Journal articles: 'NoGo-N2'

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Hoyniak, Caroline P., Isaac T. Petersen, John E. Bates, and Dennis L. Molfese. "The neural correlates of temperamental inhibitory control in toddlers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1744 (February 26, 2018): 20170160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0160.

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The current study examined the association between effortful control and a well-studied neural index of self-regulation, the N2 event-related potential (ERP) component, in toddlers. Participants included 107 toddlers (44 girls) assessed at 30, 36 and 42 months of age. Participants completed a Go/NoGo task while electroencephalography data were recorded. The study focused on the N2 ERP component. Parent-reported effortful control was examined in association with the NoGo N2 ERP component. Findings suggest a positive association between the NoGo N2 component and the inhibitory control subscale of the wider effortful control dimension, suggesting that the N2 component may index processes associated with temperamental effortful control. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences’.

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Falkenstein, Michael. "Inhibition, conflict and the Nogo-N2." Clinical Neurophysiology 117, no. 8 (August 2006): 1638–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.05.002.

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Ito, Junko. "22. Auditory NoGo N2 and NoGo P3 components using different paradigms." Clinical Neurophysiology 119, no. 6 (June 2008): e80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2008.01.047.

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Huo, Yan, Xiao-Lei Yin, Shu-Xing Ji, Huan Zou, Min Lang, Zheng Zheng, Xiao-Feng Cai, et al. "Amino-Nogo Inhibits Optic Nerve Regeneration and Functional Recovery via the Integrin αv Signaling Pathway in Rats." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 35, no. 2 (2015): 616–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000369723.

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Background: Nogo-A, a major myelin-associated inhibitor, can inhibit injured optic nerve regeneration. However, whether Amino-Nogo is the most important functional domain of Nogo-A remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the role of Amino-Nogo following optic nerve injury, and the mechanism of the Amino-Nogo-integrin αv signaling pathway in vivo. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats with optic nerve crush injury were injected with Nogo-A siRNA (Nogo-A-siRNA), the Nogo-66 functional domain antagonist peptide of Nogo-A (Nep1-40) or a recombinant rat Amino-Nogo-A protein (∆20) into the vitreous cavity to knock down Nogo-A, inhibit Nogo-66 or activate the Amino-Nogo, resparately. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density, axon regeneration and the pattern of NPN of visual electrophysiology (flash visual evoked potentials [F-VEP]) at different times post-injury were investigated. Results: Our study revealed a lower RGC survival rate; shorter axonal outgrowth; longer N1, P1 and N2 waves latencies; and lower N1-P1 and P1-N2 amplitudes in the Δ20 group, and Δ20 treatment significantly attenuated integrin αv expression and phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK) levels. In the Nep1-40 and Nogo-A siRNA groups, there were higher RGC survival rates, longer axonal outgrowth, shorter N1 and P1 wave latencies, and higher N1-P1 and P1-N2amplitudes. Nogo-A siRNA treatment significantly increased integrin αv expression and p-FAK levels. Nepl-40 treatment did not alter integrin αv expression. In addition, there was no significant change in integrin α5 in any group. Conclusion: These results suggest that the integrin signaling pathway is regulated by Amino-Nogo, which inhibits optic nerve regeneration and functional recovery, and that the integrin subunit involved might be integrin αv but not integrin α5.

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Falkenstein, Michael, Jörg Hoormann, and Joachim Hohnsbein. "Inhibition-Related ERP Components: Variation with Modality, Age, and Time-on-Task." Journal of Psychophysiology 16, no. 3 (January 2002): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.16.3.167.

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Abstract In Go/Nogo tasks, the ERP after Nogo stimuli generally reveals a negativity (Nogo-)N2 and a subsequent positivity (Nogo-)P3 over fronto-central scalp regions. These components are probably related to different subprocesses serving response inhibition, namely, modality-specific and general inhibition, respectively. In the present study we investigate whether aging or prolonged work (“time-on-task”) have an effect on N2 and P3. Twelve young and 12 elderly subjects performed simple Go/Nogo tasks to visual or auditory letter stimuli. Reaction times were longer after visual than after auditory stimuli, and longer in the elderly than in the young. The ERP results reveal a slight impairment of modality-specific inhibition (N2) in the elderly after visual, but not after auditory, stimuli. General inhibition (P3) was delayed in the elderly for both modalities, as was Go-P3 and RT. Hence, it appears that the response slowing of the elderly is the result of a slowing of the decision process whether to respond or to inhibit. Moreover, age appears to affect both aspects of inhibition in a different manner. No effects of time-on-task were found, which suggests that the inhibitory processes are fairly robust against mental fatigue.

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Schapkin, Sergei A., Michael Falkenstein, Anke Marks, and Barbara Griefahn. "Noise Aftereffects and Brain Processes." Journal of Psychophysiology 21, no. 1 (January 2007): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.21.1.1.

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Abstract. Aftereffects of noise-induced sleep disturbance on executive functions were investigated with motivational traits as mediating variables. Thirty-two healthy young subjects performed a visual Go/Nogo task with simultaneous EEG recording after a quiet night and after 3 nights with railway noise at different noise levels. As motivational traits, the “hope of success” (HS) and “fear of failure” (FF) were assessed. Subjective sleep rating worsened with increased noise level, but, noise-induced sleep disturbances did not affect performance immediately following sleep. However, in the event-related potential (ERP) an attenuation of the N2 and P3 amplitude as well as an increase in N2 latency in Noise conditions were found. Only subjects who scored low in HS showed a reduction of the N2 after Noise, while subjects who scored high in HS did not. The N2 and P3 were larger in high HS than in low HS subjects in Nogo trials only. Similarly, low FF subjects had larger N2 and P3 than high FF subjects in Nogo trials only. The results suggest that achievement motivation modulates executive control and stimulus-response mapping processes as well as their resistance against aftereffects of noise-induced sleep disturbance.

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Jia, Huibin, Huayun Li, and Dongchuan Yu. "The relationship between ERP components and EEG spatial complexity in a visual Go/Nogo task." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00363.2016.

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The ERP components and variations of spatial complexity or functional connectivity are two distinct dimensions of neurophysiological events in the visual Go/Nogo task. Extensive studies have been conducted on these two distinct dimensions; however, no study has investigated whether these two neurophysiological events are linked to each other in the visual Go/Nogo task. The relationship between spatial complexity of electroencephalographic (EEG) data, quantified by the measure omega complexity, and event-related potential (ERP) components in a visual Go/Nogo task was studied. We found that with the increase of spatial complexity level, the latencies of N1 and N2 component were shortened and the amplitudes of N1, N2, and P3 components were decreased. The anterior Go/Nogo N2 effect and the Go/Nogo P3 effect were also found to be decreased with the increase of EEG spatial complexity. In addition, the reaction times in high spatial complexity trials were significantly shorter than those of medium and low spatial complexity trials when the time interval used to estimate the EEG spatial complexity was extended to 0∼1,000 ms after stimulus onset. These results suggest that high spatial complexity may be associated with faster cognitive processing and smaller postsynaptic potentials that occur simultaneously in large numbers of cortical pyramidal cells of certain brain regions. The EEG spatial complexity is closely related with demands of certain cognitive processes and the neural processing efficiency of human brain. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The reaction times, the latencies/amplitudes of event-related potential (ERP) components, the Go/Nogo N2 effect, and the Go/Nogo P3 effect are linked to the electroencephalographic (EEG) spatial complexity level. The EEG spatial complexity is closely related to demands of certain cognitive processes and could reflect the neural processing efficiency of human brain. Obtaining the single-trial ERP features through single-trial spatial complexity may be a more efficient approach than traditional methods.

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Johnstone, Stuart J., Carly B. Pleffer, Robert J. Barry, Adam R. Clarke, and Janette L. Smith. "Development of Inhibitory Processing During the Go/NoGo Task." Journal of Psychophysiology 19, no. 1 (January 2005): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.19.1.11.

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Abstract. The aim of the present study was to investigate behavioral and electrophysiological indices of developing response activation and inhibition processes in child, young-adult, and adult groups. Sixty subjects, with 20 in each of the child (mean age 10.8 years), young-adult (mean age 20.7 years), and older adult (mean age 36.4 years) groups, performed an auditory Go/NoGo task while task performance variables and EEG were recorded. ERPs were derived to Go (response activation) and NoGo (response inhibition) stimuli, with the amplitude and latency of the N1, P2, N2, and P3 ERP components analyzed as a function of age. Results indicate improved task performance, and a reduction in the latency of each component and the amplitude of the N2 and P3 components, with increasing age. Analyses of Go versus NoGo effects indicated differential utilization of inhibition-related processing stages in children compared to adults, with some minor differences between the two adult groups. Go/NoGo effects were evident during early stages of processing, such as those indexed by the N1 and N2 components in children, but only in later stages, as indexed by P3, in adult subjects. This study provides much-needed data on the normative development of response activation and inhibition, as operationalized by the auditory Go/NoGo task, in children and two groups of younger/older adult subjects.

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Kim, Eun Jee, Young Joon Kwon, Hwa-Young Lee, Hee-Jung Yoon, Ji Sun Kim, and Se-Hoon Shim. "The Relationship Between Response-Inhibitory Event-Related Potentials and Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adult Patients with Major Depressive Disorder." Psychiatry Investigation 17, no. 10 (October 25, 2020): 996–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0074.

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Objective Attention-deficit and poor impulse control have frequently been observed in major depressive disorder (MDD) and attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Altered event-related potential (ERP) performance, such as GoNogo tasks, has been regarded as a neurocognitive process associated with attention and behavioral inhibition. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between Nogo ERP and adult ADHD in MDD.Methods A total of 64 participants with MDD (32 comorbid with ADHD) and 32 healthy controls aged 19–45 years were recruited; they performed GoNogo paradigms during electroencephalogram measurement. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) were evaluated. Clinical measures and GoNogo ERP were compared between three groups: depression with ADHD, depression without ADHD, and healthy controls.Results MDD subjects with ADHD showed significantly decreased Nogo P3 amplitude at frontal electrode, compared with those without ADHD and healthy controls. MDD subjects with ADHD showed significantly longer Nogo N2 latency at frontal and frontocentral electrodes, compared with those without ADHD and healthy controls. In MDD subjects with ADHD, the Nogo P3 amplitude at the frontal electrode was negatively correlated with the ASRS score and inattention. The Nogo N2 latency at the frontal electrode was positively correlated with false alarm rate.Conclusion The decreased Nogo P3 amplitude in the frontal area might be a potential biological marker for inattention in depressed patients with ADHD.

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Moretta, Tania, and Giulia Buodo. "Response inhibition in problematic social network sites use: an ERP study." Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 21, no. 4 (March 5, 2021): 868–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-021-00879-9.

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AbstractGiven the current literature debate on whether or not Problematic Social Network Sites Use (PSNSU) can be considered a behavioral addiction, the present study was designed to test whether, similarly to addictive behaviors, PSNSU is characterized by a deficit in inhibitory control in emotional and addiction-related contexts. Twenty-two problematic Facebook users and 23 nonproblematic users were recruited based on their score on the Problematic Facebook Use Scale. The event-related potentials were recorded during an emotional Go/Nogo Task, including Facebook-related, unpleasant, pleasant, and neutral pictures. The amplitudes of the Nogo-N2 and the Nogo-P3 were computed as measures of the detection of response conflict and response inhibition, respectively. Reaction times and accuracy also were measured. The results showed that problematic users were less accurate on both Go and Nogo trials than nonproblematic users, irrespective of picture content. For problematic users only, the Nogo-P3 amplitude was lower to Facebook-related, pleasant, and neutral than to unpleasant stimuli, suggesting less efficient inhibition with natural and Facebook-related rewards. Of note, all participants were slower to respond to Facebook-related and pleasant Go trials compared with unpleasant and neutral pictures. Consistently, the Nogo-N2 amplitude was larger to Facebook-related than all other picture contents in both groups. Overall, the findings suggest that PSNSU is associated with reduced inhibitory control. These results should be considered in the debate about the neural correlates of PSNSU, suggesting more similarities than differences between PSNSU and addictive behaviors.

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Wen, Huei-Jhen, and Chia-Liang Tsai. "Neurocognitive Inhibitory Control Ability Performance and Correlations with Biochemical Markers in Obese Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 2726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082726.

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Inhibitory control, the ability to suppress prepotent responses and resist irrelevant stimuli, is thought to play a critical role in the maintenance of obesity. However, electrophysiological performance related to different inhibitory control processes and their relationship with motor response inhibition and cognitive interference and potential biochemical mechanisms in middle-aged, obese women are as yet unclear. This work thus compared different neurocognitive Go/Nogo and Stroop task performance in healthy sedentary normal-weight and obese women, as well as their correlation with biochemical markers. Twenty-six healthy, sedentary obese women (obese group) and 26 age-matched (21–45 years old) normal-weight women (control group) were the participants, categorized by body mass index and percentage fat, as measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. They provided a fasting blood sample and performed two cognitive tasks (i.e., Go/Nogo and Stroop tasks) with concomitant electrophysiological recording. The N2 and P3 waveforms of event-related potential (ERP) were recorded. Although the between-group behavioral performance was comparable, the obese group relative to the control group showed significantly longer N2 latency and smaller P3 amplitude in the Stroop task and smaller N2 and P3 amplitudes in the Go/Nogo task. Significant inflammation response indices (e.g., CRP, leptin, adiponectin/leptin ratio) were observed in the obese group. The Nogo P3 amplitude was significantly correlated with the adiponectin/leptin ratio. These findings indicate that healthy obese women still exhibit deviant neurophysiological performance when performing Go/Nogo and Stroop tasks, where the adiponectin/leptin ratio could be one of the influencing factors for the deficit in neural processes of motor response inhibition.

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Poje, Albert B., Ann Manzardo, Kathleen M. Gustafson, Ke Liao, Laura E. Martin, and Merlin G. Butler. "Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Go/NoGo Performance Using Food and Non-Food Stimuli in Patients with Prader–Willi Syndrome." Brain Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020250.

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Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopmental genetic disorder characterized by multiple system involvement with hypotonia, poor suck with feeding difficulties, growth and other hormone deficiencies, intellectual disability, and behavioral problems with childhood onset of hyperphagia resulting in obesity, if not externally controlled. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been increasingly shown to modulate cognitive and behavioral processes in children and adults, including food-intake behaviors in patients with PWS. This study further reports the positive effects of brief tDCS sessions on Go/NoGo task performance involving food and non-food stimuli images, alterations in N2 brain amplitude, and genetic subgroup differences (maternal disomy 15, UPD; 15q11-q13 deletion, DEL) before and after tDCS as assessed by event-related potentials (ERPs) in 10 adults with PWS. The results indicate a group effect on baseline NoGo N2 amplitude in PWS patients with DEL vs UPD (p =0.046) and a decrease in NoGo N2 amplitude following tDCS (p = 0.031). Our tDCS approach also demonstrated a trend towards decreased response time. Collectively, these results replicate and expand prior work highlighting neurophysiological differences in patients with PWS according to genetic subtype and demonstrate the feasibility in examining neuromodulatory effects of tDCS on information processing in this patient population to stimulate additional research and treatment.

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Álmos, P. Z., G. Csifcsák, B. Andó, M. Gergelyfi, T. Sándor, A. Bacskai, E. Kurgyis, and Z. Janka. "Investigation of the effects of emotional context and psychosocial stress on response inhibition." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72119-8.

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IntroductionResponse inhibition (RI) is a basic component of human behaviour responsible for suppressing actions or thoughts which are inappropriate in a certain context. This cognitive function is well-studied in laboratory conditions, but there is limited data how it is influenced by emotional context and psychosocial stress.ObjectivesThe effect of emotional factors on RI can be investigated with an emotional go/nogo task, while psychosocial stress can be induced with the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Electroencephalography (EEG) is an excellent method for studying the neural correlates of RI: the two major event-related potentials (ERPs) implicated in the process are the frontal N2 and P3 components.AimsIn this respect, our aim was to investigate how psychosocial stress and emotional context modulate these ERPs.MethodsSeven healthy adult volunteers performed emotional go/no go tasks while brain responses were recorded by EEG. The task was carried out on two different occasions: at baseline condition and after moderate psychosocial stress induced by the TSST.ResultsWe successfully replicated the robust go vs. nogo effect on the frontal N2 and P3 amplitudes. However, ERPs were not affected by positive or negative emotional context in the baseline condition. In contrast, after TSST a significantly enhanced valence effect was observed on the go-related N2 amplitude and a greater go vs. nogo N2 latency difference was detected.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the importance of the stress-regulating system on emotionally modulated RI and render this paradigm a promising tool for investigating RI in anxiety and mood disorders.

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Mannarelli, Daniela, Caterina Pauletti, Alessia Petritis, Roberto Delle Chiaie, Antonio Currà, Carlo Trompetto, and Francesco Fattapposta. "Effects of Cerebellar tDCS on Inhibitory Control: Evidence from a Go/NoGo Task." Cerebellum 19, no. 6 (July 14, 2020): 788–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12311-020-01165-z.

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Abstract Response inhibition as an executive function refers to the ability to suppress inappropriate but prepotent responses. Several brain regions have been implicated in the process underlying inhibitory control, including the cerebellum. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of the cerebellum in executive functioning, particularly in response inhibition. For this purpose, we transitorily inhibited cerebellar activity by means of cathodal tDCS and studied the effects of this inhibition on ERP components elicited during a Go/NoGo task in healthy subjects. Sixteen healthy subjects underwent a Go/NoGo task prior to and after cathodal and sham cerebellar tDCS in separate sessions. A reduction in N2-NoGo amplitude and a prolongation in N2-NoGo latency emerged after cathodal tDCS whereas no differences were detected after sham stimulation. Moreover, commission errors in NoGo trials were significantly higher after cathodal tDCS than at the basal evaluation. No differences emerged between performances in Go trials and those after sham stimulation. These data indicate that cerebellar inhibition following cathodal stimulation alters the ability to allocate attentional resources to stimuli containing conflict information and the inhibitory control. The cerebellum may regulate the attentional mechanisms of stimulus orientation and inhibitory control both directly, by making predictions of errors or behaviors related to errors, and indirectly, by controlling the functioning of the cerebral cortical areas involved in the perception of conflict signals and of the basal ganglia involved in the inhibitory control of movement.

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Leue, Anja, Sebastian Lange, and André Beauducel. "Reinforcement Sensitivity and Conflict Processing." Journal of Individual Differences 33, no. 3 (January 2012): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000096.

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The revised reinforcement sensitivity theory relates individual differences in conflict processing to aversive reinforcement. Conflict monitoring was modulated by means of three reinforcement-related conflict levels in a Go/Nogo task. The small conflict level entailed aversive verbal-nonmonetary feedback, the medium conflict level provided verbal and monetary loss feedback, and the high conflict level included verbal and monetary gain and loss feedback. In a sample of N = 91 students, treatment-induced changes of ERP data were reflected by an early N2 factor that occurred in a spatiotemporal principal component analysis including all conflict levels. The results indicate that the Nogo N2 was more negative following verbal-monetary reinforcement compared to verbal-nonmonetary reinforcement, whereas a ceiling effect probably occurred for the gain and loss condition. Low trait-BIS individuals showed more negative N2 scores on this factor in the medium and high compared to the small conflict level, whereas the N2 of high trait-BIS individuals did not change. This indicates that reinforcement as well as individual differences modulate conflict-monitoring intensity.

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Jonkman, L. M., F. L. F. Sniedt, and C. Kemner. "Source localization of the Nogo-N2: A developmental study." Clinical Neurophysiology 118, no. 5 (May 2007): 1069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.01.017.

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Tye, C., P. Asherson, K. L. Ashwood, B. Azadi, P. Bolton, and G. McLoughlin. "Attention and inhibition in children with ASD, ADHD and co-morbid ASD + ADHD: an event-related potential study." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 5 (May 15, 2013): 1101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713001049.

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BackgroundSubstantial overlap has been reported between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Deficits in executive function (EF) are characteristic of both disorders but these impairments have not been compared directly across pure and co-morbid cases using event-related potentials (ERPs).MethodBehavioural parameters and ERPs were recorded during a flankered cued-continuous performance test (CPT-OX) administered to 8–13-year-old boys with ASD (n = 19), ADHD (n = 18), co-morbid ASD + ADHD (n = 29) and typically developing controls (TD; n = 26). Preparatory processing (contingent negative variation, CNV) and attentional orienting (Cue-P3) at cues, response execution at targets (Go-P3), inhibitory processing at non-targets (NoGo-P3) and conflict monitoring between target and non-target trials (Go-N2 v. NoGo-N2) were examined.ResultsCategorical diagnoses and quantitative trait measures indicated that participants with ADHD (ADHD/ASD + ADHD) made more omission errors and exhibited increased reaction-time (RT) variability and reduced amplitude of the Cue-P3 and NoGo-P3 compared to TD/ASD participants. Participants with ASD (ASD/ ASD + ADHD) demonstrated reduced N2 enhancement from Go to NoGo trials compared to TD/ADHD participants. Participants with ASD-only displayed enhanced CNV amplitude compared to ASD + ADHD and TD participants.ConclusionsChildren with ADHD show deficits in attentional orienting and inhibitory control whereas children with ASD show abnormalities in conflict monitoring and response preparation. Children with co-morbid ASD + ADHD present as an additive co-occurrence with deficits of both disorders, although non-additive effects are suggested for response preparation. Measuring ERPs that index attention and inhibition is useful in disentangling cognitive markers of ASD and ADHD and elucidating the basis of co-occurring ASD + ADHD to guide clinical assessment.

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Cheng, Kok Suen, Yun Fah Chang, Ray P. S. Han, and Poh Foong Lee. "Enhanced conflict monitoring via a short-duration, video-assisted deep breathing in healthy young adults: an event-related potential approach through the Go/NoGo paradigm." PeerJ 5 (October 6, 2017): e3857. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3857.

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Objectives Practitioners of mindfulness are reported to have greater cognitive control especially in conflict monitoring, response inhibition and sustained attention. However, due to the various existing methods in each mindfulness practices and also, the high commitment factor, a barrier still exists for an individual to pick up the practices. Therefore, the effect of short duration deep breathing on the cognitive control is investigated here. Methods Short duration guided deep breathing videos consisting of 5, 7 and 9 min respectively were created and used on subjects training. The effect on cognitive control was assessed using a Go/NoGo task along with event-related potential (ERP) measurements at Fz, Cz, and Pz. Results From the study, the significant outcome showed at the follow-up session in which participants engaged for 5 min deep breathing group showed a profound NoGo N2 amplitude increment as compared to the control group, indicating an enhanced conflict monitoring ability. An inverse relationship between the NoGo N2 amplitude and the breathing duration is observed as well at the follow-up session. Conclusion These results indicated the possibility of performing short duration deep breathing guided by a video to achieve an enhanced conflict monitoring as an alternative to other mindfulness practices and 5 min is found to be the optimum practice duration. Significant This study is the first to establish a relationship between deep breathing and conflict monitoring through ERP. The study population of young adults taken from the same environment reduces the variance in ERP results due to age and environment. Limitation A larger sample size would provide a greater statistical power. A longer duration of deep breathing should be investigated to further clarify the relationship between the practice duration and the NoGo N2 amplitude. The result can be split by gender and analyzed separately due to the different brain structure of males and females.

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Kühn, Simone, Wim Gevers, and Marcel Brass. "The Neural Correlates of Intending Not to Do Something." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 4 (April 2009): 1913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90994.2008.

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There has been plenty of research concerning the representation of voluntary action in the human brain. However, the question of how we represent the voluntary omission of an action has been largely neglected. Therefore this study aimed at investigating the representation of intentionally not doing something by means of event-related potentials (ERPs). Free-choice nonactions elicit similar evoked potentials as free-choice actions and instructed actions (augmented P2 and attenuated N2), which leads us to assume that the voluntary intention, not the overt nonaction, is the characteristic feature of free-choice nonaction. Beyond that we reveal differences between free-choice nonactions and instructed nonactions that resemble the typical N2 and P3 augmentation usually seen for NoGo trials in Go/NoGo paradigms, with the difference that the free-choice nonaction ERP takes the place of the typical Go ERP.

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McMackin, Roisin, Stefan Dukic, Emmet Costello, Marta Pinto-Grau, Antonio Fasano, Teresa Buxo, Mark Heverin, et al. "Localization of Brain Networks Engaged by the Sustained Attention to Response Task Provides Quantitative Markers of Executive Impairment in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 9 (April 21, 2020): 4834–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhaa076.

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Abstract Objective: To identify cortical regions engaged during the sustained attention to response task (SART) and characterize changes in their activity associated with the neurodegenerative condition amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods: High-density electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded from 33 controls and 23 ALS patients during a SART paradigm. Differences in associated event-related potential peaks were measured for Go and NoGo trials. Sources active during these peaks were localized, and ALS-associated differences were quantified. Results: Go and NoGo N2 and P3 peak sources were localized to the left primary motor cortex, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and lateral posterior parietal cortex (PPC). NoGo trials evoked greater bilateral medial PPC activity during N2 and lesser left insular, PPC and DLPFC activity during P3. Widespread cortical hyperactivity was identified in ALS during P3. Changes in the inferior parietal lobule and insular activity provided very good discrimination (AUROC > 0.75) between patients and controls. Activation of the right precuneus during P3 related to greater executive function in ALS, indicative of a compensatory role. Interpretation: The SART engages numerous frontal and parietal cortical structures. SART–EEG measures correlate with specific cognitive impairments that can be localized to specific structures, aiding in differential diagnosis.

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Chiu, Yi-Kang, Chien-Yu Pan, Fu-Chen Chen, Yu-Ting Tseng, and Chia-Liang Tsai. "Behavioral and Cognitive Electrophysiological Differences in the Executive Functions of Taiwanese Basketball Players as a Function of Playing Position." Brain Sciences 10, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060387.

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The effect of the predominant playing position of elite basketball players on executive functions using both behavioral and electrophysiological measurements was investigated in the present study. Forty-six elite basketball players, including 27 guards and 19 forwards, were recruited. Event-related potential (ERP) signals were simultaneously recorded when the athletes performed the visual Go/NoGo task. Analyses of the results revealed that the guards and forwards groups exhibited comparable behavioral (i.e., reaction time (RTs) and accuracy rates (ARs)) performance. With regards to the electrophysiological indices, the guards relative to the forwards exhibited a shorter N2 latency in the Go condition, a longer N2 latency in the NoGo condition, and a smaller P3 amplitude across the two conditions. These results suggested that although the guards and forwards exhibited similar abilities in terms of behavioral inhibition, different neural processing efficiencies still exist in the basketball playing positions, with guards showing divergent efficiencies in the target evaluation and response selection of the target and non-target stimuli and fewer cognitive resources during premotor preparation and decision-making as compared to the forwards.

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Oddy, Bruce W., Robert J. Barry, Stuart J. Johnstone, and Adam R. Clarke. "Removal of CNV Effects from the N2 and P3 ERP Components in a Visual Go/NoGo Task." Journal of Psychophysiology 19, no. 1 (January 2005): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803.19.1.24.

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Abstract. In an S1-S2 Go/NoGo task the impact of slow potentials following S1, particularly the late component of the contingent negative variation (CNV), on the following cognitive-processing waveforms to S2 (e.g., N2 and P3) remains unclear. A common method to correct for these confounding slow waves has used a forced baseline shortly before S2. The impact of this on ERP measures relating to S2 is unclear. An earlier method of CNV correction, devised to remove its effect on P3 measures by using different baselines for each condition, appears questionable. This study explored the removal of the CNV from both Go and NoGo waveforms to clarify the sensory and cognitive components elicited by S2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed on the ERP means, and a component relating to the CNV was subtracted from each subject's raw data for each site and condition. Results showed that this effectively removed the CNV without distortion of the S2 ERP morphology. This technique may prove useful in the analysis of the N2 and P3 as indicators of processes involved in response inhibition.

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Bekker, Evelijne M., J. Leon Kenemans, and Marinus N. Verbaten. "Source analysis of the N2 in a cued Go/NoGo task." Cognitive Brain Research 22, no. 2 (February 2005): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.08.011.

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Kropotov, Juri D., and Valery A. Ponomarev. "Decomposing N2 NOGO wave of event-related potentials into independent components." NeuroReport 20, no. 18 (December 2009): 1592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e3283309cbd.

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Melynyte, Sigita, Osvaldas Ruksenas, and Inga Griskova-Bulanova. "Sex differences in equiprobable auditory Go/NoGo task: effects on N2 and P3." Experimental Brain Research 235, no. 5 (March 3, 2017): 1565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-017-4911-x.

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Nguyen, An T., Jonson J. Moyle, and Allison M. Fox. "N2 and P3 modulation during partial inhibition in a modified go/nogo task." International Journal of Psychophysiology 107 (September 2016): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.002.

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Vázquez-Moreno, Almitra, Andrés A. González-Garrido, and Julieta Ramos-Loyo. "Delayed Response Improves Inhibitory Control in Low- and High-Impulsivity Adolescents: Effects of Emotional Contexts." International Journal of Psychological Studies 11, no. 2 (March 26, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v11n2p42.

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The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of delayed response on inhibitory control in low- and high-impulsivity adolescents in the presence of an emotional context. Participants performed a Go/No-Go task in 4 conditions: a control context with and without delayed response, and a pleasant context with and without delayed response. The amplitudes and latencies of the N2 and P3 components were evaluated. The delay increased the number of correct inhibitions and omissions but decreased the number of correct responses and N2 and P3 amplitudes during inhibition. The high-impulsivity adolescents showed larger amplitudes in P3NoGo but shorter N2 latencies during the NoGo trials, and the opposite during the Go trials, as they required more processing time than the low-impulsivity adolescents to restart their motor responses. In conclusion, the delayed response did improve inhibitory control and, the beneficial effects of the delay were less pronounced in the high-impulsivity adolescents when the distraction of the pleasant stimuli was present.

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Blanco-Ramos, Javier, Fernando Cadaveira, Rocío Folgueira-Ares, Montserrat Corral, and Socorro Rodríguez Holguín. "Electrophysiological Correlates of an Alcohol-Cued Go/NoGo Task: A Dual-Process Approach to Binge Drinking in University Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 18, 2019): 4550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224550.

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Binge drinking is a common pattern of alcohol consumption in adolescence and youth. Neurocognitive dual-process models attribute substance use disorders and risk behaviours during adolescence to an imbalance between an overactivated affective-automatic system (involved in motivational and affective processing) and a reflective system (involved in cognitive inhibitory control). The aim of the present study was to investigate at the electrophysiological level the degree to which the motivational value of alcohol-related stimuli modulates the inhibition of a prepotent response in binge drinkers. First-year university students (n = 151, 54 % females) classified as binge drinkers (n = 71, ≥6 binge drinking episodes, defined as 5/7 standard drinks per occasion in the last 180 days) and controls (n = 80, <6 binge drinking episodes in the last 180 days) performed a beverage Go/NoGo task (pictures of alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks were presented according to the condition as Go or NoGo stimuli; Go probability = 0.75) during event-related potential recording. In binge drinkers but not controls, the amplitude of the anterior N2-NoGo was larger in response to nonalcohol than in response to alcohol pictures. No behavioural difference in task performance was observed. In terms of dual-process models, binge drinkers may require increased activation to monitor conflict in order to compensate for overactivation of the affective-automatic system caused by alcohol-related bias.

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Cid-Fernández, Susana, Mónica Lindín, and Fernando Díaz. "Effects of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment on N2 and P3 Go/NoGo ERP Components." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 38, no. 2 (November 13, 2013): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-130677.

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Smith, Janette L., Stuart J. Johnstone, and Robert J. Barry. "Response priming in the Go/NoGo task: The N2 reflects neither inhibition nor conflict." Clinical Neurophysiology 118, no. 2 (February 2007): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.09.027.

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Kaiser, Stefan, Oliver Weiss, Holger Hill, Jaana Markela-Lerenc, Markus Kiefer, and Matthias Weisbrod. "N2 event-related potential correlates of response inhibition in an auditory Go/Nogo task." International Journal of Psychophysiology 61, no. 2 (August 2006): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.09.006.

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Smith, J. L., R. J. Barry, and S. J. Johnstone. "Subtraction of a virtual CNV factor leaves N2 AND P3 Go/NoGo effects intact." International Journal of Psychophysiology 69, no. 3 (September 2008): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.047.

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Scheuble, Vera, Katharina Nieden, Anja Leue, and André Beauducel. "The N2 component in a go-nogo learning task: Motivation, behavioral activation, and reasoning." International Journal of Psychophysiology 137 (March 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.12.012.

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Kopp, Bruno, Uwe Mattler, Ralf Goertz, and Fred Rist. "N2, P3 and the lateralized readiness potential in a nogo task involving selective response priming." Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 99, no. 1 (July 1996): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-884x(96)95617-9.

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Smith, Janette L., Elizabeth A. Smith, Alexander L. Provost, and Andrew Heathcote. "Sequence effects support the conflict theory of N2 and P3 in the Go/NoGo task." International Journal of Psychophysiology 75, no. 3 (March 2010): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.11.002.

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Bruin, K. J., A. A. Wijers, and A. S. J. van Staveren. "Response priming in a go/nogo task: do we have to explain the go/nogo N2 effect in terms of response activation instead of inhibition?" Clinical Neurophysiology 112, no. 9 (September 2001): 1660–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00601-0.

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Juran, Stephanie Anja, Christoph van Thriel, Stefan Kleinbeck, Michael Schäper, Michael Falkenstein, Anders Iregren, and Gunnar Johanson. "Electrophysiological Correlates of Impaired Response Inhibition During Inhalation of Propionic Acid." Journal of Psychophysiology 27, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000098.

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Chemosensory stimulation can impair cognitive processing, which we demonstrated previously in human volunteers who showed reduced behavioral accuracy in a go/nogo flanker task during 4-hr, whole-body exposure to 10 ppm propionic acid but not during 0.3 or 5 ppm exposures ( Hey et al., 2009 ). Now we investigated event-related potentials (ERP) in a subgroup of six male volunteers from the same study to identify which cognitive processes were sensitive to propionic acid exposure. The ERP subgroup showed the same increases in chemosensory perceptions and error rate during 10 ppm exposure as the whole group. In addition several exposure-related effects were seen in the ERPs: first there were effects of the absolute level of exposure on ERP components related to inhibition (nogo-P3) and conscious error perception (late PE). We assume that the unpleasant smell of propionic acid mediates these effects. Second, there were effects related to the variability of exposure on components related to processing in conflict and error trials (N2 and error-P3). We assume that exposure variability disturbs processing especially in critical task situations such as conflict and errors. From our results we conclude that ERPs are a valuable tool to examine chemosensory mediated impairment on different cognitive processing states and their neural substrates.

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Wu, Jianhui, Yutong Liu, Huihua Fang, Shaozheng Qin, Nils Kohn, and Hongxia Duan. "The relationship between childhood stress and distinct stages of dynamic behavior monitoring in adults: neural and behavioral correlates." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 16, no. 9 (April 8, 2021): 937–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab041.

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Abstract Childhood adversity is a major risk factor for emotional and cognitive disorders later in adulthood. Behavior monitoring, one of the most important components of cognitive control, plays a crucial role in flexible interaction with the environment. Here, we test a novel conceptual model discriminating between two distinct dimensions of childhood adversity (i.e. deprivation and threat) and examine their relations to dynamic stages of behavior monitoring. Sixty young healthy adults participated in this study using event-related potentials and the dynamic stages of behavior monitoring including response inhibition, error detection and post-error adjustments were investigated in a classical Go/NoGo task. Multiple regression analyses revealed that participants with higher severity of childhood adversity recruited more controlled attention, as indicated by larger (more negative) conflict detection–related NoGo-N2 amplitudes and larger (more negative) error detection–related error-related negativity amplitudes. Higher severity of childhood abuse (an indicator of threat) was related to smaller (less positive) error appraisal–related error positivity amplitudes on the neural level and subsequently lower post-error accuracy on the behavioral level. These results suggested that prefrontal-supported controlled attention is influenced by universal adversity in childhood while the error-related behavioral adjustment is mainly affected by childhood abuse, indicating the dimensions of deprivation and threat are at least partially distinct.

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Cheng, Chia-Hsiung, Huei-Yu Tsai, and Hsin-Ni Cheng. "The effect of age on N2 and P3 components: A meta-analysis of Go/Nogo tasks." Brain and Cognition 135 (October 2019): 103574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2019.05.012.

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Smith, J. L., and S. J. Johnstone. "Sequence effects in the Go/NoGo task suggest an inhibitory interpretation of P3 but not N2." International Journal of Psychophysiology 69, no. 3 (September 2008): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.05.529.

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Michelini, G., G. L. Kitsune, G. M. Hosang, P. Asherson, G. McLoughlin, and J. Kuntsi. "Disorder-specific and shared neurophysiological impairments of attention and inhibition in women with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and women with bipolar disorder." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 3 (November 10, 2015): 493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715001877.

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BackgroundIn adults, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder (BD) have certain overlapping symptoms, which can lead to uncertainty regarding the boundaries of the two disorders. Despite evidence of cognitive impairments in both disorders separately, such as in attentional and inhibitory processes, data on direct comparisons across ADHD and BD on cognitive–neurophysiological measures are as yet limited.MethodWe directly compared cognitive performance and event-related potential measures from a cued continuous performance test in 20 women with ADHD, 20 women with BD (currently euthymic) and 20 control women.ResultsThe NoGo-N2 was attenuated in women with BD, reflecting reduced conflict monitoring, compared with women with ADHD and controls (both p < 0.05). Both ADHD and BD groups showed a reduced NoGo-P3, reflecting inhibitory control, compared with controls (both p < 0.05). In addition, the contingent negative variation was significantly reduced in the ADHD group (p = 0.05), with a trend in the BD group (p = 0.07), compared with controls.ConclusionsThese findings indicate potential disorder-specific (conflict monitoring) and overlapping (inhibitory control, and potentially response preparation) neurophysiological impairments in women with ADHD and women with BD. The identified neurophysiological parameters further our understanding of neurophysiological impairments in women with ADHD and BD, and are candidate biomarkers that may aid in the identification of the diagnostic boundaries of the two disorders.

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Hoyniak, Caroline. "Changes in the NoGo N2 Event-Related Potential Component Across Childhood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Developmental Neuropsychology 42, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2016.1247162.

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Piispala, Johanna, Mika Kallio, Risto Bloigu, and Eira Jansson-Verkasalo. "Delayed N2 response in Go condition in a visual Go/Nogo ERP study in children who stutter." Journal of Fluency Disorders 48 (June 2016): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2016.02.001.

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Oddy, Bruce W., and Robert J. Barry. "The relationship of N2 and P3 to inhibitory processing of social drinkers in a Go/NoGo task." International Journal of Psychophysiology 72, no. 3 (June 2009): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.02.002.

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Wimmer, Lena, and Dusana Dorjee. "Toward Determinants and Effects of Long-Term Mindfulness Training in Pre-Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Event-Related Potentials." Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 19, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcep-d-19-00029.

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The present study presents the first attempt at investigating long-term mindfulness training in pre-adolescence, adopting an integrative neurodevelopmental approach. Pupils with an established mindfulness practice (n = 33) were compared with mindfulness-inexperienced pupils (n = 20) on dispositional mindfulness, executive functioning (EF), emotion regulation, and well-being. We also investigated whether increased well-being in mindfulness-experienced pre-adolescents would be mediated by EF and emotion regulation. Moderating influences of the amount and enjoyment of mindfulness training were considered as well. Self-report questionnaires measured dispositional mindfulness and well-being. Parents assessed their child's emotion-regulation using the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC). Performance in a Continuous Performance Task and simultaneously recorded event-related potentials (ERPs)—Cue-P3, CNV, Nogo-N2, Nogo-P3—indexed EF. Interestingly, the two groups of pupils did not differ in their dispositional mindfulness. ERP findings revealed that the mindfulness-experienced group demonstrated superior EF in terms of response inhibition, but inferior EF in terms of cue processing. Although the ERC negativity/lability subscale revealed an advantage for the mindfulness-experienced group, no group differences were observed for the ERC emotion regulation subscale or well-being. Mediation analysis results did not support the assumption that mindfulness training leads to increased well-being via improvements in EF and emotion regulation. While outcomes were not moderated by amount of mindfulness practice, enjoying mindfulness was negatively associated with indicators of well-being and EF.

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Swainson, R., R. Cunnington, G. M. Jackson, C. Rorden, A. M. Peters, P. G. Morris, and S. R. Jackson. "Cognitive Control Mechanisms Revealed by ERP and fMRI: Evidence from Repeated Task-Switching." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15, no. 6 (August 1, 2003): 785–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892903322370717.

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We investigated the extent to which a common neural mechanism is involved in task set-switching and response withholding, factors that are frequently confounded in taskswitching and go/no-go paradigms. Subjects' brain activity was measured using event-related electrical potentials (ERPs) and event-related functional MRI (fMRI) neuroimaging in separate studies using the same cognitive paradigm. Subjects made compatible left/right keypress responses to left/right arrow stimuli of 1000 msec duration; they switched every two trials between responding at stimulus onset (GO task—green arrows) and stimulus offset (WAIT task—red arrows). Withholding an immediate response (WAIT vs. GO) elicited an enhancement of the frontal N2 ERP and lateral PFC activation of the right hemisphere, both previously associated with the “nogo” response, but only on switch trials. Task-switching (switch vs. nonswitch) was associated with frontal N2 amplification and right hemisphere ventrolateral PFC activation, but only for the WAIT task. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was the only brain region to be activated for both types of task switch, but this activation was located more rostrally for the WAIT than for the GO switch trials. We conclude that the frontal N2 ERP and lateral PFC activation are not markers for withholding an immediate response or switching tasks per se, but are associated with switching into a response-suppression mode. Different regions within the ACC may be involved in two processes integral to task-switching: processing response conflict (rostral ACC) and overcoming prior response suppression (caudal ACC).

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Pandey, A. K., C. Kamarajan, Y. Tang, D. B. Chorlian, B. N. Roopesh, N. Manz, A. Stimus, M. Rangaswamy, and B. Porjesz. "Neurocognitive deficits in male alcoholics: An ERP/sLORETA analysis of the N2 component in an equal probability Go/NoGo task." Biological Psychology 89, no. 1 (January 2012): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.10.009.

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Zhang, Ting, Lurong Yu, and Xianzhong Han. "The interaction effect between dopamine and task difficulty: Spontaneous eye blink rates diversely relate with Nogo-N2 across various task difficulties." International Journal of Psychophysiology 150 (April 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.01.008.

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Stock, Ann-Kathrin, Florin Popescu, Andres H. Neuhaus, and Christian Beste. "Single-subject prediction of response inhibition behavior by event-related potentials." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 1252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00969.2015.

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Much research has been devoted to investigating response inhibition and the neuronal processes constituting this essential cognitive faculty. However, the nexus between cognitive subprocesses, behavior, and electrophysiological processes remains associative in nature. We therefore investigated whether neurophysiological correlates of inhibition subprocesses merely correlate with behavioral performance or actually provide information expedient to the prediction of behavior on a single-subject level. Tackling this question, we used different data-driven classification approaches in a sample of n = 262 healthy young subjects who completed a standard Go/Nogo task while an EEG was recorded. On the basis of median-split response inhibition performance, subjects were classified as “accurate/slow” and “less accurate/fast.” Even though these behavioral group differences were associated with significant amplitude variations in classical electrophysiological correlates of response inhibition (i.e., N2 and P3), they were not predictive for group membership on a single-subject level. Instead, amplitude differences in the Go-P2 originating in the precuneus (BA7) were shown to predict group membership on a single-subject level with up to 64% accuracy. These findings strongly suggest that the behavioral outcome of response inhibition greatly depends on the amount of cognitive resources allocated to early stages of stimulus-response activation during responding. This suggests that research should focus more on early processing steps during responding when trying to understand the origin of interindividual differences in response inhibition processes.

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Zhang, Ting, Cuicui Wang, Fengping Tan, Di Mou, Lijun Zheng, and Antao Chen. "Different relationships between central dopamine system and sub-processes of inhibition: Spontaneous eye blink rate relates with N2 but not P3 in a Go/Nogo task." Brain and Cognition 105 (June 2016): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2016.04.003.

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Journal articles on the topic 'NoGo-N2'

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