Journal articles: 'Nodular graphite cast iron'

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Lupinca, Cinca Ionel, Marian Dumitru Nedeloni, and Dorian Nedelcu. "Gray Cast Iron Behavior in Cavitation Erosion." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.269.

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The paper presents the cavitation stand used, the work methodology, the trials realized on specimens of gray cast irons, with flake graphite and spheroidal-graphite, which were tested for cavitation erosion during different periods of time of the cavitation attack. Finally, the conclusions were interpreted on the basis of comparative graphics realized at the macro and microstructures level obtained for these two types of cast iron. Of the two types of gray cast iron, the nodular cast iron presents a better cavitation erosion resistance.

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Khan, Fareed Ashraf, and Hasse Fredriksson. "Melt Stirring of Nodular Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.125.

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In this work the effects of stirring/vigorous shearing on matrix and graphite phase in nodular cast iron melt during solidification were studied. Several experiments were conducted for different cooling and stirring times. Samples were prepared and examinations of the microstructure were conducted and compared using Leica Optical Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). In addition, a chemical analysis of the graphite precipitate was performed using EDX equipment mounted on SEM. Oxidation of the melt and formation of oxide nuclei during stirring were observed and analysed. The influence of melt shearing on the structure, nodule count, distribution, area fraction and on overall graphite precipitation was observed and examined with the help of respective computer programs and soft wares. Stirring resulted in increasing the nucleation sites for graphite precipitation thereby increasing the nodule count and area fraction of carbide and transforming the structure from pearlitic matrix to ferritic matrix.

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Vaško, Alan. "Fatigue Properties of Synthetic Nodular Cast Irons." Key Engineering Materials 635 (December 2014): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.635.5.

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The contribution deals with comparison of microstructure, mechanical properties and fatigue properties of synthetic nodular cast irons with a different ratio of steel scrap in a charge. Chemical composition of individual melts was regulated alternatively by ferrosilicon (FeSi) and carburizer or metallurgical silicon carbide (SiC). The paper shows positive influence of SiC additive on the microstructure, mechanical properties as well as fatigue properties of nodular cast iron. The additive of metallurgical silicon carbide in analysed specimens increases the content of ferrite in the matrix, decreases the size of graphite and increases the average count of graphitic nodules per unit of area. Consequently, the mechanical and fatigue properties of nodular cast iron are improved.

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Muhmond, Haji Muhammad, and Hasse Fredriksson. "Graphite Growth Morphologies in Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 790-791 (May 2014): 458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.790-791.458.

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Graphite growth morphology was studied by using InLense detector on FEG-SEM after performing ion etching on the samples. Star like and circumferential growth mechanism of graphite was observed in the graphite nodules. Pure ternary alloy of hypo eutectic and hyper eutectic composition was treated with pure Mg, Ca and Sr, to study the effect of O and S concentration in the melt, on the transition of graphite morphology from nodular to vermicular/compacted and flake graphite. The change in the melt composition between the austenite dendrites due to micro-segregation of S, O and inoculants and their possible effects on the transition of graphite morphologies as well as the nucleation of new oxides/sulfides particles is discussed with the help of thermodynamics.

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Celis, Mayerling Martinez, Bernadette Domengès, Eric Hug, and Jacques Lacaze. "Analysis of Nuclei in a Heavy-Section Nodular Iron Casting." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.173.

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The microstructure of heavy section nodular graphite cast irons often presents a bimodal distribution of nodule size associated with so-called primary and secondary graphite nucleation. It has been found that the nuclei in both types of nodules consist mainly in magnesium sulphide. However, nuclei in primary nodules contain some traces of calcium and are thus related with the inoculation treatment. On the contrary, nuclei in secondary nodules do not contain any element that could be associated to inoculation. It is suggested they form in the late stage of the eutectic reaction as a result of microsegregation build-up in magnesium and sulphur.

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Li, Bao Yuan, Guo Shang Zhang, Shi Zhong Wei, and Ji Wen Li. "Research on Heat Resistance of As-Cast Ferritic Nodular Iron." Advanced Materials Research 1095 (March 2015): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.184.

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This article focuses on research into thermal shock fatigue resistance and oxidation resistance of as-cast ferritic nodular iron. The results show that the number of cycles required to crack nodular iron under the action of thermal stress is significantly higher than that of grey cast iron, and the rate at which cracks spread is lower compared with that of grey cast iron. When graphite is transformed from flakes into nodules, its decreased connectivity impedes the flow of oxygen during oxidization, thereby improving its oxidation resistance.

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Castro, M., M. Herrera-Trejo, J. L. Alvarado-Reyna, C. L. Martínez-Tello, and M. Méndez-Nonell. "Characterization of graphite form in nodular graphite cast iron." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 16, no. 1-3 (August 2003): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2003.11819563.

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Malage, Abhijit, Priti P. Rege, and Manoj J. Rathod. "Automatic quantitative analysis of microstructure of ductile cast iron using digital image processing." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/77.

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Ductile cast iron is preferred as nodular iron or spheroidal graphite iron. Ductile cast iron contains graphite in form of discrete nodules and matrix of ferrite and perlite. In order to determine the mechanical properties, one needs to determine volume of phases in matrix and nodularity in the microstructure of metal sample. Manual methods available for this, are time consuming and accuracy depends on expertize. The paper proposes a novel method for automatic quantitative analysis of microstructure of Ferritic Pearlitic Ductile Iron which calculates volume of phases and nodularity of that sample. This gives results within a very short time (approximately 5 sec) with 98% accuracy for volume phases of matrices and 90% of accuracy for nodule detection and analysis which are in the range of standard specified for SG 500/7 and validated by metallurgist.

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Qi, Xiao Ben, and Shi Gen Zhu. "Study on Electric Contact Heating for Nodular Cast Iron 600-3." Applied Mechanics and Materials 152-154 (January 2012): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.152-154.316.

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The method of electric contact heating for nodular cast iron was based on the application of the contact resistance heating between the electrode and work piece to change the characteristics of the surface. The effects of processing parameters on the width and depth of modified layer were analyzed, and among the experimental factors, the electric current had the largest effect than the others. Optical microscope was used to describe the microstructure transformation and identify the phases in the modified layer. Results showed that a cementite-martensite microstructure in the melted zone and a martensite-ledeburite-ferrite microstructure with graphite nodules in the hardened zone have been observed; especially two typical hardened shells around graphite are achieved in the hardened zone, which are ledebruite-martensite shell and single martensite shell around graphite. The effects of the changed microstructures were additionally verified by microhardness measurements in the modified zone. The microhardness of the nodular cast iron was found to be significantly increased after electric contact heating.

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Heckmann, C. J., W. Stets, and G. Wolf. "Plate Fracture of Nodular Cast Iron." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.367.

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Plate fracture is a defective fracture structure in nodular cast iron that can be found especially in the transition area of feeder, feeder neck and the cast part itself. It occurs rather spontaneously due to the fact that the exact reason for it is still unknown. The microstructure of the casting in the area of plate fracture comprises aligned graphite nodules in combination with a pronounced dendritic microstructure as characteristical features. A series of casting trials was performed in which plate like samples were produced. It could be shown by means of metallographic investigation of these samples in combination with the simulation of the solidification that specific local conditions during the solidification are the metallurgical reasons for the appearance of plate fracture. These specific conditions were the local temperature gradient and the velocity of the liquid/solid interface.

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11

Campbell, John. "The Structure of Cast Irons." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.86.

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There appear to be two main growth mechanisms for graphite in cast iron i) Coupled eutectic growth forms of gray irons which are classical growth modes of simultaneous parallel growth of graphite and austenite, not reliant on a bifilm mechanism. These are necessarily fine structures as a result of their control by the rate of diffusion of carbon in the liquid. These structures are well understood. (ii) Uncoupled eutectic mechanisms which appear to be much less well understood, including (a) growth of graphite on silica bifilm substrates floating freely in the melt, forming such structures as A-type graphite flakes. This prediction appears to have now been confirmed by direct observation. The transition to (b) nodular morphology occurs by Mg eliminating the silica bifilms by an exchange reaction. In this way the substrates for flake growth are instantly removed, and graphite can now wrap completely around nuclei, thereby growing as a nodule. Graphite structures in heavy sections such as chunky graphite may now be understandable in terms of the reorganisation by flotation of bifilms and/or nuclei.

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Liu, Ke Gao, Ai Min Xu, Dong Xiang, and Bin Xu. "Microstructures and Properties of Bainitic Nodular Cast Iron Treated by Controlled Cooling and Austempering Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.259.

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The mixed structures of bainite matrix, austenite and nodular graphite were obtained in nodular cast iron treated by controlled cooling and austempering in electric oven instead of nitrate salt bath. The relations between bainitic morphology and mechanical properties were investigated. Experimental results show that, the nodular cast iron treated by controlled cooling in water bath and austempering has microstructures of upper bainite and austenite, the mechanical properties fluctuate greatly due to its relatively narrow temperature region in processing. The consistency of mechanical properties of lower bainite nodular cast iron is superior to upper bainite nodular cast iron. The comprehensive mechanical properties of lower bainite nodular cast iron are improved by tempering. However, the brittleness increases greatly when martensite appears in mixed structures, while good mechanical properties can still be obtained by tempering at elevated temperatures.

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Hosadyna, M., St Dobosz, and J. Kusiński. "Influence of Over-Cooling the Nodular Cast Iron to the Graphite Form in the Surface Layer." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0008-y.

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Influence of Over-Cooling the Nodular Cast Iron to the Graphite Form in the Surface Layer A cast iron is gradient material. This means that depending on the cooling rate it is possible, at the same chemical composition and the physicochemical state of molten metal, to obtain material with a different structure. The connection between the wall thickness of the casting and the speed of its cooling expresses the casting module. Along with the module escalation a cooling rate of the casting is reducing what can cause changes of the microstructure and the increased tendency to the crystallization of distorted graphite forms. Inspections of experimental castings from nodular cast iron with different modules were conducted to the graphite form.

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14

Dahlberg, M. "Fatigue crack propagation in nodular graphite cast iron." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 17, no. 1 (January 2004): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136404604225012398.

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15

Metlitskii, V. A. "Arc welding austenitic nodular graphite nickel cast iron." Welding International 12, no. 3 (January 1998): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507119809448480.

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16

Kiss, Imre. "Cast iron rolls." Tehnički glasnik 13, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20180516131304.

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The manufacturing process of the rolling rolls, as well as the quality of materials used in casting them, can have an important influence upon the quality and the safety of the exploitation. Our approaches to the issue of quality assurance of the rolling rolls, from the viewpoint of the quality of materials that are featured, can cause duration and safety in the rolling exploitation. This research is required because of the numerous flaws that cause rejection, since the phase of melting of these irons is intended to cast rolls. According to the industrial analysis in the cast iron rolls foundries, the results show that one of the main rejection categories is due to the inadequate hardness of the rolls. One of the parameters that will determine the cast iron’s structure is the chemical composition, and this factor could assure the exploitation properties of each roll in all the stands of rolling mill. In this sense, the paper presents an overview of industrial and laboratory research regarding the assurance of the chemical composition of the irons (with nodular graphite) destined for the half–hard rolls casting, and tries to draw some remarks upon the proper correlations of these irons. This study analyses iron rolls cast in combined moulds (iron chill, for the barrel and moulding sand, for the necks of rolls) and includes charges of rolls from half–hard classes, with definite structure and nodular graphite, obtained in simplex cast processes. It presents, in graphical form, the influence of the chemical composition of these irons on the hardness, measured on the barrel. The proper solution is determined through some mathematical restrictions to the input data that the mathematical modelling is initiated with. It will be determined through regression equations, which describe the mathematical dependency between the hardness and the elements of chemical composition – the basic elements (Carbon [C], Manganese [Mn] and Silicon [Si]), the particulate elements (Sulphur [S], Phosphorus [P] and Magnesium [Mg]) and the main alloying elements (Nickel [Ni], Molybdenum [Mo] and Chrome [Cr]). The main results and the graphical addenda are presented.

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Forsström, Antti, Yuriy Yagodzinskyy, and Hannu Hänninen. "Hydrogen effects on mechanical performance of nodular cast iron." Corrosion Reviews 37, no. 5 (September 25, 2019): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2019-0007.

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AbstractThe KBS-3 method for long-term disposal of spent nuclear fuel is designed with an external self-standing copper shell, which provides the most important barrier against corrosion and escape of radionuclides, and an internal nodular cast iron insert, which provides the load-bearing structure against external loads. The material intended for the load-bearing insert is ferritic nodular cast iron EN 1563 grade EN-GJS-400-15U. In this paper, hydrogen uptake and sensitivity to hydrogen-induced cracking of the cast iron were studied using tensile testing under continuous electrochemical charging in 1 N H2SO4 solution. Hydrogen uptake was measured by using the thermal desorption method. It was found that the hydrogen desorption profile manifests three distinct peaks at initial locations of 400, 500, and 700 K with a heating rate of 6 K/min. Plastic deformation results in a remarkable increase of the 400 K peak, which indicates hydrogen uptake during deformation. In the constant extension rate tests (CERT) and the constant load tests (CLT), electrochemical hydrogen charging reduced markedly the elongation to fracture and time to fracture, respectively. In CLT, hydrogen charging increased dramatically the creep rate at the applied load of about 0.7 yield stress. Ligaments between the graphite nodules exhibit brittle cleavage facets in the presence of hydrogen, while the ligaments show a characteristic ductile appearance of shear and small dimples when testing in air or distilled water. The obtained results are discussed in terms of the known mechanisms of hydrogen-induced cracking and the role of the graphite nodules in the embrittlement of ductile cast iron.

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Elmabrouk, Omar, Osama M. Erfan, and Ali Kalkanli. "The Effect of Magnesium to Sulfur Ratio on the Graphite Morphology of Graphite Cast Iron Produced at Differrent Section Thicknesses." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 5880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.5880.

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This paper is concerned with the investigation of the effect of magnesium to sulfur ratio on the graphite morphology and estimation of the ranges of this ratio use to produce graphite cast iron at different section sections. The main factors affecting shape of graphite cast iron are the metallurgical structures and the section thicknesses. Cast iron of different shapes of graphite particles directly affect its thermo-mechanical properties. The nodular shape of these graphite particles such as in ductile cast iron improve its mechanical properties, on the other hand, when the shape of these graphite particles become elongated such as in flake graphite cast iron results in improving its thermal conductivity. In between, the worm-like shape of these graphite particles such as in compacted graphite cast iron, make this type of cast iron to have thermo-mechanical properties in between those of ductile and flake graphite cast iron. The different types of ductile , compacted and flake graphite cast iron were produced by means of plunger method at different section thicknesses and the effect of Mg/S ratio on these types of graphite particles was investigated and its range was established.

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Pietrowski, S., and G. Gumienny. "Microsegregation in Nodular Cast Iron with Carbides." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0120-z.

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Abstract In this paper results of microsegregation in the newly developed nodular cast iron with carbides are presented. To investigate the pearlitic and bainitic cast iron with carbides obtained by Inmold method were chosen. The distribution of linear elements on the eutectic cell radius was examined. To investigate the microsegregation pearlitic and bainitic cast iron with carbides obtained by Inmold method were chosen. The linear distribution of elements on the eutectic cell radius was examined. Testing of the chemical composition of cast iron metal matrix components, including carbides were carried out. The change of graphitizing and anti-graphitizing element concentrations within eutectic cell was determined. It was found, that in cast iron containing Mo carbides crystallizing after austenite + graphite eutectic are Si enriched.

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Salomonsson, Kent, and Anders E. W. Jarfors. "Three-Dimensional Microstructural Characterization of Cast Iron Alloys for Numerical Analyses." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.427.

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In this paper, we aim at characterizing three different cast iron alloys and their microstructural features, namely lamellar, compacted and nodular graphite iron. The characterization of microscopic features is essential for the development of methods to optimize the behavior of cast iron alloys; e.g. maximize thermal dissipation and/or maximize ductility while maintaining strength. The variation of these properties is commonly analyzed by metallography on two-dimensional representations of the alloy. However, more precise estimates of the morphologies and material characteristics is obtained by three-dimensional reconstruction of microstructures. The use of X-ray microtomography provides an excellent tool to generate high resolution three-dimensional microstructure images. The characteristics of the graphite constituent in the microstructure, including the size, shape and connectivity, were analyzed for the different cast iron alloys. It was observed that the lamellar and compacted graphite iron alloys have relatively large connected graphite morphologies, as opposed to ductile iron where the graphite is present as nodules. The results of the characterization for the different alloys were ultimately used to generate finite element models.

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Warmuzek, Małgorzata, and Adelajda Polkowska. "Micromechanism of Damage of the Graphite Spheroid in the Nodular Cast Iron During Static Tensile Test." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4010022.

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This work was focused on two particular phenomena contributing to a damage process of nodular cast iron under tensile stress: Internal destruction of graphite nodule and debonding at graphite/matrix (G-M) interface. The G-M debonding was analyzed depending on the phase characteristics of the metal matrix and with the increase in the distance of the observation field from the main crack surface. Typical morphological effects of decohesion in the graphite-matrix microregions related to an internal structure of graphite nodule were revealed and classified. The obtained results of the microscopic observations suggest that the path of both types of internal cracks in the graphite nodule passed through areas of weakened cohesion. Detailed microscopic observations allowed revealing some additional phenomena associated with G-M debonding along the G/M interface. In the most ductile of the tested alloys, with ferritic and ausferritic matrix, the G-M debonding was preceded by the formation of a layer of shifted graphene plates in the external envelope of the spheroid. In the alloys of polyphase pearlitic and ausferritic matrix, the revealed morphology of the G-M interface suggests that G-M debonding might be delayed by the interaction with some phase components as cementite lamellae and austenite plates.

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Betancur, Adrián, Carla Anflor, André Pereira, and Ricardo Leiderman. "Determination of the Effective Elastic Modulus for Nodular Cast Iron Using the Boundary Element Method." Metals 8, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8080641.

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In this work, a multiscale homogenization procedure using the boundary element method (BEM) for modeling a two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) multiphase microstructure is presented. A numerical routine is specially written for modeling nodular cast iron (NCI) considering the graphite nodules as cylindrical and real geometries. The BEM is used as a numerical approach for solving the elastic problem of a representative volume element from a mean field model. Numerical models for NCI have generally been developed considering the graphite nodules as voids due to their soft feature. In this sense, three numerical models are developed, and the homogenization procedure is carried out considering the graphite nodules as non-voids. Experimental tensile, hardness, and microhardness tests are performed to determine the mechanical properties of the overall material, matrix, and inclusion nodules, respectively. The nodule sizes, distributions, and chemical compositions are determined by laser scanning microscopy, an X-ray computerized microtomography system (micro-CT), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, respectively. For the numerical model with real inclusions, the boundary mesh is obtained from micro-CT data. The effective properties obtained by considering the real and synthetic nodules’ geometries are compared with those obtained from the experimental work and the existing literature. The final results considering both approaches demonstrate a good agreement.

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Betancur Arroyave, Adrián Alberto, and Carla Tatiana Mota Anflor. "Multi-Scaling Homogenization Process for Nodular Cast Iron Using BEM." Journal of Multiscale Modelling 08, no. 03n04 (September 2017): 1740005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1756973717400054.

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In this work, a multi-scaling homogenization process using boundary element formulation (BEM) for modeling a two-dimensional multi-phase microstructure containing irregular’s inclusions is presented. The BEM is very attractive for multiscale modeling tools for heterogeneous materials. In this approach, the iterative inhomogeneity discretization of the external boundary is disregarded, leading to a computational low cost. This approach was used for solving the elastic problem of a representative volume element (RVE) and the field theory medium. The main goal relies on finding the effective properties of micro-heterogeneous materials within a homogeneous and orthotropic matrix. Expressions for evaluating the effective properties under Plane Stress (PT) for orthotropic materials were also presented. Generally, the numerical models consider the graphite nodules as voids for GGG-40 and the roundness is close circular geometry. In this sense, a nodular cast iron GGG-40 microgram was obtained by X-ray computed tomography and Laser Confocal Microscope System, allowing the modeling of the true nodule shape. The numerical results showed good agreement with the experimental tests. The inclusions of graphite were considered as voids in the material matrix. Experimental stress–strain tests and micrographic analysis were used to determine the Young’s modulus, spatial distributions, as well as, nodule shape. The numerical in this work was compared with the obtained experimental results in this work. The comparison between the obtained experimental data with those available in the literature also showed good agreement.

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Болдырев, Денис, Denis Boldyrev, Сергей Давыдов, Sergey Davydov, Виталий Сканцев, Vitaliy Skantsev, Лариса Попова, and Larisa Popova. "Structural iron with compact forms of graphite." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2015, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22979.

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The identity of the mechanical properties of ductile iron (QP) and cast iron with compact forms of graphite, in particular, with nodular and vermicular graphite (CSWG). Given the fundamental differences in techniques of obtaining QP and CSUG in terms of their labor, material and energy intensity at virtually the identical strength properties shown to be technically and economically preferable for the manufacture of castings of CSWG and other cast iron with a compact form of graphite.

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Collini, L., and G. Nicoletto. "Determination of the relationship between microstructure and constitutive behaviour of nodular cast iron with a unit cell model." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 40, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/030932405x7692.

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Unit cell models have been proposed to predict the constitutive law and failure of ductile materials with complex microstructures, such as ferritic nodular cast iron and particulate metal matrix composites (PMMCs). The present contribution aims to extend this modelling approach to the prediction of the constitutive response of nodular cast iron with a mixed ferritic/pearlitic matrix. The finite element method is used within the framework of continuum mechanics to carry out the calculations. The effect of some microstructural features, such as graphite volume fraction and ferrite-pearlite ratio of the matrix, on the mechanical performance is determined. The computational results are compared to results obtained in a previous experimental activity on nodular cast irons.

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Soiński, M. "The Influence of Small Amounts of Aluminium on the Spheroidization of Cast Iron with Cerium Mischmetal." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0048-3.

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The Influence of Small Amounts of Aluminium on the Spheroidization of Cast Iron with Cerium Mischmetal The influence of aluminium (added in quantity from about 0.6% to about 2.8%) on both the alloy matrix and the shape of graphite precipitates in cast iron treated with a fixed amounts of cerium mischmetal (0.11%) and ferrosilicon (1.29%) is discussed in the paper. The metallographic examinations were carried out for specimens cut out of the separately cast rods of 20 mm diameter. It was found that the addition of aluminium in the amounts from about 0.6% to about 1.1% to the cast iron containing about 3% of carbon, about 3.7% of silicon (after graphitizing modification), and 0.1% of manganese leads to the occurrence of the ferrite-pearlite matrix containing cementite precipitates in the case of the treatment of the alloy with cerium mischmetal. The increase in the quantity of aluminium up to about 1.9% or up to about 2.8% results either in purely ferrite matrix in this first case or in ferrite matrix containing small amounts of pearlite in the latter one. Nodular graphite precipitates occurred only in cast iron containing 1.9% or 2.8% of aluminium, and the greater aluminium content resulted in the higher degree of graphite spheroidization. The noticeable amount of vermicular graphite precipitates accompanied the nodular graphite.

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Darmawan, Agung Setyo, Pramuko Ilmu Purboputro, Agus Yulianto, Agus Dwi Anggono, Wijianto, Masyrukan, Rizka Dwi Setiawan, and Novan Dwi Kartika. "Effect of Magnesium on the Strength, Stiffness and Toughness of Nodular Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 991 (May 2020): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.991.17.

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Nodular cast iron is a type of cast iron with spheroid graphite surrounded by ferrite matrix and / or pearlite. The size of the graphite and its matrix affects the mechanical properties of the cast iron. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of Magnesium composition on strength, stiffness and toughness of nodular cast iron. Magnesium addition is performed by adding FeSiMg alloys. After that, the composition of magnesium was investigated by using spectrometry. Then tensile test was conducted to obtain the yield strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. Further, impact test was performed to determine the impact energy needed to break the material. The result showed an increase of yield strength, tensile strength and stiffness and a decrease of toughness.

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Sudarmanto, Sudarmanto. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN NIKEL TERHADAP KEKUATAN TARIK DAN KEKERASAN PADA BESI TUANG NODULAR 50." Angkasa: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi 8, no. 2 (August 25, 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.28989/angkasa.v8i2.117.

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Nodular cast iron is the cast iron that has nodular graphite spherical structure distributed in ferrite or pearlite matrix or in both of them. Recently, this material is used widely in industries because its low cost and better performance. The advanced metal industries nowadays have found some new technologies in order to improve the properties of materials. One of them is the addition of another elements into the base metals, such as nickel. The effects of the addition 1wt %, 2wt % and 3wt % nickel into nodular cast iron 50 on tensile and hardness properties were investigated in this study. The experimental results show that the best amount of nickel that added into nodular cast iron is 3% wt, which has the best tensile and hardness properties

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Gerghu, Roxana, Lena Magnusson Åberg, and Jacques Lacaze. "A Possible Mechanism for the Formation of Exploded Graphite in Nodular Cast Irons." Materials Science Forum 790-791 (May 2014): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.790-791.435.

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In hypereutectic nodular cast irons, primary precipitation of graphite may lead to graphite flotation in thick section castings. Graphite degeneracy such as so-called exploded graphite is then often associated with this flotation phenomenon and it appears as precipitates where the nodular form is replaced by star-like or flower-like shape. It has been reported that exploded graphite develops after the primary spheroidal nodules have reached some tens of microns in diameter. In this contribution, a model for this transition is presented.

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Yang, Li, and Gang Li. "Study on the Plasma Beam Surface Remelting Modification of Nodular Cast Iron." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 1751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.1751.

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To improve the wear resistance of ductile cast iron, plasma beam remelt-solidified hardening on the surface is adopted. Scanning electron microscope and micro-hardness tester is used to analyze the microstructure and performance for plasma beam remelt-solidified layer of nodular cast iron. The results show that micromelted-solidified hardening of the nodular cast iron surface can be obtained when the operating current is up to 50A. Along with the operating current increases, the width and depth of remelt-solidified layer and hardened layer increase, but the hardness goes down. After the hardening, graphite phase in remelt-solidified region is vanishing. The microstructure of remelt-solidified region is tiny ledeburite and remained austenite and of transformation hardening region is acicular martensite, remained austenite，spheroid graphite and ferrite .In transition region, martensite shell around nodular graphite appears, which is advantageous to enhance the wear resistance. From the surface to inner, the microhardness declines first and then increases, after achieving the maximum value the hardness slowly drops. The highest microhardness appears at the second-surface layer which has a certain distance to the surface.

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Soiński, M. S., P. Kordas, K. Skurka, and A. Jakubus. "Investigations of Ferritic Nodular Cast Iron Containing About 5-6% Aluminium." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0099.

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Abstract The work presents results of investigations concerning the production of cast iron containing about 5-6% aluminium, with the ferritic matrix in the as-cast state and nodular or vermicular graphite precipitates. The examined cast iron came from six melts produced under the laboratory conditions. It contained aluminium in the amount of 5.15% to 6.02% (carbon in the amount of 2.41% to 2.87%, silicon in the amount of 4.50% to 5.30%, and manganese in the amount of 0.12% to 0.14%). After its treatment with cerium mixture and graphitization with ferrosilicon (75% Si), only nodular and vermicular graphite precipitates were achieved in the examined cast iron. Moreover, it is possible to achieve the alloy of pure ferritic matrix, even after the spheroidizing treatment, when both the aluminium and the silicon occur in cast iron in amounts of about 5.2÷5.3%.

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Gumienny, G., L. Klimek, and B. Kurowska. "Effect of the Annealing Temperature on the Microstructure and Properties of Ausferritic Nodular Cast Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0047.

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Abstract The paper presents the microstructure and selected properties of ausferritic nodular cast iron annealed at the temperature 520 and 550°C. This choice was dictated by the temperatures used in the practice of nitriding. Nodular graphite in cast iron was obtained with use of Inmold process. Cast iron containing molybdenum and copper ensuring obtaining an ausferrite in the cast iron matrix without the use of heat treatment of castings was tested. The effect of annealing temperature on the microstructure and the kind of fracture of the ausferritic nodular cast iron was presented. The effect of an annealing temperature on hardness, impact strength and the microhardness of ausferritic nodular cast iron matrix was shown too. The lamellar structure of phases in the cast iron matrix after annealing has been ascertained. There has been an increase in hardness of an annealed cast iron and microhardness of its matrix. The reduction in the impact strength of the cast iron annealed at 520 and 550°C was approximately 10-30%. Both an increase in the hardness of cast iron as well as an decrease in its impact strength is probably due to the separation of secondary carbides during the heat treatment.

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Haubner, Roland, Susanne Strobl, Paul Linhardt, and Erich Halwax. "Investigations on a Defect Sewer Pipe, Attacked by Microbiologically Produced Acid." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.275.

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A nodular cast iron (German designation GGG) sewer pipe leaked within a short time of use (13 years). The pipe was destroyed by sulphuric acid induced corrosion. Microbes form hydrogen sulphide and further oxidation leads to H2SO4. Sewer pipes are coated inside with a protective alumina cement layer, which was attacked firstly, followed by a corrosion of cast iron. Spongiose is a corrosion of cast iron, thereby ferrite is destroyed and graphite and cementite are remaining unattacked. Spongiose is observed commonly in grey cast iron, but is unusual for nodular cast iron. The alumina cement coated GGG tube, the corrosion products and their different graduations were investigated. In the corroded spongiose-layer the crystalline phases graphite, cementite, hematite and magnetite were identified. In the rust-layer deposits of lepodocrocite and goethite are the main phases but also sulphur, gypsum and other sulphuric compounds were observed.

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Rahmadi and Deni Ferdian. "Effect of Strontium Addition in Graphite Morphology and Nodularization of Hypoeutectic Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 1000 (July 2020): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1000.454.

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Nodular graphite cast iron or known as spheroidal graphite cast iron structurally has a spherical graphite morphology with a matrix consisting of a ferrite-pearlite phase. In general, cast iron has a main alloy consisting of carbon and silicon where both elements have an influence on the potential of graphitization and castability. In this work, the influence of strontium (Sr) added to molten cast iron with a composition of 0, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 wt% to graphite morphology were studied. The sample obtained will be carried out a characterization process by observing macro and microstructures using optical microscope equipped with image data processing software that displays graphite fraction, size, form and nodularity. Analysis showed that Sr addition increase in nodularization of graphite from 19.6 % to 31.5% at 0.08 wt% Sr addition.

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Orłowicz, A. W., M. Mróz, M. Tupaj, A. Trytek, M. Jacek, and M. Radoń. "Cavitation Erosion of Nodular Cast Iron − Microstructural Effects." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0141.

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Abstract The paper deals with susceptibility of nodular cast iron with ferritic-pearlitic matrix on cavitation erosion. Cavitation tests were carried out with the use of a cavitation erosion vibratory apparatus employing a vibration exciter operated at frequency of 20 kHz. The study allowed to determine the sequence of subsequent stages in which microstructure of cast iron in superficial regions is subject to degradation. The first features to be damaged are graphite precipitates. The ferritic matrix of the alloy turned out to be definitely less resistant to cavitation erosion compared to the pearlitic matrix component.

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Mitelea, Ion, Corneliu Marius Crăciunescu, and R. Gugu. "Interfacial Behavior of Dissimilar Friction Welded Nodular Cast Irons with Low Carbon Steels." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3757.

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Welding of dissimilar materials is frequently accompanied by structural and technological difficulties and not always successful. The knowledge resulting from dissimilar welding experiments can be used to further identify directions and suitable technological parameters for optimal results. This paper report on the difficulties encountered on friction welding of nodular cast irons with low alloyed steels, due in principle to the low deformation capacity and the microstructural differences. It was shown through experiments that low friction times and high axial pressure leads to a significant plastifiation of the cast iron, while the low alloyed steel remains practically undeformed. The early (premature) plastifiation of the cast iron leads to a radial expulsion of the base structure associated with a continuous transport of the graphite nodules in the joint plan. As a result, a new graphite film forms which hinders a metallic contact between the parts and a welded joint. Qualitative and quantitative electron microscopy observations reveal carbon and alloying elements diffusion phenomena on the interface of the dissimilar materials to be joined.

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Gebhardt, Christian, Geng Chen, Alexander Bezold, and Christoph Broeckmann. "Influence of graphite morphology on static and cyclic strength of ferritic nodular cast iron." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 14014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816514014.

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High silicon alloyed nodular cast iron consists of a purely ferritic matrix and graphite nodules, mainly. Varying wall thicknesses and manufacturing conditions result in different graphite morphologies throughout a structural component. From an experimental point of view, axial fatigue and tensile tests were carried out on specimens with differently degraded graphite. From a numerical point of view, the microstructure has been modelled using a finite element (FE) approach with representative volume elements (RVE). The RVE models were built according to micrographs of fatigue specimens. The generated RVEs determine effective material properties through elasto-plastic homogenization and were subsequently analysed using a shakedown approach. In shakedown theory, the material re-enters the elastic regime after a few cycles of initial plastic deformation. This work uses the shakedown theorem to derive a lower bound estimation of the endurance limit from a non-incremental simulation. Here, the material has to be modelled elastic-perfectly plastic. The major challenge in modelling nodular cast iron is to determine suitable material parameters for the graphite and ferrite phase, revealed by parameter studies on the static and cyclic model. By using reasonable material parameters, fundamental effects, observed in the fatigue tests, were reproduced on the model level.

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Luo, Guang Si. "Property and Application of Austempered Ductile Cast Iron." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 1297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.1297.

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Austempered ductile cast iron is newly developed engineering material with a favorable combination of comprehensive mechanical properties. Its properties, such as good comprehensive mechanical properties, high fatigue strength, and good fiction and wear characteristics are included. The application of ADI at home and abroad was presented as well. In order to ensure and improve mechanical properties of ADI, it should ensure high rank nodularity in terms of nodular cast iron, improve graphite nodules, reduce segregation and properly cut down the content of silicon and manganese. While in terms of heat treatment, in order to achieve ideal austenite ferrites, stable and reliable heat treatment process as well as relevant equipment is required.

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Jędrzejczyk, D., and M. Hajduga. "Effect of the Surface Oxidation on the Hot-Dip Zinc Galvanizing of Cast Iron." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 56, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 839–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-011-0093-x.

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Effect of the Surface Oxidation on the Hot-Dip Zinc Galvanizing of Cast Iron In presented work authors analyzed the high-temperature oxidation process from the point of view of its influence on effects obtained during cast iron hot-dip zinc coating. Research concerned the influence of the high-temperature oxidation, as a preliminary stage previous to coating with zinc on the change of surface layer structure as well as subsurface layer of cast iron with flake, vermicular and nodular graphite. To obtain proper results of Zn coating the special chemical etching of cast iron after oxidation is necessary. The effects were compared to these obtained during cast iron coating without preliminary thermal processing. To comparative analysis both optical and scanning microscope, RTG measurement and profile measurement gauge results were applied. As a consequence of conducted high-temperature oxidation in subsurface layer of cast iron pores have been created, that in result of coating in liquid zinc were filled with new phase and in this way the new zone with different properties was obtained. It was additionally stated that the cast iron layer enriched in zinc is considerably thicker than layers got with application of other methods. Thickness of sub-surface layer where "after-graphite" pores are filled with zinc depends directly on the kind of graphite. When the flake and vermicular/compacted graphite is observed depth of penetration reaches 120 μm, whereas in nodular cast iron it reaches only 15μm, although sometimes single voids filled with zinc are observed at 75μm depth.

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Gebril, Mohamed A., M. S. Aldlemey, and Farag I. Haider. "The Effect of Heat Treatment of Gray and Nodular Cast Iron with Ferrite Matrix on Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Rate Compared with Medium Carbon Steel." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1158.

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In this work, the influence of heat treatment process and quenching in different quenchant media of medium carbon steel, gray and nodular cast iron with ferrite matrix on the hardness, ductility and corrosion rate of has been investigated. During this type of operations, the specimens were Austenizing at 900°C for one hour. Therefore, the specimens were quenched in different kind of oil as quenched medium (oil 20-50, oil 40, oil 90, and water as reference). The hardness , impact energy to measure the ductility, corrosion rate and microstructures were studied. From result of steel 0.47% carbon was clear increasing in hardness and decreasing in ductility with close varying values in oil quenchant kind comparing with as received specimen and water quenched one, corrosion rate decreased with heat treatment and quenching process due to formation of single face instead of double phase before heat treatment process which created galvanic cell. For gray and nodular cast iron it is noticeable that no changing in microstructure within heating for one hour at 900°C because the matrix in both cast iron types is ferrite, therefore no changing in mechanical properties under heat treatment process with time of one hour which is not sufficient to decomposition of graphite, but with comparison the hardness of gray cast iron is more than nodular one due to distribution of graphite flacks which increase the hardness and decrease the ductility as well as increasesing the corrosion rate compared with nodular cast iron. Microstructure of both types of cast iron have been studied after subjected the specimens to heat treatment at 1000°C and for 10 hours, the microstructures shown clear diffusion of some carbon in ferrite matrix around the graphite phase and under quenched some of martensite formed.

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Kopas, Peter, Milan Vaško, and Marián Handrik. "Computational Modeling of the Microplasticization State in the Nodular Cast Iron." Applied Mechanics and Materials 474 (January 2014): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.474.285.

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The article deals with the creation of models for the analysis of plastic zones generation in ductile cast iron. The aim is the study of the microplasticization process near the graphite particles border. In creating the graphite particle model there is randomly chosen shape and orientation of the particle. The basic characteristic of the shape is ovality (the ratio of the inscribed circle to the circumscribed circle). The size of plastic deformation and the size of the plastic area are monitored by the microplasticization process analysis. The results are statistically elaborated to determine the relationship between graphite particle ovality and microplasticization caused by an inclusion.

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Asenjo, Iker, Jacques Lacaze, Peio Larrañaga, Susana Méndez, Jon Sertucha, and Ramón Suárez. "Microstructure Investigation of Small-Section Nodular Iron Castings with Chunky Graphite." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.52.

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Parameters that affect chunky graphite formation in heavy-section castings have been studied in previous works which showed that inoculation and cerium addition both increase the tendency for this degenerate graphite. This suggested that laboratory study on chunky graphite formation could be performed on small castings by over-treating the melt. Though the role of silicon was not ascertained, it appeared of potential interest to also investigate its effect in relation with the carbon equivalent of the iron and the nucleation potential of the melt. Keel-blocks were thus cast using Ce or Ce-Mg treated melts, with increased silicon content (up to 4.0 wt.%) and inoculation rate as compared to usual practice. It was observed that chunky graphite systematically appeared in more or less extended areas centred on the upper part of the keel-blocks. The as-cast microstructure (graphite shape and distribution) has then been studied in relation to melt composition and additions (Ce treatment and inoculation) in both affected and non-affected areas. Finally, microanalysis of oxides and other minor phases showed them to be similar to those appearing in heavy-section castings. It may then be concluded that chunky graphite appears in light-section castings in the same way than in heavy-section castings when using over-treated melts.

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43

Peng, Xian Ping. "Spheroidal Graphite Iron with High Ductility at Cast State and Produced by Cupola Melting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 2117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.2117.

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This paper described an industrial scale experience of melting as-cast high-ductility nodular iron. We discussed the rationale of selection of chemical compositions and the practice of speroidising and inoculation processes. The experimental results show that nodular iron castings with consistent quality at cast state can be produced using cupola melting technique. The castings of two heavy truck components–brake shoes and brake plates produced meet the technical requirements set in China standard GB/T1348-2009.

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Fraś, Edward, Andriy A. Burbelko, and Wojciech Kapturkiewicz. "Modelling of Nodular Cast Iron Graphite Growth in Solid State." Materials Science Forum 329-330 (January 2000): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.329-330.409.

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Torga, G., R. Boeri, and F. Weinberg. "Trace Elements in Nodular and Compacted Graphite in Cast Iron." Cast Metals 2, no. 3 (July 1989): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09534962.1989.11818998.

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46

Shi, J., M. Ghoreshy, R. W. Smith, and J. J. M. Too. "The Use of Spheroidal Graphite Cast Irons to Develop Forgeability Criteria Based on Local Strain Measurements." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 111, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3226429.

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An attempt has been made to develop forgeability criteria based on data obtained from local strain measurements. Nodular case iron has been used as the modelling material because its microstructure may be manipulated to contain near-spherical graphite nodules which are suitable for the study of deformation, foregeability, etc. Cracking will occur under certain deformation conditions which may be determined by following the changes in spherulite/nodule shape and habit. Local strain in any area of interest may be determined by measuring the shape change of the previously spherical nodules in terms of an aspect ratio b/a (a = major axis, b = minor axis of the deformed nodules) from specimens sectioned after deformation. A wide variety of forgeabilities can be obtained by changing the microstructure and composition of the matrix.

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Pirs, J., and A. Zalar. "Some resultsof investigations into relationsip between a few elements of nodular graphite cast iron and nodular graphite." Vacuum 37, no. 1-2 (January 1987): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(87)90155-2.

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Itomura, Shosuke, Kenki Heshiki, Fukuhisa Matsuda, and Yoneo Kikuta. "Studies on the weld cracking of nodular graphite cast iron - Report 4. Microstructures of synthetic weld heat-affected zone of nodular graphite cast irons and strength of cast iron welds." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 6, no. 3 (1988): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.6.406.

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Soiński, M. S., A. Jakubus, and K. Skurka. "Characteristics of Graphite Precipitates in Aluminium Cast Iron Treated with Cerium Mixture." Archives of Foundry Engineering 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2015-0017.

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Abstract The work determined the influence of aluminium in the amount from about 1% to about 7% on the graphite precipitates in cast iron with relatively high silicon content (3.4% to 3.90%) and low manganese content (about 0.1%). The cast iron was spheroidized with cerium mixture and graphitized with ferrosilicon. The performed treatment resulted in occurring of compact graphite precipitates, mainly nodular and vermicular, of various size. The following parameters were determined: the area percentage occupied by graphite, perimeters of graphite precipitates per unit area, and the number of graphite precipitates per unit area. The examinations were performed by means of computer image analyser, taking into account four classes of shape factor. It was found that as the aluminium content in cast iron increases from about 1.1% to about 3.4%, the number of graphite precipitates rises from about 700 to about 1000 per square mm. For higher Al content (4.2% to 6.8%) this number falls within the range of 1300 - 1500 precipitates/mm2. The degree of cast iron spheroidization increases with an increase in aluminium content within the examined range, though when Al content exceeds about 2.8%, the area occupied by graphite decreases. The average size of graphite precipitates is equal to 11-15 μm in cast iron containing aluminium in the quantity from about 1.1% to about 3.4%, and for higher Al content it decreases to about 6 μm.

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Wróbel, M., A. Burbelko, and D. Gurgul. "Modelling of Change in Density of Nodular Cast Iron During Solidification Using Cellular Automaton / Modelowanie Zmian Gęstości Żeliwa Sferoidalnego Podczas Krystalizacji Za Pomocą Automatu Komórkowego." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 2709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0436.

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Density change occurring in ductile iron castings is a phenomenon far more complicated than in other casting alloys. Initially, graphite nodules grow directly from liquid phase. That is the reason for decrease in alloy density and casting expansion. Decaying carbon concentration in liquid phase adjacent to graphite nodules favours growth of austenite, which covers them isolating from the liquid. In order for graphite to grow further diffusion of carbon through thickening solid solution layer is needed. At this time expansion fades and shrinkage begins. Industrial experience shows that whether or not shrinkage defects in ductile iron castings will occur depends on wall thickness. In the paper an attempt to identify mechanism of shrinkage porosity formation in nodular iron castings during solidification was made. To that end a two-dimension simulation of binary Fe-C system solidification by cellular automaton method was carried out. Using data obtained with Thermo-CALC software, dependencies of temperature on density for each present phase were determined. For liquid phase and austenite influence of carbon concentration on density was also appended. Applying those relationships to the model, density of each individual cell of used grid as well as mean value for whole analysed region were assessed. The method allowed to consider volume fractions of phases and heterogeneity of solid and liquid solutions to find the mean density of the material. The paper presents results of computer simulation of nodular iron density change, with eutectic saturation of 0,9 to 1,1.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Nodular graphite cast iron'

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