Journal articles: 'Nocturnal insects'

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Straka, Tanja M., Pia E. Lentini, Linda F. Lumsden, Sascha Buchholz, Brendan A. Wintle, and Rodney van der Ree. "Clean and Green Urban Water Bodies Benefit Nocturnal Flying Insects and Their Predators, Insectivorous Bats." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 2634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072634.

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Nocturnal arthropods form the prey base for many predators and are an integral part of complex food webs. However, there is limited understanding of the mechanisms influencing invertebrates at urban water bodies and the potential flow-on effects to their predators. This study aims to: (i) understand the importance of standing water bodies for nocturnal flying insect orders, including the landscape- and local-scale factors driving these patterns; and (ii) quantify the relationship between insects and insectivorous bats. We investigated nocturnal flying insects and insectivorous bats simultaneously at water bodies (n = 58) and non-water body sites (n = 35) using light traps and acoustic recorders in Melbourne, Australia. At the landscape scale, we found that the presence of water and high levels of surrounding greenness were important predictors for some insect orders. At the water body scale, low levels of sediment pollutants, increased riparian tree cover and water body size supported higher insect order richness and a greater abundance of Coleopterans and Trichopterans, respectively. Most bat species had a positive response to a high abundance of Lepidopterans, confirming the importance of this order in the diet of insectivorous bats. Fostering communities of nocturnal insects in urban environments can provide opportunities for enhancing the prey base of urban nocturnal insectivores.

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Barroso, A., I. Haifig, V. Janei, I. da Silva, C. Dietrich, and AM Costa-Leonardo. "Effects of flickering light on the attraction of nocturnal insects." Lighting Research & Technology 49, no. 1 (August 3, 2016): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153515602143.

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We tested the hypothesis that the phototatic response of nocturnal insects is influenced by the flickering of light sources by comparing the numbers of insects captured in traps illuminated with flickering and non-flickering light. Four flicker profiles produced by a square pulse wave with different combinations of frequency and duty cycle were investigated. Overall, fewer insects were captured in traps illuminated with a flickering light source, independent of the flicker setting used. Furthermore, the difference observed was statistically significant for specific combinations of flickering conditions and insect orders, thus suggesting that flickering reduces the number of nocturnal insects attracted to light sources.

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Warrant, Eric, and Marie Dacke. "Visual Navigation in Nocturnal Insects." Physiology 31, no. 3 (May 2016): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00046.2015.

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Despite their tiny eyes and brains, nocturnal insects have evolved a remarkable capacity to visually navigate at night. Whereas some use moonlight or the stars as celestial compass cues to maintain a straight-line course, others use visual landmarks to navigate to and from their nest. These impressive abilities rely on highly sensitive compound eyes and specialized visual processing strategies in the brain.

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Rydin, Catarina, and Kristina Bolinder. "Moonlight pollination in the gymnosperm Ephedra (Gnetales)." Biology Letters 11, no. 4 (April 2015): 20140993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0993.

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Most gymnosperms are wind-pollinated, but some are insect-pollinated, and in Ephedra (Gnetales), both wind pollination and insect pollination occur. Little is, however, known about mechanisms and evolution of pollination syndromes in gymnosperms. Based on four seasons of field studies, we show an unexpected correlation between pollination and the phases of the moon in one of our studied species, Ephedra foeminea . It is pollinated by dipterans and lepidopterans, most of them nocturnal, and its pollination coincides with the full moon of July. This may be adaptive in two ways. Many nocturnal insects navigate using the moon. Further, the spectacular reflection of the full-moonlight in the pollination drops is the only apparent means of nocturnal attraction of insects in these plants. In the sympatric but wind-pollinated Ephedra distachya , pollination is not correlated to the full moon but occurs at approximately the same dates every year. The lunar correlation has probably been lost in most species of Ephedra subsequent an evolutionary shift to wind pollination in the clade. When the services of insects are no longer needed for successful pollination, the adaptive value of correlating pollination with the full moon is lost, and conceivably also the trait.

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Honkanen, Anna, Esa-Ville Immonen, Iikka Salmela, Kyösti Heimonen, and Matti Weckström. "Insect photoreceptor adaptations to night vision." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1717 (April 5, 2017): 20160077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0077.

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Night vision is ultimately about extracting information from a noisy visual input. Several species of nocturnal insects exhibit complex visually guided behaviour in conditions where most animals are practically blind. The compound eyes of nocturnal insects produce strong responses to single photons and process them into meaningful neural signals, which are amplified by specialized neuroanatomical structures. While a lot is known about the light responses and the anatomical structures that promote pooling of responses to increase sensitivity, there is still a dearth of knowledge on the physiology of night vision. Retinal photoreceptors form the first bottleneck for the transfer of visual information. In this review, we cover the basics of what is known about physiological adaptations of insect photoreceptors for low-light vision. We will also discuss major enigmas of some of the functional properties of nocturnal photoreceptors, and describe recent advances in methodologies that may help to solve them and broaden the field of insect vision research to new model animals. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in dim light’.

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NOWINSZKY, L. "NOCTURNAL ILLUMINATION AND NIGHT FLYING INSECTS." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2004): 17–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/02017052.

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Frolov, Roman V., and Irina I. Ignatova. "Electrophysiological adaptations of insect photoreceptors and their elementary responses to diurnal and nocturnal lifestyles." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 206, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-019-01392-8.

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AbstractNocturnal vision in insects depends on the ability to reliably detect scarce photons. Nocturnal insects tend to have intrinsically more sensitive and larger rhabdomeres than diurnal species. However, large rhabdomeres have relatively high membrane capacitance (Cm), which can strongly low-pass filter the voltage bumps, widening and attenuating them. To investigate the evolution of photoreceptor signaling under near dark, we recorded elementary current and voltage responses from a number of species in six insect orders. We found that the gain of phototransduction increased with Cm, so that nocturnal species had relatively large and prolonged current bumps. Consequently, although the voltage bump amplitude correlated negatively with Cm, the strength of the total voltage signal increased. Importantly, the background voltage noise decreased strongly with increasing Cm, yielding a notable increase in signal-to-noise ratio for voltage bumps. A similar decrease in the background noise with increasing Cm was found in intracellular recordings in vivo. Morphological measurements of rhabdomeres were consistent with our Cm estimates. Our results indicate that the increased photoreceptor Cm in nocturnal insects is a major sensitivity-boosting and noise-suppressing adaptation. However, by requiring a compensatory increase in the gain of phototransduction, this adaptation comes at the expense of the signaling bandwidth.

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Warrant, E. J., T. Porombka, and W. H. Kirchner. "Neural Image Enhancement Allows Honeybees to See at Night." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970168.

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The optical design of most insect apposition compound eyes should restrict activity to daylight because at night the tiny lenses of the isolated ommatidia cannot collect sufficient light. However, several bee species have adopted nocturnal activity, taking advantage of the benefits of night foraging. By measuring behavioural visual performance in honeybees, we show that insects can possess better spatial resolution in dim light than the optics and physiology of their apposition eyes suggest, implying the presence of higher neural mechanisms which enhance vision at night. Theoretical calculations reveal that honeybees improve light capture at night by neurally summing photons in space and time. Even though summation compromises both spatial and temporal resolution, the improved photon capture enhances vision sufficiently for bees to discriminate coarse images in moonlight. This explains how bees and many other insects can adopt a nocturnal life style despite having an eye design typical of a day-active insect.

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Warrant, Eric. "How nocturnal insects see in the dark." Physiology News, Spring 2016 (April 1, 2016): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36866/pn.102.31.

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Warrant, Eric, and Marie Dacke. "Vision and Visual Navigation in Nocturnal Insects." Annual Review of Entomology 56, no. 1 (January 7, 2011): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144852.

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Debora, Emelia, and Rijal Satria. "Diversity Of Nocturnal Insects (Insecta) In Bukik Kasang, Padang Pariaman, West Sumatra." Bioscience 3, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/0201932104575-0-00.

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Plotnick, Roy E., and Dena M. Smith. "Exceptionally preserved fossil insect ears from the Eocene Green River Formation of Colorado." Journal of Paleontology 86, no. 1 (January 2012): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/11-072.1.

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Tympanal ears in insects are important for both intraspecific communication and for the detection of nocturnal predators. Ears are thought, based on modern forms, to have originated independently multiple times within insects and can be found on multiple regions of the body. Here we describe and document the exceptionally well preserved tympanal ears found in crickets and katydids from the Eocene Green River Formation of Colorado, which are virtually identical to those seen in modern representatives of these groups. These specimens are among the best preserved insect ears in the fossil record and establish the presence of ears in two major clades of Orthoptera 50 million years ago. Also discussed and evaluated are previously described insect ears from the Mesozoic and the implications of the findings of the present study for studying the evolution of ears within insects.

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Baird, Emily, Eva Kreiss, William Wcislo, Eric Warrant, and Marie Dacke. "Nocturnal insects use optic flow for flight control." Biology Letters 7, no. 4 (February 9, 2011): 499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.1205.

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To avoid collisions when navigating through cluttered environments, flying insects must control their flight so that their sensory systems have time to detect obstacles and avoid them. To do this, day-active insects rely primarily on the pattern of apparent motion generated on the retina during flight (optic flow). However, many flying insects are active at night, when obtaining reliable visual information for flight control presents much more of a challenge. To assess whether nocturnal flying insects also rely on optic flow cues to control flight in dim light, we recorded flights of the nocturnal neotropical sweat bee, Megalopta genalis , flying along an experimental tunnel when: (i) the visual texture on each wall generated strong horizontal (front-to-back) optic flow cues, (ii) the texture on only one wall generated these cues, and (iii) horizontal optic flow cues were removed from both walls. We find that Megalopta increase their groundspeed when horizontal motion cues in the tunnel are reduced (conditions (ii) and (iii)). However, differences in the amount of horizontal optic flow on each wall of the tunnel (condition (ii)) do not affect the centred position of the bee within the flight tunnel. To better understand the behavioural response of Megalopta , we repeated the experiments on day-active bumble-bees ( Bombus terrestris ). Overall, our findings demonstrate that despite the limitations imposed by dim light, Megalopta —like their day-active relatives—rely heavily on vision to control flight, but that they use visual cues in a different manner from diurnal insects.

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Alves, Ruy J. V., Luíz A. A. Costa, Alexandre Soares, Nílber G. Silva, and Ângelo P. Pinto. "Open ocean nocturnal insect migration in the Brazilian South Atlantic with comments on flight endurance." PeerJ 7 (September 18, 2019): e7583. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7583.

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We observed a nocturnal insect swarm aboard the oceanographic ship Cruzeiro do Sul of the Brazilian Navy, while conducting a survey of the Montague guyot (seamount), 389 km distant from the nearest land in the South Atlantic. The insects came from open sea toward the ship from all directions, attracted by the powerful light of the deck. Most insects collided with the hull and fell into the ocean, but we managed to capture and determine 17 (13 Hemiptera of a single species, three Lepidoptera of three species and one Odonata). With one exception, we are certain that none of the specimens caught originated from the ship. The geographic origin, most likely the coast of Brazil, and flight endurance of these insects were inferred using data on wind speed and direction, provided by the crew of the ship, and were reconstructed using Hysplit modeling of air current trajectories.

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Hakami, Abdulrahim Refdan, Khalid Ali Khan, Hamed A. Ghramh, Zubair Ahmad, and Adil Ali Ahmad AL-zayd. "Impact of artificial light intensity on nocturnal insect diversity in urban and rural areas of the Asir province, Saudi Arabia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): e0242315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242315.

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Continuous urban developments have resulted in increased demand for street furniture, one of which is street light columns. Artificial light at night (ALAN) pose significant impacts on insect diversity in urban and rural areas. The ALAN is a significant driver of decline in insect diversity. This study evaluated the impact of light intensity and sky quality at night on insect diversity in rural and urban areas of the Asir province, Saudi Arabia. Insect traps were installed in both areas during night. Light intensity of nearby road lamps was measured using light meter, while sky quality was measured using sky quality meter. Rural areas exhibited low light intensity (10.33 flux/f.candle) and good sky quality (18.80 magnitude/arcsec2). Urban areas exhibited intense light (89.33 flux/f.candle) and poor sky quality (15.49 magnitude/arcsec2). Higher insect diversity was recorded for rural areas where insects belonging to seven orders (i.e., Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, and Dermaptera) were collected. However, insects of four orders (i.e., Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Neuroptera) were found in urban areas indicating low diversity. Lepidopteran insects were frequently recorded from rural areas indicating they are attracted to artificial light. It is concluded that excessive ALAN and poor sky quality at night disrupt insect biodiversity. Therefore, ALAN and sky quality must be considered responsible for decline in insect biodiversity along with other known factors.

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Alerstam, Thomas, Jason W. Chapman, Johan Bäckman, Alan D. Smith, Håkan Karlsson, Cecilia Nilsson, Don R. Reynolds, Raymond H. G. Klaassen, and Jane K. Hill. "Convergent patterns of long-distance nocturnal migration in noctuid moths and passerine birds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1721 (March 9, 2011): 3074–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0058.

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Vast numbers of insects and passerines achieve long-distance migrations between summer and winter locations by undertaking high-altitude nocturnal flights. Insects such as noctuid moths fly relatively slowly in relation to the surrounding air, with airspeeds approximately one-third of that of passerines. Thus, it has been widely assumed that windborne insect migrants will have comparatively little control over their migration speed and direction compared with migrant birds. We used radar to carry out the first comparative analyses of the flight behaviour and migratory strategies of insects and birds under nearly equivalent natural conditions. Contrary to expectations, noctuid moths attained almost identical ground speeds and travel directions compared with passerines, despite their very different flight powers and sensory capacities. Moths achieved fast travel speeds in seasonally appropriate migration directions by exploiting favourably directed winds and selecting flight altitudes that coincided with the fastest air streams. By contrast, passerines were less selective of wind conditions, relying on self-powered flight in their seasonally preferred direction, often with little or no tailwind assistance. Our results demonstrate that noctuid moths and passerines show contrasting risk-prone and risk-averse migratory strategies in relation to wind. Comparative studies of the flight behaviours of distantly related taxa are critically important for understanding the evolution of animal migration strategies.

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Wood, C. R., D. R. Reynolds, P. M. Wells, J. F. Barlow, I. P. Woiwod, and J. W. Chapman. "Flight periodicity and the vertical distribution of high-altitude moth migration over southern Britain." Bulletin of Entomological Research 99, no. 5 (February 19, 2009): 525–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485308006548.

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AbstractThe continuous operation of insect-monitoring radars in the UK has permitted, for the first time, the characterization of various phenomena associated with high-altitude migration of large insects over this part of northern Europe. Previous studies have taken a case-study approach, concentrating on a small number of nights of particular interest. Here, combining data from two radars, and from an extensive suction- and light-trapping network, we have undertaken a more systematic, longer-term study of diel flight periodicity and vertical distribution of macro-insects in the atmosphere. Firstly, we identify general features of insect abundance and stratification, occurring during the 24-hour cycle, which emerge from four years' aggregated radar data for the summer months in southern Britain. These features include mass emigrations at dusk and, to a lesser extent, at dawn and daytime concentrations associated with thermal convection. We then focus our attention on the well-defined layers of large nocturnal migrants that form in the early evening, usually at heights of 200–500 m above ground. We present evidence from both radar and trap data that these nocturnal layers are composed mainly of noctuid moths, with species such as Noctua pronuba, Autographa gamma, Agrotis exclamationis, A. segetum, Xestia c-nigrum and Phlogophora meticulosa predominating.

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Luo, Shi-Xiao, Lian-Jie Zhang, Shuai Yuan, Zhong-Hui Ma, Dian-Xiang Zhang, and Susanne S. Renner. "The largest early-diverging angiosperm family is mostly pollinated by ovipositing insects and so are most surviving lineages of early angiosperms." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1870 (January 3, 2018): 20172365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2365.

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Insect pollination in basal angiosperms is assumed to mostly involve ‘generalized' insects looking for food, but direct observations of ANITA grade (283 species) pollinators are sparse. We present new data for numerous Schisandraceae, the largest ANITA family, from fieldwork, nocturnal filming, electron microscopy, barcoding and molecular clocks to infer pollinator/plant interactions over multiple years at sites throughout China to test the extent of pollinator specificity. Schisandraceae are pollinated by nocturnal gall midges that lay eggs in the flowers and whose larvae then feed on floral exudates. At least three Schisandraceae have shifted to beetle pollination. Pollination by a single midge species predominates, but one species was pollinated by different species at three locations and one by two at the same location. Based on molecular clocks, gall midges and Schisandraceae may have interacted since at least the Early Miocene. Combining these findings with a review of all published ANITA pollination data shows that ovipositing flies are the most common pollinators of living representatives of the ANITA grade. Compared to food reward-based pollination, oviposition-based systems are less wasteful of plant gametes because (i) none are eaten and (ii) female insects with herbivorous larvae reliably visit conspecific flowers.

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Dev, S., K. Hassan, J. Claes, M. N. Mozahid, H. Khatun, and M. F. Mondal. "Practices of entomophagy and entomotherapy in Bangladesh." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 5 (October 26, 2020): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.0038.

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Aspects of entomophagy and entomotherapy of ethnic people in Bangladesh are documented as this practice is believed to ensure future food security. A comprehensive survey was conducted involving six insect-consuming ethnic groups: Garo, Chakma, Tanchangya, Marma, Mro, and Tripura. A total of 36 insect species of 19 families and 7 orders were consumed by them. In terms of species, those of the Coleoptera ranked highest (14), followed by Hymenoptera (7), Orthoptera (5), Hemiptera (5) and Blattodea (3 species); one species each belonged to Ephemeroptera and Odonata. The field cricket (Brachytrupes sp.), short-horned grasshopper (Oxya sp.) and giant water bug (Lethocerus indicus) were most preferred, reaching respective acceptance levels of 84, 83, and 79% by the respondents of all ethnic groups taken together. The total number of species used as human food by the Chakma, Marma, Mro, Tanchangya, Tripura, and Garo was 32, 22, 29, 21, 26, and 14, respectively. Nine species were used to treat coughs, fevers, nocturnal emissions, burning and gastroenteritis. People gathered the insects mainly from the insects’ natural habitat and consumed them as snacks or part of a meal. The availability of edible insects depended on the season. Despite consumer demand, insect consumption is decreasing, apparently due to the unavailability of insects because of the random application of pesticides and fertilisers. The top three entomophagy constraints include lack of knowledge to farm insects, to harvest them, and to effectively store and preserve them. By overcoming these constraints, practices of entomophagy might play additional role in increasing future food security in Bangladesh through developing edible insect industry.

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Firebaugh, Ariel, and Kyle J. Haynes. "Light pollution may create demographic traps for nocturnal insects." Basic and Applied Ecology 34 (February 2019): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2018.07.005.

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Richards, GC. "Nocturnal Activity of Insectivorous Bats Relative to Temperature and Prey Availability in Tropical Queensland." Wildlife Research 16, no. 2 (1989): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890151.

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The flight activity of insectivorous bats from two high-altitude regions in coastal north Queensland was measured over three years at irregular intervals and at night temperatures ranging from 7.3 to 26.8�C. During the latter part of the study, potential insect prey were light-trapped from one of the study areas. For all but one of the 353 records of bats obtained in 166 surveys, ambient temperatures exceeded 15�C. The dry weights of light-trapped insects were significantly reduced when night minimum temperatures were below 16�C. This study shows that high-altitude areas in Australia's tropics have a bat activity pattern similar to that recorded in temperate areas, and that the drop in winter bat activity is presumably a response to the lack of insects caused by cool temperatures. The period between birth and weaning exhibited by many bat species coincides with that part of the year when minimum night temperatures exceed 15�C. Cognizance of this behavioural pattern is necessary in the study of bat communities in montane regions of Australia's tropics.

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Martin, William J., and Alan Shapiro. "Discrimination of Bird and Insect Radar Echoes in Clear Air Using High-Resolution Radars." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 24, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 1215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech2038.1.

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Abstract The source of clear-air reflectivity from operational and research meteorological radars has been a subject of much debate and study over the entire history of radar meteorology. Recent studies have suggested that bird migrations routinely contaminate wind profiles obtained at night, while historical studies have suggested insects as the main source of such nocturnal clear-air echoes. This study analyzes two cases of nocturnal clear-air return using data from operational Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) and X- and W-band research radars. The research radars have sufficient resolution to resolve the echo as point targets in some cases. By examining the radar cross section of the resolved point targets, and by determining the target density, it is found for both cases of nocturnal clear-air echoes that the targets are almost certainly insects. The analysis of the dependence of the echo strength on radar wavelength also supports this conclusion.

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Shi, Xu, Baptiste Schmid, Philippe Tschanz, Gernot Segelbacher, and Felix Liechti. "Seasonal Trends in Movement Patterns of Birds and Insects Aloft Simultaneously Recorded by Radar." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (May 9, 2021): 1839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091839.

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Airspace is a key but not well-understood habitat for many animal species. Enormous amounts of insects and birds use the airspace to forage, disperse, and migrate. Despite numerous studies on migration, the year-round flight activities of both birds and insects are still poorly studied. We used a 2 year dataset from a vertical-looking radar in Central Europe and developed an iterative hypothesis-testing algorithm to investigate the general temporal pattern of migratory and local movements. We estimated at least 3 million bird and 20 million insect passages over a 1 km transect annually. Most surprisingly, peak non-directional bird movement intensities during summer were of the same magnitude as seasonal directional movement peaks. Birds showed clear peaks in seasonally directional movements during day and night, coinciding well with the main migration period documented in this region. Directional insect movements occurred throughout the year, paralleling non-directional movements. In spring and summer, insect movements were non-directional; in autumn, their movements concentrated toward the southwest, similar to birds. Notably, the nocturnal movements of insects did not appear until April, while directional movements mainly occurred in autumn. This simple monitoring reveals how little we still know about the movement of biomass through airspace.

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A. K, Jagdish, Kavita Garg, Praveen C. Ramamurthy, Debiprosad Roy Mahapatra, and Gopalkrishna Hegde. "Moldable biomimetic nanoscale optoelectronic platforms for simultaneous enhancement in optical absorption and charge transport." Nanoscale 10, no. 8 (2018): 3730–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr09015c.

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Frank, Tamara M. "Temporal resolution in mesopelagic crustaceans." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1401 (September 29, 2000): 1195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0666.

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Mesopelagic crustaceans occupy a dim–light environment that is similar to that of nocturnal insects. In a light–limited environment, the requirement for greater sensitivity may result in slower photoreceptor transduction and increased summation time. This should be reflected by a lower temporal resolution, as indicated by a lower critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF). Therefore, one would predict that the CFFs of mesopelagic organisms would be relatively low compared with those of their shallow–water relatives, just as nocturnal insects tend to have lower CFFs than diurnal insects. Using an electrophysiological apparatus that was adapted for shipboard use, the dark–adapted CFFs of a variety of species of mesopelagic crustaceans were determined using the electroretinogram. The parameter examined was the maximum CFF—the point at which further increases in irradiance no longer result in a faster flicker fusion frequency. The results summarized here indicate that there is a trend towards lower CFFs with increasing habitat depth, with some interesting exceptions.

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Salazar, Juan Esteban, Daniel Severin, Tomas Vega-Zuniga, Pedro Fernández-Aburto, Alfonso Deichler, Michel Sallaberry A., and Jorge Mpodozis. "Anatomical Specializations Related to Foraging in the Visual System of a Nocturnal Insectivorous Bird, the Band-Winged Nightjar (Aves: Caprimulgiformes)." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 94, Suppl. 1-4 (2019): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000504162.

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Nocturnal animals that rely on their visual system for foraging, mating, and navigation usually exhibit specific traits associated with living in scotopic conditions. Most nocturnal birds have several visual specializations, such as enlarged eyes and an increased orbital convergence. However, the actual role of binocular vision in nocturnal foraging is still debated. Nightjars (Aves: Caprimulgidae) are predators that actively pursue and capture flying insects in crepuscular and nocturnal environments, mainly using a conspicuous “sit-and-wait” tactic on which pursuit begins with an insect flying over the bird that sits on the ground. In this study, we describe the visual system of the band-winged nightjar (Systellura longirostris), with emphasis on anatomical features previously described as relevant for nocturnal birds. Orbit convergence, determined by 3D scanning of the skull, was 73.28°. The visual field, determined by ophthalmoscopic reflex, exhibits an area of maximum binocular overlap of 42°, and it is dorsally oriented. The eyes showed a nocturnal-like normalized corneal aperture/axial length index. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were relatively scant, and distributed in an unusual oblique-band pattern, with higher concentrations in the ventrotemporal quadrant. Together, these results indicate that the band-winged nightjar exhibits a retinal specialization associated with the binocular area of their dorsal visual field, a relevant area for pursuit triggering and prey attacks. The RGC distribution observed is unusual among birds, but similar to that of some visually dependent insectivorous bats, suggesting that those features might be convergent in relation to feeding strategies.

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Guevara, Jennifer, and Leticia Avilés. "Community-wide body size differences between nocturnal and diurnal insects." Ecology 94, no. 2 (February 2013): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/12-0030.1.

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Cutler, G. Christopher, Kevin W. Reeh, Jason M. Sproule, and Krilen Ramanaidu. "Berry unexpected: Nocturnal pollination of lowbush blueberry." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 4 (July 2012): 707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-026.

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Cutler, C. G., Reeh, K. W., Sproule, J. M. and Ramanaidu, K. 2012. Berry unexpected: Nocturnal pollination of lowbush blueberry. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 707–711. Lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium, is an economically important crop of eastern North America that is critically dependent on insect-mediated cross-pollination for successful fruit set and high yields. It is generally assumed that bees are responsible for the vast majority of lowbush blueberry pollination, and producers usually augment the natural pollination force with managed bees. Little is known, however, of the potential role of nocturnal pollinators in lowbush blueberry production. We conducted a field experiment where patches of blooming blueberry were exposed to flying insects 24 h a day, only during the day (sunrise to sunset), only at night (sunset to sunrise), or 0 h a day. We found that significant fruit set occurred on blueberry stems that were exposed only at night, although it was higher on stems exposed during the day or 24 h a day. However, ripe fruit produced on stems exposed only at night weighed just as much as those exposed 24 h. Captures with Malaise traps activated only at night consisted mainly of several families of Lepidoptera and Diptera, although we do not know if these taxa pollinated blueberries. We conclude that nocturnal pollination may contribute significantly to lowbush blueberry fruit set.

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Hu, Cheng, Shaoyang Kong, Rui Wang, and Fan Zhang. "Radar Measurements of Morphological Parameters and Species Identification Analysis of Migratory Insects." Remote Sensing 11, no. 17 (August 22, 2019): 1977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11171977.

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Migratory insect identification has been concerning entomology and pest managers for a long time. Their nocturnal behavior, as well as very small radar cross-section (RCS), makes individual detection challenging for any radar network. Typical entomological radars work at the X-band (9.4 GHz) with a vertical pencil beam. The measured RCS can be used to estimate insect mass and wingbeat frequency, and then migratory insects can be categorized into broad taxon classes using the estimated parameters. However, current entomological radars cannot achieve species identification with any higher precision or confidence. The limited frequency range of current insect radars have precluded the acquisition of more information useful for the identification of individual insects. In this paper, we report an improved measurement method of insect mass and body length using a radar with many more measurement frequencies than current entomological radars. The insect mass and body length can be extracted from the multi-frequency RCSs with uncertainties of 16.31% and 10.74%, respectively. The estimation of the thorax width and aspect ratio can also be achieved with uncertainties of 13.37% and 7.99%, respectively. Furthermore, by analyzing the statistical data of 5532 insects representing 23 species in East China, we found that the correct identification probabilities exceed 0.5 for all of the 23 species and are higher than 0.8 for 15 of the 23 species under the achievable measurement precision of the proposed technique. These findings provide promising improvements of individual parameter measurement for entomological radars and imply a possibility of species identification with higher precision.

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van Grunsven, Roy H. A., Julia Becker, Stephanie Peter, Stefan Heller, and Franz Hölker. "Long-Term Comparison of Attraction of Flying Insects to Streetlights after the Transition from Traditional Light Sources to Light-Emitting Diodes in Urban and Peri-Urban Settings." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 6, 2019): 6198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226198.

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Among the different light sources used for street lighting, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are likely to dominate the world market in the coming years. At the same time, the spectral composition of nocturnal illumination is changing. Europe and many other areas worldwide have implemented bans on energy-inefficient lamps, such as the still very common mercury vapor lamps. However, the impact of artificial light on insects is mostly tested with light-traps or flight-intercept traps that are used for short periods only. By comparing the numbers of insects attracted by street lamps before and after replacing mercury vapor light sources (MV) with light emitting diodes, we assessed the impact in more typical (urban and peri-urban) settings over several years. We found that LED attracted approximately half of the number of insects compared to MV lights. Furthermore, most insect groups are less drawn by LED than by MV, while Hymenoptera are less attracted by MV than by LED. Thus, the composition of the attracted communities differed between the light sources, which may impact ecosystem processes and functions. In green peri-urban settings more insects are attracted than in an urban setting, but the relative difference between the light sources is the same.

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Cordeiro, Guaraci D., Rodolfo Liporoni, Carolina A. Caetano, Cristiane Krug, Carlos A. Martínez-Martínez, Herbeson O. J. Martins, Renan K. O. A. Cardoso, et al. "Nocturnal Bees as Crop Pollinators." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11051014.

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Bees are typically diurnal but around 1% of described species have nocturnal activity. Nocturnal bees are still poorly studied due to bias towards studying diurnal insects. However, knowledge concerning their biology and role as crop pollinators has increased. We review the literature on nocturnal bees’ traits and their host plants, and assess the crop pollination effectiveness of this neglected group. Nocturnal bees have visual adaptations to cope with low light intensities, and floral scents are a key sensory cue used to find their host flowers. Nocturnal bees generally show high flower constancy, the ability to vibrate flowers, and high transfer rates of pollen grains to stigmas. The flowers visited by nocturnal bees range from small radial and zygomorphic flowers to large brush blossoms; moreover, they visit plants with different flowering strategies. Nocturnal bees are effective pollinators of regional fruit crops in Brazil, such as cambuci (Campomanesia phaea), guaraná (Paullinia cupana), cajá (Spondias mombin), and in North America of cultivated pumpkins (Cucurbita species). However, they most likely are pollinators of several other crops. Strategies to host high numbers of nocturnal bees around cropping areas should be taken, such as preserving adjacent native forests, restricting soil management, providing food resources beyond crop flowers, and avoiding light pollution.

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Chung, Arthur Y. C., Viviannye Paul, and Steven Bosuang. "The insect fauna of Tenompok Forest Reserve in Sabah, Malaysia." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 15443–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5588.12.4.15443-15459.

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The insect fauna in Tenompok Forest Reserve, adjacent to Mount Kinabalu in Sabah was surveyed. Nocturnal insect diversity was moderately high, compared to other forest reserves surveyed earlier. Species richness, however, was moderate, with an average of 73 species from 84 individuals recorded from a 1m2 area of the light-trapping cloth. At least 20 Bornean endemic insect species were recorded from this rapid biodiversity assessment, which include 19 moth species and one beetle species. The endemics and other insects of conservation interest recorded during the survey provide salient information to enhance the conservation effort of this forest which connects Kinabalu Park and the Crocker Range Park. Such information provides inputs towards recommendations on high conservation value (HCV) of the area that would be incorporated in the formulation of the forest management plan. Issues affecting the insect fauna and recommendations on insect diversity enhancement and conservation are highlighted in this paper.

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Contreras, Robert F., and Stephen J. Frasier. "High-Resolution Observations of Insects in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 2176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jtecha1059.1.

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Abstract High spatial and temporal resolution S-band radar observations of insects in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are described. The observations were acquired with a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar during the 2002 International H20 Project (IHOP_2002) held in Oklahoma in the months of May and June 2002. During the observational period the boundary layer was convective with a few periods of rain. Rayleigh scattering from particulate scatterers (i.e., insects) dominates the return; however, Bragg scattering from refractive index turbulence is also significant, especially at the top of the afternoon boundary layer. There is a strong diurnal signal in the insect backscatter: minima in the morning and at dusk and maxima at night and midafternoon. Insect number densities and radar cross sections (RCSs) are calculated. The RCS values range from less than 10−12 m2 to greater than 10−7 m2 and likewise have a strong diurnal signal. These are converted to equivalent reflectivity measurements that would be reported by typical meteorological radars. The majority of reflectivity measurements from particulate scatterers ranges from −30 to −5 dBZ; however, intense point scatterers (>10 dBZ) are occasionally present. The results show that although insects provide useful targets for characterization of the clear-air ABL, the requirements for continuous monitoring of the boundary layer are specific to time of day and range from −20 dBZ in the morning to −10 to −5 dBZ in the afternoon and nocturnal boundary layer (NBL).

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Grenis, Kylee. "An Alternate Method for Collecting Nocturnal Insects in Tree-Less Habitats." Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 66, no. 4 (December 2012): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18473/lepi.v66i4.a11.

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Bhardwaj, Manisha, Kylie Soanes, José J. Lahoz-Monfort, Linda F. Lumsden, and Rodney van der Ree. "Little evidence of a road-effect zone for nocturnal, flying insects." Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4609.

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Deora, Tanvi, Mahad A. Ahmed, Bingni W. Brunton, and Thomas L. Daniel. "Learning to feed in the dark: how light level influences feeding in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta." Biology Letters 17, no. 9 (September 2021): 20210320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0320.

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Nocturnal insects like moths are essential for pollination, providing resilience to the diurnal pollination networks. Moths use both vision and mechanosensation to locate the nectary opening in the flowers with their proboscis. However, increased light levels due to artificial light at night (ALAN) pose a serious threat to nocturnal insects. Here, we examined how light levels influence the efficacy by which the crepuscular hawkmoth Manduca sexta locates the nectary. We used three-dimensional-printed artificial flowers fitted with motion sensors in the nectary and machine vision to track the motion of hovering moths under two light levels: 0.1 lux (moonlight) and 50 lux (dawn/dusk). We found that moths in higher light conditions took significantly longer to find the nectary, even with repeated visits to the same flower. In addition to taking longer, moths in higher light conditions hovered further from the flower during feeding. Increased light levels adversely affect learning and motor control in these animals.

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Warrant, Eric J. "The remarkable visual capacities of nocturnal insects: vision at the limits with small eyes and tiny brains." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1717 (April 5, 2017): 20160063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0063.

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Nocturnal insects have evolved remarkable visual capacities, despite small eyes and tiny brains. They can see colour, control flight and land, react to faint movements in their environment, navigate using dim celestial cues and find their way home after a long and tortuous foraging trip using learned visual landmarks. These impressive visual abilities occur at light levels when only a trickle of photons are being absorbed by each photoreceptor, begging the question of how the visual system nonetheless generates the reliable signals needed to steer behaviour. In this review, I attempt to provide an answer to this question. Part of the answer lies in their compound eyes, which maximize light capture. Part lies in the slow responses and high gains of their photoreceptors, which improve the reliability of visual signals. And a very large part lies in the spatial and temporal summation of these signals in the optic lobe, a strategy that substantially enhances contrast sensitivity in dim light and allows nocturnal insects to see a brighter world, albeit a slower and coarser one. What is abundantly clear, however, is that during their evolution insects have overcome several serious potential visual limitations, endowing them with truly extraordinary night vision. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in dim light’.

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Macgregor, Callum J., and Alison S. Scott-Brown. "Nocturnal pollination: an overlooked ecosystem service vulnerable to environmental change." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20190134.

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Existing assessments of the ecosystem service of pollination have been largely restricted to diurnal insects, with a particular focus on generalist foragers such as wild and honey bees. As knowledge of how these plant-pollinator systems function, their relevance to food security and biodiversity, and the fragility of these mutually beneficial interactions increases, attention is diverting to other, less well-studied pollinator groups. One such group are those that forage at night. In this review, we document evidence that nocturnal species are providers of pollination services (including pollination of economically valuable and culturally important crops, as well as wild plants of conservation concern), but highlight how little is known about the scale of such services. We discuss the primary mechanisms involved in night-time communication between plants and insect pollen-vectors, including floral scent, visual cues (and associated specialized visual systems), and thermogenic sensitivity (associated with thermogenic flowers). We highlight that these mechanisms are vulnerable to direct and indirect disruption by a range of anthropogenic drivers of environmental change, including air and soil pollution, artificial light at night, and climate change. Lastly, we highlight a number of directions for future research that will be important if nocturnal pollination services are to be fully understood and ultimately conserved.

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Frolov, Roman V. "Current advances in invertebrate vision: insights from patch-clamp studies of photoreceptors in apposition eyes." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 709–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00288.2016.

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Traditional electrophysiological research on invertebrate photoreceptors has been conducted in vivo, using intracellular recordings from intact compound eyes. The only exception used to be Drosophila melanogaster, which was exhaustively studied by both intracellular recording and patch-clamp methods. Recently, several patch-clamp studies have provided new information on the biophysical properties of photoreceptors of diverse insect species, having both apposition and neural superposition eyes, in the contexts of visual ecology, behavior, and ontogenesis. Here, I discuss these and other relevant results, emphasizing differences between fruit flies and other species, between photoreceptors of diurnal and nocturnal insects, properties of distinct functional types of photoreceptors, postembryonic developmental changes, and relationships between voltage-gated potassium channels and visual ecology.

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Maqsood, Zunaira, Filza Ghafoor, Khazeema Naeem, and Mujahid Niaz. "The Food of Athene noctua in nocturnal conditions as located in University of Agriculture, Faislabad." Journal La Lifesci 1, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallalifesci.v1i6.262.

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This study was primarily focused on determining the availability of feeding niche of the little owl in University Campus. For this purpose, observations were made consecutively on the location of important sites in University Student’s Farm. This Farm is characterized by different types of tree species. Some of the important ones comprise Salmalia malabarica, Dalbergia sissoo, Cedrella toona, Terminalia arjuna and few others. The little owl mainly feeds on small insects and occasionally on very small mammals and perhaps on the small chicks. Small insects made the major portion of the diet of Athene noctua.

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Dodd, Luke E., and Lynne K. Rieske. "Temporal Variation of Nocturnal Lepidoptera and Other Insects at Robinson Forest, Kentucky." Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 74, no. 1-2 (July 2013): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3101/1098-7096-74.1.3.

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Poiani, S., C. Dietrich, A. Barroso, and AM Costa-Leonardo. "Effects of residential energy-saving lamps on the attraction of nocturnal insects." Lighting Research & Technology 47, no. 3 (March 14, 2014): 338–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153514526880.

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Wakefield, Andrew, Moth Broyles, Emma L. Stone, Stephen Harris, and Gareth Jones. "Quantifying the attractiveness of broad-spectrum street lights to aerial nocturnal insects." Journal of Applied Ecology 55, no. 2 (October 8, 2017): 714–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13004.

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Villarroya-Villalba, Lucía, Joan Casanelles-Abella, Marco Moretti, Pedro Pinho, Roeland Samson, Anskje Van Mensel, François Chiron, Florian Zellweger, and Martin K. Obrist. "Response of bats and nocturnal insects to urban green areas in Europe." Basic and Applied Ecology 51 (March 2021): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2021.01.006.

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Geryak, Yurii, and Evgen Khalaim. "Detection of secretive mammal species by methods of lepidopterological field research." Theriologia Ukrainica 2020, no. 20 (February 17, 2021): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tu2015.

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Information is given on observations of a number of mammalian species with secretive lifestyle and nocturnal activity, including dormice, made during field lepidopterological research. The use of artificial light and aromatic scents in entomological research is one of the most effective methods for obtaining rich and diverse ecological and faunal information. In addition to scale insects, many other invertebrates, primarily insects, are attracted to light and bait. At the same time, large clusters of invertebrates that flock in masse and converge on light and bait, as readily available food attract a number of mammals with nocturnal activity, mostly insectivores (Soriciformes), bats (Vespertilioniformes), and rodents (Muriformes). A number of species that are rare and lead a hidden way of life are attracted to artificial light and aromatic scents, including species of the dormice family (Gliridae) such as the edible, forest, and hazel dormice. The latter are obviously attracted to the light by the insects. Instead, in case of the use of baits, for edible dormice and yellow-necked wood mice, probably the aroma and taste of the bait is what attracts them, because they were repeatedly seem feeding on the bait. At the same time, bright sources of artificial light are obviously of interest to other mammals. In particular, in this way were noted: hare, fox, European roe deer, and wild boar, as well as such rare mammals as lynx, wild cat, great jerboa, and thick-tailed three-toed jerboa. Based on such observations, as an example, a small overview of new findings of the forest dormouse is given, in particular in areas where this rodent species has not been recorded before or it was observed very infrequently. The authors noted this species on traps for scale insects in the highlands of the Ukrainian Carpathians (Chornohora ridge) and in the Northern Black Sea coast, within Odesa Oblast. Thus, standard methods of collecting field material often used in lepidopterological research, such as attracting by artificial light and aromatic scents, can be quite effective for detecting a number of mammal species of different taxonomic groups, including nocturnal mammals.

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Kim, K. N., Y. C. Jo, Z. J. Huang, Hye-Seng Song, K. H. Ryu, Q. Y. Huang, and C. L. Lei. "Influence of green light illumination at night on biological characteristics of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 110, no. 1 (June 17, 2019): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485319000397.

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AbstractThe oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata is an important crop pest in eastern Asia. Nocturnal insects, including nocturnal moths, have phototactic behavior to an artificial light source. Phototactic behavior in insects is species-specific in response to different wavelengths of light sources. Our previous study showed that green (520 nm) light emitting diode (LED) light resulted in a significantly higher phototactic behavior in M. separata moths compared to the other wavelength LED lights. The goal of the present study is to investigate the influence of green light illumination on biological characteristics of different developmental stages in M. separata. Our results revealed that when different developmental stages of M. separata were exposed to the green light illumination in a dark period, several biological characteristics in all developmental stages except for egg stage were positively changed, but those of F1 generation M. separata which are next generation of the adults exposed to the green light did not significantly change compared with the control level. These findings suggest that green light illumination at night (or dark period) has a positive effect on the development and longevity of M. separata.

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Ando, Noriyasu, Hisashi Shidara, Naoto Hommaru, and Hiroto Ogawa. "Auditory Virtual Reality for Insect Phonotaxis." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 33, no. 3 (June 20, 2021): 494–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2021.p0494.

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Insects have a sophisticated ability to navigate real environments. Virtual reality (VR) is a powerful tool for analyzing animal navigation in laboratory studies and is the most successful when used in the study of visually guided behaviors. However, the use of VR with non-visual sensory information, such as sound, on which nocturnal insects rely, for analyzing animal navigation has not been fully studied. We developed an auditory VR for the study of auditory navigation in crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus. The system consisted of a spherical treadmill on which a tethered female cricket walked. Sixteen speakers were placed around the cricket for auditory stimuli. The two optical mice attached to the treadmill measured the cricket’s locomotion, and the sound pressure and direction of the auditory stimuli were controlled at 100 Hz based on the position and heading of the cricket relative to a sound source in a virtual arena. We demonstrated that tethered female crickets selectively responded to the conspecific male calling song and localized the sound source in a virtual arena, which was similar to the behavior of freely walking crickets. Further combinations of our system with neurophysiological techniques will help understand the neural mechanisms for insect auditory navigation.

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Journal, Administrator. "POTENSI SISTEM PERTANIAN ORGANIK DALAM KONSERVASI MUSUH ALAMI HAMA DAN SERANGGA NETRAL PADA TANAMAN SAYURAN DI LAHAN GAMBUT (Potency Of Organic Agricultural System In Conservation Of Natural Energy And Different Environment In Vegetable Plants In Grave La." AgriPeat 19, no. 01 (October 2, 2019): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36873/agp.v19i01.155.

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ABSTRACKThe purpose of this research is to know the potential of organic farming in the conservation ofnatural enemies of important pests and neutral insects on the ecosystem of sweet corn and longbean vegetables in peatlands Kalampangan Urban Village Palangka Raya. The study wasconducted on an area of 210 m2, divided into 12 plots planted sweet corn and long beans withorganic and conventional treatment. Observations were made at 2-8 MST. Samples were takenusing sweep nets (for canopy arthropods), pitfall traps (for ground surface arthropods) and lighttraps (for nocturnal arthropods). The results showed: organic vegetables potentially developed inthe effort of conservation of natural enemies and neutral insects with indicators as follows: 1). Thenumber of insects found in organic and conventional plots consists of predators (84.11%),parasitoids (8.49%) and neutral insects (7.40%); 2). The predator species richness in organic longbean plants is higher than conventional (R = 2.711 and 1.811). The predominant predominance ofsweet corn and long bean organic plants is Gryllidae (C = 0.331), Formicidae (C = 0.465) andMiridae (C = 0.109); 3). The richness of parasitoids and neutral insects in organic sweet corn ishigher than conventional (R = 1,265 and 1,193). Types of parasitoids and neutral insectsdominating organic and conventional vegetables are Braconidae and Scarabaeidae with values0.444 and 0.423.Keywords: organic vegetables, natural enemies, neutral insects, pests, peat

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Ober, Holly K., and John P. Hayes. "Influence of forest riparian vegetation on abundance and biomass of nocturnal flying insects." Forest Ecology and Management 256, no. 5 (August 2008): 1124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.06.010.

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Altermatt, Florian, and Dieter Ebert. "Reduced flight-to-light behaviour of moth populations exposed to long-term urban light pollution." Biology Letters 12, no. 4 (April 2016): 20160111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0111.

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The globally increasing light pollution is a well-recognized threat to ecosystems, with negative effects on human, animal and plant wellbeing. The most well-known and widely documented consequence of light pollution is the generally fatal attraction of nocturnal insects to artificial light sources. However, the evolutionary consequences are unknown. Here we report that moth populations from urban areas with high, globally relevant levels of light pollution over several decades show a significantly reduced flight-to-light behaviour compared with populations of the same species from pristine dark-sky habitats. Using a common garden setting, we reared moths from 10 different populations from early-instar larvae and experimentally compared their flight-to-light behaviour under standardized conditions. Moths from urban populations had a significant reduction in the flight-to-light behaviour compared with pristine populations. The reduced attraction to light sources of ‘city moths' may directly increase these individuals' survival and reproduction. We anticipate that it comes with a reduced mobility, which negatively affects foraging as well as colonization ability. As nocturnal insects are of eminent significance as pollinators and the primary food source of many vertebrates, an evolutionary change of the flight-to-light behaviour thereby potentially cascades across species interaction networks.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nocturnal insects'

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