Academic literature on the topic 'Nocturnal work'

Abstract Objectives Individuals with reduced nocturnal blood pressure (BP) dipping are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared to persons with normal BP dipping. Although the relation of work-related factors and BP has been studied extensively, very little is known of the association between work-related factors and 24-h BP patterns in aging workers. We examined the cross-sectional relation of work-related risk factors, including occupational status, work-time mode, job demands and job control, with ambulatory BP in aging workers, focusing on nocturnal BP dipping. Methods 208 workers (mean age 62 ± 3 years; 75% women) from two Finnish population-based cohort studies underwent 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring. Work-related factors were inquired using a questionnaire. Nocturnal BP dipping was calculated as [1 − (asleep BP/awake BP)] × 100. Results Shift workers demonstrated a higher nocturnal diastolic BP dipping than regular day workers (19% vs. 17%, p = 0.03) and had a significantly higher systolic awake BP than regular day workers (136.5 mmHg vs. 132.5 mmHg, p = 0.03). Participants with high job demands demonstrated a smaller nocturnal systolic BP dipping than participants with low job demands (14% vs. 16%, p = 0.04). We did not observe significant differences in nocturnal systolic or diastolic BP dipping between groups categorized by occupational status or job control. Conclusions Although shift workers have a higher daytime BP than regular daytime workers, they exhibit greater nighttime BP dipping. Participants with high job demand had smaller nighttime BP dipping than participants with low job demand. Job control or occupation did not affect the 24-h ambulatory BP profile of aging workers.

Deficits in cognitive functioning associated with shift work are particularly relevant to occupational performance; however, few studies have examined how cognitive functioning is associated with specific components of shift work. This observational study examined how circadian phase, nocturnal sleepiness, and daytime insomnia in a sample of shift workers ( N = 30) were associated with cognitive flexibility during the night shift. Cognitive flexibility was measured using a computerized task-switching paradigm, which produces 2 indexes of flexibility: switch cost and set inhibition. Switch cost represents the additional cognitive effort required in switching to a different task and can impact performance when multitasking is involved. Set inhibition is the efficiency in returning to previously completed tasks and represents the degree of cognitive perseveration, which can lead to reduced accuracy. Circadian phase was measured via melatonin assays, nocturnal sleepiness was assessed using the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, and daytime insomnia was assessed using the Insomnia Severity Index. Results indicated that those with an earlier circadian phase, insomnia, and sleepiness exhibited reduced cognitive flexibility; however, specific components of cognitive flexibility were differentially associated with circadian phase, insomnia, and sleepiness. Individuals with an earlier circadian phase (thus more misaligned to the night shift) exhibited larger switch costs, which was also associated with reduced task efficiency. Shift workers with more daytime insomnia demonstrated difficulties with cognitive inhibition, whereas nocturnal sleepiness was associated with difficulties in reactivating previous tasks. Deficits in set inhibition were also related to reduced accuracy and increased perseverative errors. Together, this study indicates that task performance deficits in shift work are complex and are variably impacted by different mechanisms. Future research may examine phenotypic differences in shift work and the associated consequences. Results also suggest that fatigue risk management strategies may benefit from increased scope and specificity in assessment of sleep, sleepiness, and circadian rhythms in shift workers.

Abstract In the present work Blackadar’s concept of nocturnal inertial oscillations is extended. Blackadar’s concept describes frictionless inertial oscillations above the nocturnal inversion layer. The current work includes frictional effects within the nocturnal boundary layer. It is shown that the nocturnal wind speed profile describes an oscillation around the nocturnal equilibrium wind vector, rather than around the geostrophic wind vector (as in the Blackadar case). By using this perspective, continuous time-dependent wind profiles are predicted. As such, information on both the height and the magnitude of the nocturnal low-level jet is available as a function of time. Preliminary analysis shows that the proposed extension performs well in comparison with observations when a simple Ekman model is used to represent the equilibrium state in combination with a realistic initial velocity profile. In addition to jet dynamics, backward inertial oscillations are predicted at lower levels close to the surface, which also appear to be present in observations. The backward oscillation forms an important mechanism behind weakening low-level winds during the afternoon transition. Both observational and theoretical modeling studies are needed to explore this phenomenon further.

Nocturnal geckos can walk on level ground more economically than diurnal lizards. One hypothesis for why nocturnal geckos have a low cost of locomotion is that they can perform mechanical work during locomotion more efficiently than other lizards. To test this hypothesis, we compared the efficiency of the nocturnal gecko Coleonyx variegatus (average body mass 4.2 g) and the diurnal skink Eumeces skiltonianus (average body mass 4.8 g) when they performed vertical work during uphill locomotion. We measured the rate of oxygen consumption when each species walked on the level and up a 50 slope over a range of speeds. For Coleonyx variegatus, the energetic cost of traveling a unit distance (the minimum cost of transport, Cmin) increased from 1.5 to 2.7 ml O2 kg-1 m-1 between level and uphill locomotion. For Eumeces skiltonianus, Cmin increased from 2.5 to 4.7 ml O2 kg-1 m-1 between level and uphill locomotion. By taking the difference between Cmin for level and uphill locomotion, we found that the efficiency of performing vertical work during locomotion was 37 % for Coleonyx variegatus and 19 % for Eumeces skiltonianus. The similarity between the 1.9-fold difference in vertical efficiency and the 1.7-fold difference in the cost of transport on level ground is consistent with the hypothesis that nocturnal geckos have a lower cost of locomotion than other lizards because they can perform mechanical work during locomotion more efficiently.

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Estudo de caso, descritivo e analítico, com abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa, fundamentado na Teoria das Representações Sociais e na Teoria do Núcleo Central, com o objetivo de apreender as representações sociais (RS) das enfermeiras de um hospital público de ensino, na cidade de Salvador-Bahia, sobre o trabalho noturno (TN) e analisar o processo de construção dessas RS a partir de sua estrutura. Participaram deste estudo 25 enfermeiras (89,3%) do serviço de assistência intermediária. Os dados foram coletados através das técnicas de Associação Livre de Palavras (TALP) e entrevista, em abril e maio de 2008. Os dados originários do TALP foram submetidos à análise fatorial de correspondência (AFC), pelo Software Tri-Deux Mots, e à análise do quadro de quatro casas, através do Software EVOC, e os da entrevista, à análise temática de conteúdo. A análise do quadro de quatro casas evidenciou que a estrutura da RS tem como elementos centrais responsabilidade, árduo, estresse, sofrimento e autonomia, e, como elementos periféricos, ética, necessidade financeira, dupla jornada, sobrecarga e iniciativa. A AFC revelada no jogo de oposições demonstrou no Fator 1 que as enfermeiras que trabalham nos turnos diurno e noturno simultaneamente estão em oposição às enfermeiras que trabalham no diurno e que tem um vinculo empregatício, evidenciando uma oposição entre os turnos de serviço. Diante disso, apreendeu-se das primeiras, as seguintes representações: estressante, autonomia, sofrimento, cansativo, dupla jornada e responsabilidade. Para essas últimas, o universo semântico presentado foi: dificuldade, dedicação, sacrifício, desgastante e dedicação. Em relação ao Fator 2, o procedimento de análise baseou-se na idade x tempo de serviço: as enfermeiras com idade igual ou maior que 41 anos e tempo de serviço superior a 20 anos, apresentou os seguintes campos semânticos: necessidade, sacrifício, dedicação, autonomia, dedicação, desgastante e dupla jornada; às evocações das enfermeiras com idade entre 30 e 40 anos e tempo de serviço de 10 a 19 anos foram: sofrimento, administração, continuidade, conhecimento, dificuldade e responsabilidade. A análise temática de conteúdo originou cinco categorias simbólicas, Concepções do TN (27,2%), Dimensão Ontológica do TN (16,7%), Aspectos Psicoafetivos do TN (20,6%), Viabilidade do TN (22,8%) e Valorização do TN (12,7%). Estes resultados conduzem à necessidade de reflexão das enfermeiras sobre essas representações para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de trabalho que contribuam com políticas de pessoal considerando a especificidade, subjetividade e complexidade do TN, com um modelo de prática inovadora, valorizando o TN e a trabalhadora, o enfrentamento dos problemas cotidianos e propiciando novas investigações para aprofundamento dessa temática.
Salvador

Study Objectives: Nocturnal awakenings may constitute a unique risk for falls among older adults. We describe differences in gait and balance between presleep and midsleep testing, and whether changes in the lighting environment during the midsleep testing further affect gait and balance. Methods: Twenty-one healthy, late middle-aged and older (64.7 ± 8.0 y) adults participated in this repeated-measures design consisting of four overnight laboratory stays. Each night, participants completed baseline visual acuity, gait, and balance testing. After a 2-h sleep opportunity, they were awakened for 13 min into one of four lighting conditions: very dim white light (< 0.5 lux); dim white light (∼28.0 lux); dim orange light (∼28.0 lux); and white room-level light (∼200 lux). During this awakening, participants completed the same sequence of testing as at baseline. Results: Low-contrast visual acuity significantly decreased with decreasing illuminance conditions (F(3,45) = 98.26, p < 0.001). Our a priori hypothesis was confirmed in that variation in stride velocity and center of pressure path length were significantly worse during the mid-sleep awakening compared to presleep baseline. Lighting conditions during the awakening, however, did not influence these parameters. In exploratory analyses, we found that over one-third of the tested gait and balance parameters were significantly worse at the midsleep awakening as compared to baseline (p < 0.05), and nearly one-quarter had medium to large effect sizes (Cohen d ≥ 0.5; r ≥ 0.3). Conclusions: Balance and gait are impaired during midsleep awakenings among healthy, late middle-aged and older adults. This impairment is not ameliorated by exposure to room lighting, when compared to dim lights.

Estudo qualitativo, do tipo exploratório-descritivo, acerca da liderança como instrumento para o trabalho noturno em enfermagem. Os objetivos consistiram em conhecer as percepções dos enfermeiros sobre o processo de liderança, discutir acerca de como transcorre o processo de liderança no turno noturno e elencar estratégias para o desenvolvimento da liderança na equipe de enfermagem, nesse turno. A coleta de dados ocorreu nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2009, por meio da Técnica de Grupos Focais realizada com 13 enfermeiras que trabalham no noturno em um hospital público, geral e universitário, do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Após análise temática, os dados foram agrupados em três categorias: contexto do trabalho noturno em enfermagem; a liderança na percepção das enfermeiras do noturno e estratégias de liderança. Os resultados dos debates apontaram que o contexto do trabalho noturno propicia uma ambiência fértil ao desenvolvimento da liderança em decorrência dos fatores que dinamizam seu exercício, por favorecerem o investimento na comunicação e interação entre os trabalhadores. No entanto, houve menção ao cansaço dos profissionais de enfermagem e à organização do trabalho no noturno que se interpõem como obstáculos à articulação da equipe. O foco das percepções das enfermeiras sobre liderança concentrou-se em atributos e práticas relevantes no cotidiano. No que tange à liderança, enquanto processo participativo, houve realce a um conjunto de atributos e qualidades: flexibilidade, comprometimento, visão, competência profissional, comunicação, coragem, bom senso, confiança, ética, proatividade, autorreflexão e autoconhecimento. Além disso, destacou-se a capacidade de articular diferentes potenciais da equipe, com valorização das diversas habilidades dos trabalhadores. Viu-se que a prática de liderança é influenciada por vários modelos teóricos, aparentemente contraditórios: ora centrados em normas, regras e rotinas, ora centrados na valorização de processos interativos na equipe. Ponderou-se, no entanto, que a conexão entre habilidades transacionais e transformacionais de liderança que, respectivamente, configuram tais modelos, é necessária para o gerenciamento do trabalho, nas equipes. As estratégias elencadas constituem possibilidades para o desenvolvimento ou aperfeiçoamento da liderança e centram-se no âmbito das relações interpessoais por meio de vínculos construtivos entre a equipe, cujo foco é fortalecer as ações de cuidado e propor condições de preencher algumas lacunas da dimensão relacional associadas ao exercício de liderança. Com esse propósito, houve ênfase para a tomada de decisão compartilhada que potencializa a criatividade, a confiança e o comprometimento, bem como promove participação ativa dos trabalhadores nos processos laborais. A tomada de decisão, nessa perspectiva dialógica, estimula a reflexão sobre os espaços formais de troca, além de tornar claras as diretrizes do trabalho. No entanto, considerou-se que a falta dessa proposta de compartilhamento das situações cotidianas desencadeia processos que abalam a motivação e o comprometimento de cada membro da equipe de enfermagem. Como estratégia a essas dificuldades, discutiu-se sobre a contradição existente nas relações entre os profissionais, expressa mediante ideias opostas que, ao serem verbalizadas na equipe, pode mobilizá-la contra a inércia, a falta de sentido naquilo que se faz e a manutenção do status quo. Nesse desfecho, foi proeminente a discussão sobre resistências, conflitos e o rodízio dos papéis assumidos e/ou adjucados no campo grupal. Postulou-se que o envolvimento dos profissionais de enfermagem nessas questões é uma importante condição para vitalizar a perspectiva participativa do processo de liderança, haja vista a necessária relação de apoio e integração da equipe, sobretudo no contexto do trabalho noturno de enfermagem.
This research is an exploratory and descriptive qualitative study on leadership as a tool for managing night work in nursing. The objectives consist of uncovering the perceptions of nurses concerning the leading process, discuss how it unfolds in the night shift and identifying strategies for developing leadership in the nursing team. Data were collected from September to October 2009 by means of the Focus Group Technique. It included 13 nurses working the night shift in a public, general, university hospital in Rio Grande do Sul/RS, Brazil. Data underwent thematic analysis thus resulting in three categories: night work in nursing context; leadership in nurses‟ perceptions of the night and leadership strategies. Work context provides a fertile atmosphere for the development of leadership as a result of the factors that makes it more dynamic by favoring the investment on communication and interaction among workers, but also presents some obstacles related to the team‟s fatigue and work organization. The nurses‟ perceptions of leadership split up in leadership attributes and leadership practices relevant to everyday work. Leadership attributes consist of the set of qualities suggesting participatory processes: flexibility, commitment, vision, professional competence, communication, courage, good sense, confidence, ethics, proactivity, self-reflection and self-knowledge. There was also emphasis on the ability to articulate different team potential, valuing the complementarity of various workers‟ skills. Leadership practices are constituted by different inspiration and influence models, among which are the conducts guided by rules and norms, as well as those that are based on interactive processes within the team, promoting new opportunities from collective concepts. The link between transactional and transformational skills of leadership configures such models respectively. It also establishes the tone of the flexibility necessary to leadership practices. The strategies are listed possibilities for the development or enhancement of leadership and focus on the scope of interpersonal relationship by means of constructive ties within the team, aiming at strengthening the actions of care and providing conditions for bridging gaps in relational domain associated with leadership. For this purpose, shared decision-making was highlighted for it establishes an interactive process within the team, enhances creativity, confidence and commitment, as well as promotes active participation of workers in work processes. Moreover, decision-making, from a dialogical perspective, encourages reflection on formal exchange spaces in the existing field of investigation, besides making work guidelines clear. On the other hand, the absence of a proposal for sharing everyday situations triggers processes that may undermine the motivation and commitment of team member of the nursing staff. As a strategy to address those difficulties, it is discussed the contradictions in relationships, expressed by opposing ideas that when processed within staff, mobilizes it against the inertia, lack of sense in what is done and the maintenance of the status quo. It is discussed the emergence of resistance and conflicts and role shift assumpted and adjudicated by the team, which pervade the group dynamics. Hence, the process of leadership from a participatory perspective may constitute an important resource for night shift in nursing, because it fosters supportive relationships between nursing staff, as well as its treasuring, aiming at growth and learning, with the participation of each person in the paths that will be traveled together.
Estudio cualitativo, del tipo exploratorio-descriptivo, acerca del liderazgo como instrumento para el trabajo nocturno en enfermería. Los objetivos consistieron en conocer las percepciones de los enfermeros sobre el proceso de liderazgo, discutir como transcurre el proceso de liderazgo en lo nocturno y identificar estrategias para el desarrollo del liderazgo en el grupo de trabajo. Los datos fueron colectados en el período entre septiembre y octubre de 2009, por medio de la Técnica de Grupos Focales realizada con 13 enfermeras que trabajan en lo nocturno en un hospital público, general y universitario, de Rio Grande do Sul – RS, Brasil. Los datos fueron sometidos al análisis temático, resultando en tres categorías: contexto de trabajo nocturno en enfermería; liderazgo en la percepción de las enfermeras da noche y estrategias de liderazgo. El contexto de trabajo propicia una ambiencia fértil al desarrollo del liderazgo en decurso de los factores que dinamizan su ejercicio, que favorezcan la embestida en la comunicación e interacción entre los trabajadores, pero, también presenta algunos obstáculos, relacionados al cansancio del equipo y a la organización del trabajo. El enfoque de la percepcion de las enfermeras sobre el liderazgo centrado en atributos de liderazgo y prácticas de liderazgo relevantes en el cotidiano de trabajo. Los atributos de liderazgo consisten en un conjunto de cualidades que sugieren procesos participativos, siendo ellos: flexibilidad, comprometimiento, visión, competencia profesional, comunicación, coraje, cordura, confianza, ética, proactividad, autoreflexión y autoconocimiento. También, hubo realce sobre la capacidad de articular diferentes potenciales del equipo, valorando la complementariedad de las diversas habilidades de los trabajadores. Las prácticas de liderazgo son constituidas por inspiración e influencia de diferentes modelos, entre los cuales se valoran conductas pautadas en reglas y normas, bien como aquellas que tienen por base procesos interactivos entre el equipo, los cuales promueven nuevas posibilidades a partir de concepciones colectivas. La conexión entre habilidades transacionales y transformacionales de liderazgo, las cuales, respectivamente, configuran tales modelos, es que establece la tónica de la flexibilización necesaria a las prácticas de liderazgo. Las estrategias identificadas constituyen posibilidades para el desarrollo o perfeccionamiento del liderazgo y se centran en el ámbito de las relaciones interpersonales por medio de vínculos constructivos entre el equipo, cuyo foco es fortalecer las acciones de cuidado y proponer condiciones de rellenar algunas lagunas de la dimensión relacional asociadas al ejercicio de liderazgo. Con ese propósito, hubo énfasis para la tomada de decisión compartida, la cual establece un proceso interactivo en el equipo, que potencializa la creatividad, la confianza y el comprometimiento, bien como promueve participación activa de los trabajadores en los procesos que envuelven el trabajo. Asimismo, la tomada de decisión, en esa perspectiva dialógica, estimula la reflexión sobre los espacios formales de cambio existentes en el campo pesquisado, además de dejar claras las directrices del trabajo. Sin embargo, la falta de esa propuesta de compartimiento de las situaciones cotidianas desencadena procesos que debilitan la motivación y el comprometimiento de cada miembro del equipo de enfermería. Como estrategia a esas dificultades, se discutió sobre la contradicción existente en las relaciones, expresa mediante ideas opuestas, que cuando sean procesadas entre el equipo, la moviliza contra la inercia, la falta de sentido en aquello que se hace y la manutención del status quo. Para ese procesamiento, se discutió sobre la emergencia de resistencias y conflictos y la rotación de los papeles asumidos o adjudicados por el equipo, los cuales permean la dinámica grupal. Por tanto, el proceso de liderazgo en la perspectiva participativa se configura como un importante recurso para el trabajo nocturno de enfermería, pues promueve relaciones de apoyo entre el equipo de enfermería, bien como su valoración, objetivando crecimiento y aprendizaje, con la participación de cada uno en los caminos que serán marcados en conjunto.

Terra Mirabilis is a three-movement musical composition for symphony orchestra with piano solo inspired by natural landscapes photographed by the composer. The three movement composition and its corresponding landscapes portray three times of a day: early morning (I. The Mists), evening (II. Oceanus), and late night (III. Nocturne). Each chapter is devoted to the discussion of one movement, wherein overall concept and form are addressed, followed by detailed analyses of harmonic structure, motivic and thematic development, orchestration, and representational elements. As a complement to the score and the text, a CD-R audio recording of orchestral mock-ups accompanies this dissertation.

O trabalho apresentado procura trazer um pouco de luz a um dos tipos de trabalho sexual, o "striptease". As tentativas de conhecimento e aproximação ao campo do "strip" foram feitas através de visitas a clubes de "strip" e de conversas com aquelas que se julgaram ser as principais protagonistas no campo, as strippers ou bailarinas exóticas. A comercialização da sexualidade que o "strip" implica remete o campo e seus agentes para um lugar transgressivo e estigmatizado. A percepção deste estigma leva as agentes a desenvolverem estratégias de valorização relativa e de resistência, nomeadamente à entrada no campo de um olhar que lhe seja exterior (materializado no investigador) e cuja avaliação possa evidenciar a sua subalternidade. Aquilo que se apresenta é uma caracterização fragmentária do campo e seus agentes, com um enfoque nas dinâmicas (mais e menos estruturais) de género presentes nos clubes.
The work presented seeks to shed some light on one of the various existing types of sex work, striptease. Attempts to get to know and approach the field of striptease were made through visits to strip clubs and conversations with those who were thought to be the main protagonists in the field, the strippers or exotic dancers. The commercialization of the sexuality that the strip implies refers the field and its agents to a place of transgression and stigma. The perception of this stigma leads the agents to develop strategies of relative valorization and resistance, namely to the entry into the field of an outsider’s gaze (materialized in the researcher), the evaluation of which may highlight the field’s subordination. What is presented is a fractional characterization of the field and its agents, with a focus on the (more and less structural) gender dynamics present in the clubs.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
音樂學系
103
French musician Achille-Claude Debussy (1862-1918) is one of the 20th century music pioneers. His early works have a strong vitality in music in terms of the influence on music to be away from the genre of Romantic Music. Based on Debussy’s early piano works, this paper discusses the origin and style of his works and uses the performance interpretation of his four piano works Suite Bergamasque, Revêrie, Danse and Nocturne as a bridge to recognize the 20th-century music in French. The first chapter of this paper is the introduction, which describes the research motive, research purpose, field of research and research method. The second chapter is about Debussy’s life and piano works. It explores the style of his piano works according to his life and historical background. The third chapter is musical composition analysis, which discusses the musical structure, music features and material application from his four music works. The fourth chapter is performance interpretation, which explores proper interpretation and performance viewpoints from the perspective of piano performance. The last chapter is the conclusion.

abstract: ABSTRACT Many musicians, both amateur and professional alike, are continuously seeking to expand and explore their performance literature and repertory. Introducing new works into the standard repertory is an exciting endeavor for any active musician. Establishing connections, commissioning new works, and collaborating on performances can all work together toward the acceptance and success of a composer's music within an instrument community. For the flute, one such composer is Daniel Dorff (b. 1956). Dorff, a Philadelphia-based composer, has written for symphony orchestra, clarinet, contrabassoon, and others; however, his award-winning works for flute and piccolo are earning him much recognition. He has written works for such illustrious flutists as Mimi Stillman, Walfrid Kujala, and Gary Schocker; his flute works have been recorded by Laurel Zucker, Pamela Youngblood and Lois Bliss Herbine; and his pieces have been performed and premiered at each of the National Flute Association Conventions from 2004 to 2009. Despite this success, little has been written about Dorff's life, compositional style, and contributions to the flute repertory. In order to further promote the flute works of Daniel Dorff, the primary focus of this study is the creation of a compact disc recording of Dorff's most prominent works for flute: April Whirlwind, 9 Walks Down 7th Avenue, both for flute and piano, and Nocturne Caprice for solo flute. In support of this recording, the study also provides biographical information regarding Daniel Dorff, discusses his compositional methods and ideology, and presents background information, description, and performance notes for each piece. Interviews with Daniel Dorff regarding biographical and compositional details serve as the primary source for this document. Suggestions for the performance of the three flute works were gathered through interviews with prominent flutists who have studied and performed Dorff's pieces. Additional performance suggestions for Nocturne Caprice were gathered through a coaching session between the author and the composer. This project is meant to promote the flute works of Daniel Dorff and to help establish their role in the standard flute repertory.
Dissertation/Thesis
April Whirlwind by Daniel Dorff
Nocturne Caprice by Daniel Dorff
9 Walks Down 7th Avenue by Daniel Dorff
D.M.A. Music 2010

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Higiene e Segurança no Trabalho
A elaboração da presente dissertação teve como objectivos, analisar as consequências do trabalho por turnos em várias organizações do distrito de Setúbal, focando questões relacionadas com os principais efeitos do sono, o tipo de doenças que lhe estão associadas, características sócio-demográficas e profissionais que podem influenciar as perturbações do sono nos trabalhadores, bem como, relacionar o tipo de turnos com as características do sono e a relação entre perturbações do sono com a situação social e familiar e a saúde em geral. Apesar do trabalho por turnos parecer existir desde o início da vida em sociedade, este foi surgindo de forma crescente em função das necessidades sociais. A organização do tempo de trabalho por turnos e principalmente quando envolve a realização de trabalho nocturno e em períodos socialmente valorizados, pode representar dificuldades acrescidas de ajustamento fisiológico, psicológico e social para o trabalhador. No entanto, para as organizações, a gestão de tais modalidades horárias pode também colocar desafios acrescidos, principalmente ao nível do desempenho, da segurança e da gestão dos recursos humanos. Na realização deste estudo foram distribuídos 109 questionários sobre as consequências do trabalho por turnos a vários colaboradores de organizações do distrito de Setúbal. O questionário foi dividido em seis partes, dados individuais, questionário do sono, questionário geral de saúde, questionário de saúde física, índice para a capacidade do trabalho e a última parte corresponde à situação social e familiar. Para avaliar a consistência interna das escalas e subescalas, foram calculadas as correlações entre cada item e o total, excluindo o respectivo item, e o coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach. As técnicas estatísticas para a análise descritiva das variáveis aplicadas foram as frequências absolutas e relativas, a média e o desvio padrão. Relativamente às técnicas de estatística inferencial foram aplicados testes paramétricos, designadamente, o Coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Ao analisar-se o conjunto de resultados obtidos, podemos concluir que quanto maior for a durabilidade do trabalho por turnos maiores as consequências negativas na saúde e maiores os distúrbios no sono dos trabalhadores. Estas consequências negativas do trabalho por turnos parece afectar tanto os trabalhadores como as suas famílias.
Abstract: The preparation of this dissertation had as objectives, analyze the consequences of shift work in various organizations in the district of Setúbal, still focusing on such issues as the main effects of sleep, the diseases associated to this type of work, such as certain socio - demographic and professional can relate with sleep disorders among employees, to match the kind of shifts and sleep characteristics and the existence of a relationship between sleep disturbances and social and familiar circumstances and general health and fitness. Although the shift work appear to exist from the beginning of life in society, this has emerged increasingly in terms of social needs. The organization of working time of shift work especially when it involves night work and socially valued periods may represent increased physiological, psychological and social adjustment difficulties for the worker. However, for organizations, the management of such shift work may also place increased mainly in performance, safety and human resources management level challenges. In this study 109 questionnaires about the consequences of shift work, were distributed to various employees of the district of Setúbal organizations. The questionnaire was divided into six parts, individual data, the sleep questionnaire, general health questionnaire, physical health questionnaire, ability of the work capacity and the last part corresponds to social and family circumstances. To assess the internal consistency of the scales and subscales, were calculated the correlations between each item and the total, excluding the own item, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Statistical techniques for the descriptive analysis of the variables applied were the absolute (n) and relative frequencies (%), average ( X ) and standard deviation (σ). Regarding technical inferential statistical parametric tests were applied, like the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). In the end of the analyzes of the set of results, we can conclude that the greater durability of shift work more negative health consequences and sleep disturbances employees will have. These negative consequences of shift work influences both the workers themselves and their families.

RESUMO - Ao longo das últimas décadas, a temática do trabalho por turnos com trabalho noturno tem levantado algumas preocupações por parte dos enfermeiros relativamente ao impacto na sua saúde (física e mental), qualidade de vida e consequentemente à possibilidade deste tipo de horário laboral contribuir para a prática da automedicação. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto do trabalho por turnos com trabalho noturno na saúde (física e mental), qualidade de vida e automedicação dos enfermeiros de três serviços de um Hospital Central. Tipo de estudo: Foi efetuado um estudo observacional, transversal e com uma componente descritiva e uma componente analítica, comparando a qualidade de vida, o estado de saúde e a automedicação dos enfermeiros que trabalhavam por turnos dos que tinham horário fixo. Utilizaram-se os seguintes testes estatísticos: coeficiente de Pearson (r), teste de U de Mann-Whitney, teste Qui-quadrado e teste Exato de Fisher. E um nível de significância de 5%. Amostra: A amostra é de conveniência, constituída por enfermeiros de três serviços de um hospital Central da região de Lisboa, que concordaram em participar no estudo (n=51). Dos 51 profissionais que aderiram ao estudo, 37 exerciam em horário fixo e diurno e 14 em horário por turnos com trabalho noturno. Instrumento de recolha de dados: Os instrumentos de colheita de dados utilizados foram: EPTT (Estudo Padronizado do Trabalho por Turnos), traduzido e adaptado para a versão portuguesa por Carlos Silva (1995) e Whoqol-bref, questionário de avaliação da qualidade de vida desenvolvido pela OMS, traduzido e adaptado para a versão portuguesa por Canavarro et al (2006). Resultados: No que concerne às caraterísticas sociodemográficas da amostra estudada, verificou-se que apesar do trabalho por turnos com trabalho noturno ser mais frequente nos homens, não se obtiveram diferenças estatisticamente significativas (Teste Exato de Fisher; p=0,120). Relativamente ao estado civil verificou-se que o trabalho por turnos era mais frequente nos enfermeiros solteiros, separados ou viúvos (19/22; 86,4%) do que nos casados ou união de facto (18/29; 62,1%) (Teste Exato de Fisher; p=0,052). Maior proporção de enfermeiros que trabalhavam em horário diurno fixo tinham filhos a cargo e essa diferença era significativa quando comparada com a proporção de enfermeiros que trabalhavam por turnos. 10 Relativamente à análise do estado de saúde (físico e mental) e qualidade de vida dos enfermeiros verificou-se que os enfermeiros que trabalhavam por turnos com trabalho noturno referiram um efeito mais negativo na saúde e qualidade de vida comparativamente aos enfermeiros com horário fixo, mas não se verificou diferença estatisticamente significativa (Teste Exato de Fisher; p= 0,141). No que respeita à avaliação das perturbações de saúde física, psicológica, sociofamiliar e do sono verificou-se que, tanto os trabalhadores com horário fixo e diurno, como os trabalhadores com horário por turnos com trabalho noturno, apresentaram valores de score entre 22 e 27 (numa escala de 0 a 100) nos domínios de avaliação física, psicológica, social e ambiental, mas não havia diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos (teste U de Mann- Whitney: p= 0,849; 0,983; 0,399; 0,340 respetivamente). Verificou-se também que não existia uma associação significativa entre o trabalho por turnos com trabalho noturno e a dificuldade em adormecer, em comparação com os trabalhadores com horário fixo e diurno (Teste qui-quadrado de Pearson; p=0,588). A automedicação apresentou uma prevalência de 35,7% nos trabalhadores com horário fixo e diurno, contrapondo com 24,3% nos trabalhadores com trabalho rotativo e noturno, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa (teste qui-quadrado, p=0,316). Também não houve diferenças com significado estatístico no consumo de psicofármacos e analgésicos (teste exato de Fisher, p= 0,619; p=0,170, respetivamente). Neste estudo, não se verificou qualquer diferença com significado estatístico no que respeita à qualidade de vida, estado de saúde físico e mental e automedicação entre enfermeiros que trabalham por turnos com horário noturno e enfermeiros com horário fixo. Contudo, uma das grandes limitações deste estudo é a dimensão da própria amostra, pelo que outros estudos com amostras de maiores dimensões deverão ser realizados.
ABSTRACT - Over the last decades, the issue of night shift work has raised some concerns on the part of nurses regarding the impact on their health (physical and mental), quality of life and consequently the possibility of Practice of self-medication. Objective: To evaluate the impact of shift work with night work on health (physical and mental), quality of life and self-medication of nurses from three services of a Central Hospital. Type of study: An observational, cross-sectional study with a descriptive component and an analytical component was carried out, comparing the quality of life, health status and self-medication of nurses who worked in shifts of those who had a fixed schedule. The following statistical tests were used: Pearson's coefficient (r), Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. And a significance level of 5%. Sample: The sample is of convenience, consisting of nurses from three services of a central hospital in the Lisbon region, who agreed to participate in the study (n = 51). Of the 51 professionals who joined the study, 37 worked in fixed and daytime hours and 14 in shift hours with night work. Data collection instrument: Data collection instruments used were: EPTT (Standardized Study of Shift Work), translated and adapted to the Portuguese version by Carlos Silva (1995) and Whoqol-bref, quality of life assessment questionnaire Developed by WHO, translated and adapted to the Portuguese version by Canavarro et al (2006). Results: As regards the sociodemographic characteristics of the sample studied, it was verified that although night shift work was more frequent in men, no statistically significant differences were obtained (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.120). Concerning marital status, it was found that shift work was more frequent in single, separated or widowed nurses (19/22, 86.4%) than married or de facto union (18/29, 62.1%), (Fisher's Exact Test, p = 0.052). A higher proportion of nurses working at fixed daytime had dependent children, and this difference was significant when compared to the proportion of nurses who worked in shifts. Regarding the analysis of the health status (physical and mental) and quality of life of the nurses, it was verified that the nurses who worked in shifts with night work reported a more negative effect on health and quality of life compared to nurses with fixed schedule, but There was no statistically significant difference (Fisher's Exact Test, p = 0.141). 8 Regarding the evaluation of physical, psychological, socio-familial and sleep disorders, it was found that both fixed and daytime workers and shift workers with night work presented score values between 22 and 27 (On a scale of 0 to 100) in the physical, psychological, social, and environmental assessment domains, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (Mann-Whitney U test: p = 0.849, 0.983, 0.399, 0.340 respectively). It was also found that there was no significant association between shift work with night work and difficulty falling asleep compared to workers with fixed and daytime schedules (Pearson's chi-square test, p = 0.588). Self-medication presented a prevalence of 35.7% in workers with fixed and daytime hours, compared with 24.3% in workers with rotational and nocturnal work, with no statistically significant difference (chi-square test, p = 0.316). There were also no statistically significant differences in the consumption of psychoactive drugs and analgesics (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.619, p = 0.170, respectively). In this study, there was no statistically significant difference in quality of life, physical and mental health status and self-medication among night shift nurses and fixed-time nurses. However, one of the major limitations of this study is the size of the sample itself, so further studies with larger samples should be performed.

The aim of this study is to investigate the nocturnal urban world that Restif de la Bretonne depicted in the second half of the 18th century when Paris became the centre of European cultural life. Louis Sebastian Mercier and Restif de la Bretonne are the two authors that more than any others dedicated their lives and their works to Paris and the costumes of its urban life, and their work is the basis of a literary journey that reaches us. Restif, in particular, can be considered, a sort of sociologist, who scientifically analyses the facts from the inside, becoming an active part of the story. With his novel Les Nuits de Paris ou le Spectateur Nocturne, published in several volumes between 1788 and 1794, Restif inspired several writers of the 19th and 20th centuries. By reading his extensive chronicle of Parisian nights we can not only taste the atmosphere of that vanished Paris, but we can also find a source of inspiration for our time, for our contemporary urban life.

This chapter discusses English composer Tim Ewers’s Moondrunk (2000). This short piece is a confident and clearly imagined setting of an English translation of the first poem of Arnold Schoenberg’s 1912 masterpiece for voice and ensemble, Pierrot Lunaire, Op. 21. Though brief, it should prove a useful and characterful item for a recital programme, especially one containing lengthier pieces, perhaps based around other works from the Second Viennese School or, alternatively, a collection of songs about the moon. The tessitura is wide-ranging, but within the reach of most voices, although a female voice was originally envisaged, in direct reference to Schoenberg’s seminal work. The musical idiom is pleasingly logical in its chromaticism, with frequent use of tritones. As always, when singing unaccompanied, the vocalist will need to be scrupulous about tuning intervals, avoiding microtonal slippage. Despite moments of freedom and rubato, rhythmic discipline is an important factor, and a sense of pulse needs to be preserved. Within this modest time span, the singer has to create and sustain a welter of shifting nocturnal moods, both threatening and intoxicating.

Narcolepsy with cataplexy is a specific syndrome of daytime sleepiness, disrupted nocturnal sleep, and episodes of sudden loss of muscle tone—provoked by the anticipation of emotions (in particular laughter)—leading to a tendency to fall, mouth opening, dysarthria or mutism, and facial muscle jerking. It is associated with loss of hypocretin (orexin) neurons in the hypothalamus, hypocretin concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid below 110 pg/ml, and the HLA genotype DQ B1*0602. A less common form of narcolepsy without cataplexy probably has a different, as yet unknown, pathogenesis. Once established, narcolepsy is lifelong; spontaneous recovery does not occur. Symptomatic treatment—which is essential for school performance, work, driving ability, and quality of life—is with stimulant (e.g. amphetamine) and anticataplectic (e.g. clomipramine) drugs. More recently, sodium oxybate, an anaesthetic, has been used to induce deep sleep overnight, resulting in improvements in all symptoms.

Difficulty falling asleep and frequent nocturnal awakenings are common sleep problems in young children. These are highly influenced by parent choices about sleep schedules, bedtime routines, and psychosocial factors but are usually very treatable with effective behavioral interventions. Parents may respond with actions that actually end up perpetuating sleep problems based on their beliefs about the nature of the sleep disturbances. Parents may misattribute the sleep disturbance to other medical problems or misinterpret benign sleep disturbances such as confusional arousals. Even if these conditions are ruled out or identified, the learned negative sleep-onset associations can be challenging to alter. Fortunately, children’s sleep habits are amenable to change when caregivers apply empirically supported behavioral sleep medicine strategies. Sleep physicians and psychologists specializing in behavioral sleep medicine can work collaboratively to solve the mystery of complex toddler sleep problems, tailoring parent guidance and behavioral treatments to the individual child and family dynamics.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is a major sleep-related breathing disorder, affecting 1% to 5% of adult men in western countries (Young, Peppard, & Gottlieb, 2002). This disease is now the most common respiratory referral to many sleep units (Douglas 2002). OSA syndrome is associated with excessive daytime sleepiness, neurocognitive deficits, and psychological problems. A significant number of patients with suspicion of OSA present mild to severe symptoms of depression (Schwartz, Kohler, & Karatinos, 2005). OSA syndrome is also a risk factor for cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality (Leung and Bradley 2001). People with OSA have higher risk of sudden death due to cardiac causes during sleep than the general population (Gami, Howard, Olson, & Somers, 2005). Furthermore, subjects with OSA present an increased risk of being involved in traffic and work accidents (Barbé, Pericas, Muñoz, Findley, Anto, & Agustí, 1998).