Journal articles on the topic 'Nokia (Marke)'

Nokia mobile phone is one of the famous mobile phone brands carrying the slogan 'Connecting People' with the intention of presenting a mobile phone that can be used by everyone. Nokia is targeting a large market share, where every mobile phone made can be obtained by many people and with a design that is not inferior to other brands. One of the famous mobile phones ever produced by Nokia is the Nokia 3310 series which in its time Nokia 3310 phone is very in demanded because of its good design and resiliency. Then in 2017 comes the new Nokia 3310 series featuring a more modern design with a more developed specification than the previous Nokia 3310 series with the intention to hook the Nokia consumers who miss the Nokia 3310 but still feel the phone is not outdated. This research is a qualitative research based on the application of product design principles at Nokia 3310 - 2017.Keywords: tranformation, design, celuller phone, interest, market, spesification

NOKIA is one of the ‘e-generation’ companies, which relies on the web to conduct their everyday business, demanding richer and more personalized experience. Its objective is ‘to transform the Digital Age to a truly Mobile Age’, giving everyone access to information. Nokia is the undisputed global king of mobile communication. Its strategy is to become a global player in telecommunications through ‘collaboration and innovations'. It has made spectacular innovations in mobile communications. It brought technologies such as General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) as the mobile moves third generation (3G). Nokia has established their cutting edge technology and trend settling lifestyle offerings while unveiling their mobile handset products. In 3G services, Nokia will give e-mail, weather information maps, rout planning, traffic information, bank account data, views, travel information, etc. Nokia adopted a strategy of mergers, acquisitions, alliance and collaboration to gain superiority in technology and competitive advantage. While Nokia is the market leader in handset manufacturing with 35.3% share, Ericsson is the king of wireless network equipment with 33% market share. Nokia's performance was impressive during 1996–2000. Nokia's future growth areas include market leadership in security infrastructure for corporates, supplying solutions to help corporations block viruses and intruders at their network gateways.

Nokia, more than a century-old company, rose to stardom as the market leader for mobile phones in the 1990s and continued to be so until the early 2000s. Thereafter, the decline of Nokia started. The firm had to sell many of its assets and its mobile phone division to Microsoft. It later became a truncated company and ultimately faded into oblivion. Management and academic experts have analysed the reason for the failure of Nokia from various dimensions. The present work analyses Nokia’s failure from the viewpoint of organizational ambidexterity (OA). OA is defined as the ‘ability to simultaneously explore and exploit, enabling a firm to succeed at adaption over time rather than pursuing limited activities’. This can be considered as the first attempt to analyse the failure of Nokia through the lens of ambidexterity. It is concluded with compelling evidence that the story of Nokia would have been different had it followed exploitation and exploration simultaneously.

This case study explores the origins of Nokia’s decline in the mobile technology market, as an unsuccessful attempt to introduce an open-source strategy into the business. Nokia created a hybrid model, which codified conflicting principles taken from closed and open mode of collaboration. A series of implementation problems resulted in Nokia struggling to attract open-source partners, growing issues with managing in-house staff and ultimately failing to develop a new mobile operating system fast enough to stay competitive. Key learning outcomes: At the completion of the case study, students will understand the complexity of open innovation implementation when paradigmatic differences between businesses and/or partners are not resolved.

The aim of the paper to investigates the reason for business failure using Nokia as a case study. The paper applies the explanatory conclusive research design since there are cause and effect relations that seek to provide a better understanding of the reasons for the market failure. The mobile manufacturing sector is the most interesting and innovative of all in the “Information & Communications Technology” sector (ICT). Nokia was once known as the market’s dominant company, leader, and pacesetter until it underwent a tremendous market failure. The aim of this research is to shed light on Nokia’s failure in the market due to its complacency & fear of change, lack of innovation moving too slowly in terms of being too late in making decisions & inventing of the iPhone. Paper elaborately discusses and analyses the failure reasons supported by a literature review in addition to the characteristics of this industry and its market structure. Finally provide advice for business makers

Subject area Marketing Strategy, International Marketing. Study level/applicability MBA Course Core course of Marketing Management. Specialization courses in Services marketing, Marketing Management, Retail Management. Executive training workshops on strategy formulations. Faculty development workshops on teaching pedagogy through cases. Capstone courses. Case overview The case talks about the declining share of Nokia globally, which affected Midcom's business. Despite this downfall, Midcom had maintained a majority share in the market. For now, the Middle East and Africa region was least effected by the global market share drop of Nokia, but Nokia's dropping market share was one of the threats Midcom might face in Africa. The segment where Android and BlackBerry Messenger (BBM) had hit Nokia was a minority stake holder in Nokia's share in Africa. The market itself was growing, but there was stiff competition from brands such as Samsung, Tecno, HTC, Apple and other Chinese brands. The case revolves around the strategies adopted by Midcom to maintain its leadership in the market to avoid the threats from its competitors. Expected learning outcomes The case seeks an intensive reading, research and a stimulating in-class discussion on implementing marketing strategy mixed with creating experience in the service industry with special focus on the telecom industry. The case is also open to other angles as per the other intents and context of the course and course instructor. Some of the learning outcomes from the case will be in the area of: customer satisfaction, distribution management, market leadership, retailing, competitive strategies in marketing and international marketing. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or e-mail support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing

Increasingly rapid development of communication technology, especially cellular phones. Cellular phones becomes a very important thing to facilitate communication. Nokia as one of the leading companies in telecommunications have to think of a strategy to win market share there. One strategy is to brand image that can provide a positive influence on purchase decisions Nokia mobile phone. This reseach aimed to find influence of brand image that consists of a sub-variable corporate image, user image, and product image to the cell phones Nokia buying decision on student STIE Asia Malang either partially or simultaneously. The data was collected by distributing questionnaires to students STIE Malang Asia are divided into 87 people. Answer of respondents processed using multiple linear regression analysis, t test, F test, and determination coefficient (R2). Based on the results of t test analysis of variables known that sub-variable corporate image (thitung = 3.529), user image (thitung = 3.637), and product image (thitung = 4.518). Sub variables that have a dominant influence is the product image. From the test results of the F value is known Fhitung = 28. 299 (significant F value = 0.000). This means that the partial and variable simultaneous brand image consists of a sub-variable corporate image, user image and product image significantly influence purchasing decisions on student Nokia cell phones STIE Asia Malang. R2 value is found to be 50.6%, meaning that the variable purchasing decisions of cell phones Nokia on student STIE Asia Malang influenced by sub-variable corporate image, user image, and product image by 50.6%, while the remaining 49.4% are influenced by variables outside brand image variables.

This study aims to determine the effect of product quality on Nokia mobile phone purchase decision with brand image as mediator. This research was conducted in Denpasar City. The number of samples taken is 99 samples with nonprobability sampling method, especially Accidental sampling or convenience sampling. The data were collected through questionnaires with Likert scale 1-5. The analysis technique used is Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis. The results of the study found that product quality has a significant positive effect on purchasing decision, brand image hasa significant positive effect on purchasing decision, product quality has a significant positive effect on brand image and brand image mediating the effect of product quality on purchasing decision. Companies should conduct market research to make the product or product specifications suitable and suitable to be incorporated in Nokia mobile phone products. In the service, the company must work together with various vendors of Nokia mobile phones both sales and service spare parts, service, and guarantees by multiplying the cooperation with them, with these consumers will easily obtain the services needed.

Abstract This paper describes the procedures that minimized labour costs in a typical offshore factory of a large corporation from the global market: the Nokia factory in Cluj, Romania. Two interrelated factors contributed to this. Firstly, the arrival of neoliberal economic rationality created favourable conditions for transnational capital’s free passage through the country. Secondly, under the imperative of flexibilization, the 2011 Labour Code modifications diminished employee rights and increased employers’ privileges, allowing companies such as Nokia to freely assemble the region’s labour force – engaging it in a complex production process – and disassemble it without any major consequences. Flexibilization permitted the use of outsourced labour power in the form of external employees, partly from rural areas, with short-term contracts and minimum wages.

The cellular telephony market crossed expressive changes of late years. The explosion of consumption, the globalization and the technological advances transformed the cellular market into the one of the most competitive in the world. This scenery promotes the interest of promising nations, like Brazil, today, the sixth biggest cellular market. The more used alternative, of late years, by international companies that intend to go into these countries, has been the strategist alliances. In this article, it is intended to analyze the inter-national alliance between Nokia and Gradient and also the obtained results. The case shows the appropriation of the use of cooperation strategies for going into an international market.

We use historical data to study the feature phone (as different from smart phone) years of the mobile phone industry. This study relates to the years 1994 to 2004, at a time when the industry grew to a landmark of one billion mobile phones cumulative sales worldwide. Actor Network Theory (ANT) is used as a lens to understand the key alliances between selected mobile phone companies and other actants. In line with ANT, actants include consortia, service providers, and IT vendors. The leading mobile phone companies- Nokia, Samsung, and Motorola, display a number of characteristics and actions that have implications for the current and future state of the market. The study demonstrates the explanatory power of ANT. It is important to understand the earlier years of the industry to understand its current state, particularly with reference to Nokia and Samsung. The notion of path dependence suggests that these actors continue to leverage, or be weighed down, by their strengths and weaknesses traced back in history to feature phone years.

Künstliche Intelligenz, Internet of Things und der Digitale Zwilling stehen als Schlagworte repräsentativ für den technologischen, aber auch organisatorischen Wandel in der Produktionstechnik, der keinesfalls verschlafen werden darf. Man möchte ein „Amazon der Industrie“ oder „Google für Maschinendaten“ sein oder es droht der Verlust an Marktbedeutung nach den oft zitierten Beispielen von Nokia und Kodak. Doch lassen sich die Mechanismen der Vorbilder einfach übertragen? Gibt es nur das oft suggerierte Konzept einer großen marktbestimmenden Plattform und welche Rolle spielen mittelständische Unternehmen? Dieser Beitrag versucht aus der Perspektive der Produktionsautomatisierung die verschiedenen Aspekte einer intelligenten, vernetzten Produktion zu differenzieren und so Anknüpfungspunkte für individuelle Ideen zu geben.   Artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things and the Digital Twin are the buzzwords that represent the technological and organizational changes in production technology which must not be missed. There is a desire to become an „Amazon of industry“ or „Google for machine data“, or the threat of a loss of market significance following the often cited examples of Nokia and Kodak. But can the mechanisms of the models simply be transferred? Is there only the often suggested concept of a large, market-determining platform and what role do medium-sized companies play? In this article, it is attempt to differentiate between the various aspects of intelligent, networked production from the perspective of production automation and thus provide starting points for individual ideas.

This paper examines the case of Nokia as a player of the mobile communication industry and provider of mobile communication system: Mobile handsets (consumer goods) and mobile networks (CoPS). Our aim is to analyze the impact of strategic management and dynamic capability developed by a firm of such an industry, which supports the entire system and manages inter-industry differences of consumer goods and CoPS. Recent convergence among technologies has raised competition among firms. Achieving and sustaining competitive advantage in this converging market is therefore possible by identifying threats and then developing strategies and capabilities to resolve them. This article concludes by examining how the firm can achieve its competitive advantage.

This study defines Shanzhai mobile phone (ShanzhaiGi) as an indigenous innovation product supported by a group of value chain suppliers that provide good-enough products by charging reasonable prices in a rapid time frame to fulfill the needs of target customers. Through examining the business model of Shanzhai mobile phone firms, we find that the value created by them is to provide products that benefit the countryside people so that everyone can get connected. Moreover, ShanzhaiGi offers more features than premium international brands to fulfill the market demand of the masses. Shanzhai mobile phone firms capture values, sales revenues, and market shares through cost control by utilizing Shanzhai’s value chain suppliers and innovative channel management. While contrasting the business model of Tianyu (as the ‘King of Shanzhai’) with other market leaders (Nokia and Samsung), we find that the market leaders have a relatively more developed business model than Tianyu. Therefore, Tianyu should further enhance its segment, value chain relationship, and competitive strategy.

The current study moves beyond satisfaction and proposes that switching variables are important factors impacting a customer’s decision to switch from a service provider. The purpose of the study analyzes customer switching intention about Nokia mobile. In this sample only one company’s customers include, so the findings may not be generalized to other companies. There are many variables which impact on customer decision and enable to customer choose the better services which available in market. These variables impact on customer decision in many ways like, perceived switching cost, the attractiveness of alternatives and service quality. We propose this study to find and support those variables model which influence between core-service satisfaction and customer switching intention. The results indicates that the influence of core-service quality satisfaction on repurchase intentions and decreases switching intention and make customer loyal with that product for a long period. Although switching variables had no influence on repurchase intentions when satisfaction was high, switching variables positively influenced on repurchase intentions when satisfaction was low. Future research in other service industries is called for.

This article elaborates how anthropology is opening new design opportunities in everything from consumer products and computer interfaces to mechatronics systems and industrial design. Anthropology can reframe human understanding of familiar places and behavior. Unlike market researchers and designers, anthropologists start with people rather than products. Design anthropology has become a fixture in the tech world. Citrix, Claro, Facebook, Fujitsu, Google, IBM, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia, and Sapient, all employ anthropologists. Even anthropologists employed by non-tech firms, such as JCPenney and Target, often work on the tech side. Design anthropology is the kind of lens that enables designers to see things in a new light. They can see the people who use a product and how they use it. They can also understand what the product means to the person who buys it.

Subject area Supply chain management (SCM). Study level/applicability Graduate students. Case overview In recent times, the world market of mobile phone is in a flux due to many phenomena of importance like strong emergence of smartphones, Nokia losing market share in all segments of market and fast technological and supply chain innovation by players like Apple and Google. Elements of SCM and the way technology is acquired have assumed a place of importance to compete in the global market. A new standard of innovation and SCM is emerging together as the rules of market dominance are re-written all-over again. Expected learning outcomes After completion of the case study, the students will understand: role of technological innovation in high-tech industry and global supply chains in changing the consumer behavior world over; the classic battle for market dominance with a new way of innovation management in technology and processes to create most efficient global supply chains; importance of SCM practices of collaboration like tighter partner integration, use of power asymmetry and contract by dominant players to create efficient supply chains; and how visionaries like late Steve Job are shaping the new era of technology. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email: support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Supply Chain Management (SCM) becomes so crucial and essential for organizations in order to succeed in any market, but is it always the case? Of course not! There are many examples of even large companies that failed because of wrong management of their supply chain, such as Webvan and Borders. From its conception, planning, and until integration and management, the supply chain must respect few conditions (the 3Ts that compose the effective collaboration) to insure efficiency and success. Considering the companies with the best practice of supply chain management, such as Nokia, Procter & Gamble, and Wal-Mart, strong collaboration and relationships with partners were always the reason behind their remarkable success. Therefore, the main concern of every organization that is looking to improve its performance should not be just the necessity of integrating and managing the supply chain, but what really matters is how to apply it in the right/efficient way

As emerging markets such as mainland China grew to be vital for the global commercial players, leading mobile telecommunication giants increasingly turned to China for opportunities. China's fast-expanding mobile telecommunication market became a throat-cutting battlefield for both international and local players. Among these competitors, Rong Xiuli's Tianyu had the local advantages. In order to sustain Tianyu's hardearned success, Rong decided to upgrade Tianyu brand and firmly secure a foothold in the 3G era. In 2002, Rong Xiuli closed Beijing Benephon, the then largest distributor of Samsung Mobile Phone in the Chinese market, and established Beijing Tianyu Communication Equipment Co. Ltd (hereinafter referred to as “Tianyu”) entering the handset manufacturing industry. Despite the growing pains in the beginning, Tianyu eventually went ahead of other domestic mobile phone manufacturers. In 2008, Tianyu reached a sales volume of 24 million mobile phones and a market share of more than 6%, ranking after Nokia, Samsung, and Motorola in the Chinese mobile phone market. A transition from the second generation (2G) communication technologies to the third generation (3G), however, was initiated at the end of 2008. Mobile phone manufacturers responded by investing heavily on technology upgrades. 3G also elevated the position of telecommunication operators in the industry value chain. As such, Tianyu's advantage in the 2G market could not necessarily guarantee its success in the 3G market. Adding to the uncertainties, demands for 2G mobile phone dropped sharply due to the 2007–2008 global financial crisis. Despite the oppositions from many colleagues, Rong Xiuli launched a campaign to win the 3G market, reconfiguring almost all the resources to the new business. The case describes Tianyu's success in the 2G mobile phone market and its entry into the 3G market.

Diuraphis noxia (Russian wheat aphid, RWA), one of the most aggressive pests of wheat, has evolved several biotypes with virulence matching known Dn resistance genes. This paper was aimed at determining the location of plant-defence genes triggered by RWA in a set of doubled haploid (DH) lines obtained from the cross of winter wheat varieties ‘Spark’ and ‘Rialto’. Both parental lines, 110 DH and CItr2401 (a RWA-resistant line) were screened for antixenosis, tolerance and antibiotic mechanisms of resistance with a population of RWA collected in Argentina. Antixenosis was not significantly linked to any marker locus. Tolerance traits showed significant associations with several chromosomes. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the foliar area developed during infestation was significantly associated with marker loci Xpsp3103 on 4DS, and Xgdm3 on 5DS. QTL for chlorophyll content in the infested plants were significantly associated with the marker loci Xgwm533 on 3BS and Xpsp3094 on 7AL, and a QTL for the number of expanded leaves was associated with the marker loci Xwmc264 on 3AS and XwPt8836 on 4DS. QTL for most of the tolerance traits were significantly associated with the same chromosome intervals on chromosomes 4DS and 5DS. The 4DS QTL were linked to or had a pleiotropic effect on Rht-D1. Most of the antibiosis traits were significantly associated with the same marker loci on chromosomes 4A (XwPt7405), 1B (XwPt9032) and 5B (Xbarc109 and Xbarc74). Several novel genes conferring tolerance and antibiosis to RWA were identified and these could be transferred into wheat cultivars to enlarge the genetic base of defence against this aphid pest. These new genes can be designated as QDn.unlp genes, following the rules for gene nomenclature in wheat.

The use of a single set of high quality accounting standards would facilitate investment and other economic decisions across borders, increase market efficiency, and reduce the cost of raising capital, in these aspects IFRS is the best set of accounting standards which have been adapted by 115 countries all over the world. In this article investigators considered the impact of convergence with IFRS on stamen of financial position of Nodia Toll Bridge Company Limited for the year2010, we considered the effect of transition to IFRS as well asratio of changes between each item by using of:Ratio = (x2-x1)/x1 X 100 So after finding the ratio of changes we start to find the reason of these changes through the comparing between IFRS and Ind AS.

The subject of this paper are innovations, which play a crucial role in the development of entrepreneurship in the modern world. Sometimes it is enough for a company to make some important or even incremental innovation and to gain a market and competitive advantage. But sometimes, as in the case of the Finnish mobile phone manufacturer - Nokia, it is enough not to respond quickly enough before the emergence of a disruptive innovation and to lose 92% of the market as a result. Companies that have an environmental change rate faster than the rate of change of the company itself, i.e., those that implement innovations more slowly than the environment changes, are first doomed to lag behind others, and then also to become marginalized and eventually to disappear and be completely shut down. The importance of this paper is the innovation factor which remains paramount to the advancement of entrepreneurship, and whether it will be executed and driven in one way or another, by a government incentive or by the booming private sector, is irrelevant after all. China does this by direct government investment in innovation and innovative technologies, while in the US and to a lesser extent in Israel, it is happening in the free market. The countries of Scandinavia, Switzerland, Japan, South Korea and Singapore, as well as the "start-up nation", Israel, have a direct proportion of their GDP per capita and innovation index. This all tells us how important it is to support innovation. The induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis and, above all, desk research methods have been used for producing this paper.

We assume that one of the key reasons is in the difference between a standalone application and a web service. Both architectures have some advantages and disadvantages. The Standalone application (e.g. Nokia/OVI Maps) provides the required functionality. From the user point of view, main asset of this “offline” approach is network connectivity independence. However, this kind of applications must be upgraded manually. Moreover, it is hard to get any data about the application usage because it requires additional actions from the user – data are usually acquired through conventional ways, such as email or web forms.The online service such as Google Maps (including its mobile application) can offer the same functionality as the offline application. Nevertheless, a permanent connection to provider servers is necessary. This can be taken as a drawback. On the other hand, usage data collection is easier and can be done without the user intervention. The data collection provides a valuable analysis basis of the user habits and needs. This analysis is necessary for design of a complex “user” based solutions such as Google Now.Augmented reality applications are usually based on the first mentioned approach. In this article, we describe our model of augmented reality as a service and compare its features with standalone solutions. Further, other important key aspects for large emergence of augmented reality services in a mainstream market are discussed.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the role of customer experience moderating the relationship between reputation (online consumer reviews) and price premium. Design/methodology/approach This paper collected half-year period transaction of Nokia 5230XM and Kingston SD card from Taobao.com, the largest e-commerce platform in China. This paper combined theoretical analysis and empirical analysis together. Two-stage regression and logistic regression analysis was applied in this empirical analysis. The sensitivity analyses (robustness check) were also conducted in this paper. Findings Customer experience negatively moderates reputation price premium; thus, the positive effect of the reputation system is weaker for the experienced customer than for the naïve customer. Customers with more experience are less likely to pay the price premium and rely on a reputation system. Practical implications The results help sellers to strategize in the online marketplace. Sellers that wish to compete in the e-market must understand the type of customers they are addressing and differentiate the way they treat customers based on the level of customer experience. Originality/value This research contributes to the reputation management and customer behavior literature by identifying the effects of customer experience on the relationship between the reputation system and price premium. The results address the conflicts found in previous studies by extending the explanation of the negative reputation price premium.

Insects play a major role in pollination of teak. Insect visitation was observed to commence in the morning and continued till noon after which the activity decreased. Maximum insect visit coincided with the anthesis, which occurred from 8 AM to 12 PM. Insects observed on the teak florescence belonged to the orders Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera. Of these, maximum number of species belonged to Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. Based on the quantity of pollen carried and potential to effect pollen transfer, the solitary bees, Halictus tectonae Narendran & Joberaj, Nomia ellioti Smith, Anthophora niveocincta Smith and A. zonata Lin. as well as the wasps Eumenes flavopicta Blanch. and Rhynchium brunneum (Smith) were ranked as the most efficient pollinators. When the approach of the pollinators to the teak inflorescence was prevented using nylon nets and cloth bags, that inflorescence showed marked reduction in fruit setting, which indicates the role of insects in pollination of teak.

Abstract We surveyed the occurrence of bees and wasps (Hymenoptera) in nine centipedegrass lawns in central and south Georgia in 2019 that had no prior exposure to insecticides. In each lawn, an area of 9.3 m2 was marked and not mowed while the remainder of the lawn area was mowed regularly. When each centipedegrass lawn reached anthesis, pan traps filled with soapy water were placed in nonmowed and mowed areas of each lawn. After 3 d, trap contents were collected and transported to the laboratory for insect sorting and identification. Each lawn site was sampled 3–5 times. Of 173 total bees collected from the centipedegrass lawns, 79.2% were Lasioglossum spp. followed by 6.9% Halictus and 4% Melissodes. Only four Bombus spp. were collected, while other bees collected were Augochlorella spp., Agapostemon spp., Megachile, Apis, Peponapis, Ceratina, Ptilothrix, Svastra, and Nomia spp. Most of the Lasioglossum spp. were collected in August (48.6%) and September (26.6%). Lasioglossum spp. were sampled from all centipedegrass lawns; however, Halictus spp. and Melissodes spp. were collected only from one lawn in south Georgia. Captures were similar regardless of collection from mowed or nonmowed areas. Most of the bees were collected in pan traps that were blue or yellow in color; whereas, wasps were captured primarily in yellow-colored traps.

Russian wheat aphid (RWA; Diuraphis noxia Kurdjumov) resistance on the 1D chromosome of wheat has been the subject of intensive research. Conversely, the deployment of the Dn4 derived RWA resistant varieties diminished in recent years due to the overcoming of the resistance it imparts in the United States of America. However, this resistance has not been deployed in South Africa despite reports that Dn4 containing genotypes exhibited varying levels of resistance against the South African RWA biotypes. It is possible that there may be certain genetic differences within breeding lines or cultivars that influence the expression of resistance. The aim of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with resistance to South African RWA biotypes. A panel of thirty-two wheat lines were phenotyped for RWA resistance using four South African RWA biotypes and a total of 181 samples were genotyped using the Illumina 9K SNP wheat chip. A genome wide association study using 7598 polymorphic SNPs showed that the population was clustered into two distinct subpopulations. Twenty-seven marker trait associations (MTA) were identified with an average linkage disequilibrium of 0.38 at 10 Mbp. Four of these markers were highly significant and three correlated with previously reported quantitative trait loci linked to RWA resistance in wheat. Twenty putative genes were annotated using the IWGSC RefSeq, three of which are linked to plant defence responses. This study identified novel chromosomal regions that contribute to RWA resistance and contributes to unravelling the complex genetics that control RWA resistance in wheat.

Twenty-one cultivars of poinsettia [Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch] were evaluated by respondents who voluntarily completed a paper survey (n=293) at TSU. Rooted cuttings from five major U.S. suppliers were potted and grown during the preceding 4 months according to standard industry practices. Cultivars were displayed without their names for the survey, and respondents were asked to rate each cultivar on a Likert-type scale, where 1=strongly dislike and 5=strongly like. The top eight rated cultivars (mean > 3.9) were all traditional red forms, which included the new cultivar `Red Dragon', followed in descending preference by `Christmas Spirit', `Freedom Red', `Cortez Electric Fire', `Prestige Red', `Premium Red', `Novia Red', and `Candlelight'. For each cultivar, the price respondents indicated they would be willing to pay was highly correlated with the Likert-type scale score. When asked about purchases in the prior year, 89% of respondents bought at least one red poinsettia. Retail outlets and prices paid varied among respondents. Color was by far the most popular criterion respondents used to determine whether they like or dislike a cultivar, followed by foliage and price. Consistent with recent trends for value-added products, consumers indicated that they would be willing to pay significantly more for a purple-painted plant with glitter than for a white-flowered plant that was otherwise of comparable quality. These results suggest that, while red poinsettias continue to dominate the poinsettia market, niche markets exist for unique flower and foliage traits created through breeding and through enhancements such as paint and glitter.

The subject matters of the article are design, creation and modernization of the computer networks. The goal is to create algorithm which will allow to build new network design based on an existing one using graph theory and optimization algorithms. The tasks to be solved are: to make a review of the rates of modernization of the computer networks; to analyze the market of telecom companies that offer to create network design; to seek for the automated solutions of this task; to create a method of automated network modernization which allow to decrease human influence on the network creation process; to create software implementation of such method on test environment. The methods used are: graph theory, optimization algorithms, algorithmic modelling. The following results were obtained: based on the prepared analysis and data from such sources as Cisco, Nokia, DataGroup etc. were described the need and importance of the specialists and solutions which can create high-quality network design; were noted the criteria to describe the network from the point of view of a network-provider company like reliability, quality of service and cost of network design and implementation; the network was described using graphs and based on the graph theory was selected the most efficient graph-network – divalent graph topology; during the creation of the new method was used common approach but with one important improvement which allows not to build a completely new network to add its structure to the existing one but to modernize an existing network topology to increase cost-efficiency of the design. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is as follows: 1) the networks were described as graphs that should allow to use algorithmic modelling to the process of data transfer through the network in the future; 2) new method has optimized the process of the network design by using and considering the resources that are already in use by network provides such as routers, switches and communication channels. In the future there is an idea to improve this method by adding a module of network modelling which will allow not only to create network design but also to describe its advantages and disadvantages

Purpose: This article will investigate the causes for Nokia’s failure to stay afloat in the market, as well as how the company resurrected in 2017 by employing a nostalgic or sentimental marketing strategy. Technology management on a strategic level at Nokia Corporation is thoroughly examined and analyzed in this study. Nokia used to be the market’s dominant corporation, leader, and pacesetter until it had a massive market disaster. We inferred that the problem at Nokia was not the absenteeism of advancement, but in its place, it was due to a lack of innovation estimation and a misunderstanding that the requirements in the mobile phone market were not only about displaying a cell phone that makes verdicts, sends messages, and connects to the internet, but also the stage that connects all of these volumes together. Finally, this article describes how Nokia’s revival was achieved through the use of a nostalgic or sentimental marketing strategy. Objectives: We aim to present the reasons behind the failure of Nokia and its return using Nostalgic marketing approach to do a comparison analysis with its competitors and make recommendations to improve the company based on the findings Design/Methodology/Approach: Journals, as well as a variety of internet resources such as websites and blogs, were used to conduct this company analysis. A SWOC Analysis was used to analyses the Nokia corporation. Findings/Result: Till 2008 Nokia was the pioneer in the mobile phone market. Based on the study done it’s clear that Nokia failed to acquire smart phone market because Nokia couldn’t recognize the customer needs, didn’t Analyze the Market Accurately and also lack of implementing innovative technology in its product which customer needs. Nokia was focusing on implementing traditional Symbian operating system to its smart phone but Samsung choose android as its operating systems for its smartphone at the right time, which met the customer requirements. In 2017 Nokia came with nostalgic marketing approach by re-creating its old Nokia 3310 handset with modern features such Bluetooth, GPS, Wifi. Originality/Value: Based on data from secondary sources, this article investigates the reasons why Nokia failed to gain access to the smartphone market, and explores its comeback through nostalgic marketing strategies. Paper Type: Research Case Study.

Nokia India Pvt Ltd (NIPL) was part of Nokia Corporation, Finland. In March 2013, the Indian Income Tax department accused NIPL of evading taxes amounting to USD 3.5 billion. Simultaneously, the market share of Nokia Corporation declined following increased competition from android devices. In September 2013, Nokia announced the sale of its global Devices and Services division to Microsoft Corporation. The Indian IT department freezed the assets of NIPL, disallowing transfer of assets and Microsoft excluded the Chennai plant of NIPL from the deal. In mid-April 2014, NIPL offered Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS) to its workers. Despite efforts by trade unions, the plant finally shut operations on November 1, 2014 leaving 30,000 direct and indirect employees jobless. The case discusses the labour relations impact in global manufacturing chains.

The Nokia case provides an opportunity to explore financing alternatives in a situation of broad strategic change. The case emphasizes the difficulties of managing the financial resources of technology-based companies when they fall behind in product innovation. Nokia, the world's leading producer of mobile phones, had recently seen its market share and profits eroded by rival products such as Apple's iPhone and phones featuring Google's Android operating system. In February 2011, Nokia CEO Stephen Elop announced a strategic plan and partnership with Microsoft to have Windows serve as its primary OS for smartphones. Since that announcement, Nokia reported a net loss in earnings, followed by a downgrade of its credit rating in the summer of 2012.Analysts regard the next two years as a period of great uncertainty for the company. In January 2012, the CFO of Nokia estimates that the firm might require up to EUR4.3 billion in funding over the next two years to implement the plan under a representative downside scenario. Students are asked to evaluate the tradeoffs of raising the funds by issuing long-term debt, issuing equity, cutting dividends, or reducing cash. Given the firm's recent competitive struggles, none of the options is particularly appealing, which forces careful consideration of tradeoffs.The Nokia is appropriate for use in upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses covering topics in capital raising, capital structure, corporate finance, and the costs of financing. A spreadsheet file of case exhibits to facilitate student preparation, teaching note, and instructional spreadsheet file are available for the case.

One of the main VaR methods on theoretical aspect – Historical Simulation to Portfolio is explained in this article. Portfolio market risk measurement is carried out towards the shares of the particular companies – The Procter & Gamble Company (PG), Toyota Motor Corporation (TM) and Nokia Corporation (NOK).

Findings from the Digital Music Lab in Association with Nokia at McMaster University are reported. Diasporas and migration patterns are studied by comparing the popularity of genres in their “mother” country, i.e. place of origin, with their popularity in subsequent host countries. The human stories that underlie these comparisons, whether related to work, war, famine, or simply the desire to “seek a better life” are, where possible, linked to the research findings.

More and more well-documented failure of established companies which could not respond to rapid market changes, such as Kodak and Nokia, demonstrate the importance of transferring marketing information into real firm performance. While marketing strategy and management literature has long advocated the direct impact of strong firm market orientation (MO) on new product development (NPD) performance, limited research has discussed the mediating mechanism of this MO-NPD performance relationship. Using the traditional source–position–performance (SPP) framework, this study focuses on the innovation ambidexterity perspective to investigate the mediating mechanism between MO and NPD performance. Then, this study proposed a conceptual framework and propositions to examine the MO - NPD performance relationship further. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are also discussed.

On November 10, 2022, FRX Innovations, a company specialized in eco-friendly flame retardants, announced that Polyvisions (PV), a thermoplastic compounder (wholly owned subsidiary of Bemis Associates Inc.) announced on November 1, 2022 that it has selected FRX Innovations’ Nofia products for its line of high performance DuraPET® FR PET products, formulated for a range of molded and extruded applications, including use in Electromedical Devices, part of the Global Medical Plastics market which is anticipated to grow to $29.7Bn by 2027¹.

Abstract Background Scales are linear combinations of variables with coefficients that add up to zero and have a similar meaning to “contrast” in the analysis of variance. Scales are necessary in order to incorporate genomic information into relationship matrices for genomic selection. Statistical and biological parameterizations using scales under different assumptions have been proposed to construct alternative genomic relationship matrices. Except for the natural and orthogonal interactions approach (NOIA) method, current methods to construct relationship matrices assume Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). The objective of this paper is to apply vector algebra to center and scale relationship matrices under non-HWE conditions, including orthogonalization by the Gram-Schmidt process. Theory and methods Vector space algebra provides an evaluation of current orthogonality between additive and dominance vectors of additive and dominance scales for each marker. Three alternative methods to center and scale additive and dominance relationship matrices based on the Gram-Schmidt process (GSP-A, GSP-D, and GSP-N) are proposed. GSP-A removes additive-dominance co-variation by first fitting the additive and then the dominance scales. GSP-D fits scales in the opposite order. We show that GSP-A is algebraically the same as the NOIA model. GSP-N orthonormalizes the additive and dominance scales that result from GSP-A. An example with genotype information on 32,645 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 903 Large-White × Landrace crossbred pigs is used to construct existing and newly proposed additive and dominance relationship matrices. Results An exact test for departures from HWE showed that a majority of loci were not in HWE in crossbred pigs. All methods, except the one that assumes HWE, performed well to attain an average of diagonal elements equal to one and an average of off diagonal elements equal to zero. Variance component estimation for a recorded quantitative phenotype showed that orthogonal methods (NOIA, GSP-A, GSP-N) can adjust for the additive-dominance co-variation when estimating the additive genetic variance, whereas GSP-D does it when estimating dominance components. However, different methods to orthogonalize relationship matrices resulted in different proportions of additive and dominance components of variance. Conclusions Vector space methodology can be applied to measure orthogonality between vectors of additive and dominance scales and to construct alternative orthogonal models such as GSP-A, GSP-D and an orthonormal model such as GSP-N. Under non-HWE conditions, GSP-A is algebraically the same as the previously developed NOIA model.

JURNAL MANAJEMEN BISNISDAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN Volume 02/No.1/Januari /2018 ISSN 2598-0289 Terbit enam kali dalam setahun. Berisi tulisan yang diangkat dari hasil penelitian di bidang Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan. Ketua Dewan PenyuntingProf. Ir. Carunia Mulya Firdausy, MA, Ph.D – Universitas Tarumanagara Wakil Ketua Dewan PenyuntingDr. Eko Harry Susanto – Universitas Tarumanagara Anggota Dewan Penyunting Dr. Ir. Agus Zainul Arifin, MM – Universitas TarumanagaraDr. Eddy Supriyatna MZ, M.HUM – Universitas TarumanagaraDr. Anas Lutfi, MM, MKN – Universitas IndonesiaDr. Hardius Usman, M.Si – Universitas IndonesiaDr. Indra Widjaja, SE, MM – Universitas TarumanagaraDr. Hetty Karunia Tunjung Sari – Universitas Tarumanagara SekretariatMaria Benedicta, SEStephanie Pane, SE, MM Alamat Penyunting dan Tata Usaha: Program Studi MM Untar, Kampus 1, Gedung Utama, Lantai 14, Jl. Let. Jen. S. Parman No. 1 Grogol, Jakarta 11440. Telp. (62-21) 5655806 dan Fax. (62-21) 5655808. Email: mmuntar@tarumanagara.ac.id JURNAL MANAJEMEN BISNIS & KEWIRAUSAHAAN Januari 2018, Volume 02, No.1 ISSN 2598-0289Halaman 1-144 ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN ABNORMAL RETURN DAN LIKUIDITAS SAHAM SEBELUM DANSESUDAH STOCK SPLIT PADA PERUSAHAAN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIAPERIODE 2010-2015Cindy Hadiwijaya dan Indra Widjaja 01-10 STRATEGI BISNIS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS SWOT DENGAN MODEL SUPPLY CHAIN LOGISTIKUNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENJUALAN RETAIL PADA PT XYZPradana Wibowo Santosa dan Eddy Herjanto 11-22 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC VALUE ADDED, MARKET VALUE ADDED ANDRETURN ON COST OF CAPITAL IN MEASURING CORPORATE PERFORMANCESuwinto Johan 23-35 ANALISIS KELAYAKAN INVESTASI PENGEMBANGAN PERUMAHAN SUBSIDI DI KABUPATEN TANGERANGDarryl Arlen Hartanu dan Carunia Mulya Firdausy 36-45 ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI STRUKTUR MODAL PADA PERUSAHAAN MAKANAN DANMINUMAN YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PADA TAHUN 2008 -2015Anthony Ghozali dan Ignatius Roni Setyawan 46-52 PENGARUH MEKANISME CORPORATE GOVERNANCE TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN PADAPERUSAHAAN CONSUMER GOODSKartika Aprilia Benhardy 53-61 PENGARUH FAKTOR KEPUASAN KERJA DAN MOTIVASI KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PADADIVISI FINANCE ACCOUNTING DI PT. XYZ CABANG HEAD OFFICEJessica Novia dan Anas Lutfi 62-70 ANALISIS FAKTOR FUNDAMENTAL KEUANGAN TERHADAP HARGA SAHAM PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTURYANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI PERIODE 2012 – 2016 (STUDI KASUS PADA SEKTOR BARANG KONSUMSIDAN SUBSEKTOR MAKANAN & MINUMAN)Yolanda 71-78 KUALITAS PELAYANAN DAN KEPUASAN NASABAH TERHADAP LOYALITAS NASABAH PADA BANK XYZKhoerul Umah 79-88 PENGARUH BRAND LOYALTY, BRAND LOVE, BRAND COMMITMENT TERHADAP WILLINGNESS TO PAY A PREMIUM PRICETrisno Pangestu dan Chairy 89-96 DETERMINANT FACTORS OF THE STOCK RETURN IN MANUFACTURING COMPANIES LISTED IN THEINDONESIAN STOCK EXCHANGE IN THE PERIOD OF 2013 - 2015Rendy Lee 97-103 FAKTOR PENGARUH ABCD TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN ASURANSI PRULINK PRUDENTIALBobby Kurniawan 104-111 ANALISIS STRUKTUR, PERILAKU, DAN KINERJA INDUSTRI POPOK BAYI SEKALI PAKAI DI INDONESIALulu Sugiarto 112-121 PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI BERBASIS WEB UNTUK PT. XYZFictor Benny dan Rina Adi Kristianti 122-129 ANALISA BRAND EQUITY TERHADAP BRAND LOYALITAS PT. TRANSJAKARTAWendy Fernando 130-137 STUDI MENGENAI PELANGGAN YANG MEMBELI DARI PERUSAHAAN MULTI-LEVEL MARKETING DI JAKARTAWilliam indrajaya 138-144

Introduction As the country with the fifth largest population in the world, Indonesia is a massive potential market for mobile technology adoption and development. Despite an annual per capita income of only $1,280 USD (World Bank), there are 63 million mobile phone users in Indonesia (Suhartono, sec. 1.7) and it is predicted to reach 80 million in 2007 (Jakarta Post 1). Mobile phones are not only a symbol of Indonesian modernity (Barendregt 5), but like other communication technology can become a platform through which to explore socio-political issues (Winner 28). In this article we explore the role mobile phone technology in contemporary forms of social, intimate, and sexual relationships in Indonesia. We argue that new forms of expression and relations are facilitated by the particular features of mobile technology. We discuss two cases from contemporary Indonesia: a mobile dating service (BEDD) and mobile phone pornography. For each case study, we first discuss the socio-political background in Indonesia, then describe the technological affordances of the mobile phone which facilitate dating and pornography, and finally give examples of how the mobile phone is effecting change in dating and pornographic practices. This study is placed at a time when social relations, intimacy, and sexuality in Indonesia have become central public issues. Since the end of the New Order whilst many people have embraced the new freedoms of reformasi and democratization, there is also a high degree of social anxiety, tension and uncertainty (Juliastuti 139-40). These social changes and desires have played out in the formations of new and exciting modes of creativity, solidarity, and sociality (Heryanto and Hadiz 262) and equally violence, terror and criminality (Heryanto and Hadiz 256). The diverse and plural nature of Indonesian society is alive with a myriad of people and activities, and it is into this diverse social body that the mobile phone has become a central and prominent feature of interaction. The focus of our study is dating and pornography as mediated by the mobile phone; however, we do not suggest that these are new experiences in Indonesia. Rather over the last decade social, intimate, and sexual relationships have all been undergoing change and their motivations can be traced to a variety of sources including the factors of globalization, democratization and modernization. Throughout Asia “new media have become a crucial site for constituting new Asian sexual identities and communities” (Berry, Martin, and Yue 13) as people are connecting through new communication technologies. In this article we suggest that mobile phone technology opens new possibilities and introduces new channels, dynamics, and intensities of social interaction. Mobile phones are particularly powerful communication tools because of their mobility, accessibility, and convergence (Ling 16-19; Ito 14-15; Katz and Aakhus 303). These characteristics of mobile phones do not in and of themselves bring about any particular changes in dating and pornography, but they may facilitate changes already underway (Barendegt 7-9; Barker 9). Mobile Dating Background The majority of Indonesians in the 1960s and 1970s had arranged marriages (Smith-Hefner 443). Education reform during the 70s and 80s encouraged more women to attain an education which in turn led to the delaying of marriage and the changing of courtship practices (Smith-Hefner 450). “Compared to previous generations, [younger Indonesians] are freer to mix with the opposite sex and to choose their own marriage,” (Utomo 225). Modern courtship in Java is characterized by “self-initiated romance” and dating (Smith-Hefner 451). Mobile technology is beginning to play a role in initiating romance between young Indonesians. Technology One mobile matching or dating service available in Indonesia is called BEDD (www.bedd.com). BEDD is a free software for mobile phones in which users fill out a profile about themselves and can meet BEDD members who are within 20-30 feet using a Bluetooth connection on their mobile devices. BEDD members’ phones automatically exchange profile information so that users can easily meet new people who match their profile requests. BEDD calls itself mobile social networking community; “BEDD is a new Bluetooth enabled mobile social medium that allows people to meet, interact and communicate in a new way by letting their mobile phones do all the work as they go throughout their day.” As part of a larger project on mobile social networking (Humphreys 6), a field study was conducted of BEDD users in Jakarta, Indonesia and Singapore (where BEDD is based) in early 2006. In-depth interviews and open-ended user surveys were conducted with users, BEDD’s CEO and strategic partners in order to understand the social uses and effects BEDD. The majority of BEDD members (which topped 100,000 in January 2006) are in Indonesia thanks to a partnership with Nokia where BEDD came pre-installed on several phone models. In management interviews, both BEDD and Nokia explained that they partnered because both companies want to help “build community”. They felt that Bluetooth technology such as BEDD could be used to help youth meet new people and keep in touch with old friends. Examples One of BEDD’s functions is to help lower barriers to social interaction in public spaces. By sharing profile information and allowing for free text messaging, BEDD can facilitate conversations between BEDD members. According to users, mediating the initial conversation also helps to alleviate social anxiety, which often accompanies meeting new people. While social mingling and hanging out between Jakarta teenagers is a relatively common practice, one user said that BEDD provides a new and fun way to meet and flirt. In a society that must balance between an “idealized morality” and an increasingly sexualized popular culture (Utomo 226), BEDD provides a modern mode of self-initiated matchmaking. While BEDD was originally intended to aid in the matchmaking process of dating, it has been appropriated into everyday life in Indonesia because of its interpretive flexibility (Pinch & Bjiker 27). Though BEDD is certainly used to meet “beautiful girls” (according to one Indonesian male user), it is also commonly used to text message old friends. One member said he uses BEDD to text his friends in class when the lecture gets boring. BEDD appears to be a helpful modern communication tool when people are physically proximate but cannot easily talk to one another. BEDD can become a covert way to exchange messages with people nearby for free. Another potential explanation for BEDD’s increasing popularity is its ability to allow users to have private conversations in public space. Bennett notes that courtship in private spaces is seen as dangerous because it may lead to sexual impropriety (154). Dating and courtship in public spaces are seen as safer, particularly for conserving the reputation young Indonesian women. Therefore Bluetooth connections via mobile technologies can be a tool to make private social connections between young men and women “safer”. Bluetooth communication via mobile phones has also become prevalent in more conservative Muslim societies (Sullivan, par. 7; Braude, par. 3). There are, however, safety concerns about meeting strangers in public spaces. When asked, “What advice would you give a first time BEDD user?” one respondent answered, “harus bisa mnilai seseorang krn itu sangat penting, kita mnilai seseorang bukan cuma dari luarnya” (translated: be careful in evaluating (new) people, and don’t ever judge the book by its cover”). Nevertheless, only one person participating in this study mentioned this concern. To some degree meeting someone in a public may be safer than meeting someone in an online environment. Not only are there other people around in public spaces to physically observe, but co-location means there may be some accountability for how BEDD members present themselves. The development and adoption of matchmaking services such as BEDD suggests that the role of the mobile phone in Indonesia is not just to communicate with friends and family but to act as a modern social networking tool as well. For young Indonesians BEDD can facilitate the transfer of social information so as to encourage the development of new social ties. That said, there is still debate about exactly whom BEDD is connecting and for what purposes. On one hand, BEDD could help build community in Indonesia. One the other hand, because of its privacy it could become a tool for more promiscuous activities (Bennett 154-5). There are user profiles to suggest that people are using BEDD for both purposes. For example, note what four young women in Jakarta wrote in the BEDD profiles: Personal Description Looking For I am a good prayer, recite the holy book, love saving (money), love cycling… and a bit narcist. Meaning of life Ordinary gurl, good student, single, Owen lover, and the rest is up to you to judge. Phrenz ?! Peace?! Wondeful life! I am talkative, have no patience but so sweet. I am so girly, narcist, shy and love cute guys. Check my fs (Friendster) account if you’re so curious. Well, I am just an ordinary girl tho. Anybody who wants to know me. A boy friend would be welcomed. Play Station addict—can’t live without it! I am a rebel, love rock, love hiphop, naughty, if you want proof dial 081********* phrenz n cute guyz As these profiles suggest, the technology can be used to send different kinds of messages. The mobile phone and the BEDD software merely facilitate the process of social exchange, but what Indonesians use it for is up to them. Thus BEDD and the mobile phone become tools through which Indonesians can explore their identities. BEDD can be used in a variety of social and communicative contexts to allow users to explore their modern, social freedoms. Mobile Pornography Background Mobile phone pornography builds on a long tradition of pornography and sexually explicit material in Indonesia through the use of a new technology for an old art and product. Indonesia has a rich sexual history with a documented and prevalent sex industry (Suryakusuma 115). Lesmana suggests that the country has a tenuous pornographic industry prone to censorship and nationalist politics intent on its destruction. Since the end of the New Order and opening of press freedoms there has been a proliferation in published material including a mushrooming of tabloids, men’s magazines such as FHM, Maxim and Playboy, which are often regarded as pornographic. This is attributed to the decline of the power of the bureaucracy and government and the new role of capital in the formation of culture (Chua 16). There is a parallel pornography industry, however, that is more amateur, local, and homemade (Barker 6). It is into this range of material that mobile phone pornography falls. Amongst the myriad forms of pornography and sexually explicit material available in Indonesia, the mobile phone in recent years has emerged as a new platform for production, distribution, and consumption. This section will not deal with the ethics of representation nor engage with the debate about definitions and the rights and wrongs of pornography. Instead what will be shown is how the mobile phone can be and has been used as an instrument/medium for the production and consumption of pornography within contemporary social relationships. Technology There are several technological features of the mobile phone that make pornography possible. As has already been noted the mobile phone has had a large adoption rate in Indonesia, and increasingly these phones come equipped with cameras and the ability to send data via MMS and Bluetooth. Coupled with the mobility of the phone, the convergence of technology in the mobile phone makes it possible for pornography to be produced and consumed in a different way than what has been possible before. It is only recently that the mobile phone has been marketed as a video camera with the release of the Nokia N90; however, quality and recording time are severely limited. Still, the mobile phone is a convenient and at-hand tool for the production and consumption of individually made, local, and non-professional pieces of porn, sex and sexuality. It is impossible to know how many such films are in circulation. A number of websites that offer these films for downloads host between 50 and 100 clips in .3gp file format, with probably more in actual circulation. At the very least, this is a tenfold increase in number compared to the recent emergence of non-professional VCD films (Barker 3). This must in part be attributed to the advantages that the mobile phone has over standard video cameras including cost, mobility, convergence, and the absence of intervening data processing and disc production. Examples There are various examples of mobile pornography in Indonesia. These range from the pornographic text message sent between lovers to the mobile phone video of explicit sexual acts (Barendregt 14-5). The mobile phone affords privacy for the production and exchange of pornographic messages and media. Because mobile devices are individually owned, however, pornographic material found on mobile phones can be directly tied to the individual owners. For example, police in Kotabaru inspected the phones of high school students in search of pornographic materials and arrested those individuals on whose phones it was found (Barendregt 18). Mobile phone pornography became a national political issue in 2006 when an explicit one-minute clip of a singer and an Indonesian politician became public. Videoed in 2004, the clip shows Maria Eva, a 27 year-old dangdut singer (see Browne, 25-6) and Yahya Zaini, a married 42 year-old who was head of religious affairs for the Golkar political party. Their three-year affair ended in 2005, but the film did not become public until 2006. It spread like wildfire between phones and across the internet, however, and put an otherwise secret relationship into the limelight. These types of affairs and relationships were common knowledge to people through gossip, exposes such as Jakarta Undercover (Emka 93-108) and stories in tabloids; yet this culture of adultery and prostitution continued and remained anonymous because of bureaucratic control of evidence and information (Suryakusuma 115). In this case, however, the filming of Maria Eva once public proves the identities of those involved and their infidelity. As a result of the scandal it was further revealed that Maria Eva had been forced by Yayha Zaini and his wife to have an abortion, deepening the moral crisis. Yahya Zaini later resigned as his party’s head of Religious Affairs (Asmarani, sec. 1-2), due to what was called the country’s “first real sex scandal” (Naughton, par. 2). As these examples show, there are definite risks and consequences involved in the production of mobile pornography. Even messages/media that are meant to be shared between two consenting individuals can eventually make their way into the public mobile realm and have serious consequences for those involved. Mobile video and photography does, however, represent a potential new check on the Indonesian bureaucratic elite which has not been previously available by other means such as a watchdog media. “The role of the press as a control mechanism is practically nonexistent [in Jakarta], which in effect protects corruption, nepotism, financial manipulation, social injustice, and repression, as well as the murky sexual life of the bureaucratic power elite,” (Suryakusuma 117). Thus while originally a mobile video may have been created for personal pleasure, through its mass dissemination via new media it can become a means of sousveillance (Mann, Nolan and Wellman 332-3) whereby the control of surveillance is flipped to reveal the often hidden abuses of power by officials. Whilst the debates over pornography in Indonesia tend to focus on the moral aspects of it, the broader social impacts of technology on relationships are often ignored. Issues related to power relations or even media as cultural expression are often disregarded as moral judgments cast a heavy shadow over discussions of locally produced Indonesian mobile pornography. It is possible to move beyond the moral critique of pornographic media to explore the social significance of its proliferation as a cultural product. Conclusion In these two case studies we have tried to show how the mobile phone in Indonesia has become a mode of interaction but also a platform through which to explore other current issues and debates related to dating, sexuality and media. Since 1998 and the fall of the New Order, Indonesia has been struggling with blending old and new, a desire of change and nostalgia for past, and popular desire for a “New Indonesia” (Heryanto, sec. Post-1998). Cultural products within Indonesia have played an important role in exploring these issues. The mobile phone in Indonesia is not just a technology, but also a product in and through which these desires are played out. Changes in dating and pornography practices have been occurring in Indonesia for some time. As people use mobile technology to produce, communicate, and consume, the device becomes intricately related to identity struggle and cultural production within Indonesia. It is important to keep in mind, however, that while mobile technology adoption within Indonesia is growing, it is still limited to a particular subset of the population. As has been previously observed (Barendregt 3), it is wealthier, young people in urban areas who are most intensely involved in mobile technology. As handset prices decrease and availability in rural areas increases, however, no longer will mobile technology be so demographically confined in Indonesia. The convergent technology of the mobile phone opens many possibilities for creative adoption and usage. As a communication device it allows for the creation, sharing, and viewing of messages. Therefore, the technology itself facilitates social connections and networking. As demonstrated in the cases of dating and pornography, the mobile phone is both a tool for meeting new people and disseminating sexual messages/media because it is a networked technology. The mobile phone is not fundamentally changing dating and pornography practices, but it is accelerating social and cultural trends already underway in Indonesia by facilitating the exchange and dissemination of messages and media. As these case studies show, what kinds of messages Indonesians choose to create and share are up to them. The same device can be used for relatively innocuous behavior as well as more controversial behavior. With increased adoption in Indonesia, the mobile will continue to be a lens through which to further explore modern socio-political issues. 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"Modernity and the Mobile Phone: Exploring Tensions about Dating and Sex in Indonesia." M/C Journal 10.1 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0703/06-humphreys-barker.php>. APA Style Humphreys, L., and T. Barker. (Mar. 2007) "Modernity and the Mobile Phone: Exploring Tensions about Dating and Sex in Indonesia," M/C Journal, 10(1). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0703/06-humphreys-barker.php>.

IntroductionSupermarkets are functionally challenging environments for people with vision impairments. A supermarket is likely to house an average of 45,000 products in a median floor-space of 4,529 square meters and many visually impaired people are unable to shop without assistance, which greatly impedes personal independence (Nicholson et al.). The task of selecting goods in a supermarket is an “activity that is expressive of agency, identity and creativity” (Sutherland) from which many vision-impaired persons are excluded. In response to this, a number of proof of concept (demonstrating feasibility) and prototype assistive technologies are being developed which aim to use smart phones as potential sensorial aides for vision impaired persons. In this paper, I discuss two such prototypic technologies, Shop Talk and BlindShopping. I engage with this issue’s list theme by suggesting that, on the one hand, list making is a uniquely human activity that demonstrates our need for order, reliance on memory, reveals our idiosyncrasies, and provides insights into our private lives (Keaggy 12). On the other hand, lists feature in the creation of spatial inventories that represent physical environments (Perec 3-4, 9-10). The use of lists in the architecture of assistive technologies for shopping illuminates the interaction between these two modalities of list use where items contained in a list are not only textual but also cartographic elements that link the material and immaterial in space and time (Haber 63). I argue that despite the emancipatory potential of assistive shopping technologies, their efficacy in practical situations is highly dependent on the extent to which they can integrate a number of lists to produce representations of space that are meaningful for vision impaired users. I suggest that the extent to which these prototypes may translate to becoming commercially viable, widely adopted technologies is heavily reliant upon commercial and institutional infrastructures, data sources, and regulation. Thus, their design, manufacture and adoption-potential are shaped by the extent to which certain data inventories are accessible and made interoperable. To overcome such constraints, it is important to better understand the “spatial syntax” associated with the shopping task for a vision impaired person; that is, the connected ordering of real and virtual spatial elements that result in a supermarket as a knowable space within which an assisted “spatial practice” of shopping can occur (Kellerman 148, Lefebvre 16).In what follows, I use the concept of lists to discuss the production of supermarket-space in relation to the enabling and disabling potentials of assistive technologies. First, I discuss mobile digital technologies relative to disability and impairment and describe how the shopping task produces a disabling spatial practice. Second, I present a case study showing how assistive technologies function in aiding vision impaired users in completing the task of supermarket shopping. Third, I discuss various factors that may inhibit the liberating potential of technology assisted shopping by vision-impaired people. Addressing Shopping as a Disabling Spatial Practice Consider how a shopping list might inform one’s experience of supermarket space. The way shopping lists are written demonstrate the variability in the logic that governs list writing. As Bill Keaggy demonstrates in his found shopping list Web project and subsequent book, Milk, Eggs, Vodka, a shopping list may be written on a variety of materials, be arranged in a number of orientations, and the writer may use differing textual attributes, such as size or underlining to show emphasis. The writer may use longhand, abbreviate, write neatly, scribble, and use an array of alternate spelling and naming conventions. For example, items may be listed based on knowledge of the location of products, they may be arranged on a list as a result of an inventory of a pantry or fridge, or they may be copied in the order they appear in a recipe. Whilst shopping, some may follow strictly the order of their list, crossing back and forth between aisles. Some may work through their list item-by-item, perhaps forward scanning to achieve greater economies of time and space. As a person shops, their memory may be stimulated by visual cues reminding them of products they need that may not be included on their list. For the vision impaired, this task is near impossible to complete without the assistance of a relative, friend, agency volunteer, or store employee. Such forms of assistance are often unsatisfactory, as delays may be caused due to the unavailability of an assistant, or the assistant having limited literacy, knowledge, or patience to adequately meet the shopper’s needs. Home delivery services, though readily available, impede personal independence (Nicholson et al.). Katie Ellis and Mike Kent argue that “an impairment becomes a disability due to the impact of prevailing ableist social structures” (3). It can be said, then, that supermarkets function as a disability producing space for the vision impaired shopper. For the vision impaired, a supermarket is a “hegemonic modern visual infrastructure” where, for example, merchandisers may reposition items regularly to induce customers to explore areas of the shop that they wouldn’t usually, a move which adds to the difficulty faced by those customers with impaired vision who work on the assumption that items remain as they usually are (Schillmeier 161).In addressing this issue, much emphasis has been placed on the potential of mobile communications technologies in affording vision impaired users greater mobility and flexibility (Jolley 27). However, as Gerard Goggin argues, the adoption of mobile communication technologies has not necessarily “gone hand in hand with new personal and collective possibilities” given the limited access to standard features, even if the device is text-to-speech enabled (98). Issues with Digital Rights Management (DRM) limit the way a device accesses and reproduces information, and confusion over whether audio rights are needed to convert text-to-speech, impede the accessibility of mobile communications technologies for vision impaired users (Ellis and Kent 136). Accessibility and functionality issues like these arise out of the needs, desires, and expectations of the visually impaired as a user group being considered as an afterthought as opposed to a significant factor in the early phases of design and prototyping (Goggin 89). Thus, the development of assistive technologies for the vision impaired has been left to third parties who must adopt their solutions to fit within certain technical parameters. It is valuable to consider what is involved in the task of shopping in order to appreciate the considerations that must be made in the design of shopping intended assistive technologies. Shopping generally consists of five sub-tasks: travelling to the store; finding items in-store; paying for and bagging items at the register; exiting the store and getting home; and, the often overlooked task of putting items away once at home. In this process supermarkets exhibit a “trichotomous spatial ontology” consisting of locomotor space that a shopper moves around the store, haptic space in the immediate vicinity of the shopper, and search space where individual products are located (Nicholson et al.). In completing these tasks, a shopper will constantly be moving through and switching between all three of these spaces. In the next section I examine how assistive technologies function in producing supermarkets as both enabling and disabling spaces for the vision impaired. Assistive Technologies for Vision Impaired ShoppersJason Farman (43) and Adriana de Douza e Silva both argue that in many ways spaces have always acted as information interfaces where data of all types can reside. Global Positioning System (GPS), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and Quick Response (QR) codes all allow for practically every spatial encounter to be an encounter with information. Site-specific and location-aware technologies address the desire for meaningful representations of space for use in everyday situations by the vision impaired. Further, the possibility of an “always-on” connection to spatial information via a mobile phone with WiFi or 3G connections transforms spatial experience by “enfolding remote [and latent] contexts inside the present context” (de Souza e Silva). A range of GPS navigation systems adapted for vision-impaired users are currently on the market. Typically, these systems convert GPS information into text-to-speech instructions and are either standalone devices, such as the Trekker Breeze, or they use the compass, accelerometer, and 3G or WiFi functions found on most smart phones, such as Loadstone. Whilst both these products are adequate in guiding a vision-impaired user from their home to a supermarket, there are significant differences in their interfaces and data architectures. Trekker Breeze is a standalone hardware device that produces talking menus, maps, and GPS information. While its navigation functionality relies on a worldwide radio-navigation system that uses a constellation of 24 satellites to triangulate one’s position (May and LaPierre 263-64), its map and text-to-speech functionality relies on data on a DVD provided with the unit. Loadstone is an open source software system for Nokia devices that has been developed within the vision-impaired community. Loadstone is built on GNU General Public License (GPL) software and is developed from private and user based funding; this overcomes the issue of Trekker Breeze’s reliance on trading policies and pricing models of the few global vendors of satellite navigation data. Both products have significant shortcomings if viewed in the broader context of the five sub-tasks involved in shopping described above. Trekker Breeze and Loadstone require that additional devices be connected to it. In the case of Trekker Breeze it is a tactile keypad, and with Loadstone it is an aftermarket screen reader. To function optimally, Trekker Breeze requires that routes be pre-recorded and, according to a review conducted by the American Foundation for the Blind, it requires a 30-minute warm up time to properly orient itself. Both Trekker Breeze and Loadstone allow users to create and share Points of Interest (POI) databases showing the location of various places along a given route. Non-standard or duplicated user generated content in POI databases may, however, have a negative effect on usability (Ellis and Kent 2). Furthermore, GPS-based navigation systems are accurate to approximately ten metres, which means that users must rely on their own mobility skills when they are required to change direction or stop for traffic. This issue with GPS accuracy is more pronounced when a vision-impaired user is approaching a supermarket where they are likely to encounter environmental hazards with greater frequency and both pedestrian and vehicular traffic in greater density. Here the relations between space defined and spaces poorly defined or undefined by the GPS device interact to produce the supermarket surrounds as a disabling space (Galloway). Prototype Systems for Supermarket Navigation and Product SelectionIn the discussion to follow, I look at two prototype systems using QR codes and RFID that are designed to be used in-store by vision-impaired shoppers. Shop Talk is a proof of concept system developed by researchers at Utah State University that uses synthetic verbal route directions to assist vision impaired shoppers with supermarket navigation, product search, and selection (Nicholson et al.). Its hardware consists of a portable computational unit, a numeric keypad, a wireless barcode scanner and base station, headphones for the user to receive the synthetic speech instructions, a USB hub to connect all the components, and a backpack to carry them (with the exception of the barcode scanner) which has been slightly modified with a plastic stabiliser to assist in correct positioning. Shop Talk represents the supermarket environment using two data structures. The first is comprised of two elements: a topological map of locomotor space that allows for directional labels of “left,” “right,” and “forward,” to be added to the supermarket floor plan; and, for navigation of haptic space, the supermarket inventory management system, which is used to create verbal descriptions of product information. The second data structure is a Barcode Connectivity Matrix (BCM), which associates each shelf barcode with several pieces of information such as aisle, aisle side, section, shelf, position, Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode, product description, and price. Nicholson et al. suggest that one of their “most immediate objectives for future work is to migrate the system to a more conventional mobile platform” such as a smart phone (see Mobile Shopping). The Personalisable Interactions with Resources on AMI-Enabled Mobile Dynamic Environments (PRIAmIDE) research group at the University of Deusto is also approaching Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) by exploring the smart phone’s sensing, communication, computing, and storage potential. As part of their work, the prototype system, BlindShopping, was developed to address the issue of assisted shopping using entirely off-the-shelf technology with minimal environmental adjustments to navigate the store and search, browse and select products (López-de-Ipiña et al. 34). Blind Shopping’s architecture is based on three components. Firstly, a navigation system provides the user with synthetic verbal instructions to users via headphones connected to the smart phone device being used in order to guide them around the store. This requires a RFID reader to be attached to the tip of the user’s white cane and road-marking-like RFID tag lines to be distributed throughout the aisles. A smartphone application processes the RFID data that is received by the smart phone via Bluetooth generating the verbal navigation commands as a result. Products are recognised by pointing a QR code reader enabled smart phone at an embossed code located on a shelf. The system is managed by a Rich Internet Application (RIA) interface, which operates by Web browser, and is used to register the RFID tags situated in the aisles and the QR codes located on shelves (López-de-Ipiña and 37-38). A typical use-scenario for Blind Shopping involves a user activating the system by tracing an “L” on the screen or issuing the “Location” voice command, which activates the supermarket navigation system which then asks the user to either touch an RFID floor marking with their cane or scan a QR code on a nearby shelf to orient the system. The application then asks the user to dictate the product or category of product that they wish to locate. The smart phone maintains a continuous Bluetooth connection with the RFID reader to keep track of user location at all times. By drawing a “P” or issuing the “Product” voice command, a user can switch the device into product recognition mode where the smart phone camera is pointed at an embossed QR code on a shelf to retrieve information about a product such as manufacturer, name, weight, and price, via synthetic speech (López-de-Ipiña et al. 38-39). Despite both systems aiming to operate with as little environmental adjustment as possible, as well as minimise the extent to which a supermarket would need to allocate infrastructural, administrative, and human resources to implementing assistive technologies for vision impaired shoppers, there will undoubtedly be significant establishment and maintenance costs associated with the adoption of production versions of systems resembling either prototype described in this paper. As both systems rely on data obtained from a server by invoking Web services, supermarkets would need to provide in-store WiFi. Further, both systems’ dependence on store inventory data would mean that commercial versions of either of these systems are likely to be supermarket specific or exclusive given that there will be policies in place that forbid access to inventory systems, which contain pricing information to third parties. Secondly, an assumption in the design of both prototypes is that the shopping task ends with the user arriving at home; this overlooks the important task of being able to recognise products in order to put them away or to use at a later time.The BCM and QR product recognition components of both respective prototypic systems associates information to products in order to assist users in the product search and selection sub-tasks. However, information such as use-by dates, discount offers, country of manufacture, country of manufacturer’s origin, nutritional information, and the labelling of products as Halal, Kosher, containing alcohol, nuts, gluten, lactose, phenylalanine, and so on, create further challenges in how different data sources are managed within the devices’ software architecture. The reliance of both systems on existing smartphone technology is also problematic. Changes in the production and uptake of mobile communication devices, and the software that they operate on, occurs rapidly. Once the fit-out of a retail space with the necessary instrumentation in order to accommodate a particular system has occurred, this system is unlikely to be able to cater to the requirement for frequent upgrades, as built environments are less flexible in the upgrading of their technological infrastructure (Kellerman 148). This sets up a scenario where the supermarket may persist as a disabling space due to a gap between the functional capacities of applications designed for mobile communication devices and the environments in which they are to be used. Lists and Disabling Spatial PracticeThe development and provision of access to assistive technologies and the data they rely upon is a commercial issue (Ellis and Kent 7). The use of assistive technologies in supermarket-spaces that rely on the inter-functional coordination of multiple inventories may have the unintended effect of excluding people with disabilities from access to legitimate content (Ellis and Kent 7). With de Certeau, we can ask of supermarket-space “What spatial practices correspond, in the area where discipline is manipulated, to these apparatuses that produce a disciplinary space?" (96).In designing assistive technologies, such as those discussed in this paper, developers must strive to achieve integration across multiple data inventories. Software architectures must be optimised to overcome issues relating to intellectual property, cross platform access, standardisation, fidelity, potential duplication, and mass-storage. This need for “cross sectioning,” however, “merely adds to the muddle” (Lefebvre 8). This is a predicament that only intensifies as space and objects in space become increasingly “representable” (Galloway), and as the impetus for the project of spatial politics for the vision impaired moves beyond representation to centre on access and meaning-making.ConclusionSupermarkets act as sites of hegemony, resistance, difference, and transformation, where the vision impaired and their allies resist the “repressive socialization of impaired bodies” through their own social movements relating to environmental accessibility and the technology assisted spatial practice of shopping (Gleeson 129). It is undeniable that the prototype technologies described in this paper, and those like it, indeed do have a great deal of emancipatory potential. However, it should be understood that these devices produce representations of supermarket-space as a simulation within a framework that attempts to mimic the real, and these representations are pre-determined by the industrial, technological, and regulatory forces that govern their production (Lefebvre 8). Thus, the potential of assistive technologies is dependent upon a range of constraints relating to data accessibility, and the interaction of various kinds of lists across the geographic area that surrounds the supermarket, locomotor, haptic, and search spaces of the supermarket, the home-space, and the internal spaces of a shopper’s imaginary. These interactions are important in contributing to the reproduction of disability in supermarkets through the use of assistive shopping technologies. The ways by which people make and read shopping lists complicate the relations between supermarket-space as location data and product inventories versus that which is intuited and experienced by a shopper (Sutherland). Not only should we be creating inventories of supermarket locomotor, haptic, and search spaces, the attention of developers working in this area of assistive technologies should look beyond the challenges of spatial representation and move towards a focus on issues of interoperability and expanded access of spatial inventory databases and data within and beyond supermarket-space.ReferencesDe Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Print.De Souza e Silva, A. “From Cyber to Hybrid: Mobile Technologies As Interfaces of Hybrid Spaces.” Space and Culture 9.3 (2006): 261-78.Ellis, Katie, and Mike Kent. Disability and New Media. New York: Routledge, 2011.Farman, Jason. 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