманитарные и юридические исследования 11, no. 4 (2024): 704–14. https://doi.org/10.37493/2409-1030.2024.4.12.

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Introduction. The article studies the problem of participation of nobility in charity in the Stavropol region in the 19th – early 20th centuries. It is noted that the content and features of the process of formation and evolution of the class structure and the nobility, in particular, in the region, along with the existing normative framework that consolidated its class status, were largely determined by a number of features. Those were the peculiarities of Russia advancement on the Caucasian borders, the history and peculiarities of colonization of the steppe preCaucasus, the special military
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13

Kabytov, Petr, and Ekaterina Barinova. "Petr A. Stolypin and the Russian Nobility." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 3 (July 2019): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.3.7.

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Introduction. The article examines the attitude of the Russian nobility to the reformatory activity of Chairman of the Council of the Ministers of the Russian Empire P.A. Stolypin. The authors focus on the analysis of the attitude of the conservative wing of the noble elite represented in the State Duma, the State Council, the Council of the United Nobility, the Council for Local Economy under the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the government policy. Methods. In the historiography of the problem three periods are highlighted. It was found that up to 90s of the 20th century negative evaluation
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14

Kamara, Mohamed. "Of bastards, slaves, dogs and other things: discourses of bourgeois transgression and illegitimacy in two francophone sub-saharan novels." Dossier spécial Léon-Gontran Damas, no. 116 (August 13, 2020): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1071053ar.

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The emergence and rise to preeminence of the bourgeoisie on the African political, social, and economic scenes have been the stuff of many novels. One could even argue that the rise of the sub-Saharan novel (because it is inherently connected to the colonial project) is more or less concurrent with the birth and rise of this class. In this essay, I seek to analyze the discourse of bourgeois transgression and illegitimacy as exemplified in two novels: Ahmadou Kourouma’s Les soleils des indépendances (1968) and Francis Bebey’s Le ministre et le griot (1992). The two works focus on the ruling eli
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15

MIRZOEV, A. S. "INSTITUTION OF DEPARTURE FOR SERVICE AND MERCENARY PRACTICES AS A PART OF THE MILITARY CULTURE OF CIRCASSIANS." Kavkazologiya, no. 1 (2021): 26–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31143/2542-212x-2021-1-26-66.

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The article examines the traditional institutions of military culture of the Circassians – military departure and departure for service. Departure for service was part of the universal system of replenishment of the ruling class of the feudal powers of Europe and Asia, into which the Circassian aristocracy had long been deeply integrated. This was favored by a well-deserved reputation in the military sphere, a highly effective and perfect system of military education, as well as the cultivation of the knightly idea and its components such as loyalty to the suzerain, nobility, aristocratic etiq
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16

Hurzhiy, Oleksandr. "Agrarian policy of hetman Demko Mnohohrishnyi." Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 46 (April 16, 2025): 201–18. https://doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2025-46.201-218.

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The purpose of the study is to identify the key features of the agrarian policy of the hetman during 1669–1672. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and determinism, using general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, analogy, abstraction, as well as a problem- chronological. The scientific novelty. Based on an analysis of nearly all of D. Mnohohrishnyi’s universals and decrees, the article highlights and specifies, for the first time, the directions of his legislative activities concerning land ownership of the elite and peasant-Cossack landholding. This was
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17

Тетяна Коляда. "SOCIAL CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN." Social work and social education, no. 5 (December 23, 2020): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2618-0715.5.2020.220814.

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The article considers the social conditions for the development of secondary education in Great Britain (XIX – first half of the XX century). It was founded that an important factor in the formation of the British education system was the influence of the ruling class of aristocrats (landlords) and the petty nobility. It was founded that education of the majority of the population depended on the area, financial status of the family and religion. It was emphasized that religion played a significant role in the field of mass education. It has been shown that in the early nineteenth century, Eng
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18

Паштова, Мадина Михайловна. "Aristocracy and “New Nobility” in Local Folklore Discourse (Based on Materials of the Circassian Diaspora in Turkey)." ТРАДИЦИОННАЯ КУЛЬТУРА, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26158/tk.2020.21.1.006.

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Один из крупных очагов черкесской (адыгской) культуры в Турции - анклав Узун-Яйла - находится в Центральной Анатолии, близ г. Кайсери. Его население составляют в основном представители аристократических этнических групп: кабардинцы, хатукайцы, а также абазины, идентифицирующие себя как адыгэ (черкесы) и исторически относящиеся к числу сообществ с развитой социально-классовой структурой. Стереотипные устные тексты, структурирующие социально-классовую идентичность, имеют широкий жанровый спектр: от «классического» фольклора до «разовых» высказываний. Их социально-прагматическая функция претерпел
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19

Duan, Yong. "On the Great Influence of Powerful Figures." Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (2025): 355–60. https://doi.org/10.54097/1jkdv473.

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Society should be divided into three classes: the supreme ruler, the commoner class, and the powerful figure class. The powerful figures refers to powerful and influential individuals or organizations, other than the supreme ruler, who possess substantial assets or have considerable political influence. The powerful figures include major officials of the central government, royal relatives, provincial and municipal local governments, warlords, nobility, prominent families, political parties, large capitalists, as well as other economic, religious, cultural, criminal organizations, and peasant
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20

Nechaev, V. V. "UNRECOGNIZED ESTATE (ODNODVORTSY OF THE CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION IN THE 18th – EARLY 19TH CENTURIES)." History: facts and symbols, no. 2 (June 6, 2022): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-92-107.

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The topic of this work is the estate of the odnodvortcy of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia. Based on the analysis of the laws published in the PSZRI and other sources, the author comes to the conclusion that in the first quarter of the 19th century the odnodvortcy represented a stable community, de facto were a special class. However, due to difficult relations with the ruling nobility, who did not want to see odnodvortcy as competitors in the struggle for land, civil service and other privileges, the government stubbornly refused to recognize them as such. Since the time of Peter the
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21

Zaytsev, Nikita I. "THE HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT OF EVIDENCE AND EVIDENCE IN DOMESTIC CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE REIGN OF PETER I TO THE PRESENT DAY." LEGAL ORDER: History, Theory, Practice 40, no. 1 (2024): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/2311-696x-2024-40-1-84-92.

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The article examines the development of domestic criminal justice during the formation of absolutism in the Russian Empire in the XVIII century to the modern democratic Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation of the XXI century. The author points out that during the period of the supremacy of the nobility, as the ruling class, evidence was divided into perfect and imperfect, depending on the class status of a participant in criminal proceedings. The “stagnant” periods in domestic legal proceedings have been revealed, when in the struggle for power, in a series of palace coups, there
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22

Kaladžinskaitė, Auksė. "Giuseppe Fontana – architektas ir bajoras: giminės istorija." Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė Luomas. Pašaukimas. Užsiėmimas, T. 5 (November 14, 2019): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33918/23516968-005013.

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GIUSEPPE FONTANA: ARCHITECT AND NOBLEMAN: THE FAMILY HISTORY This article is dedicated to one of the most notable late baroque architects of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Giuseppe Fontana (Józef III, 1716 – before 1773). Being of Italian blood, architect Giuseppe Fontana was actually born in Warsaw, the capital of the Commonwealth of Both Nations, leaving a clear footprint in the culture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Unable to establish himself in Vilnius, he moved close to Vitebsk. His choice to live and work on the north-eastern outskirts of the Commonwealth of Both Nations could have bee
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23

SY, Moussa Aleyri Salam. "L’aristocratie sénatoriale face au Principat d’Auguste." Afrosciences Antiquity Sunu-Xalaat A1, no. 1 (2023): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.61585/pud-asasx-a1n109.

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The upheavals that accompanied the social, traditional and political structures and the assertion of Augustus' personal power in Rome during the transition from Republic to Principate had resulted in the loss of most of the prerogatives of the optimates, the conservative wing of nobilitas. Even though, at least in appearance, the princeps was supposed to be the executor of the Senate's will, in reality he instituted a true monarchy. This new political system stripped the ruling class of the defunct Republic of many of its privileges in the management of the Empire. The Senate, the flagship ins
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24

Schiemenz, Günter P. "A heretical look at the Benzolfest." British Journal for the History of Science 26, no. 2 (1993): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400030752.

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The Benzolfest of 1890 in honour of August Kekulé fell into that economically prosperous, politically peaceful period of European imperialism which is characterized by the splendour of the courts of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India; Emperor Franz Josef of Austria, King of Hungary; and the German Emperor Wilhelm II, King of Prussia. Whoever could afford it (and even some of those who could not) tried to imitate these models and to participate at least to a modest extent in the glamour of the imperial courts. Merits were honoured by the bestowal
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25

Lee, Nam Hee. "Medical licensing examination (uigwa) and the world of the physician officers (uigwan) in Korea’s Joseon Dynasty." Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions 12 (May 7, 2015): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2015.12.16.

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Physicians for ordinary people in Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) do not need to pass national medical licensing examination. They had done their job after enough period of apprenticeship. Only physician officers were licensed as technical civil servants. These physician officers were middle class, located socially between the nobility and the commoner. They had to pass a national licensing examination to be considered for high-ranking physician officers, that is, those at the rank above the 6th level out of a total of 9 ranks, where the first rank was highest. Royal physicians also had to pass thi
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26

Darensky, V. Yu. "«Dictatorship of Conscience»: Religious and Moral Foundations of the Russian Statehood According to Ivan Solonevich." Orthodoxia, no. 4 (December 26, 2022): 238–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.53822/2712-9276-2021-4-238-263.

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The article examines religious and moral foundations of the Russian statehood as presented by the philosopher and public figure Ivan Solonevich (1891–1953), who, following Vladimir Solovyov, defined his concept as “the dictatorship of conscience”. From Solonevich’s perspective, the specifics of the Russian political tradition consists in its fundamental difference from European feudalism. In Muscovy, the ruling class was selected according to its moral qualities, and the people’s life was based on the self-government (“the people’s monarchy”). Peter the Great ended this tradition by replacing t
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Krausse, Dirk, Leif Hansen, and Nicole Ebinger. "REICHE FRAUENGRÄBER DES 1. JAHRTAUSENDS V. CHR. IN SÜDWESTDEUTSCHLAND." Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada 32 (December 26, 2022): 253–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/cpag.v32i0.24047.

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Rich female graves in southwestern Germany are only recognisable archaeologically from about 600 B.C. onwards. During the Urnfield Culture and the Hallstatt C phase, male burials predominate among the rich graves. The earliest known female graves from the Western Hallstatt Culture to contain gold artefacts come from burial mounds 4 and 2 of the Bettelbühl cemetery near the Heuneburg. Furthermore, the discovery of tumulus 4, which contained a "princess grave" and the burial of a small girl, indicates that social rank and status at the Heuneburg were hereditary by at least the early 6th century
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Telitsin, Nikolay N., and Aleksandra-Megumi Ogi. "Missionary Activity of A. G. Ibragimov (1857–1944) in Japan." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 16, no. 2 (2024): 360–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2024.205.

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The paper describes missionary work of A. G. Ibragimov in Japan and his relations with various strata of Japanese society during that period. The main works in Japanese are those of Japanese Turkologists: Misawa Nobuo, Komatsu Hisao and others, including those whose research work focuses on the history of the Ottoman Empire. Ibragimov visited Japan three times. Very little information is available about the first and the second visits; however, the third visit is described in considerable detail in his own diaries, among other things. His communication with the Japanese (who were traditionally
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Amelina, E. M. "State and national culture in P.B. Struve’s writings (on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of his birth)." Solov’evskie issledovaniya, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2076-9210.2020.4.094-107.

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The author analyzes the views of the famous philosopher, sociologist and politician Petr Struve, whose ideas have enduring relevance in view of the problems of maintaining state unity and developing both culture and national identity. The main object of this research is Struve’s views on the essence of the state and national culture and on their role in the life of Russia. It is indicated that the position of the thinker presupposed a certain historiosophy – an interpretation of history as a process of development of spiritual culture. The features of Peter Struve’s liberal-conservatism and hi
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30

Zaуtseva, Nataliya Vladimirovna. "The concept of “l’honnêteté” (nobleness) as the category of ethical and spiritual life in the French society of the XVII century." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 4 (April 2021): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2021.4.36282.

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The subject of this research is the concept of nobleness “l’honnêteté” as the category of ethical and spiritual life in the French society of the XVII century. The ideas of “l’honnêteta” promted the formation of the new cultural and intellectual elite, anew ethos that was relatively supranational and standing above classes, adapted to court and secular life. The focus of the discussion that unfolded in the early XVII century is the question of whether it is possible to become a noble person by cultivatin
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31

Shiferaw Bekele. "In Search of an Explanation for the Ethiopian Revolution of 1974." Africa Review of Books 4, no. 1 (2008): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.57054/arb.v4i1.4733.

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Haile Selassie, Western Education and Political Revolution in Ethiopia by Paulos Milkias. Cambria Press, 2006, xxii + 364 pp. ISBN: 1-934043-41-9 Ethiopia had more than its due share of wars and social turbulence through most of the known periods of its long history (upwards of two thousand years). Perhaps only one century (the 16th) compares with the 20th for the extent and intensity of the external and internal wars that the country fought, the population displacements and movements, and the massive destructions of property and national heritage. A considerable proportion of this turbulence
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32

Pavel, Cătălin, and Daniel Citirigă. "History of states, history of individuals. Eminescu on Austria and the Romanian Principalities." Swedish Journal of Romanian Studies 5, no. 1 (2022): 178–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.35824/sjrs.v5i1.23805.

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The present article aims to offer excerpts f an essential article by the Romanian “national poet” Mihai Eminescu in the English translation, with a historical commentary. The translation aims to make Eminescu’s text available to an international audience of scholars, helping to write a more accurate social and cultural history of 19th century Europe. In turn, the commentary aims to show that Eminescu’s political vision, although substantially conservative, incorporated a number of tenets that were to become an inspiration for a number of politicians of highly diverse backgrounds, from the Iron
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Saiful Ahad. "Reflection of Contemporary Society in M. R. Kale's English Translation of Sudraka's Mrichchhakatika." Creative Saplings 4, no. 1 (2025): 37–49. https://doi.org/10.56062/gtrs.2025.4.01.851.

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Sudraka's classical play Mrichchhakatika, or The Little Clay Cart, is a noted work of art in the Sanskrit language. It has been rendered into English by a renowned Sanskrit scholar, Moreshwar Ramchandra Kale, who has retained the original text and context. The plot is woven around the backdrop of an impoverished yet virtuous Brahmin merchant, Charudatta, and his beloved Vasantasena, a rich courtesan. Both of them epitomize the course of a virtuous life. Charudatta is the protagonist, and Vasantasena is his female counterpart. Their life is disturbed when Shakespearean Iago-like antagonist Sams
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Popovic, Marko, and Svetlana Vukadinovic. "The Church of St. Stephan on Scepan polje near Soko-grad." Starinar, no. 57 (2007): 137–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta0757137p.

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The Church of St. Stephan, in this paper, belonged to a medieval residential complex above the confluence of the River Piva and the River Tara, in the extreme northeast of the present-day Republic of Montenegro. The central part of the complex consisted of Soko-grad, a castle with the court of the prominent, aristocratic, Kosaca family, which, at the end of the 14th century, right until the Turkish conquests in the sixties and seventies of the 15th century, ruled the regions later known as Hercegovina. At the foot of the castle, on Scepan polje, is the suburb with the Church of St. Stephan the
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Anzalone, Christopher. "Salafism in Nigeria: Islam, Preaching, and Politics." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 35, no. 3 (2018): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v35i3.489.

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The global spread of Salafism, though it began in the 1960s and 1970s, only started to attract significant attention from scholars and analysts outside of Islamic studies as well as journalists, politicians, and the general public following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks perpetrated by Al-Qaeda Central. After the attacks, Salafism—or, as it was pejoratively labeled by its critics inside and outside of the Islamic tradition, “Wahhabism”—was accused of being the ideological basis of all expressions of Sunni militancy from North America and Europe to West and East Africa, the Arab world
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Anzalone, Christopher. "Salafism in Nigeria: Islam, Preaching, and Politics." American Journal of Islam and Society 35, no. 3 (2018): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v35i3.489.

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The global spread of Salafism, though it began in the 1960s and 1970s, only started to attract significant attention from scholars and analysts outside of Islamic studies as well as journalists, politicians, and the general public following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks perpetrated by Al-Qaeda Central. After the attacks, Salafism—or, as it was pejoratively labeled by its critics inside and outside of the Islamic tradition, “Wahhabism”—was accused of being the ideological basis of all expressions of Sunni militancy from North America and Europe to West and East Africa, the Arab world
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Skřejpek, Michal. "Studie z dějin římské ústřední správy za principátu. Císařské kanceláře, jejich činnost a organizace." AUC IURIDICA 37, no. 2 (2025): 19–139. https://doi.org/10.14712/23366478.2025.374.

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Special administrative organs, came into being at the beginning of the Principate, the activities of which very distinctly participated not only in the realization of the interior and foreign policy of Roman emperors but also in its forming. These imperial departments had a firm place in the system of administrative organs of the Principate, in fact it is possible to stay that they formed the administrative centre of the Roman Empire. Information from all parts of the Roman State in the field of administration flowed into the hands of the personnel of these departments. In spite of their impor
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Merelo-Guervós, Juan J., and M. Cristina Molinari. "An analysis of colleganza contracts in the Republic of Venice and its relationship to the Serrata of the Great Council." Social Network Analysis and Mining 15, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-025-01460-9.

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Abstract From its inception, the Republic of Venice was a state focused on maritime trade, an activity that required large amounts of capital and involved many risks. To meet these needs, the Republic used a type of contract called colleganza, a form of profit-sharing partnership by which a sedentary investor (stans) financed a travelling merchant (tractor). The colleganza benefited a large portion of the population and constituted a commercial as well as a social network. In this paper, we use an existing database of colleganza contracts to investigate access to the nobility in the Republic o
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KOZLOVA, A. A. "THE NOBLE POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPRESSES ANNA IOANNOVNA AND ELIZABETH PETROVNA." Prepodavatel XXI vek 4 (2024). https://doi.org/10.31862/2073-9613-2024-4-345-354.

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Nobility is the ruling class in any state with an absolute monarchical form of ruling. Each sovereign tried to establish specific relations with the nobility, and it depended on the special situation in the country, traditions of the noble politics of a given state and the character of the ruler himself. The 18th century in Russia was the period of the nobility's rise (as up to that point they had shared power and influence with the boyars) on the basis of honourable service to the emperor, but gradually there was a transformation into a closed, privileged class, which by no means always had a
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40

Zakharova, Oksana. "ЕКОНОМІЧНЕ СТАНОВИЩЕ ДВОРЯН БЕССАРАБСЬКОЇ ГУБЕРНІЇ ПІД ЧАС ПЕРШОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ". International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science, № 7(28) (17 грудня 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijitss/30122020/7293.

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After the annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire, a noble class of the representatives of local elite was formed on its territory. Due to the deteriorating economic situation of the upper class of the Bessarabian governorate during the First World War, only 590 people participated in the political and economic life of the governorate and the country. The reason for this was the decrease in the number of land ownership among the nobility of the governorate. In the early twentieth century, the land plots that belonged to the landlords were the symbol of prosperity for them, and they gave
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41

Долуханян, Aэлита. "История Арцаха в трудах французских арменоведов". Journal of Armenian studies, 23 травня 2023, 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54503/1829-4073-2023.1.5-15.

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Բոլոր նշանավոր ֆրանսիացի հայագետները Հայաստանի պատմությունը շարադրելիս նշել են, որ երկիրն ունեցել է տասնհինգ նահանգ, որոնցից թվով տասներորդը եղել է Արցախը, որը հայկական է եղել միշտ, մինչև որ XIX դարի սկզբին Արցախի մելիքները մահմեդականների արշավանքներից ազատվելու համար ինքնակամ միացել են ռուսական կայսրությանը: Այդ պատմական փաստերը Արցախի անցյալի մասին ֆրանսիացի հայագետները շարադրում են ոչ միայն ըստ հայկական աղբյուրների, այլև ըստ օտարազգի պատմիչների ու ժամանակագիրների վկայությունների: Ավելին՝ նրանք Շուշին հիշատակում են որպես Արցախի կարևոր կենտրոն: In their writings on the history of Armenia, all
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Pet’ko, Lyudmila. "HAMPTON COURT PALACE AND 'ANNE OF THE THOUSAND DAYS'." Intellectual Archive 12, no. 3 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/ia_2023_09_5.

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This year marks the 500th anniversary of the coronation of Anne Boleyn as Queen of England , on 1 June 1533. In Tudor history, 7th September 1533, Queen Anne Boleyn, second wife of King Henry VIII, gave birth to Queen Elizabeth I. And this year marks the 500th anniversary of Elizabeth I’s birth. In 2022, on the March 4 marked 500 years to the day of Anne’s first recorded appearance at the English court in 1522. On September 1, 1532, Henry VIII had taken an unprecedented step: He had elevated a woman into England’s hereditary nobility. It was both a gift of love and compensation for enduring ye
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Pet’ko, Lyudmila. "Hampton Court Palace and 'Anne of the Thousand Days'." Intellectual Archive 12, no. 2 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/ia_2023_06_12.

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This year marks the 500th anniversary of the coronation of Anne Boleyn as Queen of England , on 1 June 1533. In Tudor history, 7th September 1533, Queen Anne Boleyn, second wife of King Henry VIII, gave birth to Queen Elizabeth I. And this year marks the 500th anniversary of Elizabeth I’s birth. In 2022, on the March 4 marked 500 years to the day of Anne’s first recorded appearance at the English court in 1522. On September 1, 1532, Henry VIII had taken an unprecedented step: He had elevated a woman into England’s hereditary nobility. It was both a gift of love and compensation for enduring ye
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44

"Ludowa reakcja na szlacheckie kłamstwo. Galicyjscy chłopi w obronie Jakuba Szeli." Przegląd Historyczny 113, no. 4 (2023): 657–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36693/202204p.657-682.

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People’s response to the nobleman’s lie. Galician peasants in defence of Jakub Szela This article examines two different narratives (legends) that arose around the figure of Jakub Szela — one of the leaders of the peasant revolt of 1846 in Austrian Galicia. The first one, named the black legend, was fabricated by the noble family of Bogusz, who suffered severely during the peasant revolt. They placed the entire responsibility for their suffering on their subject Szela, with whom they had been in a violent legal dispute for years, and accused him of a plethora of crimes. This negative image, or
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Csaba, Fekete J. "A magyar főúri paloták és európai előképeik diszpozíciója a 18–19. századi városi környezetben." Építés - Építészettudomány, December 8, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/096.2020.017.

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A főúri palota mint sajátos épületfajta rendeltetéséből következően azon túl, hogy egy-egy család lakóhelyéül szolgált, az arisztokrácia társadalmi helyzetét, rangját is reprezentálta. A palota az ókor óta a legvagyonosabb és uralkodó társadalmi réteg városi lakóhelye, hatalmának, jelenlétének reprezentatív szimbóluma volt. A város társadalmi életének újkori fejlődése az arisztokráciát vidéki birtokairól a sűrűbb városi tartózkodásra ösztönözte. A politikai és hatalmi életben való részvétel mellett a városi tartózkodás együtt járt a „szezon” (báli szezon, színházi évad, lóverseny) eseményein v
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46

Albertone, Manuela, and Cecilia Carnino. "“LUSSO DI OSTENTAZIONE” E “LUSSO DI COMODO”. TRA ECONOMIA E POLITICA: UN LINGUAGGIO DI RIFORMA DELLA SOCIETÀ NELLA MILANO DEL “CAFFÈ”." Istituto Lombardo - Accademia di Scienze e Lettere - Incontri di Studio, December 13, 2011, 69–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/incontri.2011.105.

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Luxury of ostentation and luxury of comfort. Between economics and politics: a Milanese language of reform in the age of Il Caffè. This essay considers the eighteenth-century European debate on luxury and focuses in particular on the distinction between positive luxury – which was considered economically useful and capable of enhancing economic and social development – and negative luxury – which was seen as an essentially unproductive form of overspending. In the Italian setting that distinction, which had been at the centre of European debate since the 1750s, was especially discussed in Mila
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47

Glavam, A., M. I. Bittencourt, P. H. R. De Castro, et al. "Diagnostic and prognostic value of right ventricle uptake at 99m-PYP scintigraphy in patients with ATTR cardiac amyloidosis." European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging 24, Supplement_1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jead119.173.

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Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): Pfizer. Introduction Bone-seeking tracers scintigraphy has assumed a central role in the diagnosis of Amyloid Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) since it is currently the only non-invasive imaging method capable of accurately diagnosing ATTR-CA. It is well known that right ventricle (RV) involvement is associated with poor clinical prognosis in patients with heart failure. Non-invasive imaging methods such as echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance have shown that RV involvement
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48

Դոլուխանյան, Աելիտա. "Հայ միջնադարյան գրականության մեծ նորարարը". Historical-Philological Journal, 10 квітня 2023, 74–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54503/0135-0536-2023.1-74.

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Нерсес Шнорали (1100–1173) – крупнейший деятель армянской средне- вековой литературы XII века, один из святых отцов Армянской церкви, еще при жизни имевший международное признание во всем христианском мире. Шнорали прекрасно владел языками цивилизованных стран своего времени и состоял в деловых отношениях с видными духовными деятелям, знатным сословием и двором как Великой Армении, так и Киликийской Армении. Он был разносторонней личностью, наделенной многими способностями, за что его и прозвали Шнорали (Благодатный). Он был поэтом, музыкантом, писцом, переводчиком, богословом, космологом и пе
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Coghlan, Jo, and Lisa J. Hackett. "Parliamentary Dress." M/C Journal 26, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2963.

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Why do politicians wear what they wear? Social conventions and parliamentary rules largely shape how politicians dress. Clothing is about power, especially if we think about clothing as uniforms. Uniforms of judges and police are easily recognised as symbols of power. Similarly, the business suit of a politician is recognised as a form of authority. But what if you are a female politician: what do you wear to work or in public? Why do we expect politicians to wear suits and ties? While we do expect a certain level of behaviour of our political leaders, why does the professionalised suit and ti
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