Journal articles: 'Nocturnal bees'

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Warrant, Eric J. "Nocturnal bees." Current Biology 17, no. 23 (December 2007): R991—R992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.09.009.

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Cordeiro, Guaraci D., Rodolfo Liporoni, Carolina A. Caetano, Cristiane Krug, Carlos A. Martínez-Martínez, Herbeson O. J. Martins, Renan K. O. A. Cardoso, et al. "Nocturnal Bees as Crop Pollinators." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11051014.

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Bees are typically diurnal but around 1% of described species have nocturnal activity. Nocturnal bees are still poorly studied due to bias towards studying diurnal insects. However, knowledge concerning their biology and role as crop pollinators has increased. We review the literature on nocturnal bees’ traits and their host plants, and assess the crop pollination effectiveness of this neglected group. Nocturnal bees have visual adaptations to cope with low light intensities, and floral scents are a key sensory cue used to find their host flowers. Nocturnal bees generally show high flower constancy, the ability to vibrate flowers, and high transfer rates of pollen grains to stigmas. The flowers visited by nocturnal bees range from small radial and zygomorphic flowers to large brush blossoms; moreover, they visit plants with different flowering strategies. Nocturnal bees are effective pollinators of regional fruit crops in Brazil, such as cambuci (Campomanesia phaea), guaraná (Paullinia cupana), cajá (Spondias mombin), and in North America of cultivated pumpkins (Cucurbita species). However, they most likely are pollinators of several other crops. Strategies to host high numbers of nocturnal bees around cropping areas should be taken, such as preserving adjacent native forests, restricting soil management, providing food resources beyond crop flowers, and avoiding light pollution.

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Land, Michael F. "Nocturnal Vision: Bees in the Dark." Current Biology 14, no. 15 (August 2004): R615—R616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.07.043.

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Somanathan, Hema, Renee Maria Borges, Eric James Warrant, and Almut Kelber. "Nocturnal bees learn landmark colours in starlight." Current Biology 18, no. 21 (November 2008): R996—R997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.023.

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Carvalho, Airton Torres, Artur Campos Dalia Maia, Poliana Yumi Ojima, Adauto A. dos Santos, and Clemens Schlindwein. "Nocturnal Bees are Attracted by Widespread Floral Scents." Journal of Chemical Ecology 38, no. 3 (March 2012): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-012-0084-z.

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Warrant, Eric J., Almut Kelber, Rita Wallén, and William T. Wcislo. "Ocellar optics in nocturnal and diurnal bees and wasps." Arthropod Structure & Development 35, no. 4 (December 2006): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2006.08.012.

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Kelber, Almut, Eric J. Warrant, Michael Pfaff, Rita Wallén, Jamie C. Theobald, William T. Wcislo, and Robert A. Raguso. "Light intensity limits foraging activity in nocturnal and crepuscular bees." Behavioral Ecology 17, no. 1 (November 16, 2005): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arj001.

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Siqueira, Estefane, Reisla Oliveira, Stefan Dötterl, Guaraci Duran Cordeiro, Isabel Alves-dos-Santos, Theo Mota, and Clemens Schlindwein. "Pollination of Machaerium opacum (Fabaceae) by nocturnal and diurnal bees." Arthropod-Plant Interactions 12, no. 5 (June 29, 2018): 633–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-018-9623-z.

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Miyake, Takashi, and Tetsukazu Yahara. "Why does the flower of Lonicera japonica open at dusk?" Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 1806–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-119.

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We investigated contributions of diurnal pollinators and a nocturnal pollinator to pollen transfer in Lonicera japonica (Caprifoliaceae), whose flowers have traits typical of the hawkmoth-pollination syndrome. Diurnal bees, Tetralonia nipponensis and Lasioglossum sp., delivered more pollen grains than the nocturnal hawkmoth Theretra japonica per visit, suggesting that these bees were also effective pollinators. However, these bees removed over 10 times more pollen at one visit than the hawkmoth. Because of the higher pollen consumption by these bees, anthesis at dusk is considered to be optimal for Lonicera japonica to maximize overall pollen transfer under the visitation of both nocturnal and diurnal pollinators. Tetralonia japonica dispersed color dye farther than the other pollinators, which suggests that the nocturnal pollinator contributes more to cross-pollination than the diurnal pollinators.Key words: Lonicera japonica, hawkmoth-pollinated flowers, pollinator efficiency, pollen removal, pollination syndromes, timing of anthesis.

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Gorostiague, Pablo, and Pablo Ortega-Baes. "Pollination biology of Echinopsis leucantha (Cactaceae): passerine birds and exotic bees as effective pollinators." Botany 95, no. 1 (January 2017): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0120.

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Cactus flowers have traditionally been considered to be specialized to certain pollination guilds, but pollination studies reveal that most species are actually generalists. This suggests that floral traits are not always predictive of the animal visitors that pollinate cactus flowers. Here, we studied the pollination of Echinopsis leucantha (Gillies ex Salm-Dyck) Walp., an endemic cactus of Argentina, whose floral traits would suggest that it is pollinated by moths. The floral lifespan and flower availability throughout the reproductive period were evaluated. Field experiments were carried out to study the reproductive system and the identity and effectiveness of floral visitors. Echinopsis leucantha flowers had a nocturnal anthesis time that extended into the following morning. The species was self-incompatible. Floral visitors included moths, bees, and passerine birds. However, diurnal visitors were more effective as pollinators than nocturnal ones. The flowers of E. leucantha were phenotypically specialized (sphingophily); however, the pollination system was functionally and ecologically generalized. The results confirm that generalized pollination systems are widespread among species of the Echinopsis genus with nocturnal flowers, for which diurnal pollinators seem to have a key role in fruit and seed production. Our study constitutes the first record of passerine bird pollination in the Cactaceae for mainland South America.

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Warrant, E. J. "Seeing in the dark: vision and visual behaviour in nocturnal bees and wasps." Journal of Experimental Biology 211, no. 11 (June 1, 2008): 1737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.015396.

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Hopkins, M. J. G., H. C. Fortune Hopkins, and C. A. Sothers. "Nocturnal pollination of Parkia velutina by Megalopta bees in Amazonia and its possible significance in the evolution of chiropterophily." Journal of Tropical Ecology 16, no. 5 (September 2000): 733–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400001681.

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Canopy observations of the rain forest tree Parkia velutina (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) in Amazonian Brazil indicate that it is pollinated by night-flying bees. The small red flowers are organized into spherical heads; they open in the late afternoon and attract Megalopta bees (Halictidae: Augochlorini) which forage for pollen after dark. In contrast to the numerous bat-pollinated species of Parkia, no nectar was detected. Nocturnal melittophily is proposed as a possible intermediate stage in the evolution of chiropterophily from diurnal entomophily in Parkia.

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de Araujo, Fernanda Figueiredo, Priscila de Cássia Souza Araújo, Estefane Siqueira, Isabel Alves-dos-Santos, Reisla Oliveira, Stefan Dötterl, and Clemens Schlindwein. "Nocturnal bees exploit but do not pollinate flowers of a common bat-pollinated tree." Arthropod-Plant Interactions 14, no. 6 (September 22, 2020): 785–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-020-09784-3.

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Cutler, G. Christopher, Kevin W. Reeh, Jason M. Sproule, and Krilen Ramanaidu. "Berry unexpected: Nocturnal pollination of lowbush blueberry." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 4 (July 2012): 707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-026.

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Cutler, C. G., Reeh, K. W., Sproule, J. M. and Ramanaidu, K. 2012. Berry unexpected: Nocturnal pollination of lowbush blueberry. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 707–711. Lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium, is an economically important crop of eastern North America that is critically dependent on insect-mediated cross-pollination for successful fruit set and high yields. It is generally assumed that bees are responsible for the vast majority of lowbush blueberry pollination, and producers usually augment the natural pollination force with managed bees. Little is known, however, of the potential role of nocturnal pollinators in lowbush blueberry production. We conducted a field experiment where patches of blooming blueberry were exposed to flying insects 24 h a day, only during the day (sunrise to sunset), only at night (sunset to sunrise), or 0 h a day. We found that significant fruit set occurred on blueberry stems that were exposed only at night, although it was higher on stems exposed during the day or 24 h a day. However, ripe fruit produced on stems exposed only at night weighed just as much as those exposed 24 h. Captures with Malaise traps activated only at night consisted mainly of several families of Lepidoptera and Diptera, although we do not know if these taxa pollinated blueberries. We conclude that nocturnal pollination may contribute significantly to lowbush blueberry fruit set.

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Ohashi, Kaz, and Andreas Jürgens. "Three options are better than two: compensatory nature of different pollination modes in Salix caprea L." Journal of Pollination Ecology 28 (July 9, 2021): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2021)627.

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Mixed pollination systems have been reported for many angiosperms. Here, we report on a dioecious willow, Salix caprea L., which employs three pollination modes, namely pollination by wind, nocturnal moths, and diurnal bees. In four field populations of S. caprea in Germany, we addressed the following questions: (a) How are the pollination modes affected by local mate availability? (b) What is the contribution of each pollination mode to seed set? (c) How does flower opening time affect pollination? We compared seed set among seven pollination treatments (wind pollination, diurnal pollination, nocturnal pollination, natural pollination, apomictic reproduction, daytime/night-time artificial pollination). Pollen limitation was observed across populations. On the other hand, limitations in mate availability affected the pollination modes differently. Insect pollination outperformed wind pollination in situations where nearby males were few or all positioned in the same direction from the females. The contribution of nocturnal moths was lower than that of the other pollen vectors. However, moth pollination worked complementarily with bee pollination in compensating for the lack of wind pollination. Furthermore, we found that the onset of flower anthesis peaked at sunset, and that cold night temperatures had no negative effect on seed set or pollen viability. Thus, nocturnal anthesis and prior pollination by moths may minimize male fitness loss due to pollen collection and grooming by bees. We suggest that S. caprea maximizes its fitness by combining multiple pollination modes that work in different environmental conditions, while optimizing the anthesis so that more pollen would be delivered to stigmas.

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Warrant, E. J., T. Porombka, and W. H. Kirchner. "Neural Image Enhancement Allows Honeybees to See at Night." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970168.

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The optical design of most insect apposition compound eyes should restrict activity to daylight because at night the tiny lenses of the isolated ommatidia cannot collect sufficient light. However, several bee species have adopted nocturnal activity, taking advantage of the benefits of night foraging. By measuring behavioural visual performance in honeybees, we show that insects can possess better spatial resolution in dim light than the optics and physiology of their apposition eyes suggest, implying the presence of higher neural mechanisms which enhance vision at night. Theoretical calculations reveal that honeybees improve light capture at night by neurally summing photons in space and time. Even though summation compromises both spatial and temporal resolution, the improved photon capture enhances vision sufficiently for bees to discriminate coarse images in moonlight. This explains how bees and many other insects can adopt a nocturnal life style despite having an eye design typical of a day-active insect.

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Eischen, Frank A., Thomas E. Rinderer, and Alfred Dietz. "Nocturnal defensive responses of Africanized and European honey bees to the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella L.)." Animal Behaviour 34, no. 4 (August 1986): 1070–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(86)80166-x.

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Cordeiro, G. D., M. Pinheiro, S. Dötterl, and I. Alves-dos-Santos. "Pollination ofCampomanesia phaea(Myrtaceae) by night-active bees: a new nocturnal pollination system mediated by floral scent." Plant Biology 19, no. 2 (November 27, 2016): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/plb.12520.

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Somanathan, Hema, Almut Kelber, Renee M. Borges, Rita Wallén, and Eric J. Warrant. "Visual ecology of Indian carpenter bees II: adaptations of eyes and ocelli to nocturnal and diurnal lifestyles." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 195, no. 6 (April 11, 2009): 571–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-009-0432-9.

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Theobald, Jamie C., Eric J. Warrant, and David C. O'Carroll. "Wide-field motion tuning in nocturnal hawkmoths." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1683 (November 11, 2009): 853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1677.

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Nocturnal hawkmoths are known for impressive visually guided behaviours in dim light, such as hovering while feeding from nectar-bearing flowers. This requires tight visual feedback to estimate and counter relative motion. Discrimination of low velocities, as required for stable hovering flight, is fundamentally limited by spatial resolution, yet in the evolution of eyes for nocturnal vision, maintenance of high spatial acuity compromises absolute sensitivity. To investigate these trade-offs, we compared responses of wide-field motion-sensitive neurons in three species of hawkmoth: Manduca sexta (a crepuscular hoverer), Deilephila elpenor (a fully nocturnal hoverer) and Acherontia atropos (a fully nocturnal hawkmoth that does not hover as it feeds uniquely from honey in bees' nests). We show that despite smaller eyes, the motion pathway of D. elpenor is tuned to higher spatial frequencies and lower temporal frequencies than A. atropos , consistent with D. elpenor 's need to detect low velocities for hovering. Acherontia atropos , however, presumably evolved low-light sensitivity without sacrificing temporal acuity. Manduca sexta , active at higher light levels, is tuned to the highest spatial frequencies of the three and temporal frequencies comparable with A. atropos . This yields similar tuning to low velocities as in D. elpenor , but with the advantage of shorter neural delays in processing motion.

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Macgregor, Callum J., and Alison S. Scott-Brown. "Nocturnal pollination: an overlooked ecosystem service vulnerable to environmental change." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20190134.

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Existing assessments of the ecosystem service of pollination have been largely restricted to diurnal insects, with a particular focus on generalist foragers such as wild and honey bees. As knowledge of how these plant-pollinator systems function, their relevance to food security and biodiversity, and the fragility of these mutually beneficial interactions increases, attention is diverting to other, less well-studied pollinator groups. One such group are those that forage at night. In this review, we document evidence that nocturnal species are providers of pollination services (including pollination of economically valuable and culturally important crops, as well as wild plants of conservation concern), but highlight how little is known about the scale of such services. We discuss the primary mechanisms involved in night-time communication between plants and insect pollen-vectors, including floral scent, visual cues (and associated specialized visual systems), and thermogenic sensitivity (associated with thermogenic flowers). We highlight that these mechanisms are vulnerable to direct and indirect disruption by a range of anthropogenic drivers of environmental change, including air and soil pollution, artificial light at night, and climate change. Lastly, we highlight a number of directions for future research that will be important if nocturnal pollination services are to be fully understood and ultimately conserved.

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Baird, Emily, Eva Kreiss, William Wcislo, Eric Warrant, and Marie Dacke. "Nocturnal insects use optic flow for flight control." Biology Letters 7, no. 4 (February 9, 2011): 499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.1205.

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To avoid collisions when navigating through cluttered environments, flying insects must control their flight so that their sensory systems have time to detect obstacles and avoid them. To do this, day-active insects rely primarily on the pattern of apparent motion generated on the retina during flight (optic flow). However, many flying insects are active at night, when obtaining reliable visual information for flight control presents much more of a challenge. To assess whether nocturnal flying insects also rely on optic flow cues to control flight in dim light, we recorded flights of the nocturnal neotropical sweat bee, Megalopta genalis , flying along an experimental tunnel when: (i) the visual texture on each wall generated strong horizontal (front-to-back) optic flow cues, (ii) the texture on only one wall generated these cues, and (iii) horizontal optic flow cues were removed from both walls. We find that Megalopta increase their groundspeed when horizontal motion cues in the tunnel are reduced (conditions (ii) and (iii)). However, differences in the amount of horizontal optic flow on each wall of the tunnel (condition (ii)) do not affect the centred position of the bee within the flight tunnel. To better understand the behavioural response of Megalopta , we repeated the experiments on day-active bumble-bees ( Bombus terrestris ). Overall, our findings demonstrate that despite the limitations imposed by dim light, Megalopta —like their day-active relatives—rely heavily on vision to control flight, but that they use visual cues in a different manner from diurnal insects.

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Kelber, Almut, Carola Yovanovich, and Peter Olsson. "Thresholds and noise limitations of colour vision in dim light." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1717 (April 5, 2017): 20160065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0065.

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Colour discrimination is based on opponent photoreceptor interactions, and limited by receptor noise. In dim light, photon shot noise impairs colour vision, and in vertebrates, the absolute threshold of colour vision is set by dark noise in cones. Nocturnal insects (e.g. moths and nocturnal bees) and vertebrates lacking rods (geckos) have adaptations to reduce receptor noise and use chromatic vision even in very dim light. In contrast, vertebrates with duplex retinae use colour-blind rod vision when noisy cone signals become unreliable, and their transition from cone- to rod-based vision is marked by the Purkinje shift. Rod–cone interactions have not been shown to improve colour vision in dim light, but may contribute to colour vision in mesopic light intensities. Frogs and toads that have two types of rods use opponent signals from these rods to control phototaxis even at their visual threshold. However, for tasks such as prey or mate choice, their colour discrimination abilities fail at brighter light intensities, similar to other vertebrates, probably limited by the dark noise in cones. This article is part of the themed issue 'Vision in dim light’.

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WCISLO, WILLIAM T., LAURA ARNESON, KARI ROESCH, VICTOR GONZALEZ, ADAM SMITH, and HERMÓGENES FERNÁNDEZ. "The evolution of nocturnal behaviour in sweat bees, Megalopta genalis and M. ecuadoria (Hymenoptera: Halictidae): an escape from competitors and enemies?" Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83, no. 3 (October 20, 2004): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00399.x.

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Pereira, Rogério, Michelle Morais, Tiago Francoy, and Lionel Gonçalves. "Hygienic Behavior of Africanized Honey Bees Apis mellifera Directed towards Brood in Old and New Combs during Diurnal and Nocturnal Periods." Insects 4, no. 4 (September 26, 2013): 521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects4040521.

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Hilário, S. D., and V. L. Imperatriz-Fonseca. "Thermal evidence of the invasion of a stingless bee nest by a mammal." Brazilian Journal of Biology 63, no. 3 (August 2003): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842003000300011.

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Melipona bicolor, an inhabitant of the Atlantic Rainforest, nidifies in hollows of live or dead trees. In order to study thermoregulation of a nest of this species, a temperature data logger was installed inside a hollow tree. After this, an intruder dug a hole, invaded the nest, and probably consumed its honey, pollen and bees, having remained there during three days. Thermal evidence and its behavior allowed the delimitation of a small number of suspects, wich we analized here. The intruder was a small mammal, predominantly nocturnal, that takes shelter in burrows, probably the yellow armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus). Other evidence, if collected immediately after invasion, could precisely indicate precisely the species.

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Olesen, Tine, Jerome Paul, Pierre Gramme, Marcus J. Drake, Johan Vandewalle, and Karel Everaert. "Assessment of the Most Impactful Combination of Factors Associated with Nocturia and to Define Nocturnal Polyuria by Multivariate Modelling." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 2262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9072262.

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Background: Nocturia is common and associated with multiple disease states. Many potential mechanisms have been proposed for nocturia, which also remains challenging to manage. Purpose: To use multivariate analysis to determine which combinations of factors can accurately discriminate clinically significant nocturia in patients to facilitate clinical management and treatment decisions. Patients and methods: Data analysis was based on frequency volume charts from three randomized controlled trials. There were 1479 patients included, of which 215 patients had no/mild nocturia and 1264 had clinically significant nocturia with at least two voids per night. Factors studied that may influence nocturia were demographics, sleep duration, functional bladder capacity, 24 h urine volume and literature-suggested definitions of nocturnal polyuria. We used univariate analysis and cross-validated multivariate modelling to assess association between factors and nocturia status, redundancy between factors and whether the combined use of factors could explain patients′ nocturia status. Results: The multivariate analyses showed that the most useful definitions of nocturia are ’Nocturia Index’ (NI) and ‘Nocturnal Urine Production per hour’ (NUPh) in combination with functional bladder capacity and sleep duration. Published definitions providing binary nocturnal polyuria outcomes had lower performance than continuous indices. These analyses also showed that NI was not specific to nocturnal polyuria as it also captured nocturia due to low functional bladder capacity. By contrast, NUPh was demonstrated to be specific to nocturnal polyuria. Conclusion: NUPh has previously been shown among elderly males to be essential in nocturia and a very valid measure of nocturnal polyuria. However, the current, large and independent dataset now confirms that it can be applied in an adult population with a complaint of nocturia covering both males and females.

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Bumrungsri, Sara, Andrew Harbit, Charles Benzie, Kristine Carmouche, Kitichate Sridith, and Paul Racey. "The pollination ecology of two species of Parkia (Mimosaceae) in southern Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24, no. 05 (September 2008): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467408005191.

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Abstract:Although the floral traits ofParkiaconform to the bat-pollination syndrome, many visitors other than bats have been observed at their flowers. Some chiropterophilous plants are also pollinated by other animals; the syndrome is therefore best regarded as a hypothesis for which field observations and pollination experiments are required. The present study aimed, for the first time, to determine the breeding system of the economically important canopy trees,Parkia speciosaandP. timoriana, and to identify their pollinators. Pollination experiments carried out in Trang and Songkhla Provinces, in 28 trees ofP. speciosaand fourP. timorianaindicated that they are self incompatible. Open pollination resulted in the highest fruit set (average 60–67% of inflorescences per tree) although this was not significantly different from hand-crossed pollination (48–60%). Insect pollination resulted in fruit set in only 12% ofP. speciosainflorescences. Fruit bats, mainlyEonycteris spelaea, visit flowering plants continuously from dusk till after midnight. Nocturnal and diurnal insects (moths and stingless bees respectively) visit capitula, mostly at the nectar zone. Nectarivorous bats are the most effective pollinator forP. speciosaandP. timoriana. The fact that populations ofE. spelaeaappear to be declining throughout their distribution is therefore a matter of increasing concern.

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Paton, DC, and V. Turner. "Pollination of Banksia ericifolia Smith: Birds, Mammals and Insects as Pollen Vectors." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 3 (1985): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850271.

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In coastal heath, 12 km north of Sydney, Banksia ericifolia set fruit after cross-pollination but not after controlled self-pollination. Animals removed nectar and pollen from inflorescences during the day but not overnight. Introduced honeybees (Apis mellifera) and native birds (Meliphagidae, Zosteropidae) visited flowers frequently during the day, carried pollen on their body surfaces and were likely to transfer pollen between plants. Native bees, nocturnal moths and ants also visited flowers but were too infrequent, did not move between plants or foraged inappropriately to be important pollinators. No mammals were seen visiting flowers and the small mammals we caught carried no pollen. Exclusion experiments confirmed that pollination occurred during the day and not at night, but the experiments were insufficient to determine the relative importance of honeybees versus birds as pollinators. Only about 3% of the flowers of Banksia ericifolia developed follicles under natural conditions. Follicle production in this species was limited by resources and not by pollinators, since multiple cross- pollinations of flowers did not increase follicle production above the natural rate.

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Kim, Soo Rim. "Pharmacotherapy for female nocturia." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 64, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2021.64.6.449.

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Background: In 2018, nocturia and nocturnal lower urinary tract function definitions were updated in a clinically and practically based consensus report by the International Continence Society Standardization Steering Committee. Previous research has suggested that the pathophysiology of nocturia has a multifactorial etiology, including obstructive sleep apnea, overactive bladder syndrome, diabetes mellitus, sleep disturbance, congestive heart failure, primary polydipsia, and other factors.Current Concepts: Three main mechanisms have been identified: low functional bladder capacity, nocturnal polyuria, and diurnal polyuria (24-hour polyuria). Multifactorial pathophysiology implies multiple possible targets for therapeutic intervention, and suggests that it is unlikely that one treatment modality, including drugs, will be successful in all patients. The bladder diary is the most important diagnostic tool.Discussion and Conclusion: Strong evidence supports the efficacy of desmopressin and continuous positive pressure breathing. Antimuscarinic drugs for treating nocturia display limited usefulness because of their low efficacy for nocturnal polyuria. Management of nocturia may require a multidisciplinary approach to visualization and phenotyping of patients for diagnosis and therapy.

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Rego, Juliana Ordones, Edivani Villaron Franceschinelli, and Daniela Cristina Zappi. "Reproductive biology of a highly endemic species: Cipocereus laniflorus N.P. Taylor & Zappi (Cactaceae)." Acta Botanica Brasilica 26, no. 1 (March 2012): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062012000100023.

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Cipocereus laniflorus N.P. Taylor & Zappi is an endemic species from the Serra do Caraça, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In order to propose conservation strategies for this species, its reproductive strategies were investigated, including reproductive phenology, floral biology, floral visitors and breeding system. The flowering and fruiting period extends from May to October. Few flowers per plant open each night, producing up to 0.4 ml nectar, but 30% of them are nectarless. Probably pollen is also offered as a resource. Fruiting efficiency of C. laniflorus (47%) is close to that found in other Cactaceae species. Pollen of this species was detected in Anoura geoffroy, Soricina glossophaga and Pygoderma bilabiatum bats. Amongst the characteristics related to bat-pollination syndrome found in C. laniflorus, the cream-white colouring of the internal part of the flower, the numerous stamens and the nocturnal anthesis of short duration can be highlighted. Flowers of C. laniflorus are also visited by Nitidulidae beetles, Trigona fulviventris bees and hummingbirds, however bats are the main pollinators of this species. Finally, as a self-sterile species, C. laniflorus needs a pollinator and is more susceptible to the risk of extinction if local disturbances affect its pollination system.

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Souza, Isys Mascarenhas, Frederic Mendes Hughes, Ligia Silveira Funch, and Luciano Paganucci de Queiroz. "Nocturnal and diurnal pollination in Copaifera coriacea, a dominant species in sand dunes of the Middle São Francisco River Basin, Northeastern Brazil." Plant Ecology and Evolution 154, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2021.1715.

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Background and aims – Copaifera coriacea, a species in the resin-producing clade Detarioideae (Leguminosae), is an endemic and abundant species found in sand dunes in Brazilian Caatinga domain vegetation – a Quaternary paleodesert. We investigated floral traits and aspects of pollination biology, focusing on the pollination system of C. coriacea. Material and methods – Anthesis duration, stigma receptivity, pollen viability, nectar concentration, and the presence of osmophores and pigments reflecting UV light were assessed. Floral visitors were classified as potential pollinators, occasional pollinators or thieves, based on the time and foraging behaviour and resource collected. Pollination effectiveness were assessed for potential pollinators by the detection of pollen tubes on the stigma or stylar canal by epifluorescence microscopy.Key results – The species has white and small flowers, with anthesis beginning in the dark (ca 00:30) and the flowers are completely opened approximately 3 h later, when a sweet odour is perceptible. The onset of stigma receptivity and pollen grain viability occurs only after the completion of flower opening, and a concentrated nectar is available during the day. The presence of pollen tubes confirmed the efficiency of the main insects in the transfer of pollen. Conclusion – Our result demonstrates that C. coriacea has a generalist pollination system mediated mainly by two distinct guilds of insect pollinators: moths (nocturnal, searching for nectar) and bees (diurnal, pollen collectors). This finding can provide more information about diversification in the genus Copaifera.

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Hmeljevski, Karina Vanessa, Marina Wolowski, Rafaela Campostrini Forzza, and Leandro Freitas. "High outcrossing rates and short-distance pollination in a species restricted to granitic inselbergs." Australian Journal of Botany 65, no. 4 (2017): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16232.

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Plant populations that are spatially isolated may experience genetic isolation if gene flow via pollination or seed dispersal is limited. The high genetic differentiation among populations of Encholirium horridum L.B.Sm. indicates low gene flow for this species that occurs exclusively on granitic inselbergs in South-east Brazil. Here we describe reproductive and pollination attributes of this bromeliad assessing how they influence the current degree of genetic isolation among populations. The mating system, estimated using five microsatellites markers, indicated allogamy and low pollen pool structure. The breeding system assessed by hand-pollination treatments supported partial self-incompatibility combined with inbreeding depression. Flowers of E. horridum are bell-shaped with crepuscular/nocturnal anthesis, and high nectar production, suggesting chiropterophily. Its pollination system was actually generalist but bats and hummingbirds were more frequent than hawkmoths and crepuscular bees. The high local abundance and large floral display per individual plant contributed to short distance pattern of pollen movement by pollinators. At the intra-population level, this pollinator foraging pattern, with inbreeding depression, promotes low seed viability and individual variations on outcrossing rate. At the inter-population level, those features led to low gene flow. Overall, heterozygosity, maintained by self-incompatibility and inbreeding depression, and pollination by vertebrates described here for E. horridum are consistent with other attributes that are predicted for inselberg plants by the OCBIL theory, such as reduced dispersability and genetic isolation among populations. Those characteristics contribute to the isolation of E. horridum populations and heighten the importance of population-based conservation strategies for taxa that occur exclusively in those naturally fragmented inselbergs.

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C. Gardener, Mark, and Curtis C. Daehler. "Documenting floral visitors to rare Hawaiian plants using automated video recordings." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 3 (2006): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060189.

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Many plant species require the services of an animal pollinator. In Hawai'i most endemic plant species are declining, yet their pollinators are often unknown because floral visitors are uncommon, or because visits occur at night, making them difficult to observe. Information about the pollination ecology of rare plants is needed to help develop a conservation strategy. We used an automated, infrared-equipped video system to record animal visits to the flowers of rare plant species on the island of O'ahu, Hawaii. Over 500 hours of recordings were made on four plant species. For the first time, a nocturnal moth was observed visiting Cyrtandra hawaiensis. Also for the first time, native masked bees, presumed to be Hylaeus connectans, were recorded visiting the flowers of two endangered lobeliads, Cyanea pinnatifida and Cyanea superba. An introduced bird, the Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus also visited the Cyanea species, but it appeared to act as a nectar robber. A third lobeliad, Clermontia kakeana, was observed continuously for several days and nights but only visits by ants were recorded and no fruits were produced. While it was not always possible to determine the actual species of invertebrate floral visitors, the continuous nature of our video recording allowed us to document floral visitors that were not previously known. Furthermore, the recordings can be made without potential artefacts introduced by the presence of human observers near the flowers. This methodology can be used to document many difficult-to-observe ecological interactions between animals and rare plants.

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Maggi, Livilla Angela, Thomas Abeli, Graziano Rossi, and Mauro Gobbi. "Flower-visiting and pollen-carrying arthropods of Leucojum aestivum L. (Amaryllidaceae) in wild, reintroduced and ex situ populations." Plant Ecology 222, no. 8 (June 30, 2021): 965–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-021-01154-0.

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AbstractLeucojum aestivum L. is a wetland-dependent perennial geophyte occurring in Europe and western Asia. It is self-incompatible, with high level of fruit-set and seed-set. Yet, its pollinators are poorly known. Here, we present the most recent research on potential pollinators of L. aestivum. We collected data on flower-visiting and pollen-carrying arthropods in three populations of the species in the River Po plain (N-Italy), where L. aestivum occurs mainly in forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus sp. pl. close to rivers. We studied a wild population, a new reintroduced population and an ex situ population located at the Botanical Garden of the University of Pavia. Our study identified 18 arthropod taxa carrying L. aestivum pollen; the soft-winged flower beetle Dasytes plumbeus (Coleoptera: Melyridae) and the sac-spider Clubiona sp. pl. (Araneae: Clubionidae) were the most frequent visitors. Hymenoptera only occasionally visited L. aestivum flowers (e.g. the sweat bee Lasioglossum punctatissimum). D. plumbeus, the long-horned beetle Grammoptera ruficornis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), Clubiona sp. pl. and L. punctatissimum resulted in the taxa with the highest average abundance of pollen grains on their body suggesting a potential role in L. aestivum pollination. Differences in flower-visiting and pollen-carrying arthropods were observed between the three populations, with a decreasing taxonomic diversity of visiting species from the wild population to the ex situ population. Our results, based on direct observation in the field, are partially in contrast with a previous study on L. aestivum pollinators that suggested diurnal and nocturnal Lepidoptera and occasionally bees as main pollinators for the species.

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Alwis, Upeksha S., Thomas F. Monaghan, Rebecca Haddad, Jeffrey P. Weiss, Saskia Roggeman, Erik Van Laecke, Johan Vande Walle, Alan J. Wein, and Karel Everaert. "Dietary considerations in the evaluation and management of nocturia." F1000Research 9 (March 5, 2020): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.21466.1.

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Aim: This narrative review investigates the effect of dietary intake on nocturnal voiding severity. The primary aims of this review are to provide a framework for future research and ultimately contribute to more comprehensive, lifestyle-centered guidelines for the management of nocturia. Methods: A literature search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using the keywords “nocturia”, “diuresis”, “natriuresis”, “food”, “diet”, and “nutrients”. Results: High fruit and vegetable consumption was negatively associated with nocturia. High intake of tea and dietary sodium showed a positive association with nocturia. Several foods have also been directly linked to changes in diuresis rate, glycemic control, and endogenous serum melatonin concentration, offering potential mechanisms for this observed effect. Overall quality of the evidence was low. Conclusion: At present, there is limited evidence to suggest that certain foods, electrolytes, and specific compounds may contribute to the pathogenesis of nocturia. A greater understanding of the impact of food and nutrients on body fluid metabolism is needed to further refine the evaluation and treatment of nocturia.

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López-Baralt, Luce. "St. John's Nocturnal Beloved Could Have Been Named “Layla”." Medieval Encounters 12, no. 3 (2006): 436–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006706779166093.

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AbstractSt. John of the Cross silences the names of his feminine poetic alter egos. In this essay, I propose a symbolic name for the nocturnal lover of Noche oscura del alma: Layla. In Arabic layl means “night,” and this is the name of the woman Qays loved to the point of madness, according to the famous pre-Islamic legend. Forced to part from his beloved, Qays goes to the desert and writes desperate love verses to her until he feels so spiritually transformed in Layla that he is Layla herself. As “Majnūn Layla,” or “Layla's fool,” the Lover no longer needs the Beloved's physical presence. Sufi mystics like Rūmī read this legend in terms of the mystical union, transforming Layla into the symbol of the dark night of the soul. St. John of the Cross is much indebted to Islamic mystical symbolism, and he closely follows the Islamic symbolism of the dark night in his poem.

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Juul, Kristian Vinter, Bjarke Mirner Klein, Rikard Sandström, Lars Erichsen, and Jens Peter Nørgaard. "Gender difference in antidiuretic response to desmopressin." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 300, no. 5 (May 2011): F1116—F1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00741.2010.

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Increased age and female gender are well-known risk factors for the development of desmopressin-induced hyponatremia. However, little focus has been on exploring gender differences in the antidiuretic response to desmopressin. Based on an exploratory analysis from three clinical trials, we report a significant gender difference in the effects of desmopressin on nocturnal urine volume that could not be explained by pharmacokinetic differences. Mean desmopressin concentration profiles were tested for covariates, and age and gender were not statistically significant and only weight was significant for log(Cmax) ( P = 0.0183) and borderline significant for log(AUC) ( P = 0.0571). The decrease in nocturnal urine volume in nocturia patients treated with desmopressin over 28 days was significantly larger for women at the lower desmopressin melt doses of 10 and 25 μg than for men. The ED50 for men was modeled to be 43.2 μg and 16.1 μg for women, with the ED50 men/women estimated to be 2.7 (1.3–8.1 95% CI), corresponding to significantly higher sensitivity to desmopressin in women. An increasing incidence of hyponatremia with increasing dose was found, and at the highest dose level of 100 μg decreases in serum sodium were approximately twofold greater in women over 50 yr of age than in men. A new dose recommendation stratified by gender is suggested in the treatment of nocturia: for men, 50- to 100-μg melt is an efficacious and safe dose, while for women a dose of 25 μg melt is recommended as efficacious with no observed incidences of hyponatremia. Areas for further research are proposed to uncover pathophysiological mechanism(s) behind these gender differences.

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Yeong, K., J. Santiapillai, B. N. Arumainayagam, P. Murray, and S. Tadtayev. "63 Nocturia—An Underappreciated “Symptom” of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea?" Age and Ageing 50, Supplement_1 (March 2021): i12—i42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab030.24.

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Abstract Nocturia (>2 per night) is the most frequent cause of disturbed sleep in older people. Poor sleep results in reduced health related QoL, and is linked to the development of cognitive impairment. Nocturia can result in an increase risk of falls and fractures, and is also an independent risk factor for mortality. The prevalence of norturia is high in the elderly, and it has been reported to be around 77.1% in elderly women and 93% in men. Historically, this bothersome symptom is thought to be mainly a result of bladder outflow obstruction due to prostatic hypertrophy or overactive bladder. More recently, nocturia has been associated witsh nocturnal polyuria (NPu) and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). The relationship between OSA and NPu is not fully understood but it is thought that the negative intrathoracic pressure generated by OSA causes an increase in Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) secretion, resulting in NPu. Nocturia is highly prevalent in patients with severe OSA. However, patients are usually unaware that they have sleep apnoea, and are therefore more likely to present to urology or geriatric services. It is important that OSA is not overlooked in these clinics as intervention with CPAP is highly effective in reducing symptoms. Here, we present the result of using the STOP-Bang questionnaire in 71 consecutive patients presenting to our urology service with nocturia. The average age was 73 years (range 34-88), male-to-female ratio 14:1 and median nocturia frequency of 4. 42 patients were at risk of undiagnosed sleep apnoea (median STOP-Bang Score of 5)—35 were referred for sleep studies, 4 patients declined and 3 patients were not referred. Overall, 31 out of 35 sleep studies (88.6%) demonstrated the presence of OSA; of these 23 (74.2%) confirmed moderate or severe OSA. All patients with OSA were seen and treated by the respiratory service. Overall, median nocturia frequency decreased from 4 to 1 across the whole cohort, from a combination of CPAP therapy, bladder outlet procedures and desmopressin. Conclusion At least a third of patients (32%) with bothersome nocturia have an undiagnosed clinically-significant OSA. Identification of OSA improves outcomes across the whole cohort, because nocturia in patients without OSA is more likely to respond to bladder outlet procedures and desmopressin.

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Dolby, Andrew S., John G. Temple, Laura E. Williams, Emily K. Dilger, Katrina M. Stechler, and Vanessa S. Davis. "Facultative Rest-Phase Hypothermia in Free-Ranging White-Throated Sparrows." Condor 106, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.2.386.

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Abstract Shallow facultative rest-phase hypothermia has been reported in a number of passerine families, but few published data exist about its use by free- ranging birds. We used temperature-sensitive radio- transmitters to determine whether White-throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) employ nocturnal hypothermia during winter. We measured skin temperatures of 24 free-ranging sparrows between 13:00 and 14:00 and between 02:00 and 03:00 for each of three days and nights per subject. The average nightly skin- temperature reduction per individual was 3.4 ± 1.0°C (SD). Skin temperature reductions ranged from 0.2°C to 7.0°C among all individuals. There was a significant negative correlation between the magnitude of skin temperature decline and nighttime ambient temperature. Additionally, we found a negative trend between depth of hypothermia and a body density index. Fase de Reposo Hipotérmica Facultativa en Individuos de Zonotrichia albicollis que se Desplazan Libremente Resumen. La fase de reposo facultativa somera ha sido mencionada para un número de familias de paseriformes, pero existen pocos datos publicados sobre su uso por parte de aves que se desplazan libremente. Usamos radio transmisores sensibles a la temperatura para determinar si Zonotrichia albicollis emplea hipotermia nocturna durante el invierno. Medimos la temperatura de la piel de 24 individuos que se desplazan libremente entre las 13:00 y 14:00 y entre las 02:00 y 03:00 durante tres días y tres noches por individuo. La reducción nocturna promedio de la temperatura de la piel por individuo fue 3.4 ± 1.0°C (DE). Las reducciones de la temperatura de la piel variaron entre 0.2°C y 7.0°C considerando todos los individuos. Hubo una correlación negativa significativa entre la disminución de la magnitud de la temperatura de la piel y la temperatura ambiental nocturna. Adicionalmente, encontramos una tendencia negativa entre la profundidad de la hipotermia y el índice de densidad corporal.

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Berchtold, Adrienne, Ira Nightingale, Caitlin Vandermeer, and Scott A. MacDougall-Shackleton. "Experimental temperature manipulations alter songbird autumnal nocturnal migratory restlessness." Animal Migration 4, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ami-2017-0001.

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AbstractMigrating birds may respond to a variety of environmental cues in order to time migration. During the migration season nocturnally migrating songbirds may migrate or stop-over at their current location, and when migrating they may vary the rate or distance of migration on any given night. It has long been known that a variety of weather-related factors including wind speed and direction, and temperature, are correlated with migration in free-living birds, however these variables are often correlated with each other. In this study we experimentally manipulated temperature to determine if it would directly modulate nocturnal migratory restlessness in songbirds. We experimentally manipulated temperature between 4, 14, and 24°C and monitored nocturnal migratory restlessness during autumn in white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis). White-throated sparrows are relatively shortdistance migrants with a prolonged autumnal migration, and we thus predicted they might be sensitive to weatherrelated cues when deciding whether to migrate or stopover. At warm temperatures (24°C) none of the birds exhibited migratory restlessness. The probability of exhibiting migratory restlessness, and the intensity of this restlessness (number of infra-red beam breaks) increased at cooler (14°C, 4°C) temperatures. These data support the hypothesis that one of the many factors that birds use when making behavioural decisions during migration is temperature, and that birds can respond to temperature directly independently of other weather-related cues.

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Brodsky, Robert A. "Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria." Blood 124, no. 18 (October 30, 2014): 2804–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-02-522128.

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AbstractParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare bone marrow failure disorder that manifests with hemolytic anemia, thrombosis, and peripheral blood cytopenias. The absence of two glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins, CD55 and CD59, leads to uncontrolled complement activation that accounts for hemolysis and other PNH manifestations. GPI anchor protein deficiency is almost always due to somatic mutations in phosphatidylinositol glycan class A (PIGA), a gene involved in the first step of GPI anchor biosynthesis; however, alternative mutations that cause PNH have recently been discovered. In addition, hypomorphic germ-line PIGA mutations that do not cause PNH have been shown to be responsible for a condition known as multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome 2. Eculizumab, a first-in-class monoclonal antibody that inhibits terminal complement, is the treatment of choice for patients with severe manifestations of PNH. Bone marrow transplantation remains the only cure for PNH but should be reserved for patients with suboptimal response to eculizumab.

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Taguchi, Soutarou, Hirofumi Koide, Hiroko Oiwa, Miku Hayashi, Kazuhiro Ogawa, Chihiro Ito, Koji Nakashima, et al. "Antiparkinsonian drugs as potent contributors to nocturnal sleep in patients with Parkinson’s disease." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 28, 2021): e0255274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255274.

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Objective To clarify whether antiparkinsonian drugs contribute to nocturnal sleep disturbances in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Background Although the major antiparkinsonian drugs L-dopa and dopamine agonists (DAs) have been found to affect sleep, little is known about the effects of specific drugs on sleep in PD patients. Methods The study participants consisted of 112 PD patients (median age 72.5 years [inter-quartile range: IQR 65–79]; mean disease duration 8.44 years [standard deviation: 7.33]; median Hoehn and Yahr stage 3 [IQR 2–3.75]) taking one of three types of non-ergot extended-release DAs (rotigotine 32; pramipexole 44; ropinirole 36) with or without L-dopa (median daily total dosage of antiparkinsonian drugs 525.5 mg [IQR 376.25–658] levodopa equivalent dose [LED]). Participants were assessed using the PD Sleep Scale-2 (PDSS-2). Results For the whole PD patient cohort, the PDSS-2 sleep disturbance domain score and the scores for item 1 assessing sleep quality and item 8 assessing nocturia were positively correlated with daily total dosage of antiparkinsonian drugs and dosage of L-dopa, but not with the dosage of DAs. Sub-analysis according to DA treatment revealed that DA dosage was not correlated with item 1 or 8 score in any of the subgroups. The LED ratio of rotigotine to the total dosage of antiparkinsonian drugs was inversely correlated with the item 1 score. Conclusions These data suggest that antiparkinsonian drugs, in particular L-dopa, adversely affect nocturnal sleep in PD patients, especially in terms of sleep quality and nocturia. Thus, adjusting both the total dosage of antiparkinsonian drugs and the dose-ratio of L-dopa might be key actions for alleviating poor sleep quality in patients with PD. Among DAs, we found a clear positive correlation between the dose-ratio of rotigotine and sleep quality. Thus, partial L-dopa replacement with rotigotine could improve sleep quality in patients with PD.

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Gottsberger, Gerhard. "Evolutionary steps in the reproductive biology of Annonaceae." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 36, spe1 (2014): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452014000500004.

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Flowers of Annonaceae are characterized by fleshy petals, many stamens with hard connective shields and numerous carpels with sessile stigmas often covered by sticky secretions. The petals of many representatives during anthesis form a closed pollination chamber. Protogynous dichogamy with strong scent emissions especially during the pistillate stage is a character of nearly all species. Scent emissions can be enhanced by thermogenesis. The prevailing reproductive system in the family seems to be self-compatibility. The basal genus Anaxagorea besides exhibiting several ancestral morphological characters has also many characters which reappear in other genera. Strong fruit-like scents consisting of fruit-esters and alcohols mainly attract small fruit-beetles (genus Colopterus, Nitidulidae) as pollinators, as well as several other beetles (Curculionidae, Chrysomelidae) and fruit-flies (Drosophilidae), which themselves gnaw on the thick petals or their larvae are petal or ovule predators. The flowers and the thick petals are thus a floral brood substrate for the visitors and the thick petals of Anaxagorea have to be interpreted as an antipredator structure. Another function of the closed thick petals is the production of heat by accumulated starch, which enhances scent emission and provides a warm shelter for the attracted beetles. Insight into floral characters and floral ecology of Anaxagorea, the sister group of the rest of the Annonaceae, is particularly important for understanding functional evolution and diversification of the family as a whole. As beetle pollination (cantharophily) is plesiomorphic in Anaxagorea and in Annonaceae, characters associated with beetle pollination appear imprinted in members of the whole family. Pollination by beetles (cantharophily) is the predominant mode of the majority of species worldwide. Examples are given of diurnal representatives (e.g., Guatteria, Duguetia, Annona) which function on the basis of fruit-imitating flowers attracting mainly fruit-inhabiting nitidulid beetles, as well as nocturnal species (e.g., large-flowered Annona and Duguetia species), which additionally to most of the diurnal species exhibit strong flower warming and provide very thick petal tissues for the voracious dynastid scarab beetles (Dynastinae, Scarabaeidae). Further examples will show that a few Annonaceae have adapted in their pollination also to thrips, flies, cockroaches and even bees. Although this non-beetle pollinated species have adapted in flower structure and scent compounds to their respective insects, they still retain some of the specialized cantharophilous characters of their ancestors.

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Kis, Amanda K., and Jerry M. Straka. "Nocturnal Tornado Climatology*." Weather and Forecasting 25, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 545–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009waf2222294.1.

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Abstract Very few studies on nocturnal tornadoes have been performed, and operational forecasting of nocturnal tornadoes is often guided by the results of studies that are biased toward daytime tornadoes. However, it is likely that tornado environments vary significantly over the diurnal cycle. For example, the depth and nature of storm inflow may change as the daytime boundary layer transitions into a stable nighttime boundary layer, and a low-level jet (LLJ) may form above in the residual layer and free atmosphere. The study performed herein is used to investigate features unique to nocturnal boundary layers and the free atmosphere above that may affect nocturnal tornadoes. A climatology of significant (F2–F5) nocturnal tornadoes in the contiguous United States between 2004 and 2006 shows that environments deemed by previous climatologies as unfavorable for late afternoon/early evening tornadogenesis are in fact conducive to significant nocturnal tornadogenesis. These nocturnal environments may be characterized by marginal convective instability with shallow stable boundary layers. Substantial low-level shear, storm relative helicity (SREH), and exceptionally strong nocturnal low-level jets stand out as the most common features of significant nocturnal tornadoes and have utility in distinguishing environments of weak nocturnal tornadoes from environments of significant nocturnal tornadoes. Analysis of the data gathered in the climatology shows that the suggestions of existing tornado climatologies are inadequate and even misguiding for forecasting nocturnal tornadoes. Several recommendations for operational forecasting of nocturnal tornadoes are made based on the results of this climatology.

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Lopes, Fabiana L., Antonio E. Nardi, Isabella Nascimento, Alexandre M. Valença, and Walter A. Zin. "Nocturnal panic attacks." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 60, no. 3B (September 2002): 717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2002000500006.

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The panic-respiration connection has been presented with increasing evidences in the literature. We report three panic disorder patients with nocturnal panic attacks with prominent respiratory symptoms, the overlapping of the symptoms with the sleep apnea syndrome and a change of the diurnal panic attacks, from spontaneous to situational pattern. The implication of these findings and awareness to the distinct core of the nocturnal panic attacks symptoms may help to differentiate them from sleep disorders and the search for specific treatment.

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Leveau, Lucas M. "Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) Is the Main Driver of Nocturnal Feral Pigeon (Columba livia f. domestica) Foraging in Urban Areas." Animals 10, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040554.

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Artificial light at night (ALAN) is one of the most extreme environmental alterations in urban areas, which drives nocturnal activity in diurnal species. Feral Pigeon (Columba livia f. domestica), a common species in urban centers worldwide, has been observed foraging at night in urban areas. However, the role of ALAN in the nocturnal activity of this species is unknown. Moreover, studies addressing the relationship between ALAN and nocturnal activity of diurnal birds are scarce in the Southern Hemisphere. The objective of this study is to assess the environmental factors associated with nocturnal activity of the Feral Pigeon in Argentinian cities. Environmental conditions were compared between sites where pigeons were seen foraging and randomly selected sites where pigeons were not recorded foraging. Nocturnal foraging by the Feral Pigeon was recorded in three of four surveyed cities. ALAN was positively related to nocturnal foraging activity in Salta and Buenos Aires. The results obtained suggest that urbanization would promote nocturnal activity in Feral Pigeons. Moreover, nocturnal activity was mainly driven by ALAN, which probably alters the circadian rhythm of pigeons.

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Zampogna, Alessandro, Alessandro Manoni, Francesco Asci, Claudio Liguori, Fernanda Irrera, and Antonio Suppa. "Shedding Light on Nocturnal Movements in Parkinson’s Disease: Evidence from Wearable Technologies." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 5171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185171.

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In Parkinson’s disease (PD), abnormal movements consisting of hypokinetic and hyperkinetic manifestations commonly lead to nocturnal distress and sleep impairment, which significantly impact quality of life. In PD patients, these nocturnal disturbances can reflect disease-related complications (e.g., nocturnal akinesia), primary sleep disorders (e.g., rapid eye movement behaviour disorder), or both, thus requiring different therapeutic approaches. Wearable technologies based on actigraphy and innovative sensors have been proposed as feasible solutions to identify and monitor the various types of abnormal nocturnal movements in PD. This narrative review addresses the topic of abnormal nocturnal movements in PD and discusses how wearable technologies could help identify and assess these disturbances. We first examine the pathophysiology of abnormal nocturnal movements and the main clinical and instrumental tools for the evaluation of these disturbances in PD. We then report and discuss findings from previous studies assessing nocturnal movements in PD using actigraphy and innovative wearable sensors. Finally, we discuss clinical and technical prospects supporting the use of wearable technologies for the evaluation of nocturnal movements.

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Mukhin, Andrey, Vlad Kosarev, and Pavel Ktitorov. "Nocturnal life of young songbirds well before migration." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1572 (July 8, 2005): 1535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3120.

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In songbirds, nocturnal activity is believed to be a characteristic feature of migration. However, unlike experimental conditions where the onset of nocturnal restlessness is defined as a shift of activity leading up to the dark period, this behaviour has, until now, not been observed in natural conditions. Here we studied the nocturnal behaviour of radio-tagged juvenile Eurasian reed warblers ( Acrocephalus scirpaceus ) during the pre-migratory period. The birds started nocturnal flights at the age of 38 days, whereas migration did not commence until they were at least 50 days old. The birds left their natal site by nocturnal flights and repeatedly returned to it. Such shuttle movements suggest the existence of a previously unknown period of nocturnal activity. Motivation to perform such night flights gradually increases with age. We relate the function of these nocturnal pre-migratory flights to the development of a stellar compass, necessary for detecting the compass direction towards winter quarters and for the formation of a navigational target, which will be used during return (spring) migration.

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Matsui, Kentaro, Yoko Komada, Katsuji Nishimura, Kenichi Kuriyama, and Yuichi Inoue. "Prevalence and Associated Factors of Nocturnal Eating Behavior and Sleep-Related Eating Disorder-Like Behavior in Japanese Young Adults: Results of an Internet Survey Using Munich Parasomnia Screening." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041243.

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Abstract:

Nocturnal (night) eating syndrome and sleep-related eating disorder have common characteristics, but are considered to differ in their level of consciousness during eating behavior and recallability. To date, there have been no large population-based studies determining their similarities and differences. We conducted a cross-sectional web-based survey for Japanese young adults aged 19–25 years to identify factors associated with nocturnal eating behavior and sleep-related eating disorder-like behavior using Munich Parasomnia Screening and logistic regression. Of the 3347 participants, 160 (4.8%) reported experiencing nocturnal eating behavior and 73 (2.2%) reported experiencing sleep-related eating disorder-like behavior. Smoking (p < 0.05), use of hypnotic medications (p < 0.01), and previous and/or current sleepwalking (p < 0.001) were associated with both nocturnal eating behavior and sleep-related eating disorder-like behavior. A delayed sleep-wake schedule (p < 0.05) and sleep disturbance (p < 0.01) were associated with nocturnal eating behavior but not with sleep-related eating disorder-like behavior. Both nocturnal eating behavior and sleep-related eating disorder-like behavior had features consistent with eating disorders or parasomnias. Nocturnal eating behavior but not sleep-related eating disorder-like behavior was characterized by a sleep-awake phase delay, perhaps representing an underlying pathophysiology of nocturnal eating syndrome.

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