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Journal articles on the topic 'Nobility'
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1
Goodwin, James S. "Nobility." Annals of Internal Medicine 134, no. 7 (April 3, 2001): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-7-200104030-00017.
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Holste, Karsten, and Dietlind Huchtker. "Le arene del mutamento elitario nell'Europa dell'800." PASSATO E PRESENTE, no. 77 (May 2009): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pass2009-077007.
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- Arenas of Élite Change in 19th Century Europe is a group research project. At the core of the investigation are the places of élite-building in the 19th century, and how concrete "compromises" between old and new élites were arrived at. The aim is to get beyond certain normative historiographical paradigms, particularly those related to research on "bourgeoisie", "nobility", and central-eastern Europe.Key words: Central-eastern Europe, 19th century, élites, bourgeoisie, nobility. Parole chiave: Europa centro-orientale, '800, élites, borghesia, nobiltŕ.
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Palamarchuk, Anastasia A. "Heraldic Tracts in the Tudor and Stuart England." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 69, no. 1 (2024): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2024.106.
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In the late 16th–17th centuries both heraldic and chivalric practices and heraldic literature were flourishing in England. The article reconstructs the repertoire of the heraldic tracts written under the Tudors and the Early Stuarts. These sources represent an especially significant complex for the study of the rise of the social as an autonomous sphere. Heraldic and paraheraldic tracts can be divided into three categories in accordance with the structural organization of the texts: displays of heraldry, tracts about nobility, and catalogues of nobility. Each category is characterized by its peculiar themes within a broad heraldic spectrum. The tracts concerning nobility revealed the substance of the phenomenon, defined and structured its analytical parameters; therefore, the boundaries of the nobility were determined and specified. Heraldic displays, in addition to their practical and didactic functions, visualized the abstract notion of “nobility” and impressed this concept upon the minds due to a wide range of associations, which were revived in the process of interpretation of the heraldic symbols. Finally, the catalogues of the nobility concretized nobilitas in its visible boundaries and/or historical dynamics. Taken as an intertext owing to the compilations and mutual citations, these three types of the heraldic narratives created the space where the autonomization of the social was developing. The crucial factor in this process was the multi-dimensional nature of the definition of the concept of nobility. The evolution of the heraldic tracts illustrated important and large-scale processes: 1) the evolution of the perception of the English constitution not as the corpus of practices, but as the complex of practices and texts, which not only fixed the custom but also made its interpretation possible; 2) the rise of the social in the Early Modern intellectual discourse.
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Robiglio, Andrea. "The Thinker as a Noble Man (bene natus) and Preliminary Remarks on the Medieval Concepts of Nobility." Vivarium 44, no. 2 (2006): 205–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853406779159428.
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AbstractThe late medieval discussion of 'nobility' (= nobilitas, dignitas) defined in philosophical terms (as opposed to other social notions like 'aristocracy'), produced a large number of writings, many of which are still unedited. Nevertheless, modern philosophical historiography (developed throughout the seventeenth century and reaching its first apogee with Hegel) has neglected the conceptual debates on nobility. Perhaps having assumed it to be a dead relic of the 'pre-illuminist' past, historians and philosophers understood 'nobility' as a non-philosophical issue and so it still appears in contemporary scholarship. The first aim of this essay is to draw attention to this issue by presenting a sort of preliminary catalogue of the different types of conceptualizations of 'mobility'. By exploring the meanings and philosophical employment of the expressions 'bene nasci' and 'bene natus', this article also reveals a new aspect of the Aristotelian notion of magnanimity.
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Papagna, Elena. "La nobiltÀ nel Mezzogiorno d'Italia durante il Decennio francese." SOCIETÀ E STORIA, no. 123 (June 2009): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ss2009-123003.
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- In the first part of the essay the author examines the law on nobility enacted in southern Italy under French domination by linking it to measures taken by the Bourbon government in the second half of the Eighteenth Century. Two stages have been identified in Napoleonic legislation: the first deprives the ancient nobility of the Kingdom of its legal privileges maintaining only an honorary distinction; the second establishes a new nobility, intended to confer symbolic and material rewards on those who distinguished themselves in the service of the State and the Dynasty. An advisory board – the Consiglio de' majoraschi – was created and charged with carrying out the bureaucratic procedures provided for the establishment of entails. These were an essential requirement for the titles conferred upon the new nobles to become hereditary. In the second part the author performs a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the new nobility, involving the timing and social distribution of the new titles. Te relations between old and new Neapolitan aristocracy nobles are also investigated. The case of Southern Italy is set in the broader context of Napoleonic Europe, and the similarities and differences between the new nobilities of the French Empire and of the Kingdom of Italy are duly underlined.Keywords: Napoleonic Era; Southern Italy; Nobility; legislation on nobilityParole chiave: etÀ napoleonica; Mezzogiorno d'Italia; nobiltÀ; legislazione nobiliare
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Jasiūnienė, Gabrielė. "Genealogical Links in Samogitian Nobility Heraldry Sources in the Second Half of the 16th–18th Centuries." Bibliotheca Lituana 6 (December 20, 2019): 148–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/bibllita.2018.vi.9.
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Heraldry and its research have deep traditions in Europe, making it a certain focus of attention among researchers. The interest in this field in Lithuania is a more recent phenomenon. The late beginning of heraldry research was partly influenced by Lithuania’s loss of independence. At present, researchers’ attention is focused mainly on the periods of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, also looking at Lithuanian heraldry from the 20th–21st centuries, and conducting thorough research of the coats of arms of the state, cities, and towns. Research of the heraldry of the nobility is also being conducted, such as the heraldry of the political elite in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania – the Goštautas, Pacas, Radvila, Sapiega families, etc. The heraldry of representatives of the lower gentry, especially among the Samogitian families, has received less attention. Many unanswered questions and undeveloped themes remain in the field of the Samogitian nobility’s heraldry, overlooked in research for a long time. This article analyzes how genealogical links were reflected in Samogitian nobility heraldry sources in the second half of the 16th–18th centuries. Having analyzed the heraldic sources of the Samogitian nobility, it was found that these reflected not only information about a specific individual, but also their broader origins, family and marital lines. The coats of arms of the Samogitian nobility in time became a unique means of representation. The coats of arms of the Samogitian nobility were depicted in seals, literature, portraits, architecture, and elsewhere.
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Richardson, J. H. "The Roman Nobility, the Early ConsularFasti, and the Consular Tribunate." Antichthon 51 (2017): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ann.2017.7.
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AbstractWhile the general absence of Rome’s nobility from the traditions of the regal period has often been noted, the nobility’s prompt appearance at the beginning of the republican period has elicited little comment. This paper argues that the nobility’s appearance is more significant than its earlier absence, precisely on account of its very promptness and also because the nobility appears primarily with the consulship. Given the special importance that the consulship later came to have, following the emergence of Rome’s office-holding nobility, these circumstances inevitably raise questions about the value of the early consularfasti, and indeed even about the whole premise on which the earlyfastiare based, namely that the consulship was established immediately after the expulsion of the kings. It is argued here that this premise is anachronistic, and that the early consularfastiare unreliable and often tendentious; it is further argued that this premise is also responsible for some of the confusion surrounding the mysterious consular tribunate. The consular tribunate was a magistracy about which ancient writers quite clearly knew very little, and their ignorance and the inconsistencies in what they had to say about the tribunate inevitably undermine their claim to possess better and more detailed information about earlier times.
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Huliuk, Ihor. "Modern Ukrainian Historiography about the Everyday Life of the Early Modern Nobility." Ukrainian Studies, no. 1(82) (May 31, 2022): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.1(82).2022.255049.
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The article analyzes the approaches in modern Ukrainian historiography to coverage of the everyday life problems of the early modern nobility. It is emphasized that the study of this problem has been tendentious and superficial for a long time. Attention is paid to the fact that in the 19th century it was due to the perception of the Commonwealth as a state of other nations, in which the Ukrainian nobility lost its identity and gradually assimilated with the Polish one. The 20th-century’s studies of this topic were significantly influenced by the historiography of the Soviet era, both because of the Marxist-Leninist research methodology and the limited communication with Western European scholars. It is pointed out that such interpretations and distancing from the history of the nobility had a negative effect on the study of the life realities of this community, and accordingly on the understanding of the characteristics of Ukrainian early modern times.The works of modern historians dedicated to the everyday life of the nobility are considered. It is established that the greatest contribution to the development of this aspect was made by N. Yakovenko, I. Voronchuk, M. Dovbyshchenko, and N. Starchenko. Emphasis is placed on the active development of the genealogy of the Ukrainian nobility. The assessment of the identity of an early modern nobleman in modern works is considered, which allows observing the multiplicity of his self-perception (awareness of belonging to local groups and a sense of homeland). Basing on the analyzed works of Ukrainian historians, it is proved that the aristocratic everyday life’s conflicts were regulated and controlled by the community itself. The discussion about the number of the nobility and the strategies of a nobleman in the private space, which was determined by one’s family and court, is considered. The opinions of Ukrainian researchers on the problems of religious conversions and the presence of the sacred in the worldview of the nobility are compared.The problems of nobility’s everyday life, which require additional research (history of local aristocratic groups, economic activity of the nobility, the concept of labor and leisure, consumption culture, history of clothing, intellectual needs, etc.), are distinguished.
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Harris, Dale. "Lesser Nobility." Opera Quarterly 5, no. 1 (1987): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oq/5.1.131.
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Fyodorov, Sergey E. "Debate on the True Nobility and Social Classifications of the Nobility in the Early Modern Antiquarian Corpora." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 68, no. 3 (2023): 712–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.310.
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The present article examines the impact of the 15th-century Renaissance debate on the true nobility on social beliefs of the English antiquarians of the 16th and 17th centuries. It is based on textual corpora of J. Ferne, T. Milles, J. Selden, M. Carter, and other well-known early modern intellectuals. The author of the article believes that a persistent tendency towards a coherent description and classification of nobility and more broadly — of any social group within the early modern British society — is inseparably connected with the antiquarian tradition of the 16th and 17th centuries. It was within this tradition that so called epistemological turn emerged that led to discursive fragmentation of the entire social order as well as social groups which formed its entirety and complexity. The antiquarian framing of all complexities of social order was based not only on the rejection of an idea of institutional entity — crucial for the medieval corporate theory. In contrast to corporate-functional homogeneity and consistency, it introduced particular group-wide characteristics. These features opened up opportunities for remodeling of the ancient regime with consideration of diversity inherent in social indicia. Nobilitas in the antiquarian texts acquired at least two interconnected meanings. The term was used as a reference to an assemblage of an entire nobility and in this way was very close to a group-wide identity. At the same time, it denoted a total gentility and, in this context, reflected the very complex of Aristotelian and Stoic understanding of the true nobility.
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KOHARA, Kazuma. "Sociology of “Nobility”." Japanese Sociological Review 52, no. 2 (2001): 196–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.4057/jsr.52.196.
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Warneke, Sara, and G. W. Bernard. "The Tudor Nobility." Sixteenth Century Journal 24, no. 4 (1993): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2541712.
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Kulakova, Irina. "Russia's "Enlightened Nobility"." Russian Studies in History 48, no. 3 (December 2009): 63–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rsh1061-1983480304.
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Canaff, Roger. "Nobility in objectivity." Journal of Forensic Nursing 5, no. 2 (June 2009): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-3938.2009.01039.x.
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Woods, Robert L. "The Tudor Nobility." History: Reviews of New Books 22, no. 4 (June 1994): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1994.9949069.
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Miao, Maosheng. "React with nobility." Nature Chemistry 9, no. 5 (April 21, 2017): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2768.
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NINAN, MRS ROSAMMA. "NOBILITY OF NURSING." Nursing Journal of India LXXIX, no. 11 (1988): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.48029/nji.1988.lxxix1105.
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Lytvynova, Tetiana. "“White Planters” of “White Slaves”: the Nobility of the Left- Bank Ukraine on the Eve of the Great Reform." Kyiv Historical Studies 12, no. 1 (2021): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2021.16.
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The article is devoted to the historiographical estimation of the participation of the nobility of the Left Bank Ukraine in the preparation of the peasant reform of 1861. An attempt is made to overcome the simplified ideas about the peculiarities of serfdom on the Left Bank and outlined the main ways to overcome historiographical inertia in the perception of noble-peasant interaction in the pre-reform period. The main focus is on identifying the basic stereotypes about the role and position of the nobility in the social transformations of the mid-nineteenth century. The position on the readiness of the social elite for the emancipation of the peasantry is substantiated. The author’s concept is based on the statement that in the analysis of the problems of serfdom it is necessary to take into account regional features. It is inappropriate to divide, as is usually done, the nobles into those who resisted the liberation of the peasants, and a few supporters of the reform. The author considers the mood of representatives of various groups of the nobility of the Left-Bank Ukraine on the eve of the reform of 1861, their positions are illustrated by various sources. The article emphasises that there is no need to generally blame those members of the regional nobility who did not want to unconditionally agree to the terms of the reform proposed by the government. During the abolition of serfdom, aristocratic reformers were outraged by the distrust, over-regulation, and guardianship of the imperial bureaucracy. They were convinced that this contradicted the very spirit of reform and the nobility’s idea of freedom of economic activity. This approach will help to avoid uniformity, involvement in the analysis of the actions of the nobility of the Left-Bank of Ukraine in the atmosphere of preparation and implementation of reform and will understand the pre-reform social and intellectual situation in its entirety.
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Urwanowicz, Jerzy. "Ku ustanowieniu sądu ultimae instantiae. Laudum sejmiku województwa podlaskiego z 1577 r." Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica 21, no. 1 (2022): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/mhi.2022.21.01.02.
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Presented in a historical context, the document of 1577 reflects the last phase of the nobility’s drive to establish a supreme court. Previously, the court was the prerogative of the king, who examined cases from across the state during the sessions of the diet. This was inefficient. The ever-increasing backlog of pending appeals caused dissatisfaction among the nobility. Disputes and discussions revolved around its form (central authority – the Tribunal, or a decentralized form – ultimae instantiae courts), its composition and method of selecting judges, as well as its scope of authority. The Podlasie province, newly incorporated (in 1569) into the Polish Crown, participated in the process, uniting its forces with the Sandomierz and Lublin provinces at the forefront of the battle for the court of appeal. The decentralized form of the court, described in the document, was treated as a temporary institution. Also, it was intended as a way to put pressure on the king and the parliament to establish a central court of appeal. In the course of these activities, the nobility of Podlasie led to the consolidation of the fourth assembly (Polish: sejmik), a provincial one (in addition to the existing three assemblies (Polish: sejmiki ziemskie,). The 1578 Sejm resolution on the establishment of the Crown Court met the claims of the nobility of the Podlasie province (as well as from other provinces) stated in the document. The supreme court was established. At the same time, this decision led to the stabilization of the operation of the assembly of Podlasie. Its main function was the annual election of judges to the Tribunal. The resolution is a testimony to the political maturity and high standards of legal decorum of the Podlasie nobility.
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Preinfalk, Miha. "Correlations Between Social and National Mobility in Carniola." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia 68, no. 2 (March 15, 2024): 29–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2023.2.02.
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The article provides a brief overview of the position of the nobility in Slovenia. First, it focuses on the connection between the nobility and historiography, which from the mid-19th century was increasingly burdened by the national struggles of the past. The findings show that until the mid-19th century the nobility was strongly integrated into Slovenian society, including through the use of the Slovene language, but was then forced into a national definition, and as a rule (with few exceptions) chose to take the German side. More than a change in ethnic identity, a change in social identity was relevant in the early modern period. The new nobility tried as much as possible to adopt and take on a manner of behaviour that suited to their new status. This especially meant the purchase of landed property and forming kinship ties with other noble families. The article concludes with a brief overview of the fate of the nobility in Slovenia after 1918. Keywords: Nobility, Slovenian territory, national struggles, historiography, ethnicity, social mobility
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Godek, Sławomir. "O STANIE I POTRZEBACH GUBERNI LITEWSKICH W ROKU 1810 W ŚWIETLE PROTOKOŁÓW CZYNNOŚCI DELEGACJI SZLACHECKIEJ W PETERSBURGU." Zeszyty Prawnicze 14, no. 3 (December 6, 2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2014.14.3.04.
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ON THE CONDITION AND NEEDS OF THE LITHUANIAN GOVERNORATE IN 1810 IN THE LIGHT OF THE PROTOCOLS FOR THE ACTIVITIES OF THE NOBLE DELEGATION IN ST. PETERSBURGSummaryIn 1810 a serious rift occurred in Franco-Russian relations. The outbreak of war between the two powers was becoming more and more likely. The Government in St. Petersburg decided to take action to build a pro-Russian faction in Lithuania to weaken the pro-Napoleonic atmosphere there. St. Petersburg’s main collaborator in this work was Michał Kleofas Ogiński, who concocted plans for the restoration, with Russian assistance, of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland under Russian rule, as a competitor to the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw created in 1807. Tsar Alexander I also tried to convince the Lithuanian nobility to accept his policy by granting them the economic incentives and concessions which they sought. In 1810 a delegation of Vilnius nobility went to St. Petersburg and tried to get tax relief, a change in the regulations concerning recruits, the establishment of courts for the demarcation of goods, a change in the organisation and financing of the Vilnius High Court, and an amendment in the procedure for the selection of provincial officials. Similar demands were later presented by the Grodno nobility. The result of these efforts was a series of legal acts issued as of October 1810 which included most of the nobility’s demands.
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Klietkutė, Jolanta. "Genealogy of Mongirdai Nobility." Bibliotheca Lituana 6 (December 20, 2019): 121–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/bibllita.2018.vi.8.
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The Author dealswith the forgotten history of the Mongird family of Samogitia. After conductinganalysis of Mongirdai family, genealogical table was compiled. According to statististics, extended family was active in both number of persons and in geographical distribution. Mongird(as) descendantsspread over much of the territory of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – formally, the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, after 1791, the Commonwealth of Poland and Tsar Russia (Russian Empire). Family itself Most members of the extended family bacame of priests, doctors,officers, artists, and public figures. For example, two brothers Vladislovas and Vytautas from a Mongird Mišučiai Manor became well known active participants inthe Lithuanian – Polish Nationalrevival back in 1863–1864. Their cousin patriot Vaclovas, a resident of Vilnius Town, who was fighting in the ranks of Polish Legion, and cousin Jadvyga Mongirdaitė were laid in Vilnius Pameriai Memorial. Their Grandmother Michalina Bankauskaitė was a great supporter of a Revival of 1863–1864. There are some unsolved relations and issues between the names of Mangirdaitis and Mongirdas that have notbeen identified yet. In the other words, Lithuanian genealogists and other researchers stillhave to work diligently (closely) to investigate and revive the history of this old Mongird tribe.
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Józsa, Attila. "The Role of Nobility." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 16, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseur-2019-0015.
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Martin, Alexander M. "The Alienated Russian Nobility?" Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 21, no. 4 (2020): 861–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2020.0044.
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Hart, Julian Tudor. "Nobility is not enough." Lancet 350, no. 9073 (July 1997): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(97)25030-0.
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Solomon, Maynard. "Beethoven: The Nobility Pretense." Musical Quarterly 75, no. 4 (1991): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mq/75.4.207.
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Карпань, І. С., and Н. С. Чернікова. "Social-political activity of O. Bobrinsky in the last quarter of the nineteenth century." Problems of Political History of Ukraine, no. 14 (June 12, 2019): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/1196.
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The article deals with problems of the noble class in post-reform period in Russia (70–90-ies XIXth cent.) through A. Bobrinsky’s activity as the Leader of the St. Petersburg nobility. The study analyzed his activities towards the Nobility consolidation and involvement their representatives into development of Russian state policy. A. Bobrinsky belonged to the family of large landowners and successful sugar-growers of the Russian Empire. It greatly influenced to the formation of his political worldview and contributed to the growth of the young Count’s authority among the Nobility and Gentry. In the last quarter of the XIXth cent. A. Bobrinsky defended the dominant position of the Nobility as the provincial Governor (the Leader) of the St. Petersburg nobility. A. Bobrinsky’s main efforts were aimed to the consolidation of the Gentry to defend their own rights and privileges and their involvement to the Russian state authorities. He promoted the idea of founding a representative institution – the Duma or Zemsky Sobor – in Russian Empire. However, the purpose of its creation he was seen in the count in the redistribution of executive, judicial and punitive powers between government representatives and elected people from the Nobility. He was convinced that only the Gentry was worthy to represent the interests of Russian society in the state authorities. During this period, the young Bobrinsky attempted to unite the St. Petersburg nobility into the organization of «Svyataya Druzhyna». It was a semi-secret organization which established to protect of the Russian Tsar from possible terrorist acts. The purpose of the organization was rather limited and local, so it disintegrated soon. However, it contributed to the growth of A. Bobrysky’s authority as a loyal to the Tsar and autocracy personality. It had a great importance in the conditions of the economic and political crisis of the noble class. In the 90’s of the XIX cent. A. Bobrinsky took an active part in nobility meetings devoted to problems of the privileged class. Here he defended an idea of preserving the privileges and dominant position of the estate Nobility. He opposed the provision of political rights and state support to the estateless nobles-homeowners and representatives of the bourgeoisie. A. Bobrinsky didn’t reject an idea to create conditions for the nobility replenishment by the new social classes, but he saw it possibility only in the distant future. However, even government support didn’t contribute to consolidation processes and politicization among the nobility class. A. Bobrinsky with sadness stated that the meetings of the noble leaders continued to be only like private talks about preserving the nobility former positions in the social structure. So he had to change strategy and initiated the founding in 1906 a new organization – the United Nobility. During the next decade its existence largely predetermined the main directions of Russian government policy and as a whole.
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Laužikas, Rimvydas. "Consumption of Drinks as Representation of Community in the Culture of Nobility of the 17th–18th Centuries." Tautosakos darbai 51 (June 27, 2016): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2016.28882.
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Drinks and customs related to their consumption play a special role in the social history (essentially, that of the human community). However, research of the customs of alcohol consumption in Lithuania (along with the history of daily life in general and the culture of the nobility’s daily life in particular) is rather sporadic so far. The article presents a research work in cultural anthropology on the alcohol consumption as means (or prerequisite) of achieving more important aims of religious, social, economic or other kind. Because of the big scope of research and low level of prior investigation, the subject of this article is limited to a single aspect – namely, the custom of drinking from the same glass; to the culture of only one social layer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) – the nobility; and to a distinct period – the 17th–18th centuries. The aim of analysis is revealing sources of this custom, its development and meaning in the social community of the given period.According to the research, the GDL presented a sphere of interaction between the local pre-Christian Lithuanian culture, which had been developing for an incredibly long period – even until the end of the 15th century, and the Western European cultural tradition. The Western European culture, formed in the course of joining together elements of the antique heritage, the Christian worldview and the inculturized “Northern barbarism”, acquired in the 14th–16th century Lithuania one of its essential constituents – namely, the culture of the “Northern barbarism” still alive and functioning. On the other hand, the nobility of the GDL, raised in pre-Christian Lithuanian culture, had no trouble recognizing elements of its local heritage in the Western Christian culture. The local custom of drinking from the same glass characteristic to the higher social layers supposedly stemmed from the drinking horns. Along with Christianity and spread of the wine culture, the local pre-Christian custom of drinking from the same glass should have been abandoned by the nobility, surviving instead solely in the lower social classes. The western custom of drinking from the same glass spread in Lithuania along with Christianity and the wine consumption. However, its influence on the nobility was rather limited. In the 15th–16th centuries, when this custom was still rather widespread in Europe, the Lithuanian nobility was just beginning its acquaintance with the wine culture, while in the 17th–18th centuries, when the wine culture grew popular in Lithuania, the western-like custom of drinking from the same glass had already waned in other European countries. Therefore, the western custom of drinking from the same glass was rather a marginal phenomenon among the Lithuanian nobility, affected by the cultural exchange with the Polish nobility (which grew especially intense following the union of Lublin) and the ideology of Sarmatianism. The custom of drinking from the same glass disappeared in the culture of the Lithuanian nobility at the turn of the 18th–19th century due to the ideas of Enlightenment and the altered notions of healthy lifestyle and hygiene. However, drinking from the same glass, as a distant echo of the ancient customs representing social community was quite popular in the peasant culture as late as the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st centuries.
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Ludich, Andrei R. "County marshal of nobility in the system of local government and self-government in Belarus (1861–1914)." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2020-1-38-46.
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The article discusses the role and place of the marshal of nobility in the system of county administration and self-government in the post-reform period. The object of the study is the institute of county marshals of nobility in the Belarusian provinces in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The study deterncines the changes in the government policy of the Russian autocracy related to the noble elections in Belarus after the 1863–1864 uprising. The main functions of County leaders in the sphere of class self-government are revealed. The main directions of activity of local heads of nobility in management of administrative district institutions are shown. The characteristics of the functioning of the institute of county marshals of nobility on the territory of Belarus are given. As a result of analysis of the laws the conclusion is made that the marshal of the nobility took the place of a full head of county, and during the period under review, the trend of expanding the powers of the marshals of nobility, testified to their transformation from in-class bodies in administrative, public bodies.
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Figeac, Michel. "Explosion in the History of the Nobility in French Historiography." Historical Studies on Central Europe 1, no. 2 (December 3, 2021): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2021-2.01.
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For the past thirty years, the history of the nobility has been one of the fields of social history that have mobilized most researchers. This trend is largely due to the interest shown in new family collections, in correspondence and in private writings. We see this abundant mass of publications as being the reflection of the diversity of the nobility. A first block of authors have isolated noble categories: parliamentary nobility, “second” order nobility, poor nobility, etc. A second type of research has focused on personages emblematic of their milieus, and finally, some historians have been interested in comparisons with other European aristocracies. The second section of the article will show how the transformations of the monarchical state engendered mutations in the second order. Finally, it will be shown how scholarship on social changes has more particularly studied differences between town and country, material culture and mobility and noble culture.
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Matison, Andrei V. "Distortions of Pedigrees by Descendants of Bishops' Servants when Approving Nobility by Birth." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2019): 572–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2019-2-572-582.
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Falsifications of noble pedigrees have repeatedly been subject of historical studies, but researchers have not yet turned to the study of similar falsifications made by bishops’ servants and their descendants. Due to uncertainty of their social status, representatives of bishops’ boyar scions and ministry clerks made every effort to establish their nobility by birth. However, not many could apply for integration into gentlefolk. At the same time, their descendants, having gained the right to receive hereditary titles through military service, nevertheless, were at pains to achieve affiliation to “ancient” nobility to have the right to include their names in the part 6 of the gubernia genealogical books. This article describes two cases: distortion and outright falsification of private pedigrees made in the late 18th century by descendants of the Tver bishop's house servants when approving their nobility. In the first case, the great-grandson of the bishop's dyak, collegiate assessor Peter Posnikov only maintained his ancestors’ “ancient” nobility. In the second case, the descendant of the bishop’s boyar scions, collegiate assessor Nikita Voronov directly falsified his pedigree by “reading” it from homonimous nobles of Vologda. Posnikov failed to achieve his affiliation to the “ancient” nobility. Voronov’s fabricated evidence was judged convincing, and he and his family were mentioned in the part 6 of the genealogy book of the Tver guberbia and later recognized as “ancient” nobility by the Senate. In order to investigate Posnikov and Voronov’s claims to nobility, the author has studied the materials of the Tver Gubernia Noble Assembly of Deputies. To establish their original pedigree, the materials of scribe and census descriptions, as well as office documentation of the Tver bishop's house, have been used. Both cases are illustrative of how the descendants of the bishops' servants pursued their desire to achieve affiliation to “ancient” nobility.
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Zhitko, Anatolij. "Discriminative Economic Policy of the Russian Government Towards the Catholic Nobility of Belarus (Second Half of the 19th Century – the Beginning of the 20th Century)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (August 2021): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.4.8.
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Introduction. The upper class of Belarus within the Russian Empire attracted the attention of researchers. However, the restrictive economic policy of the Russian government towards the nobility of the Roman Catholic faith has not been the subject of special study. The aim of the article is to identify the main aspects of the discriminative policy of the autocracy against the Catholic nobility of Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Methodology. The study is based on the fundamental principles of historical knowledge – historicism, objectivity, value-based approach, and traditional general scientific and concrete historical methods were used to implement the research tasks. Results. In 1858 in the Belarusian provinces the hereditary nobility made up one third of the upper class of the European part of Russia. The implementation of the “parsing the shliahta” policy led to a sharp reduction in the Catholic nobility by 1865. The government sought to economically undermine the economic activities of the Catholic nobility and equalize Russian and Catholic land ownership in the Belarusian region. This was reflected in the preferential sale of sequestered and confiscated estates, the prohibition of land purchases by Catholics, all kinds of fines and especially through contribution fee and a tax to support the Orthodox clergy. Conclusion. The government’s discriminative policy towards Catholic nobility was aimed at curbing the economic activity of “the Poles” in Belarus. The main elements of its implementation were the sequestration and confiscation of the estates of Catholics who directly or indirectly participated in the uprising of 1863–1864, various fines, the prohibition of the purchase of land holdings, contribution fee, taxes on maintaining the Orthodox Church, etc. At the same time, this policy did not lead to the expected results. At the beginning of the 20th century the Catholic nobility outnumbered the Russian nobility in land ownership.
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Kardiansyah, M. Yuseano. "The Index of Hero’s Power and Nobility in Shakespearean Tragedy Drama: A Semiotic Study." TEKNOSASTIK 14, no. 2 (April 21, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/ts.v14i2.57.
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This paper discusses a study that investigates the index of hero’s power and nobility in Shakespearean tragedy dramas. Here, the discussion focuses on two works authored by William Shakespeare: "Macbeth" and “Othello”. Objective of this study is to investigate the signs that give index of power and nobility in those two Shakespearean tragedy dramas. The study is done by analyzing Macbeth and Othello in the way of tracing the intrinsic elements or texts of them. All related dialogs and narrations (data source) in these dramas are analyzed in order to disclose the indexes of power and nobility in Shakespearean tragedy dramas. All analyses from each works are compared in order to determine if there are similar indexes or even distinction among those works in depicting the sense of power and nobility as Shakespearean dramas. As the result, it is found that these two dramas contain similar pattern of indexes that lead to the figuration of each hero’s power and nobility in the dramas.
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Bliem, Nikolaus. "Die Vorrechte des Adels in Bayern und Tirol. Steuer-, Gerichts- und Jagdprivileg im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert." historia.scribere, no. 7 (May 19, 2015): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.7.406.
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The present bachelor thesis examines whether the nobility were a homogenous group in terms of privileges granted by the sovereign or not. I argue that the amount and extent of these could vary. As shown for the case studies Bavaria and Tyrol and the selected group of privileges (tax, jurisdiction and hunting) the nobility were eager to preserve and strengthen their claim on special rights, while the sovereign, as well as the emergent bourgeoisie, tried to diminish and disprivilege them. This evolved as a continuous struggle in which the lower nobility clung to their claims jealously. As a result the nobility were neither acting as one group nor were the privileges under examination always and everywhere accessible to them.
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Dziembowski, Piotr Maciej. "Metryki chrztów, ślubów i zgonów szlachty w parafii Stawiszyn w latach 1697-1799. Materiały do genealogii szlachty powiatu kaliskiego – część I." Polonia Maior Orientalis 10 (November 23, 2023): 285–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/27204006pmo.23.015.17788.
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W artykule przedstawiono 236 wypisów z ksiąg metrykalnych parafii katolickiej w Stawiszynie z lat 1697-1799. Wypisy dotyczą chrztów (139), ślubów (29) i zgonów (68) osób pochodzenia szlacheckiego. Artykuł, oparty o materiał źródłowy, stanowi materiał wyjściowy do genealogii szlachty powiatu kaliskiego. Registers of Baptism, Weddings and Death of Nobility in the Parish of Stawiszyn in the Years 1697-1799. Materials for the Genealogy of the Nobility of the Kalisz County – Part I: This article contains 236 extracts from the parish register of the Catolical Church in Stawiszyn in years 1697-1799. Records apply baptisms (139), marriages (29) and funeral (68) of persons of the szlachta (nobility) descent. The article based on source material serve genealogical information about the nobility of the Kalisz county.
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Furazheva, Natalya S. "National and European ideals of upbringing and education of the Russian nobility in the second half of the 18th – first half of the 19th century." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 62 (2021): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2021-62-101-112.
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During the golden age of Russian nobility`s culture (second half of the 18th century – first half of the 19th century) there were significant changes in the system of upbringing and education of the gentlefolk. In the pre-Petrine period education of the Russian nobility was aimed primarily at a spiritual improvement and housekeeping. As a result of the Western Europe`s cultural influence the Russian nobility gains new educational and pedagogical guidelines based on the ideals of Enlightenment. Main focus of the education came to be the training for public service and proficiency in good manners. At that time moral literature acquired a great importance. Western-type boarding schools for men and women appeared. The teaching of foreign languages, especially French, becomes widespread. Foreign teachers and governesses are invited to teach the children of the nobility at home. The combination of the old and new ideals of upbringing and education, which bring together the best domestic and European traditions among the Russian nobility, leads to a gradual building-up of unified educational principles.
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Gulo, Seniman, and Hendi Hendi. "Konsep Keluhuran Seorang Imam Menurut John Chrysostom." Jurnal Teologi Berita Hidup 4, no. 1 (September 24, 2021): 270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.38189/jtbh.v4i1.64.
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The nobility of the priest is to be Christ's sole representative on earth and to mediate between God and men. The nobility of a priest is not just an office or an ordinary position, but the priest is a noble job that people do not have. Through literature research from John Chrysostom there are two important points in the nobility of the priest. First, what is the nobility of the priest, Second, discuss the role of the pastor in the spirituality of the congregation. The nobility of the priest ultimately leads man to experience or unite with the Triune God.Keluhuran imam adalah menjadi wakil Kristus satu-satunya di bumi dan menjadi pengantara Allah dan manusia. Keluhuran seorang imam bukan hanya jabatan atau kedudukan yang biasa-biasa saja namun imam adalah suatu pekerjaan yang mulia yang orang tidak miliki. Melalui penelitian literatur dari John Chrysostom ada dua pokok penting dalam keluhuran imam. Pertama, apa itu keluhuran imam, Kedua, mendiskusikan peranan gembala dalam kerohanian jemaat. Keluhuran imam pada akhirnya membawa manusia untuk mengalami atau menyatu dengan Allah Tritunggal.
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Koehler, Krzysztof. "Old Polish Writers and Freedom of Expression. Reconnaissance." Perspektywy Kultury 27, no. 4 (January 1, 2020): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2019.2704.11.
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The paper discusses the question of freedom of speech as an important topic in old Polish literature. The author considers the problem of whether freedom of speech was one of civil liberties recognized by old Polish writers as characteristic for the political consciousness of the nobility in the early modern era. Discussing several cases (Franciszek Karpiński, Wespazjan Kochowski, Jan Chryzostom Pasek, and Stanisław Orzechowski), the author indicates the inalienable relationship between the awareness of freedom of speech and the old nobility’s moral sentiments.
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Županič, Jan. "The Trnkas of Křovice: The Short Rise of a Forgotten Family." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 64, no. 1-2 (2019): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amnpsc-2019-0005.
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Changes in the social status of the elites have been relatively well-mapped in the case of the families of the higher nobility, more rarely also for some better-off knightly families. Nevertheless, research has ignored the fates of the noble families that did not settle in the country but were tied to (mainly royal) towns and that completely blended in the 18th and 19th centuries with the local dignitaries and ceased to use their aristocratic attributes, especially nobiliary particles.
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Margreiter, Klaus. "The Notion of Nobility and the Impact of Ennoblement on Early Modern Central Europe." Central European History 52, no. 03 (September 2019): 382–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938919000736.
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AbstractThis article discusses the problem of why there was a constant demand for ennoblement in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Central Europe, even though those who aspired to it had little or no prospect of integration into the established feudal nobility. Nobility was first and foremost an ideological concept closely connected to power and rule. The Holy Roman emperors ennobled persons who exercised power precisely because, in the premodern social order, the exercise of power was a prerogative of the nobility. However, the newly ennobled had only their title in common with the old aristocratic families and rarely attained the other privileges enjoyed by these families. For this reason, the emperors’ practice of ennoblement gradually reshaped the nobility as a whole and simultaneously the ideological notion of nobility. Certainly, ennoblement still served a strategic purpose in the context of social advancement. Particularly for civil servants and military officers, it was the most effective means of preserving their newly acquired status for their descendants and possibly establishing their families in a new bureaucratic and military hereditary elite, which in some places coexisted with the old aristocracy. The central element of the new ideological concept was the notion of the nobility as a hereditary ruling class, both qualified for and entitled to the exercise of power on account of inherited superiority.
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Petrauskas, Rimvydas. "The Lithuanian Nobility in the Late-Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries: Composition and Structure." Lithuanian Historical Studies 7, no. 1 (November 30, 2002): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-00701001.
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This paper presents a critical review of the historiographically dominant theory stating that the upper layer of the Lithuanian nobility formed its independent power only around the middle of the fifteenth century. The extant sources shed little light on the role of the nobility in the political processes of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. A complex of sources, more fully reflecting the specifics of the country, appeared only after the arrival of writing in Lithuania at the end of the fourteenth century. It was only in this period that the place of the nobles in the system of government became evident. Therefore, it is possible to speak about a distorted perspective, suggested by the early records. The paper presents a definition of the nobility and an analysis of the origin, composition and structure of the Lithuanian ruling elite in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Consequently it is possible to speak about the prerequisites of the rule of this social group and the duality of the power of the grand duke and the nobility. Two principal tendencies of the development of the Lithuanian nobility in the fifteenth century – personal continuity and internal transformation (family structure) – are distinguished.
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Ames, Glenn J. "Fama e rEputação: the Provincial Portuguese Nobility, the Challenges of the Restoration Era, and Imperial Service in the Estado Da India, Ca. 1661-1683." Journal of Early Modern History 6, no. 1 (2002): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006502x00013.
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AbstractBased on extensive archival research in Lisbon and Goa, this article examines the symbiotic relationship between the newly independent Portuguese Crown and the rising provincial nobility in Portugal during the late seventeenth century. The provincial nobility had been a prime supporter of João, duke of Braganza, in his revolution against Habsburg Spain in 1640. Thereafter, the new dynasty and the provincial nobility assisted each other in meeting the political, military, economic, and imperial challenges of the post-1640 period. By examining the careers of roughly a dozen nobles originally from the pre-1640 provincial nobility, the article shows that this relationship proved to be mutually beneficial and advantageous. The house of Braganza preserved its independence and was able to overcome many daunting challenges, in particular stabilizing the precarious position of the Asian empire, the Estado da India, during these years. At the same time, the members of the provincial nobility, through their serice to the Crown at home and in the empire, were able to rise in the social hierarchy, sometimes entering the lofty ranks of the titulares or "titled ones" in the process.
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Kozyreva, Ekaterina. "Features of the formation of highest nobility estates in the neighboring districts of the St. Petersburg province." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 05023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016405023.
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The paper is devoted to studies of the location until 1917 in the neighboring districts (Peterhof, Tsarskoye Selo, Shlisselburg and St. Petersburg) of St. Petersburg province of large, representative and prestigious suburban estates - "estates of the highest nobility". Such representative estates received special material and intangible characteristics that distinguish them from "ordinary" estates. Typical examples are considered: Grevov's estate in Koporye, Shuvalovs' estate (of Vorontsova-Dashkova E.A.) "Pargolovo", Belogorka estate, Irinovka estate. The relevance of the work is caused by the fact that an active search for ways to adjust estates is currently underway. To carry out these works, it is necessary to understand the unique features of adjustment objects. In the European and domestic practice of adjustment of objects, special attention is paid to estates belonging to the upper strata of society (in pre-revolutionary Russia, to the nobility). The purpose of the study is to identify a separate type of object "near estates of the highest nobility". Results preserved and existed earlier estates of the highest nobility are analyzed. The regularities of the formation of features and characteristics are revealed, which allows distinguishing them into a separate type of objects - "near estates of the highest nobility".
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Steinberg, Sylvie. "“In the Absence of Males”." Annales (English ed.) 67, no. 03 (September 2012): 503–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398568200000522.
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In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, aristocratic daughters inherited fiefs in the absence of a male heir. Over the course of the seventeenth century, however, royal decisions and jurisprudence increasingly limited this possibility, imposing masculinity as the primary—though not exclusive—criteria for inheritance. This article explores the legal debates that accompanied this evolution, highlighting a number of changes within the French nobility of this period that reveal a new conception of gender relations. The growing importance of the notion of service, changes to the procedure for proving one’s nobility, and the desire for greater exclusivity within the nobility all reveal how gender was no longer defined in relation to the place and role each individual occupied within the ancestral line or family. Instead, gender assumed an unchanging identity, which, much like nobility itself, was considered inherent to the individual.
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Marion, Michael. "Lukowski, The European Nobility In The Eighteenth Century." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 30, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.30.2.96-97.
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As the title suggests, this book offers readers an exhaustive history of the customs, beliefs, rituals, and mores of the European nobility in the eighteenth century. The book has much to recommend it. For one, it is organized thematically, with each chapter addressing a particular aspect of noble life, from marriage, to economics, to education, to inheritance. By eschewing a chronological format, Professor Lukowski is able to present the history of the European nobility in a much more comprehensive and diverse fashion, giving the reader a fascinating glimpse into the everyday life of Europe. For another, the author considers nobility as a European wide phenomenon and in doing so he is able to demonstrate the notion that the institution of "nobility" was not a static one and varied greatly across the European continent, particularly between East and West.
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Ragauskienė, Raimonda. "Models Applied Upbringing Children of Upper Nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th – the Middle of the 17th Centuries." Pedagogika 116, no. 4 (December 22, 2014): 6–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2014.044.
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On the basis of historiography and new historical sources, the article analyses models applied upbringing children of upper nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th c. – the middle of the 17th c. The general and individual factors characteristic of the upper nobility of GDL, which predetermined upbringing of the children from the target social stratum, are discussed. Attempts are made to identify how early socialisation of girls and boys occurred as well as to discuss teaching of elder children (girls and boys) of upper nobility including the content of their teaching.
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Kwiatek, Agata. "The ‘Useful Man’ in the Political System of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the Vasas – New Perspectives and Methodological Problems in Research into the Careers of Małopolska Noblemen." Kwartalnik Historyczny 130, no. 7 (May 7, 2024): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/kh.2023.130.si.1.04.
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In the article I point to the need for conducting research into the political careers of activists from the lesser nobility, whose families were not part of the power elite. In contemporary historiography, lesser nobility activists have only attracted the attention of historians to a limited extent. Yet the development of research and the availability of sources have made it possible to carry out a broader analysis, encompassing activists from the lesser nobility who stood out by virtue of the level of their involvement in the country’s political life.
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Mandzhikova, Larisa B. "Документы Комиссии калмыцких дел как источник по изучению организации делопроизводства и документооборота в Калмыкии в XIX в. (на примере рассмотрения прошения калмыцкого владельца Э. Ц. Кичикова о дозволении носить бронзовую медаль)." Oriental Studies 15, no. 5 (December 26, 2022): 1126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-1126-1135.
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Introduction. The issues pertaining to records keeping and management in 19th-century Russia’s government agencies have been well studied. However, there are no fundamental scientific works covering the phenomena in Kalmykia. The paper analyzes activities by the Astrakhan Kalmyk Affairs Commission for the actual document flow procedures and types of documents to have resulted from the Commission’s work. The review procedure of a petition filed by landlord E. Ts. Kichikov and dealing with the bronze medal awarded to the Russian nobility and merchants in memory of the Patriotic War of 1812 — and the Kalmyk nobility’s relevance to the mentioned category — arouses particular interest. Goals. The article aims to introduce some archival documents contained in Collection И-2 ‘Kalmyk Affairs Commission’, examine the execution procedure for a document identified as ‘register’, and thus trace document review procedures in administrative bodies of prerevolutionary Russia and Kalmykia. Results. The insight into the composition of archival documents (by types) created during activities of the Astrakhan Kalmyk Affairs Commission makes it possible to study the actual records keeping and management procedures in one ethnic periphery of Russia, as well as to consider relevance of the Kalmyk nobility to the Russian one.
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Chernikova, Nataliia, and Iryna Karpan. "O. O. Bobrynskyi and the State Duma: views and activities." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 3, no. 1 (December 4, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26200111.
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The purpose of the article is to reveal to reveal directions of O. O. Bobrynskyi’s socio- political and state activity in 1905–1911. Research methods: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, descriptive, historical-typological, system-structural. Main results. O. Bobrynskyi belonged to the famous noble family of landowners, owners of sugar factories of the Russian Empire. Therefore, he actively defended the interests of the nobility and autocracy. He believed that the consolidation of the nobility was necessary to maintain its dominant position in the state, especially after the revolutionary events of 1905. His practical steps to establish the organizational centers of the conservative nobility, its politicization and participation in the processes of state formation are revealed. The attention is focused on the role of O. Bobrynskyi in the development of organizational and ideological foundations, ensuring the practical activity of the United Nobility as a leading force in the political mechanism of Russia at that time. O. Bobrynskyi made the United Nobility congresses look like a parliament, which formed views of the conservative nobility on current state problems. As a result, their agrarian and electoral reform projects have largely become the basis of government reform. Thus, the nobility was able to form a majority in the Duma of the 3rd convocation, and O. Bobrynskyi became a deputy too. The nature and content his parliamentary activity, legislative initiatives and efforts to establish a regime of cooperation and partnership in the State Duma are revealed. The dynamics of changes in the tactics, forms and methods of political struggle were monitored. O. Bobrynskyi constantly tried to strike the optimal political balance between the right parties of the Duma to support the political platform developed at the meetings of the United Nobility. Much attention is paid to the analysis of the content and character of O. Bobrynskyi’s speech, the essential features, specifics, the evolution of his political platform, realized during his political career. Practical significance. Possibility of using the obtained results for writing monographs, general researches, textbooks and manuals dedicated to the Russian history, history of socio-political organizations, parties and movements, representative and state institutions, political elite of the Russian Empire; for creating and teaching normative and special courses in Russian history, political and social history at universities, colleges etc. Scientific novelty. O. O. Bobrynskyi’s steps to create the optimal political balance between the right-wing Duma parties in order to lobby the United Nobility political platform are outlined. The dynamics of changes in the tactics, forms and methods of his political struggle were monitored. Article type: explanation.
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Eurich, S. Amanda, and Jonathan Dewald. "The European Nobility, 1400-1800." Sixteenth Century Journal 28, no. 4 (1997): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2543597.
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