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1
Béland, Paul. "Millimeter-wave noise characterization of PHEMT devices." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq26300.pdf.
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Moeller, Michael M. Jr. "Noise environment characterization in military treatment facilities." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/48995.
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Hospital sound environments are complex and hard to understand. One of the most important factors in these environments is the effective communication between staff members in regards to patient care and successful communication depends in part on the hospital’s sound environment. In this study, objective sound measurements as well as occupant perceptive data were collected at three hospitals. Sound pressure levels; including maximum, peak, minimum and equivalent levels were recorded in these hospitals, in addition to active impulse response measurements. Acoustic descriptors of the sound environment such as spectral content, level distributions, energy decay and temporal patterns were examined. The perception of the hospital soundscape (sound environment) was evaluated through surveys of the staff, patients and visitors to units. It was found that noise levels in all patient rooms and work areas were significantly higher than guidelines laid out in previous literature and by professional organizations. This work contributes to the field by broadening the metrics used to quantify hospital acoustic environments. In addition, this work added to the field by providing the most rigorous acoustic field measurement set published to date. This was done to create an accurate portrayal of the hospital soundscape environment.
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Dieme, Robert. "Characterization of noise in MEMS piezoresistive microphones." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0010508.
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Rai, Arunkumar R. "Characterization of noise and design of active noise control technology in longwall mines." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4412.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 65 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64).
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Brown, Colin. "A Comprehensive Noise Characterization in a High School." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1290020463.
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Ingemanson, Megan Lynn. "Experimental Characterization of Wind Turbine Blade Aerodynamic Noise." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1539643.
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<p> Wind turbine noise at low frequencies less than 300Hz is not only annoying to humans but has been proven to cause serious health issues. Additionally, animals are severely affected by wind turbines because a small increase in ambient noise (as is produced by wind turbines) significantly reduces their listening ability. In an attempt to better understand and characterize the aerodynamic noise of wind turbine blades, experimental testing was completed on PowerWorks 100kW and GudCraft WG700 blade specimens in the University of California, Davis Transportation Noise Control Center's anechoic chamber. Experimental testing and data analysis proved approximately 4.0dB to 6.0dB was produced due to the blades' geometric design for both blade specimens at low frequencies. This noise was maximized at the blades' leading edge along the central portion of the blades' radius. Theoretical prediction models have been used to determine that, for typical wind speeds and low frequencies, noise generated due to the tip passing frequency is clearly predominant.</p>
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Lentz, William Alexander 1976. "Characterization of noise in uncooled IR bolometer arrays." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28199.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1998.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-82).<br>by William Alexander Lentz.<br>M.Eng.
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Romero, Dominguez Saul. "Noise and electrical characterization in magnetic tunnel junctions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611223.
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Dubin, Stacie R. Dubin. "Characterization and Perceptions of Noise in Nursing Homes." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1513362995616053.
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Krueger, David William. "Array-Based Characterization of Military Jet Aircraft Noise." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3676.
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Since the 1950s the jet aeroacoustics community has been involved in predicting and measuring the noise distribution in jets. In this work, cylindrical and planar Fourier near-field acoustical holography are used to investigate radiation from a full-scale, installed jet engine. Practical problems involving measurement aperture and the highly directional nature of the source are addressed. Insights from numerical simulations reveal usable reconstruction regions. A comparison of cylindrical and planar NAH for the respective measurement apertures shows cylindrical NAH outperforms planar NAH on reconstructions both towards and away from the source.
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Davut, Kemal. "Characterization Of Steel Microstructures By Magnetic Barekhausen Noise Technique." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12608103/index.pdf.
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This aim of this thesis is to examine the possibility of using Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) technique in characterizing the microstructures of quenched and tempered low alloy steels as well as annealed low carbon steels. To determine the average grain size by MBN, SAE 1010 steel consisting of dominantly ferrite was used. The specimens were slowly cooled in the furnace after austenitizing at different time and temperature variations. By metallographic examination the average ferrite grain size of specimens was determined. The magnetic parameters were measured by a commercial MBN system. With increasing ferrite grain size, the magnetic Barkhausen jumps caused by the microstructure were decreased due to the reduction in grain boundary density per unit volume. A clear relationship has been observed between average grain size and the magnetic Barkhausen noise signals. SAE 4140, 5140 and 1040 steels were used to characterize the microstructures of quenched and tempered specimens. After austenitizing and quenching identically, the specimens were tempered at various temperatures between 200oC and 600oC. Formation of the desired microstructures was ensured by metallographic examinations and hardness measurements. The results show that as tempering temperature increases the Barkhausen activity increases due to the enhancement of domain wall displacement with softening of the martensite. It has been shown that MBN is a powerful tool for evaluating the microstructures of martensitic and annealed steels.
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Gladieux, Desiree. "Characterization of Noise Exposure for High-Volume Restaurant Workers." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5952.
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Occupational hearing loss resulting from noise exposures encountered in the workplace affects millions of workers and costs hundreds of millions of dollars annually in Workers’ Compensation costs in the United States alone. Some industries have been well studied, and the presence of hazardous noise in the work environment established and documented. The restaurant industry is one in which little current data exists, but in which there may be cause for concern.
This work sought to quantify noise exposures for cooks, servers, and dishwashers and to determine whether or not any of these workers are at risk for Noise Induced Hearing Loss. Further, the researchers wanted to know what environmental factors present in the restaurants had the greatest impact on noise exposures for each exposure group.
Statistical analysis was conducted on selected factors, and while nearly all were found to have significant effects on noise exposure for servers, only the number of minutes worked explained variance in exposures for cooks and dishwashers when all factors were included in analysis. These two groups are the ones most likely to be overexposed and they typically worked more than 480 minutes on the day the sample was collected. Efforts to control exposure must take these extended shifts into careful account.
The study was limited by relatively small sample size, with 124 cooks, 119 servers, and 91 dishwashers employed at nine different restaurants participating. Future efforts to explain and characterize the sources of variation in noise exposure for these three groups should include greater numbers of participants and structure the data in a way that allows the effects of selected factors to be more clearly seen.
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Breitbarth, Jason. "Design and characterization of low phase noise microwave circuits." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3219041.
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Hoft, Richard Paul. "Noise modeling and characterization of nonlinear RF/microwave components." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22127/.
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A generalized scattered noise behavioral model for time-invariant nonlinear microwave circuits is presented. The formalism uses noise waves and large-signal scattering functions known as X-parameters to extract a multi-port network's noise correlation matrix. Further processing yields figures-of-merit including effective input noise temperature and noise factor. Within the small-input signal space, it will be shown that the above expressions reduce to a familiar form describing noise wave influence governed by the network's S-parameter functions. Using the generalized form, two examples given in context to embedded nonlinear one-port and two-port configurations are offered with each presented to matched termination networking. Both cases use a passive source and load in the analysis. Numerical versus simulated experimental results will be compared. Results in the two-port case yield its noise factor. Lastly, pursuant to this study, experimental work involving software simulation and hardware measurement activities will be proposed.
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Zanolla, Nicola <1980>. "Characterization and modeling of low-frequency noise in MOSFETs." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1333/1/Tesi_Zanolla_Nicola.pdf.
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For many years, RF and analog integrated circuits have been mainly developed using bipolar and compound semiconductor technologies due to their better performance. In the last years, the advance made in CMOS technology allowed analog and RF circuits to be built with such a technology, but the use of CMOS technology in RF application instead of
bipolar technology has brought more issues in terms of noise. The noise cannot be completely eliminated and will therefore ultimately limit the accuracy of measurements and set a lower limit on how small signals can be detected and processed in an electronic circuit. One kind of noise which affects MOS transistors much more than bipolar ones is the low-frequency noise. In MOSFETs, low-frequency noise is mainly of two kinds: flicker or 1/f noise and random telegraph signal noise (RTS). The objective of this thesis is to characterize and to model the low-frequency noise by studying RTS and flicker noise under both constant and switched bias conditions. The effect of different biasing schemes on both RTS and flicker noise in time and frequency domain has been investigated.
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Zanolla, Nicola <1980>. "Characterization and modeling of low-frequency noise in MOSFETs." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1333/.
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For many years, RF and analog integrated circuits have been mainly developed using bipolar and compound semiconductor technologies due to their better performance. In the last years, the advance made in CMOS technology allowed analog and RF circuits to be built with such a technology, but the use of CMOS technology in RF application instead of
bipolar technology has brought more issues in terms of noise. The noise cannot be completely eliminated and will therefore ultimately limit the accuracy of measurements and set a lower limit on how small signals can be detected and processed in an electronic circuit. One kind of noise which affects MOS transistors much more than bipolar ones is the low-frequency noise. In MOSFETs, low-frequency noise is mainly of two kinds: flicker or 1/f noise and random telegraph signal noise (RTS). The objective of this thesis is to characterize and to model the low-frequency noise by studying RTS and flicker noise under both constant and switched bias conditions. The effect of different biasing schemes on both RTS and flicker noise in time and frequency domain has been investigated.
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Wu, Qing. "Characterization of Impulse Noise and Hazard Analysis of Impulse Noise Induced Hearing Loss using AHAAH Modeling." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1467.
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Millions of people across the world are suffering from noise induced hearing loss (NIHL), especially under working conditions of either continuous Gaussian or non-Gaussian noise that might affect human's hearing function. Impulse noise is a typical non-Gaussian noise exposure in military and industry, and generates severe hearing loss problem. This study mainly focuses on characterization of impulse noise using digital signal analysis method and prediction of the auditory hazard of impulse noise induced hearing loss by the Auditory Hazard Assessment Algorithm for Humans (AHAAH) modeling. A digital noise exposure system has been developed to produce impulse noises with peak sound pressure level (SPL) up to 160 dB. The characterization of impulse noise generated by the system has been investigated and analyzed in both time and frequency domains. Furthermore, the effects of key parameters of impulse noise on auditory risk unit (ARU) are investigated using both simulated and experimental measured impulse noise signals in the AHAAH model. The results showed that the ARUs increased monotonically with the peak pressure (both P+ and P-) increasing. With increasing of the time duration, the ARUs increased first and then decreased, and the peak of ARUs appeared at about t = 0.2 ms (for both t+ and t-). In addition, the auditory hazard of experimental measured impulse noises signals demonstrated a monotonically increasing relationship between ARUs and system voltages.
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Schwartz, Kyle Wayne. "Acoustic Characterization and Preliminary Noise Control of Pneumatic Percussion Tools." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34742.
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Pneumatic percussion tools are extensively used in the construction industry. They are one of the noisiest machines in the construction industry generating noise levels above 110 dBA which are well beyond the permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 85 dBA. This work presents a comprehensive methodology for the acoustic characterization and noise source identification of these percussion tools. The methodology is applied to a representative pneumatic tool and the characterization results are described in detail. A mechanical analysis was performed on a chipping hammer finding mode shapes and natural frequencies of individual components. The mechanical analysis included modal hammer measurements and creating FE models. Fluid measurements were performed on the chipping hammer to find the velocity of the exhaust and pressure in the upper and lower chambers. The fluid tests found that the velocity of the exhaust is approximately Mach 1.0 or greater. Noise measurements were carried out on the chipping hammer to determine the spectral characteristics, overall sound power level, and spatial source strength maps of the tool. A spherical array of microphones was used to obtain an accurate estimate of the overall sound power levels and the directivity. The overall sound power radiation was found to be in the range of 110-115dBA. An advanced 63 microphone phased array was used to successfully locate and identify the major sources of noise from this tool via the use of beam-forming maps. This thesis also presents a preliminary noise control method employing commercial-off-the-shelf pneumatic silencers. The outcome of the tests is illustrated in detail in this thesis.<br>Master of Science
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Martinez, Jorge. "NOISE CHARACERIZATION FOR PROPOSED UCF PHYISCAL SCIENCE BUILDING SITES." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4076.
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Today's Advance Technology Facilities require low noise levels and increased noise monitoring. Ambient noise can interfere with the accuracy and precision of experiments and manufacturing processes. Therefore preconstruction site surveys are needed to develop strategies for mitigating noise. Vibration and low frequency electromagnetic fields are particularly detrimental for sensitive instruments, and they are also difficult to mitigate. However a large part of these costs can be avoided or minimized if a quiet building site is selected in the first place. Accelerometers and gauss meters combined with a computer for acquisition and analysis provide a low cost method of evaluating noise levels at proposed building sites. This work examines low frequency vibration and electromagnetic fields at two proposed sites for the planned Physical Science Building at the University of Central Florida.<br>M.S.<br>Department of Physics<br>Sciences<br>Physics
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Huang, Chender 1960. "Characterization of interface trap density in power MOSFETs using noise measurements." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276872.
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Low-frequency noise has been measured on commercial power MOSFETs. These devices, fabricated with the VDMOS structure, exhibit a 1/f type noise spectrum. The interface state density obtained from noise measurements was compared with that obtained from the subthreshold-slope method. Reasonable agreement was found between the two measurements. The radiation effects on the noise power spectral density were also investigated. The results indicated that the noise can be attributed to the generation of interface traps near the Si-SiO₂ interface. The level of interface traps generated by radiation was bias dependent. The positive gate bias gave rise to the largest interface-trap density.
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Thomas, Christopher G. "Signal optimization techniques and noise characterization in BOLD-based fMRI." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ58241.pdf.
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Chen, Chih-Hung Deen M. Jamal. "Noise characterization and modeling of MOSFETs for RF IC applications /." *McMaster only, 2002.
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Wong, William Shung-Kei. "Characterization and nonlinear cleanup of noise in optical communication systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9333.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1999.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-106).<br>In the first half of my thesis, I will present experimentally measured photon statistics of RZ/NRZ signals in an optically pre-amplified direct-detection receiver, and show that the results are in good agreement with quantum photodetection theory. Specifically, the ZEROs are described by a degenerate Bose-Einstein distribution, while the ONEs are described by a non-central-negative-binomial distribution. We will compare the exact quantum mechanical approach with the semiclassical Gaussian approximation in terms of evaluating the bit-error rate and the optimal decision threshold. I will then describe a nonlinear pulse filter that transmits incident pulses while rejecting cw background as well as ASE noise. The filter is realized by constructing a nonlinear optical Sagnac loop that is imbalanced by asymmetric dispersion. In the first demonstration at 30 Mb/s, a relative extinction of 22 dB (with respect to the pulse) is measured for the cw background. We also demonstrate cleanup of in-band ASE noise at 10 Gb/s. Other researchers have adopted my techniques and buHt similar pulse filters to clean up compressed pulses so as to build a pedestal-free, 5-ps 16-wavelength WDM source at 10 Gb/s and a 210-fs single-channel TDM source at 640 Gb/s.<br>by William S. Wong.<br>Ph.D.
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Multanen, Eric W. "Characterization of quantization noise in oversampled analog to digital converters." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4424.
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The analog to digital converter (ADC) samples a continuous analog signal and produces a stream of digital words which approximate the analog signal. The conversion process introduces noise into the digital signal. In the case of an ideal ADC, where all noise sources are ignored, the noise due to the quantization process remains. The resolution of the ADC is defined by how many bits are in the digital output word. The amount of quantization noise is clearly related to the resolution of the ADC. Reducing the quantization noise results in higher effective resolution.
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Rossi, M. "DYNAMICS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF QUANTUM SYSTEMS INTERACTING WITH CLASSICAL NOISE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/527903.
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The goal of research in quantum information is to investigate how quantum systems can be used to store, transmit and elaborate information and how the non-classical nature of their correlations allows defining protocols that outperform their classical counterparts.
Despite of the many progresses, both theoretical and experimental, made in this field in the latest decades, many challenges lie ahead for practical implementations of quantum technologies. One of the most important ones is caused by the unavoidable interaction of quantum systems with their surroundings: The coupling to the environment is generally detrimental to the quantum information contained in the system as the system undergoes decoherence. In the quest for quantum technologies, it is fundamental to overcome the problem of decoherence and loss of information.
Different physical implementations of qubits, such as superconducting and solid-state devices, are affected by the interaction with the environment in a way that can be described in terms of classical stochastic noise. The classical noise model can also be used to give an approximate, sometimes equivalent, description of full quantum models of system-environment interaction.
This thesis contains my personal contribution to the study of the dynamics of discrete-variable quantum systems affected by classical noise. It covers in particular single- and two-qubit systems affected by Gaussian and non-Gaussian noise. It also discusses the dynamics of a quantum walk affected by spatially correlated classical noise. Analytical solutions for particular forms of noise and interactions, and a general numerical method for simulation of the dynamics are presented. Moreover, the thesis presents the experimental implementation of a quantum optical simulator of noisy dynamics of single-qubit systems. Finally, the use of quantum systems as probes of the spectral properties of large classical environments is discussed, showing that entanglement is a resource for improvements in the precision of the estimation.
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Both, Thiago Hanna. "Autocorrelation analysis in frequency domain as a tool for MOSFET low frequency noise characterization." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/174487.
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O ruído de baixa frequência é um limitador de desempenho em circuitos analógicos, digitais e de radiofrequência, introduzindo ruído de fase em osciladores e reduzindo a estabilidade de células SRAM, por exemplo. Transistores de efeito de campo de metalóxido- semicondutor (MOSFETs) são conhecidos pelos elevados níveis de ruído 1= f e telegráfico, cuja potência pode ser ordens de magnitude maior do que a observada para ruído térmico para frequências de até dezenas de kHz. Além disso, com o avanço da tecnologia, a frequência de corner —isto é, a frequência na qual as contribuições dos ruídos térmico e shot superam a contribuição do ruído 1= f — aumenta, tornando os ruídos 1= f e telegráfico os mecanismos dominantes de ruído na tecnologia CMOS para frequências de até centenas de MHz. Mais ainda, o ruído de baixa frequência em transistores nanométricos pode variar significativamente de dispositivo para dispositivo, o que torna a variabilidade de ruído um aspecto importante para tecnologias MOS modernas. Para assegurar o projeto adequado de circuitos do ponto de vista de ruído, é necessário, portanto, identificar os mecanismos fundamentais responsáveis pelo ruído de baixa frequência em MOSFETs e desenvolver modelos capazes de considerar as dependências do ruído com geometria, polarização e temperatura. Neste trabalho é proposta uma técnica para análise de ruído de baixa frequência baseada na autocorrelação dos espectros de ruído em função de parâmetros como frequência, polarização e temperatura. A metodologia apresentada revela informações importantes sobre os mecanismos responsáveis pelo ruído 1= f que são difíceis de obter de outras formas. As análises de correlação realizadas em três tecnologias CMOS comerciais (140 nm, 65 nm e 45 nm) fornecem evidências contundentes de que o ruído de baixa frequência em transistores MOS tipo-n e tipo-p é composto por um somatório de sinais telegráficos termicamente ativados.<br>Low-frequency noise (LFN) is a performance limiter for analog, digital and RF circuits, introducing phase noise in oscillators and reducing the stability of SRAM cells, for example. Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MOSFETs) are known for their particularly high 1= f and random telegraph noise levels, whose power may be orders of magnitude larger than thermal noise for frequencies up to dozens of kHz. With the technology scaling, the corner frequency — i.e. the frequency at which the contributions of thermal and shot noises to noise power overshadow that of the 1= f noise — is increased, making 1= f and random telegraph signal (RTS) the dominant noise mechanism in CMOS technologies for frequencies up to several MHz. Additionally, the LFN levels from device-to-device can vary several orders of magnitude in deeply-scaled devices, making LFN variability a major concern in advanced MOS technologies. Therefore, to assure proper circuit design in this scenario, it is necessary to identify the fundamental mechanisms responsible for MOSFET LFN, in order to provide accurate LFN models that account not only for the average noise power, but also for its variability and dependences on geometry, bias and temperature. In this work, a new variability-based LFN analysis technique is introduced, employing the autocorrelation of multiple LFN spectra in terms of parameters such as frequency, bias and temperature. This technique reveals information about the mechanisms responsible for the 1= f noise that is difficult to obtain otherwise. The correlation analyses performed on three different commercial mixed-signal CMOS technologies (140-nm, 65-nm and 40-nm) provide strong evidence that the LFN of both n- and p-type MOS transistors is primarily composed of the superposition of thermally activated random telegraph signals (RTS).
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Albers, Keith Burton. "Noise characterization of transistors in 0.25μm and 0.5μm silicon-on-sapphire processes". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/7137.
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Master of Science<br>Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering<br>William B. Kuhn<br>A technique for measuring and characterizing transistor noise is presented. The
primary goal of the measurements is to locate the 1/f noise corner for select transistors in
Silicon-on-Sapphire processes. Additionally, the magnitude of the background channel
noise of each transistor is measured. With this data, integrated circuit (IC) engineers will
have a qualitative and quantitative resource for selecting transistors in designs with low
noise requirements.
During tests, transistor noise behavioral change is investigated over varying channel
lengths, device type (N-type and P-type), threshold voltage, and bias voltage levels.
Noise improvements for increased channel lengths from minimal, 1.0μm, and 4.0μm are
measured. Transistors with medium and high threshold voltages are tested for
comparison of their noise performance. The bias voltages are chosen to represent typical
design values used in practice, with approximately 400 mV overdrive and a drain-to-source
voltage range of 0.5 to 3.0V.
The transistors subjected to tests are custom designed in Peregrine’s 0.5μm (FC)
and 0.25μm (GC) Silicon-on-Sapphire (SOS) processes. In order to allow channel
current noise to dominate over other circuit noise, the transistors have extraordinarily
large aspect ratios (~2500 - 5000).
The transistor noise produced is amplified and measured over a frequency range of
1kHz - 100MHz. This range allows the measurement of each device’s low and high
frequency noise spectrum and resulting noise corner.
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Rizzo, Rosetta. "Image Noise Removal for Embedded Devices - Characterization, estimation and filtering techniques." Thesis, Università degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/191.
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This thesis aims to provide an overview of the complex problem of noise in digital images, yielding an excursus on the principal noise sources and analyzing some classical noise estimation and filtering algorithms. Useful and innovative methods for the characterization of the imager signal dependent noise are then introduced, jointly with some reliable and effective signal dependent noise reduction algorithms. In addition, a novel denoising technique based on the study of the human visual system is presented.
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Svensson, Per-Edvin. "Characterization and Reduction of Noise in PET Data Using MVW-PCA." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Information Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-113736.
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<p>Masked Volume-Wise Principal Component Analysis (MVW-PCA) is used in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) to distinguish structures with different kinetic behaviours of an administered tracer. In the article where MVW-PCA was introduced, a noise pre-normalization was suggested due to temporal and spatial variations of the noise between slices. However, the noise pre-normalization proposed in that article was only applicable on datasets reconstructed using the analytical method Filtered Back-Projection (FBP). This study aimed at developing a new noise pre-normalization that is applicable on datasets regardless of whether the dataset was reconstructed with FBP or an iterative reconstruction algorithm, such as Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization (OSEM).</p><p>A phantom study was performed to investigate the differences of expectation values and standard deviations of datasets reconstructed with FBP and OSEM. A novel noise pre-normalization method named "higher-order principal component noise pre-normalization" (HOPC noise pre-normalization) was suggested and evaluated against other pre-normalization methods on both synthetic and clinical datasets.</p><p>Results showed that MVW-PCA of data reconstructed with FBP was much more dependent on an appropriate pre-normalization than analysis of data reconstructed with OSEM. HOPC noise pre-normalization showed an overall good performance with both FBP and OSEM reconstructions, whereas the other pre-normalization methods only performed well with one of the two methods.</p><p>The HOPC noise pre-normalization has potential for improving the results from MVW-PCA on dynamic PET datasets independent of used reconstruction algorithm.</p>
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Kaplan, Mucahit. "Characterization Of Dual Phase Steels By Using Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Analysis." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607604/index.pdf.
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The aim of this work is to nondestructively characterize the industrial dual phase (ferritic-martensitic) steels (DPS) by the Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) method. By quenching of AISI 8620 steel specimens having two different starting microstructures, from various intercritical annealing temperatures (ICAT) in the ferrite-austenite region, the microstructures consisting of different volume fractions of martensite and morphology have been obtained. The microstructures, strength properties and hardness values were determined by conventional metallographic and mechanical tests. The measurements of the Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) were performed by using both Rollscan and &<br>#956<br>SCAN sensor connectors. A good correlation between the martensite volume fraction, hardness and MBN signal amplitude has been obtained. MBN emission decreased as the ICAT, therefore the volume fraction of martensite increased. Moreover, MBN emission decreased as the martensite morphology become thinner. It has been concluded that MBN method can be used for nondestructive characterization of industrial dual phase steels.
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Csatorday, Peter 1973. "LIGO photodiode characterization and measurement of the prestabilized laser intensity noise." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/85355.
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Lee, Junehee 1969. "Blind noise estimation and compensation for improved characterization of multivariable processes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/86437.
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Reichman, Brent Owen. "Time-Domain Characterization of Nonlinear Propagation in Military Aircraft Jet Noise." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9263.
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Nonlinear propagation and shock formation are shown in noise radiated from full-scale military jet aircraft. Perception of sound is not only affected by the overall sound pressure level of the noise, but also characteristics of the sound itself. In the case of jet noise, acoustic shocks within the waveforms result in a characteristic commonly referred to as"crackle." The origin of shocks in the far-field of jet noise is shown to be through nonlinear propagation. Metrics characterizing the shock content of a waveform are explained and given physical significance, then applied to jet noise at various distances and engine conditions to show areas where shock formation is significant. Shocks are shown to develop at different distances from the aircraft, dependent on the amplitude and frequency, and nonlinear propagation is shown to be important in determining time and frequency characteristics of jet noise at distances of up to 1220 m from the aircraft. The shock content is also characterized during flyover experiments, and the shock content between the two scenarios is compared. While some reduction in overall level and shock content is seen in the maximum radiation region, level increases in the forward direction during flight result in increased shock content. Variation at distances of 305 m and beyond is considered and shown as a result of small atmospheric changes. Finally, a nonlinear numerical propagation scheme is used to model the propagation, showing accuracy in predicting frequency-domain and time-domain features that are evidence of nonlinear propagation.
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Colombo, Dalton Martini. "Design of analog integrated circuits aiming characterization of radiation and noise." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/133731.
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Esta tese de doutorado trata de dois desafios que projetistas de circuitos integrados analógicos enfrentam quando estimando a confiabilidade de transistores fabricados em modernos processos CMOS: radiação e ruído flicker. Em relação a radiação, o foco desde trabalho é a Dose Total Ionizante (TID): acumulação de dose ionizante (elétrons e prótons) durante um longo período de tempo nas camadas isolantes dos dispositivos, então resultando na degradação dos parâmetros elétricos (por exemplo, a tensão de limiar e as correntes de fuga). Este trabalho apresenta um caso de estudo composto por circuitos referência tensões de baseados na tensão de bandgap e na tensão de limiar dos transistores. Esses circuitos foram fabricados em uma tecnologia comercial CMOS de 130 nm. Um chip contendo os circuitos foi irradiado usando raio gama de uma fonte de cobalto (60 Co), e o impacto dos efeitos da radiação até uma dose de 490 krad nas tensões de saída é apresentado. Foi verificado que o impacto da radiação foi similar ou até mesmo mais severo que os efeitos causados pelo processo de fabricação para a maior parte dos circuitos projetados. Para as referências baseadas na tensão de bandgap implementadas com transistores de óxido fino e grosso, a variação na tensão de saída causada pela radiação foi de 5.5% e 15%, respectivamente. Para as referências baseadas na tensão de limiar, a variação da tensão de saída foi de 2% a 15% dependendo da topologia do circuito. Em relação ao ruído, o foco desta tese é no ruído flicker do transitor MOS quando este está em operação ciclo-estacionária. Nesta condição, a tensão no terminal da porta está constantemente variando durante a operação e o ruído flicker se torna uma função da tensão porta-fonte e não é precisamente estimado pelos tradicionais modelos de ruído flicker dos transistores MOS. Esta tese apresenta um caso de estudo composto por osciladores de tensão (topologia baseada em anel e no tanque LC) projetados em processos 45 e 130 nm. A frequência de oscilação e sua dependência em relação à polarização do substrato dos transistores foi investigada. Considerando o oscilador em anel, a média da variação da frequência de oscilação causada pela variação da tensão de alimentação e da polarização do substrato foi 495 kHz/mV e 81 kHz/mV, respectivamente. A média da frequência de oscilação é de 103,4 MHz e a média do jitter medido para 4 amostras é de 7.6 ps. Para o tanque LC, a frequência de oscilação medida é de 2,419 GHz e sua variação considerando 1 V de variação na tensão de substrato foi de aproximadamente 0,4 %.<br>This thesis is focused on two challenges faced by analog integrated circuit designers when predicting the reliability of transistors implemented in modern CMOS processes: radiation and noise. Regarding radiation, the concern of this work is the Total Ionizing Dose (TID): accumulation of ionizing dose deposited (electrons and protons) over a long time in insulators leading to degradation of electrical parameters of transistors (e.g. threshold voltage and leakage). This work presents a case-study composed by bandgap-based and threshold voltagebased voltage reference circuits implemented in a commercial 130 nm CMOS process. A chip containing the designed circuits was irradiated through γ-ray Cobalt source (60 Co) and the impact of TID effects up to 490 krad on the output voltages is presented. It was found that the impact of radiation on the output voltage accuracy was similar or more severe than the variation caused by the process variability for most of the case-study circuits. For the bandgap-based reference implemented using thin-oxide and thick-oxide transistors, TID effects result in a variation of the output voltage of 5.5 % and 12%, respectively. For the threshold voltage references, the output variation was between 2% and 15% depending on the circuit topology. Regarding noise, the concern of this work is the transistor flicker noise under cyclostationary operation, that is, when the voltage at transistor gate terminal is constantly varying over time. Under these conditions, the flicker noise becomes a function of VGS; and its is not accurately predicted by traditional transistor flicker noise models. This thesis presents a case-study composed by voltage oscillators (inverter-based ring and LC-tank topologies) implemented in 45 and 130 nm CMOS processes. The oscillation frequency and its dependency on the bulk bias were investigated. Considering the ring-oscillator, the average oscillation frequency variation caused by supply voltage and bulk bias variation are 495 kHz/mV and 81 kHz/mV, respectively. The average oscillation frequency is 103.4 MHz for a supply voltage of 700 mV, and the measured averaged period jitter for 4 measured samples is 7.6 ps. For the LC-tank, the measured oscillation frequency was 2.419 GHz and the total frequency variation considering 1 V of bulk bias voltage was only ~ 0.4 %.
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Zhang, Ningjiao. "Low Frequency Noise Characterization of AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366369049.
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Vaughn, Aaron Burton. "Physical Characterization of Crackle-Related Events in Military Jet Aircraft Noise." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9039.
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Crackle is a perceptual feature of supersonic jet noise that is related to the presence of acoustic shocks. The skewness of the time-derivative of the pressure waveform, or derivative skewness, is used as a metric indicative of crackle perception. The three main objectives of this work are: 1) Determine the potential spatial origin of crackle-related events in the near field of a high-performance military aircraft via an event-based beamforming method. 2) Investigate the potential for nonlinear, irregular shock reflections occurring along the near-field ground array and their implications on derivative skewness. 3) Relate the near-field, crackle-related events to far-field crackle perception by comparing nonlinearly propagated waveforms with measured far-field data. The event-based beamforming method used to determine source and far-field relationship of shock-like events utilizes the cross correlation between adjacent microphone waveform segments to determine the angle of propagation for an ensemble of crackle-related events within the waveform. The angle of propagation is traced towards the source for each event to find its apparent origin along the jet lipline. Beamforming results indicate that crackle-related events appear to originate anywhere from 2 to 14.5 m downstream along the jet lipline, with distributions that shift downstream and broaden with increasing engine power. The shock reflection classification method builds on the event-based beamforming method to calculate angle of incidence relative to the ground for an ensemble of shock events. The combination of angles of incidence and the measured shock strengths of the events reveal that irregular reflections are likely to occur over the majority of the array, which likely elevates the derivative skewness values due to steeper shocks with greater peak-to-peak pressures relative to off-ground measurements. Near-field, crackle-related events are extrapolated to the far field using a nonlinear propagation model to determine their prevalence in the far field. Cross-correlation coefficients of waveform segments centered about the propagated events indicates that for farther aft angles, near-field events are more related to far-field measurements. Waveform observations show that shock-like events in the near field that are more spiked in nature tend not propagate into the far field. However, near-field, large-derivative events with broader, high-pressure peaks nonlinearly steepen and form shocks in the far field that are likely contribute to crackle perception.
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Behera, Madhusmita. "Characterization of Preliminary Breast Tomosynthesis Data: Noise and Power Spectra Analysis." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000433.
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Zhang, Dongbing. "Switching mode power supply noise source impedance measurement and EMI filter characterization." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51922.
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The effectiveness of an EMI filter is closely related to the impedance of the noise source. Due to the time-varying nature of the noise source impedance of an offline power supply, the measurement of it cannot be done using conventional impedance measuring methods. Two new methods, the insertion loss method and the signal injection method, are proposed to perform such a measurement. The insertion loss method utilizes the EMI emission as a signal source and derives the source impedance by measuring the emission attenuation caused by an inserted impedance. The signal injection method injects a signal to the power supply and measures the response. The insertion loss method is verified experimentally both for common mode and differential mode, The signal injection method for common mode source impedance measurement is experimentally verified. That for differential mode source impedance measurement requires a faster equipment and is not fully verified.
An EMI filter is usually characterized in the manufacturer’s catalog by its attenuation in a standard system (50Ω source impedance and 50Ω load impedance). The effectiveness of the filter in a practical system may significantly deviate from the manufacturer’s data. To provide the users with practically useful information, a scheme to characterize the EMI filter, the impedance matrix approach is proposed. This approach takes parasitic effect into consideration and the parameters can be measured relatively easily. The approach is verified experimentally by applying a commercial EMI filter to a power supply and comparing the predicted attenuation with the measured one.<br>Master of Science
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Lefeuvre, Odile. "Characterization of stiffening layers by acoustic microscopy and Brillouin spectroscopy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268173.
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Boggs, Carla Renee. "Characterization of Room Temperature Terahertz Direct Detectors." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1323881933.
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Coillet, Élodie. "Structural characterization of thin non-crystalline layers for low thermal noise optic." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1132/document.
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Prédites en 1916 par Albert Einstein, puis détectées 100 ans plus tard par les collaborations LIGO et VIRGO, les ondes gravitationnelles constituent un outil prometteur pour observer l’univers sur des échelles toujours plus grandes. Cependant, pour accéder à de plus nombreux évènements, une des principales limitations des détecteurs provient du bruit thermique des couches minces composant leurs miroirs, couches minces non cristallines de SiO2 et Ta2O5 dopé TiO2.L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier l’origine microstructurale du bruit thermique de ces couches en utilisant les spectroscopies vibrationnelles pour, à terme, obtenir des matériaux plus performants. Il a notamment été observé que le bruit thermique diminue lorsque les miroirs sont recuits à faible température. Dans la silice, nous observons une restructuration du matériau lors du recuit qui semble suivre la diminution du bruit thermique. En particulier, un relâchement des contraintes a été constaté. En revanche, dans le Ta2O5, matériau de structure complexe et encore mal connue, l’effet du recuit sur la structure des couches apparaît plus limité, alors que celles-ci cristallisent facilement dès que la température augmente. Pour compléter la connaissance de ce matériau, des mesures in-situ hautes pressions ont été réalisées. Finalement, le rôle du dopage des couches de Ta2O5 par du TiO2 a été exploré<br>Predicted in 1916 by Einstein, then detected one hundred year later by the VIRGO and LIGO collaborations, the gravitational waves are a promising tool to observe the universe at scales always bigger. However, to detect a larger number of events, one of the main limitation of the detectors originates in the mirrors coatings thermal noise, thin non-crystalline layers composed of SiO2 and TiO2-doped Ta2O5. The aim of this work is to study the micro-structural origin of the layers thermal noise, by using vibrational spectroscopies, in order to, ultimately, process more efficient materials. Studies show a decrease of the thermal noise when the mirrors are annealed at low temperature. In silica, a structural reorganization happens during the annealing, following the evolution of the thermal noise. Notably, a stress relaxation has been observed. However, in Ta2O5, oxide with a complex structure not much studied, the impact of the annealing seems to be more limited, while the structure crystallizes easily as soon as the temperature increases. To complete our knowledge of this structure, in-situ high pressure measurements were conducted. Finally, the TiO2-doping effect of the Ta2O5 structures was studied
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Teekaput, Prasit. "Characterization and modeling of crosstalk noise in digital systems and microwave applications." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08062007-094400/.
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Huber, Alex. "Noise characterization and modeling of InP/InGaAs HBTs for RF circuit design /." Konstanz : Hartung-Gorre, 2000. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy055/00418545.html.
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Vogel, Robert Michael. "Single cell characterization of biochemical noise and variable response to chemical inhibition." Thesis, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10007588.
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<p> Individual cells utilize series of biochemical reactions, called signaling pathways, to translate environmental conditions to physiological responses. Consequently, the emergent properties of these signaling pathways are constrained to the physico-chemical laws of their biochemical constituents - they are strongly dependent on the number of molecular components per cell, intrinsically stochastic (noisy), and are inherently nonlinear. While these properties provide the plasticity required for a functioning living system, they present challenges for our understanding and control of cellular behavior. In this thesis I present single cell measurements (i.e. flow cytometry data) and physical models that we developed to track fluctuations in protein and phospho-protein abundance throughout biochemical reaction networks, and demonstrate how the nonlinear properties of biochemical reactions produce unique network responses to the targeted chemical inhibition of enzymes. We track the logarithmic fluctuations of biochemical components using a system of chemical Langevin equations and the corresponding Lyapunov equation. Used together, these equations uncover the connection between the organization of signaling pathway constituents and the covariance matrix estimated from the experimental data. With this formalism we theoretically explore the unique covariance representations of various signaling pathways, and experimentally validate our method in two established systems: a synthetic <i>E. coli</i> gene regulatory network and the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade in primary mouse T lymphocytes. In addition, we use single cell measurements to mechanistically uncover the unique responses of signaling pathways, analog or digital, to targeted chemical inhibition. We extend these short time-scale properties of signaling pathways to a functional response, proliferation. Lastly, we show how the endogenous diversity of protein abundance among single cell clones provides a mechanism of resilience to chemical inhibition. Together, our combined experimental and theoretical approach provides novel insights to cellular systems, a method for directional inference, and optimal drug selection. </p>
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Kore, Lisa. "Characterization of quantum well infrared photodetectors by analysis of noise spectral density." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000725.
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Yablonsky, Eugene. "Characterization of operators in non-gaussian infinite dimensional analysis." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1054787409.
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Ahmed, Md Tofael. "Modelization and characterization of photovoltaic panels." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/21213.
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This work presents the characterization and modelization of photovoltaic panels in order to study their behaviors. Its purpose is to obtain an enhanced and more efficient parameters model of PV. It describes and implements their physical modeling and mathematical modeling. The effects of external and internal parameters variation on the panel is analyzed and briefly discussed. The produced model can be used for measuring and understanding the actions of photovoltaic cells for certain changes and parameters extraction. The white noise effect and its related output characteristics are explained. The curve fitting approximation with different polynomial method is shown. A non-iterative MPPT algorithm is proposed and implemented also. The simulation is achieved by using MATLAB and SIMULINK programming. An experimental work is also done in order to get the closure and insight about the produced model and to decide upon the validity of the discussed model and algorithm; RESUMO:
Modelização e Caracterização de Panéis Fotovoltaicos
O presente trabalho consiste na modelação e caracterização de painéis fotovoltaicos para estudar os seus comportamentos. Neste trabalho, propõe-se obter uma estimativo eficiente dos parâmetros que caracterizam o painel fotovoltaico. A modelação física e matemática do painel é descrita e implementada. O efeito que a variação dos parâmetros internos e externos apresenta é analisado e discutido. O modelo construído poderá ser utilizado para obter e compreender a descrição das células fotovoltaicas para determinadas variações, e para a obtenção de parâmetros. O efeito do ruído branco gaussiano e a potência resultante que lhe está associada são analisados. É implementado um ajuste da curva característica com diferentes métodos polinomiais. As simulações são realizadas recorrendo a programação em MATLAB e SIMULINK. É realizada uma experiência laboratorial como forma de conclusão da aplicação do modelo, de forma a poder analisar a validação do modelo e do algoritmo estudados.
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Ly, Jimmy. "Low noise electrical measurement setup for graphene and molecules in a gas atmosphere." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-155177.
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Klein, Achim. "Annoyance indicators for various urban road vehicle pass-by noises and urban road traffic noise combined with tramway noise." Thesis, Vaulx-en-Velin, Ecole nationale des travaux publics, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENTP0002/document.
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La pollution sonore est un problème majeur pour les résidents des zones urbaines. La directive Européenne 2002/49/CE impose aux états membres l’établissement de cartes de bruit. Ces dernières sont construites sur la base de l’indice énergétique Lden, également utilisé dans les relations dose-effet établies pour prédire la gêne. Toutefois, pour l’évaluation de la gêne due au bruit dans les zones urbaines, la pertinence de cet indice est souvent remise en question. En effet, de nombreuses études ont montré que les caractéristiques temporelles et spectrales des bruits environnementaux influencent aussi les réponses de gêne et ne sont pas prises en compte dans cet indice. Cette thèse vise à contribuer à l’amélioration de la caractérisation de la gêne due au bruit des véhicules routiers en ville. Elle est basée sur des expériences réalisées en laboratoire. Elle comprend deux parties principales. La première partie a comme objectif de progresser sur la caractérisation physique et perceptive du bruit des passages de divers véhicules routiers en milieu urbain tels que les bus, les deux-roues motorisés, les poids lourds et les véhicules légers. Une attention particulière a été portée sur la caractérisation de la gêne due aux deuxroues motorisés qui sont cités parmi les véhicules routiers les plus gênants et sont peu étudiés dans la littérature. Dans cette perspective, un indicateur acoustique caractéristique de la gêne due au bruit routier urbain a été déterminé : il rend compte de différents attributs auditifs gênants en associant la sonie, un indice spectral et deux indices de modulation proposés dans le cadre de ces travaux. Dans les zones urbaines, les riverains sont souvent exposés à la circulation routière en présence d’autres sources de bruit de l’environnement. L’objectif principal de la deuxième partie est la prédiction de la gêne totale due au bruit du trafic routier urbain combiné avec le bruit de tramway. Dans le but de caractériser la gêne totale, les phénomènes perceptifs liés à la combinaison de ces bruits sont tout d’abord étudiés. Ensuite, l’indicateur proposé précédemment pour caractériser la gêne due au bruit des passages de différents véhicules routiers est testé lorsque différents trafics routiers urbains sont considérés. Sur la base de ces résultats, des modèles permettant de caractériser la gêne due au bruit de trafic routier urbain combiné au bruit de tramway ont été proposés<br>Noise pollution is a major concern for residents of urban areas. To date, the European directive 2002/49/CE requires member states to represent community noise through noise maps. These are produced using the Lden (day-evening-night level) index which is also employed for dose-effect relationships in noise annoyance prediction. However, for the assessment of noise annoyance in urban areas, its relevance is often questioned. Numerous studies have shown that noise annoyance due to community noise is not solely based on the sound pressure level and other acoustical signal characteristics such as temporal and spectral features influence noise annoyance ratings. This thesis aims to improve the assessment of noise annoyance due to various road vehicle noises in cities. It is based on experiments carried out in laboratory conditions and comprises two main parts. The first addresses the enhancement of the physical and perceptual characterization of annoyance due to various urban road vehicle pass-by noises, such as buses, poweredtwo- wheelers, heavy vehicles and light vehicles. A specific focus is put on the characterization of annoyance due to powered-two-wheelers which are among the most annoying road vehicles and studied little in the existing literature. An indicator accounting for annoyance-relevant auditory attributes of urban road vehicle pass-by noises is determined: it comprises loudness, a spectral index and two modulation indices proposed in this work. In urban agglomerations, people are often exposed to road traffic in presence of a variety of other environmental noise sources. The focal point of the second part is on the prediction of total annoyance due to urban road traffic noise combined with tramway noise. In the aim of adequately characterizing total annoyance, first the perceptual phenomena involved in annoyance due to the combination of the sources are studied. Furthermore, the analysis allows for the testing of the proposed noise annoyance indicator for the characterization of urban road traffic noise. To characterize annoyance due to tramway noise, an indicator determined in a recent study is employed. Based on these indicators and the findings regarding perceptual phenomena, models for the prediction of total annoyance due to combined urban road traffic and tramway noise are proposed
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Bauer, Michael, and Günter Radons. "Characterization of diffusion processes observed with measurement noise by the distribution of diffusivities." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-182253.
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