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Journal articles on the topic 'Noctuidés – Parasites'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Baz, Arturo, and María-José Fernandez. "A Noctuid Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Infected by Larval Cestodes Eats its Own Parasites." Comparative Parasitology 71, no. 2 (July 2004): 226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1654/4094.

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2

Suleymanov, B. A., R. A. Jumaev, and L. A. Abduvosiqova. "Lepidoptera Found In Cabbage Agrobiocenosis The Dominant Types Of Representatives Of The Category Are Bioecology." American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering 03, no. 06 (June 18, 2021): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/volume03issue06-17.

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This article aims to study the fauna of the South East region of Uzbekistan in the Lepidoptera category. Initially, representatives of the Pieridae, Plutellidae, Pyraliday and Noctuidae families were taken into account the composition of the species and their parasites. The first observations were made in the Bekabad and Boka districts. Lepidoptera is carried out on the identification of family representatives of the category Pieridae, Plutellidae, Pyraliday and Noctuidae. Many species of representatives of the first Pieridae family were identified.

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3

Markova, T. O., M. V. Маslov, N. V. Repsh, and A. S. Sakhnov. "Tachinid ﬂies (Diptera: Tachinidae, Tachininae) – parasites of insect pests." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 49, no. 3 (July 23, 2019): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2019-3-6.

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The study area included 127 species of parasites from the Tachininae subfamily (Diptera: Tachinidae) belonging to 53 genera and 14 tribes. The study was conducted in 2008-2018 in Primorsky Territory. Presently the list of tachinid ﬂ ies with known hosts is made up of 52 species (40.9% of the total number). The Tachininae parasitize insect orders of Lepidoptera (86.6% of the total number of species with known data), Coleoptera (9.6%), Diptera (1.9%), Dermaptera (1.9%). Among representatives of Lepidoptera, species of Noctuidae (34.1%), Lymantriidae (10.7%) and Tortricidae (9.2%) families prevail. During the study, 28 host species of tachinids ﬂ ies were revealed in the Lepidoptera order which are pests of agricultural crops, park, garden and forest vegetation. These insects, in the larval stage, feed on leaves, ﬂower buds, ﬂowers and fruits of trees and shrubs. They also damage fruit trees, park plants, sown seedlings, grain crops, basal parts and stems of vegetables. In the order of Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae family, 3 species are classiﬁ ed as pests.It is for the ﬁ rst time that the information was given on parasitizing of Тachina fera L. in caterpillars Spodoptera exigua Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Parhamaxia discalis Mesn. in imago Holotrichia parallela Motsch. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Hamaxia incongrua Walk. in imago Gametis jucunda (Fald.) and Anomala luculenta Er. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Mikia tepens Walk. in caterpillars Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). The study of the fauna of Tachinidae and trophic relations in the larval stage is of great scientiﬁ c and practical importance in the ﬁ ght against insect pests of agriculture and forestry.

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4

GOTO, Chie, Hitoshi TSUTSUI, and Hirohumi HAYAKAWA. "Parasites of some noctuid larvae in Hokkaido. I. Parasitic flies." Japanese journal of applied entomology and zoology 30, no. 3 (1986): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/jjaez.30.204.

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5

GOTO, Chie, Hitoshi TSUTSUI, and Hirofumi HAYAKAWA. "Parasites of some noctuid larvae in Hokkaido. II. Parasitic wasps." Japanese journal of applied entomology and zoology 30, no. 3 (1986): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/jjaez.30.205.

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6

Teague, T. G., D. L. Horton, W. C. Yearian, and J. R. Phillips. "BENOMYL INHIBITION OF COTESIA (= APANTELES) MARGINIVENTRIS1 SURVIVAL IN FOUR LEPIDOPTEROUS HOSTS2." Journal of Entomological Science 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-20.1.76.

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Four noctuid larvae, Heliothis zea (Boddie), Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and S. ornithogalli (Guenee) were reared on semi-synthetic diet in which varying concentrations of the carbamate fungicide benomyl were incorporated. These larvae were exposed to parasitization by Cotesia (= Apanteles) marginiventris (Cresson), and the effect of the fungicide on parasitism and host survival determined. Successful parasite emergence from H. zea, S. exigua, and P. includens was significantly reduced (P = 0.01) as benomyl concentration increased. Parasite emergence from S. ornithogalli was reduced, but a significantly significant dosage response was not evident. Implications of these findings, including a possible deleterious effect on natural biological control following benomyl application, are discussed.

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7

Bosque-Pérez, N. A., J. A. Ubeku, and A. Polaszek. "Survey for parasites ofSesamia calamistis (Lep.: Noctuidae) andEldana saccharina (Lep.: Pyralidae) in southwestern Nigeria." Entomophaga 39, no. 3-4 (September 1994): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02373042.

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8

Beegle, C. C., J. R. Carey, and R. L. Best. "Biology ofMicroplitis kewleyi(Hymenoptera: Braconidae): A parasite ofAgrotis ipsilon(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae." Biocontrol Science and Technology 1, no. 3 (January 1991): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583159109355196.

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9

Agasyeva, Irina. "Ectoparasite Habrobracon Hebetor Say Is an Efficient Biological Control Agent of Lepidopteran Pests." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128503010.

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Ectoparasite Habrobracon hebetor Say is one of the most widely used biological controllers in biological plant protection against a number of harmful lepidopterans, including especially dangerous pests of corn, soy, fruit and vegetable crops. As a result of research conducted in 2017, food specialization and parasitic activity of three different populations of H.hebetor were studied. Two races have been identified for mass rearing and application: pyralid and leaf roller (against corn moth, bean pod borer, apple and plum moths), and pyralid owl-moth (against cotton moth, corn borer, bean pod borer and boxwood moth). As a result of studies of biological features and trophic needs, it has been determined that caterpillars of mill moth (Ephestia cuhniellia Zella) should be used as a host insect for laboratory cultivation of the stock population of the Habrobracon pyralid and leaf roller race (race No. 1). For the introduced from South Kazakhstan the H.hebetor pyralid and noctuid race the most productive rearing is on the caterpillars of large bee moth (Galleria mellonela L.). Optimal temperature for rearing of both races is 26-28 ° C, relative air humidity is 70% and photoperiod is not less than 16 hours. It has been noticed that before laying eggs on the host’s caterpillars, the Habrobracon female preliminarily paralyzes the victim, piercing the sheath with ovipositor. As a result, the caterpillar stops eating and is immobilized. In 3-4 days larvae hatch out of the laid on the caterpillar eggs. The larvae feed on the contents of the caterpillars for 4-5 days, then pupate and after 6-8 days an adult insect leaves the cocoon. The development of one generation lasts 13-16 days, one cocoon includes one parasite. 1,000 large bee moth caterpillars used for infection provide on average 5.8-6.0 thousand cocoons, of which an average of 4.5-4.7 thousand parasites fly out.

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10

Molina-Ochoa, Jaime, James E. Carpenter, E. A. Heinrichs, and John E. Foster. "PARASITOIDS AND PARASITES OF SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN THE AMERICAS AND CARIBBEAN BASIN: AN INVENTORY." Florida Entomologist 86, no. 3 (September 2003): 254–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2003)086[0254:paposf]2.0.co;2.

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11

Puterka, G. J., J. E. Slosser, and J. R. Price. "Parasites of Heliothis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Parasitism and Seasonal Occurrence for Host Crops in the Texas Rolling Plains." Environmental Entomology 14, no. 4 (August 1, 1985): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/14.4.441.

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12

Nikpay, Amin. "Improving biological control of stalk borers in sugarcane by applying silicon as a soil amendment." Journal of Plant Protection Research 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2016-0058.

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AbstractThe sugarcane stalk borers, Sesamia spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are the most destructive sugarcane insect pests in Iran. The efficiency of Telenomus busseolae Gahan (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) used alone or in combination with silicon fertilization was investigated for controlling the sugarcane stalk borers under field conditions. The treatments were: a combination of silicon plus multiple releases of 2,500 T. busseolae, and multiple releases of 5,000, 2,500 and 1,250 T. busseolae alone. Plots receiving no soil amendment or parasites were included as the controls. Three weeks after the first application of each treatment, 100 shoots were selected randomly from each plot and the percentage of dead heart was determined. Then, three months after the first application of parasites, the percentage of stalks damaged, the percentage of internodes bored, and the level of parasitism were determined. Finally, at harvest the percentage of stalks damaged, the percentage of internodes bored, and sugarcane quality characteristics were determined. Results indicated that the efficiency of parasitism increased when combined with an application of silicon fertilizer. The release of 2,500 T. busseolae followed by an application of silicon fertilizer decreased dead hearts to 4%, while 12% dead hearts was observed in the control plots. For the combination treatment, the percentages of stalk damage were 1.5% and 17.2%, at 3 weeks and 3 months after time release, respectively. However, the percentages of stalk damage were 35.2% and 51% when no treatment was applied. Cane quality was significantly higher with the application of silicon fertilizer plus the release of 2,500 T. busseolae, followed by releasing 5,000 Hymenoptera. The level of parasitism was also greater when parasites were released in combination with an application of silicon. We conclude that biological control by egg parasitoids can be enhanced with concurrent applications of silicon fertilizer as a soil amendment and thereby creating a more robust, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program of stalk borers in Iranian sugarcane fields.

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13

Cameron, P. J., and E. W. Valentine. "Evaluation ofCotesia kazak(Hymenoptera : Braconidae), a parasite of larvalHeliothis armigera conferta(Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 28, no. 4 (October 1985): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1985.10418001.

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14

Browning, H. W., and E. R. Oatman. "Reproductive Biology of Microplitis brassicae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Parasite of the Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 78, no. 3 (May 1, 1985): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/78.3.369.

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15

Pawar, C. S., V. S. Bhatnagar, and D. R. Jadhav. "Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) as a parasite ofHelicoverpa armigera (Hub.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in southwest India." Proceedings: Animal Sciences 98, no. 4 (July 1989): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03179407.

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16

Vianna, U. R., D. Pratissoli, J. C. Zanuncio, J. R. C. C. de Alencar, and F. D. Zinger. "ESPÉCIES E/OU LINHAGENS DE TRICHOGRAMMA SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) PARA O CONTROLE DE ANTICARSIA GEMMATALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)." Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 78, no. 1 (March 2011): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-1657v78p0812011.

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RESUMO Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitam ovos de Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), o principal desfolhador de soja no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o parasitismo de onze espécies/linhagens de Trichogramma em cartelas de cartolina com vinte ovos de A. gemmatalis por fêmea desse parasitoide durante 24 horas. A linhagem de Trichogramma atopovirilia (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) de Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, apresentou melhor desempenho com 19 ovos de A. gemmatalis parasitados por fêmea em 24 horas, viabilidade de 98% e razão sexual de 0,84. A linhagem de Trichogramma pretiosum de Cristalina, Goiás, parasitou 11,9 ovos de A. gemmatalis por fêmea com 98% de viabilidade e razão sexual de 0,65. Esse trabalho confirma a importância de se avaliar linhagens de Trichogramma antes de programas de controle biológico, pois diferentes linhagens de uma mesma espécie desse parasitoide apresentam resultados distintos.

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17

Herting, Benno. "Die Parasiten der in Nordwestdeutschland an Obstbäumen und Laubholz schädlich auftretenden Spanner- und Eulenraupen (Lep.: Geometridae, Noctuidae, Thyatiridae)." Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 55, no. 1-4 (August 26, 2009): 236–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1964.tb02980.x.

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18

Delvare, Gérard, and Jean-Yves Rasplus. "Spodophagus, a new genus of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera), for an important parasite of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Madagascar." Bulletin of Entomological Research 84, no. 2 (June 1994): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300039687.

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AbstractSpodophagus, gen. n. (Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae), is described to include the single species S. lepidopteraecomb. n., which was originally described from Madagascar by Risbec (1952) in the genus Oxyglypta. A lectotype is selected for O. lepidopterae, and the species is redescribed and illustrated. This pteromalid is a parasitoid of Spodoptera littoralis, an important pest, which is resistant to several classes of insecticides in Madagascar. Spodophagus lepidopterae is thus a potential agent for the biological control of Spodoptera spp. in Africa and elsewhere.

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19

Steinkraus, D. C., G. O. Boys, T. J. Kring, and J. R. Ruberson. "Pathogenicity of the Facultative Parasite, Chroniodiplogaster aerivora (Cobb) (Rhabditida: Diplogasteridae) to Corn Earworm (Helicoverpa zea [Boddie]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 61, no. 3 (May 1993): 308–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1993.1056.

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20

Bueno, Regiane Cristina Oliveira de Freitas, Tatiana Rodrigues Carneiro, Adeney de Freitas Bueno, Dirceu Pratissoli, Odair Aparecido Fernandes, and Simone Silva Vieira. "Parasitism capacity of Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 53, no. 1 (February 2010): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132010000100017.

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This work studied the parasitism capacity of Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) eggs at 15, 20, 25, 28, 31, and 35°C, aiming to use this natural enemy in biological control programs in crops where S. frugiperda was considered pest. The parasitism during the first 24 h was 60.90, 81.65, 121.05, 117.55 and 108.55 parasited eggs per female from egg masses of approximately 150 eggs, at 15, 20, 25, 28 and 31°C, respectively. Females of T. remus reached parasitism higher than 80% at 15, 20, 25, 28 and 31ºC at 5, 27, 8, 2, and 2 days, respectively. At 35ºC, there was no parasitism. The highest parasitism rates occurred at 20, 25, 28 and 31°C. T. remus female longevity varied from 15.7 to 7.7 days from 15 to 31°C. The highest tested temperature (35°C) was inappropriate for T. remus development. At that temperature, female longevity was greatly reduced (1.7±0.02) and egg viability was null. All T. remus survival curves were of type I, which showed an increase in mortality rate with time.

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21

El-Heneidy, A. H., and M. S. T. Abbas. "Biological notes on Copidosoma sp. (Hym., Encyrtidae), an egg-larval parasite of Heliothis armigera Hb. (Lep., Noctuidae) in Egypt." Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 96, no. 1-5 (August 26, 2009): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1983.tb03643.x.

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22

Kelly, Thomas J., and Thomas A. Coudron. "Total and specific ecdysteroids in the haemolymph of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its parasite, Euplectrus plathypenae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)." Journal of Insect Physiology 36, no. 7 (January 1990): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(90)90096-x.

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23

Silvain, Jean-François, Alain Kermarrec, Orville Marti, Alvin Simmons, and Bernard Lalanne-Cassou. "Ectoparasitic nematodes (Aphelenchoidoidea: Acugutturidae) of Lepidoptera and Blattodea in Guadeloupe." Nematology 2, no. 6 (2000): 669–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854100509538.

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AbstractA total of 935 Lepidoptera, primarily moths of the family Noctuidae, were collected during two surveys (1985-86 and 1996) in Guadeloupe and examined for the presence of ectoparasitic nematodes, Noctuidonema Remillet & Silvain, or Vampyronema Hunt (Aphelenchoidoidea: Noctuidonematinae). Nematodes were found on 24 of 84 species of Noctuidae, two of four species of Sphingidae and one of ten species of Geometridae. New host records are reported for 19 species of Lepidoptera in Guadeloupe and one in the United States. Noctuidonema occurred more frequently on the Noctuidae than on other families of Lepidoptera. More infested moths, particularly males, were collected from xerophilic habitats than from mesophilic-hygrophilic habitats, and more were collected during the dry season than during the rainy season. A total of 94 Blattodea (Periplaneta americana L.) were collected in 1996-97 from French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Mexico, and Saint Lucia, and were examined for the presence of Acugutturus parasiticus Hunt, an ectoparasite of that species. A. parasiticus, previously known only from P.americana from Saint Lucia, was found again on that island, as well as in Guadeloupe, but not on P. americana collected from French Guiana or Mexico. The host list of Insecta (Lepidoptera and Blattodea) parasitised by ectoparasitic nematodes of the family Acugutturidae is emended and updated. At present, 69 species of Lepidoptera in 43 genera, 12 sub-families, and six families are known as hosts of Noctuidonema or Vampyronema. With the single exception of Spodoptera litura (F.) in East Java, all Lepidoptera species reported as hosts of ectoparasitic nematodes occur in the Americas or the Fiji islands. No systematic search has been conducted for ectoparasitic nematodes on Lepidoptera in tropical Africa or Asia. The importance of these nematodes in the ecology of Lepidoptera and Blattodea is largely unknown. Noctuidonema diabolia is transferred to the genus Vampyronema as Vampyronema diabolia n. comb. Nématodes (Aphelenchoidoidea: Acugutturidae) ectoparasites de Lepidoptera et de Blattodea en Guadeloupe - Un total de 935 Lépidoptères, principalement des papillons de la famille des Noctuidae, ont été capturés au cours de deux études (1985-86 et 1996) en Guadeloupe et examinés pour détecter la présence du nématodes ectoparasites, Noctuidonema Remillet & Silvain ou Vampyronema Hunt (Aphelenchoidoidea: Noctuidonematinae). Des nématodes ont été trouvés sur 24 des 84 espèces de Noctuidae, deux des quatre espèces de Sphingidae, et une des dix espèces de Geometridae. Ils ont été trouvés chez 19 espèces de Lépidoptères non signalés précédemment comme hôtes de nématodes ectoparasites en Guadeloupe, et chez une nouvelle espèce hôte aux EtatsUnis. Noctuidonema a été trouvé plus fréquemment sur les Noctuidae que sur d'autres familles de Lépidoptères. Davantage de papillons infestés (surtout des mâles) ont été capturés dans les habitats xérophiles que dans les habitats méso- et hygrophyles, de même plus de papillons infestés ont été capturés pendant la saison sèche que pendant la saison des pluies. Un total de 94 blattes (Periplaneta americana) ont été capturés en 1996-97 en Guadeloupe, en Guyane française, au Mexique et à Sainte Lucie et ont été examinées pour détecter la présence d'A. parasiticus, un nématode ectoparasite de cette espèce. A. parasiticus, précédemment décrit uniquement sur P.americana à Sainte Lucie, a été trouvé à nouveau sur cette île et également en Guadeloupe. Par contre, cette espèce n'a pas été trouvée sur P.americana au Mexique ni en Guyane française. La liste des insectes parasités par les nématodes ectoparasites de la famille des Acugutturidés est modifiée et mise à jour. Actuellement, 69 espèces de Lépidoptères dans 43 genres, 12 sous-familles et six familles sont connues comme hôtes de Noctuidonema. A l'exception de Spodoptera litura (F.) trouvé dans l'est de l'île de Java, toutes les espèces de Lépidoptères signalées comme hôtes de Noctuidonema ou de Vampyronema se trouvent en Amérique ou aux îles Fidji. Aucune recherche systématique n'a été entreprise pour rechercher les nématodes ectoparasites des Lépidoptères en Afrique tropicale ou en Asie et l'importance de ces nématodes dans l'écologie des Lépidoptères est en grande partie inconnue. On a transfer Noctuidonema diabolia au genre Vampyronema comme Vampyronema diabolia n. comb.

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24

Komblas, Κ. Ν., P. Tsakonas, M. Lysandrou, and Τ. Κ. Elia. "Control of insect pests on fruit and field crops with hexaflumuron in North Greece." ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 7 (May 31, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.13967.

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Experiments with hexaflumuron have been made against pests on apples, pears, peaches, potatoes and maize. On apples a predefined spray program was used for the combined control of Cydia pomonella (L) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Phyllonorycter blancardella. (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), P. corylifoliella (Hbn) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), Leucoptera scitella (Zell.) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) and Adoxophyes orana (F.v. Roslerstamm) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Sprays started when C. pomonella adults appeared and were continued every 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Against Cacopsylla pyri L. (Homoptera: Psyllidae), Anarsia lineatella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), trials were made to define efficacy and timing, while trials on Leptinotarsa decendineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were only for efficacy. Hexaflumuron promised to be an excellent insecticide since it was at least as good as organophosphate standards, amitraz and the benzoylphenyl ureas (BPU) tested. With fewer sprays it gave seasonal and combined control on apple pests. It is a new BPU insecticide with low mammalian toxicity and fits IPM programs, since its toxicity to predators and parasites is low. Hexaflumuron had no effect on adults of the predator Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) in the potato trial. Sprays must start at the beginning of the oviposition of fruit damaging pests and at the egg or early larva-nymph stage of the foliage damaging pests. The spray must fully cover fruit and foliage.

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25

Lee, Michael J., and John H. Anstee. "An ultrastructural study on stages in the life cycle of a microsporidian parasite (Microspora: Nosematidae) in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 59, no. 3 (May 1992): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(92)90132-n.

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26

Chen, Chun-Xia, Erzhong Wu, Yi-Zhong Yang, and Hong-Hua Su. "The transfer of Bt insecticidal protein to higher tropic levels via a transgenic cotton, then beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their natural enemies." Canadian Entomologist 146, no. 1 (October 10, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.41.

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AbstractIn order to determine the transference of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillaceae) (Bt) insecticidal protein in the food chain, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect Bt insecticidal protein levels in transgenic Bt cotton (GK12, New variety 33B and SGK321), Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fed on the Bt cotton varieties, and two natural enemies of S. exigua, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Microplitis pallidipes Szépligeti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The results showed that Bt insecticidal protein was found not only in cotton leaves, but also in the body and excrement of S. exigua and the bodies of both C. carnea and M. pallidipes. Bt toxin was detected in S. exigua larvae of all the examined instars (second, third, fourth, and fifth) that fed on transgenic cotton varieties and the Bt toxin level was the highest in the body of the second instar. In addition, the Bt toxin content in the excrement of the second instar was lower than that in the older ones. After the natural enemies C. carnea and M. pallidipes preyed/parasitised the S. exigua larvae that fed on transgenic cotton, Bt toxin was found in both the predator and parasite. This research indicates that Bt protein can be transferred through the food chain and to natural enemies of various predatory habits.

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Duarte, Jucelio P., Luiza R. Redaelli, Carlos Eugênio Silva, and Simone M. Jahnke. "Effect of Azadirachta indica (Sapindales: Meliaceae) Oil on the Immune System of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Immatures." Journal of Insect Science 20, no. 3 (May 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/ieaa048.

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Abstract The insect immune system includes several mechanisms responsible for defending against pathogens, parasites, and parasitoids. Some botanical insecticides, such as Azadirachta indica oil, cause changes in the immune system of various insect species. Spodoptera frugiperda is an important agricultural pest; thus, knowledge about the effect of neem oil on the immune system of this species can assist in its management. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of A. indica oil on the immune system of S. frugiperda. Caterpillars (2–3 mg) were placed individually in containers (50 ml) with approximately 10 g of diet, containing 125, 250, and 500 ppm of neem oil with propanone; the control group received only the propanone diet. In four experiments, the total number of hemocytes, the phagocytic activity, the activity of lysozyme-like enzymes, and phenoloxidase activity were measured in caterpillars at the end of the sixth instar. The total number of hemocytes in insects exposed to neem oil was 21% lower than in the control group. The percentage of cells that phagocyted the latex beads was similar among the caterpillars that ingested the different concentrations. The mean diameter of cell lysis halos was reduced only at concentrations of 125 and 250 ppm. Absorbance did not differ between treatments. Knowing that this oil reduces the number of circulation cells and the activity of lysozyme-like enzymes is of great importance to design control strategies, once the neem oil could be added to other biological agents for mortality reducing the chances of this insect surviving in the environment.

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