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Journal articles on the topic 'Nomadic subjects'
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1
Saro, Anneli. "Mobility and Theatre: Theatre Makers as Nomadic Subjects." Nordic Theatre Studies 27, no. 1 (May 12, 2015): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nts.v27i1.24242.
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This article discusses the pros and cons of theatrical mobility, investigating situ- ations where theatre is breaking its traditional practices of being local and urban by becoming mobile, international and rural. The main features in this context are guest performances at home and abroad, the importation of guest directors, performers, designers et cetera, and finally, site-specific and open-air productions. The structure of the analysis is based on these features, partly derived from the historical development of theatre but partly also from the aim of contrary thinking, insisting that contrary to the widespread assumption of nomadism as something indigenous or postmodern, nomadic attitudes can also be detected in quite traditional forms of theatre making and living. While touring at home and abroad provides opportunities for theatre makers to practice nomadic life style, summer theatre creates an opportunity for spectators to experience nomadism in more local spaces. The above mentioned features are analysed in the context of Estonian theatre, drawing occasional parallels with the neighbouring country of Finland. Each section goes through three periods of Estonian theatre history; 1) the period before the Second World War when theatres belonged to societies; 2) the period between 1940 and 1991 when Estonia was a part of the Soviet Union and all theatrical activities were subject to state control; 3) the period of independence and globalization. Since each period had a different imprint on theatrical mobility, the phenomenon will be investigated in relation to the political, social and cultural contexts, using Bruno Latour’s concept of actor-network-theory as a methodological tool.
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Martínez Posada, Jorge Eliecer, Audin Aloiso Gamboa Suárez, and Alicia Ines Villa. "Nomadic ethics and thoughtful ethics." Revista Perspectivas 4, no. 2 (December 5, 2019): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/25909215.1973.
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Speak of the "subject" and "ethics" today must start from a different place or a non-place that understands the subject in his becoming and transformation, identifying him to recognize him, conceiving him as a subject in transit, a nomadic subject, which can be reinvented in an ethical exercise that is reflective of himself and himself, without forgetting his constant encounter with the other. This article of reflection aims to make an understanding and a journey through ethical developments, approaching a genealogy of it. Similarly, it tries to relate to the construction of subjectivity from the intimate, the public and the private, as a modes of action of the ethical in the subject and finally reflect on the transpositions of a nomadic ethic within multiple diasporas that allow a vision of modern ethics and possibility in the configuration of the subjects and their subjectivities. This reflection manages to conclude that ethics is always in gestation and reconfiguration depending on the new demands of a global system, as a form of power that encourages resistance as a way of transposing the ethical devices that shape the behavior and habits of the subjects
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Tamboukou, Maria, and Stephen Ball. "Nomadic Subjects: Young black women in Britain." Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 23, no. 3 (December 2002): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0159630022000029777.
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Skott-Myhre, Kathleen. "NOMADIC YOUTH CARE." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 3, no. 2-3 (April 16, 2012): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs32-3201210872.
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It has been argued that the field of child and youth care is founded on a relationship. Generally, this relationship has been posited as being between two identifiable subjects, a worker and a child or youth. In this paper, I will argue for both a different theoretical framework and significant rethinking of the human individual as the central player in a relation of care. In recent writings on feminist thought, several authors have proposed what they have termed <em>nomadic feminism</em>. This work focuses on developing a theory of the human organism that is no longer centered in a binary with nature. What if we began to see care as an interdependent bringing together of all elements in our environment? What if we began to think consciously about the mingling of human and non-human form as platform for experimentation? What might happen if we broke down the rigid distinctions between staff and youth, neighborhood and agency, male and female, gay and straight, our racial and ethnic identities, not so much to abandon them but so as to open them to experiment, to see what bodies can do together?
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MAIOLI, FRANCESCA. "Nomadic Subjects on Canvas: Hybridity in Jenny Saville's Paintings." Women's Studies 40, no. 1 (December 30, 2010): 70–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2011.527795.
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Grayson, Hannah. "The movers of the text: Monénembo's nomad subjects." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 81, no. 3 (October 2018): 513–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x18001039.
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AbstractTransnational African author Tierno Monénembo is known for his unstable narratives and travelling storytellers. In this article I will discuss two of his novels,Pelourinho(1995) andLes Coqs cubains chantent à minuit(2015). Drawing on nomadic thought, the article will argue that Monénembo's lesser-seen subjects are figures of mobiledébrouillardisewho embody and play out a collective nomadic thinking with which they mediate unstable space. Translation is indirectly addressed here as part of thatdébrouillardpractice, whereby stories, situations, and agency are mediated by these secondary characters. Monénembo translates their wily movement and flexibility into French by keeping mobility at the centre of his structural and linguistic choices. This reading will be framed in an understanding of subjectivity as always conditioned by mobility (after Braidotti), an essential lens for viewing postcolonial African subjects in the era of ongoing decolonization (Mbembe). Though written 20 years apart, the novels are remarkably similar in their depiction of space and character. Mirrored journeys westwards across the Atlantic seek to draw out the African heritage of lost relations in Latin America. Encounters with multiple, unfamiliar faces are reflected linguistically in the collision of several languages, and I will suggest that where such translingual environments are hostile for some, there is a simultaneous emergence of creativity. This happens both at character level and with the author's own negotiation of different languages and styles. Monénembo demotes protagonists and place to emphasize secondary characters who shape their own space. Drawing on the work of Rosi Braidotti, I use nomad thought to frame these figures as always mobile, savvy, and innovative. This is a positive vision of subjects as dynamic entities, ready to transform, and to translate.
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Lyubichankovskiy, Sergey V. "Imperial Acculturation on Russian’s Southeastern Frontier: An International Survey." RUDN Journal of Russian History 19, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 727–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2020-19-3-727-740.
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This article reviews and summarizes the results of an international survey of experts about Imperial Acculturation Policy and the Problem of Colonialism (based on the materials from the Ural-Volga and Central Asian territories) organized in Orenburg in 2019. The questionnaire asked participants to reply with their thoughts about the characteristic features of the Russian Empires policy of "developing" the nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of the Kazakh steppe, Bashkiria, Kalmykia on its southeastern frontier from the 18th to the early 20th centuries. Key questions included: The basic terminology (acculturation, imperial acculturation policy); The heuristic value of the acculturation model with respect to the colonial approach. Nomadic and semi-nomadic perceptions of Russian citizenship; The governments efforts to civilize its nomadic and semi-nomadic subjects; The impact of military service, public education and medical care; The role of the Russian Orthodox Church in imperial acculturation policy; The persistence of ethnic identity; General trends in acculturation. The conclusion reflects on using the acculturation model to understand the integration the southeastern nomadic periphery into the Russian Empire.
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Kim, Jungah. "Nomadic Narrative in Charlotte Brontë’s Villette." Humanities 8, no. 2 (March 28, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8020065.
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Various critics have examined Charlotte Brontë’s Villette’s missing ending as a proof of Lucy Snowe’s unreliability in leaving the narrative purposefully ambiguous to escape her possible negative ending. I, however, interpret the ending as one of the ways in which she actively and positively refuses the concept of closure, and rather, creates, what I would call, a nomadic narrative. Nomadic narrative is term I coined based on the idea of Rosi Braidotti’s nomadic theory and Georg Lukács’s The Theory of the Novel to re-imagine Lucy’s narration and narrative, not as a concealment, but as an embracement of her nomadic subjectivity and acknowledgement that she has no true end. I further argue that nomadic narrative is a narrative that fractures and recreates itself through its gaps and rewritten portions, gaining its own sense of agency. Unlike narratives that only fixate on protagonists, nomadic narrative becomes an open and posthuman space that allows the incorporation of nonhuman subjects.
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Finch, Helen. "Nomadic Ethics in Contemporary Women's Writing in German. Strange Subjects." Journal of Contemporary European Studies 21, no. 3 (September 2013): 467–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2013.823691.
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이수안. "Cafe as Hybrid Spaces and Cultural Scapes of Nomadic Subjects." Korean Journal of Cultural Sociology 10, no. 1 (May 2011): 34–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17328/kjcs.2011.10.1.002.
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Joseph, May. "Nomadic identities, archipelagic movements, and island diasporas." Island Studies Journal 16, no. 1 (May 2021): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.161.
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Nomadic identities have shaped island histories and archipelagic communities since the emergence of the Westphalian state. In the era of postcoloniality, settler colonial realities, decolonial movements, and now climate change, the processes of forced and involuntary migrations as well as states of internal disaffiliation have accentuated the discontinuities between citizenship and island subjects. This special section of Island Studies Journal offers a comprehensive look at how island mobilities and archipelagic diasporas in formation have shaped contemporary notions of nomadic belonging. Islands have historically been entities whose political struggles for citizenship have been frequently repressed. This section explores island becoming, displaced and migrant archipelagic affiliations, and emerging historical understandings of nomadic citizenship.
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Grenz, Sabine. "Book review: Nomadic Subjects: Embodiment and Sexual Difference in Contemporary Feminist Theory and Nomadic Theory: The Portable Rosi Braidotti." European Journal of Women's Studies 22, no. 3 (July 23, 2015): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350506815590583.
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Radway, Janice. "Reception study: Ethnography and the problems of dispersed audiences and nomadic subjects." Cultural Studies 2, no. 3 (October 1988): 359–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09502388800490231.
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Lorraine, Tamsin. "Feminist Lines of Flight from the Majoritarian Subject." Deleuze Studies 2, Suppl (December 2008): 60–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1750224108000366.
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This paper characterises Deleuze and Guattari's conception of the majoritarian subject in A Thousand Plateaus as a particular – and inevitably transitory – manifestation of sexed and gendered subjectivity emerging with late capitalism from the always mutating flows of creative life and suggests that their notion of the schizo or nomadic subject can inspire feminist solutions to the impasses posed by contemporary forms of sexed, gendered, and sexual identity. Feminism can thus be conceived as a schizoanalytic practice that fosters the kind of alternative subjects for which Deleuze and Guattari call: subjects that move beyond oppressive self–other relations towards a form of subjectivity that can welcome differences as well as the differentiating force of life itself.
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Radulovic, Neda. "Discursive changes and tendencies within theories of posthumanism: Case study: Nomadic feminist subjects." Kultura, no. 152 (2016): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/kultura1652093r.
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Shortt, Linda. "Book Review: Emily Jeremiah: Nomadic Ethics in Contemporary Women’s Writing in German: Strange Subjects." Journal of European Studies 43, no. 4 (November 18, 2013): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047244113502903i.
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Natsagdorj, Tsongol B. "Geleg Noyan Qutuγtu and His Darkhad Subjects from the Khuvsgul-Sayan Region." Inner Asia 16, no. 1 (August 19, 2014): 7–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340002.
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Russian expansion toward southern Siberia in the seventeenth century faced strong resistance by the peoples living in the forest-steppe zone. Turkic- and Mongolic-speaking nomadic people of the Inner Asian steppe zone, who controlled the area before the Muscovites, were not willing to lose their subjects to the Tsar, for economic reasons. Weakened by internecine strife, Khalkha nobilities of Khuvsgul-Sayan region were not strong enough to oppose the Russian state successfully. In this paper I describe the situation of Geleg Noyan Qutuγtu. This belligerent high-ranking lama from the Qotoγoyid noble family was an active player in the local scene of Russian–Mongolian relations.
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Žukauskaitė, Audronė. "Nomadic Performativity and the Immanent Ethics of Life." Nordic Theatre Studies 27, no. 1 (May 12, 2015): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nts.v27i1.24235.
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This essay discusses Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s notion of nomadology, which can be used as the basis for an ontological and aesthetic alternative to our understanding of representational theatre. Referring to different meanings of nomadology, the essay argues for the notion of nomadic performativity, which can be applied to recent non-representational performative practices. For this purpose the essay makes an indirect comparison between Deleuze and Guattari’s philosophical ideas and their sporadic insights into art, such as Francis Bacon’s paintings and Antonin Artaud’s theatre. Deleuze discusses theatre in “One Less Manifesto”, his only text directly dedicated to theatre and to Carmelo Bene’s productions. Referring to the structural deformations in Bene’s work, Deleuze argues for non-representational theatre, based not on representation and identity but on continuous variation and differentiation. In other words, if theatre as a form of representation creates a striated and hierarchized space that embodies and increases power, the non-representational theatre creates a nomadic smooth space of continuous variation, which transposes everything into a constant becoming. In this respect nomadic performativity covers these meanings: first, it is a distribution of intensities, which come to replace forms, bonds, organized hierarchies; second, it refers to fusional multiplicities rather than self-identical subjects; and third, it opens up the potential for change and “becoming-minor” instead of representing major figures of power.
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Mazzara, Federica. "Performing post-migration cinema in Italy:Corazones de Mujerby K. Kosoof." Modern Italy 18, no. 1 (February 2013): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2012.743740.
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Following consideration of the most common representations of migrants in Italian cinema, where they are often portrayed as victimised and minor subjects, this article analyses a film by Davide Sordella and Pablo Benedetti,Corazones de Mujer(2008) as a ‘post-migration alternative’. This film considers a different way of depicting ‘foreigners’, and addresses the complex issues of gender and sexuality as they emerge at the interface between Western and Arab cultures. Within the conceptual framework of Judith Butler's ‘gender performativity’ and Rosi Braidotti's ‘nomadic subject’, this article aims to suggest an alternative way of representing migrants in Italian cinema as agents of social and gender transgressions.
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Fraser, David. "To belong or not to belong: the Roma, state violence and the new Europe in the House of Lords." Legal Studies 21, no. 4 (November 2001): 569–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2001.tb00181.x.
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Issues of national sovereignty and membership in the body politic are central to many current political and legal debates surrounding ‘New Britain’ and Europe. Traditional understandings of citizenship and belonging are grounded in the ideal of a territorially limited and defined nation state. In this article, I explore a series of judicial and political decisions surrounding the fate of Roma or Gypsies, both as claimants to refugee status in Britain, or as subjects of domestic legal controls. I argue that these decisions construct this nomadic Other as a fundamental danger and challenge to the coherence of the legally protected body politic of the nation state ‘Britain’. I argue that the deconstructive excess found in the construction of the Roma as dangerous nomads, without allegiance to a fixed and geographically delimited nation state, might contain the kernel for a possible re-imagining of the basis of our understandings of citizenship and belonging.
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Tomtosova, E. A., and M. S. Yakushkina. "EVENT-DRIVEN EDUCATION OF NORTHERNERS IN THE NOMADIC ARCTIC REGION." Education & Pedagogy Journal, no. 1(1) (July 6, 2021): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2782-2575-2021-1-64-74.
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Introduction. The nomadic peoples of the North, belonging to the Arctic world, can be regarded as a unique result of the development dynamics of world civilization. For many centuries, they managed to preserve a distinctive way of life and a nomadic lifestyle as the basis for the evolution of Arctic culture. Today, specialists are concerned about the traditional cultural norms, values, and ethnic characteristics of the northern territory peoples, established for centuries and which have now been partly lost. The goal is to characterize the educational process in the modern nomadic Arctic region. Materials and methods. Pedagogical literature analysis, the study of normative documentation regarding the education, systematization of the experience and practice from preschool and basic educational organizations in Yakutia, participant observation, questionnaire survey, expert assessment, use of the obtained results in the pedagogical practice. Results and Discussion. This study was carried out based on the following: regional educational space monitoring (the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)), community and family education surveys, the study of the relevance of national holidays, and the demand for nomadic educational structures. The study of inherent upbringing processes among the peoples of the northern territories expands the existing ideas about the variety of means and forms of upbringing and new opportunities for individuality and subjectivity formation among Northerners in the harsh conditions of the Arctic region. The intertwining of cultures among the peoples inhabiting modern Yakutia pushes us to study the educational traditions using ethnocultural experience. Ethnocultural traditions are passed from generation to generation and are considered to be historically formed and transmitted through behavior patterns and folk-education practices, which include behavioral rules of everyday life, lifestyle, occupation traditions, social environment, systems of value orientations, spirituality, and language. Creating preschool educational space in a nomadic structure and a nomadic basic education organization in the Arctic region with nomadic settlements is analyzed. It is substantiated that a nomadic preschool’s educational space is considered an environment where self-organization is the value-oriented meetings between a teacher and a child, pedagogical events with the participation of children and parents, and other adults who are significant for the child. The study of the upbringing history among the peoples of the northern territories expands the understanding of the diversity in upbringing practices. The intertwining of cultures pushes us to update the ethnocultural experience. The choice of the language of communication between subjects of the educational space plays an important role and affects the formation of labor skills, and guarantees the development of traditional folk crafts in the Arctic territories with harsh local climatic conditions. The study revealed original upbringing practices associated with the use, for example, of the Even traditional calendar, folklore texts, ditties (keinairsya), riddles (tumta), sayings (bodu), myths, and songs (Balyh). Conclusion. The upbringing process of the northerner schoolchild can be represented by a logical sequence, expressed in the form of a chain: family, community, preschool, and basic school upbringing. The chain can be disseminated into different territorial entities. The nomadic way of life being revived today must have legal legitimacy justified by the current state legislation and be recognized as a free choice of the Northerner’s life path.
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Gyal, Huatse. "The politics of standardising and subordinating subjects: the nomadic settlement project in Tibetan areas of Amdo." Nomadic Peoples 19, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/np.2015.190206.
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LeMenager, Stephanie. "Fast Cars and Bad Girls: Nomadic Subjects and Women’s Road Stories by Deborah Paes De Barros." Western American Literature 41, no. 2 (2006): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wal.2006.0046.
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Tanna, Natasha. "Unravelling compulsory happiness in exile: Cristina Peri Rossi’s The Ship of Fools." Feminist Theory 20, no. 1 (June 19, 2018): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464700118772140.
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A number of feminist critics of Latin American women writers in exile have suggested that women in exile may flourish as they are freed from the traditional gender restrictions imposed on them in their home countries. In this article I reexamine the association of exile with liberation through analysing Cristina Peri Rossi’s 1984 novel La nave de los locos ( The Ship of Fools) in the light of the tension between Rosi Braidotti’s Deleuzian affirmation of feminism as a ‘joyful nomadic force’ (1994: 8) and Sara Ahmed’s critique of compulsory happiness (2010). Peri Rossi juxtaposes the prescriptive worldview of the captivating medieval ‘Tapestry of the Creation’ in the Cathedral of Girona in Catalonia, which depicts the Biblical story of Genesis, and the diasporic and unpredictable wanderings of the protagonist Ecks on his journey to feminist enlightenment. I argue that while the novel seems to champion nomadic subjectivity, it also highlights the deceptive charm of imperative positive affect that may function as a disciplinary force, compelling subjects to follow a conventional path in life, and invalidating those who ‘stray’ from it. My reading of the novel calls for a nuanced approach to exile and diaspora that takes into account wider questions of the privilege and ease of movement – or, indeed, settling – enjoyed by or denied to various subjects.
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Kolinko, Marina. "NOMADISM AS A WAY OF BEING OF THE IMMIGRANTS AND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS." EUREKA: Social and Humanities 2 (March 31, 2019): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2019.00868.
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The article presents the innovatory understanding of the nomadic strategy of human being in the transitional condition. The aim of the article is to determine the role of the nomadic being way in the social group of internal migrants. It is substantiated, that aims and actions of a nomad are directed on creating new ways of realization and conceptualization of variants of nomadic being. It is explained, that a nomad doesn’t go by the way, offered by traditional types of activity, but searches innovatory ways of realization, doesn’t stop on deciphering of traditionally existing being senses, but produces them him/herself. A subject, living in a space of “boundaries” is deprived of the settled comfort, he/she searches for a possibility of balance and harmony, social recognition and improvement of own life conditions in the movement and change. The culture of choice, formed by the logic of the modern market, gives a nomad resources for regulating the own freedom degree. Nomadic instruments correspond to the migrants’ way of life. Digital nomadism creates stimuli for the active life and adaptation to new conditions of different groups of migrants.
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SCHANTZ, P. M., H. WANG, J. QIU, F. J. LIU, E. SAITO, A. EMSHOFF, A. ITO, J. M. ROBERTS, and C. DELKER. "Echinococcosis on the Tibetan Plateau: prevalence and risk factors for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in Tibetan populations in Qinghai Province, China." Parasitology 127, S1 (October 2003): S109—S120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003004165.
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Infections by larval stages of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus (echinococcosis or hydatid disease) are zoonotic infections of major public health importance throughout much of the world. Humans become infected through accidental ingestion of eggs passed in faeces of canid definitive hosts. Tibetan populations of China have some of the highest documented levels of infections by both Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis, the causes of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, respectively. In this study we measured the prevalence of cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) echinococcosis disease in Tibetan communities in Qinghai, Province, China, and identified putative risk factors for both infections in these communities. 3703 volunteers in three predominately Tibetan counties of Qinghai were surveyed between June 1997 and June 1998. Parasitic lesions were diagnosed by imaging of characteristic space-occupying lesions in abdominal organs (ultrasound) or the lungs (radiographs). Specific serodiagnostic assays (Dot-ELISA and Em2-ELISA) were performed on sera of positively imaged subjects to further distinguish the disease agent. All participants completed a questionnaire documenting age, sex, education level, occupation, lifestyle (nomadic or settled), slaughter practices, drinking water source, hygienic practice and association with dogs. Data were analyzed using SAS version 8. 6·6% of the volunteers had image-confirmed infection with E. granulosus (CE) and 0·8% had E. multilocularis (AE) infection. The significant univariate factors for echinococcal infection (both CE and AE) included livestock ownership, Tibetan ethnicity, female gender, low income, herding occupation, limited education, water source, age greater than 25 years old, poor hygienic practices, offal disposal practices and dog care. Multivariate analysis revealed that livestock ownership was a significant risk factor for both forms of the disease, as well as age greater than 25 years, female gender, herding occupation, and being nomadic (vs semi-nomadic or settled). No additional significant risk factors were identified among the 344 nomadic participants. Being female and being older than 25 years of age were significant factors among the 1906 semi-nomadic participants. Among the 1445 settled participants, allowing dogs to sleep indoors was statistically significant. Issues such as inadequate assessment of animal ownership, selection bias, disease misclassification, and loss of information may have led to reduction in strength of some risk factor associations and need to be addressed in future epidemiologic analysis of echinococcosis in this population.
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Hennessey, Frances. "A Review of: “Deborah Paes De Barros.Fast Cars and Bad Girls: Nomadic Subjects and Women’s Road Stories.”." Women's Studies 34, no. 6 (September 2005): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497870500278003.
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Takahashi, Masaharu, Tsutomu Nishizawa, Yuhko Gotanda, Fumio Tsuda, Fumio Komatsu, Terue Kawabata, Kyoko Hasegawa, et al. "High Prevalence of Antibodies to Hepatitis A and E Viruses and Viremia of Hepatitis B, C, and D Viruses among Apparently Healthy Populations in Mongolia." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, no. 2 (March 2004): 392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.11.2.392-398.2004.
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ABSTRACT The prevalence of infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV), HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV was evaluated in 249 apparently healthy individuals, including 122 inhabitants in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia, and 127 age- and sex-matched members of nomadic tribes who lived around the capital city. Overall, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 24 subjects (10%), of whom 22 (92%) had detectable HBV DNA. Surprisingly, HDV RNA was detectable in 20 (83%) of the 24 HBsAg-positive subjects. HCV-associated antibodies were detected in 41 (16%) and HCV RNA was detected in 36 (14%) subjects, none of whom was coinfected with HBV, indicating that HBV/HCV carriers account for one-fourth of this population. Antibodies to HAV and HEV were detected in 249 (100%) and 28 (11%) subjects, respectively. Of 22 HBV DNA-positive subjects, genotype D was detected in 21 subjects and genotype F was detected in 1 subject. All 20 HDV isolates recovered from HDV RNA-positive subjects segregated into genotype I, but these differed by 2.1 to 11.4% from each other in the 522- to 526-nucleotide sequence. Of 36 HCV RNA-positive samples, 35 (97%) were genotype 1b and 1 was genotype 2a. Reflecting an extremely high prevalence of hepatitis virus infections, there were no appreciable differences in the prevalence of hepatitis virus markers between the two studied populations with distinct living place and lifestyle. A nationwide epidemiological survey of hepatitis viruses should be conducted in an effort to prevent de novo infection with hepatitis viruses in Mongolia.
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Kendirbai, Gulnar T. "The Politics of the Inner Asian Frontier and the 1771 Exodus of the Kalmyks." Inner Asia 20, no. 2 (October 23, 2018): 261–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340110.
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Abstract This article offers a new explanatory framework for studies of the return of the tsar’s Kalmyk subjects to their ancestors’ lands in Jungaria in 1771, a unique episode of Russian imperial history that illustrates the complex power dynamics of the Inner Asian frontier. By highlighting structural similarities between Russian and Qing approaches to their nomadic counterparts, the article challenges earlier characterisations of the Russian/Kalmyk relationship as one of domination and subjugation, demonstrating instead that Russian imperial authorities continued to adhere to established steppe political practices in their interactions with the Kalmyks until at least the beginning of the nineteenth century.
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Smestad, Bjørn. "LGBT Issues in Norwegian Textbooks." Nordic Journal of Comparative and International Education (NJCIE) 2, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7577/njcie.2208.
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In Norway, a model for schools’ teaching about LGBT issues is chosen where the responsibility is divided between different school subjects: social science, natural science, RLE2 (religion, philosophies of life and ethics), Norwegian and English. This article looks at how this is implemented in the textbooks. 129 text-books in Norwegian primary and lower secondary education (grades 1–10) are analysed. Of these, 246 textbook pages included LGBT issues. In this article, I discuss how LGBT issues are included in Norwegian textbooks and how the divided responsibility between school subjects work. The most striking finding is that of the five subjects, English and Norwegian have the least demanding curriculum goals, but still the largest number of pages related to LGBT issues. The inclusion of fictional voices makes possible a nomadic perspective (observing issues from multiple perspectives). It is also striking that about half of the textbook pages are in 10th grade textbooks. Heteronormativity is still a problem, and bisexual and transgendered people are far less visible than lesbian and gay people are.
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Zhaorigetu, Zhaorigetu. "Галдан Бошогтын хар сүлдийн тухай (= Черный бунчук (сульде) Галдан Бошокту-хана)." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 12, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 709–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2020-4-709-722.
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The article is devoted to the study of the black bunchuk (sulde) of the Oirat Galdan Boshoktu-khan. It is known that in the culture of nomadic peoples the bunchuk from ancient times served as a symbol of power, or rather was perceived as a symbol of the sacred abode of the genius loci of the ruler and his subjects. The black bunchuk (sulde) Galdan Boshoktu-khan is kept in Inner Mongolia in Ordos. There is no reliable data showing how it got to Ordos and why it is kept there. In the course of the study, a vast corpus of oral legends and ritual actions associated with the offering to the black bunchuk was used.
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Shulga, Danil P., and Karina A. Hasnulina. "Hasnulina K. A. Nomadic and Settled Empires on the Silk Road: Interaction Patterns." Oriental Studies 18, no. 10 (2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-10-51-58.
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The article provides a comparison between mutual relations of the Han empire and the Xiongnu during the early stages of the Silk Road, and the Byzantium connections with the Mongol Empire during the last surge of activity on this trading artery. In order to understand how sedentary societies’ perception patterns of nomadic cattle herders changed over time (at the empire level), the authors have intentionally considered such a wide chronological timeframe. The Han dynasty ascended the throne almost at the same time as the beginning of Xiongnu rule, and despite the fact that they became significantly more powerful in economic terms and more densely populated, this did not extend to their military. The advantages however allowed China to gain the upper hand over a long time period, “appeasing” the Xiongnu (specific techniques are explained in the article). The Eastern Roman Empire at the time of the collision with the Mongols had already existed for a little less than a thousand years and had experienced a series of both victories and downfalls. Constantinople authorities could not compare with the power of Chingissids in terms of the number of troops, the size of territory and number of taxable subjects. However, unlike a number of Asian states, Byzantium survived not only the invasion of the Mongols, but also their presence in the Middle East in general. This paper gives an in-depth look at the mechanisms of how this became possible and the contributing role that was played by trans-Asian trade.
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Rohim, Syaiful. "Self-Conception of The Vagrants in Jakarta." KOMUNITAS: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v7i1.3595.
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This research aims to identify the self construction and communicating acts amongst the homeless while they are doing their daily activities as a vagrant in downtown Jakarta. The method being used for this research is a qualitative method with phenomenologist paradigm which aims to understand human behaviors from an experimental perspective. Result shows that vagrants, especially those who has the same profession, tend to share the area of work in order to avoid conflicts among them. Description from the subject in establishing communication with other vagrants are done by sharing area of expertise from himself and other vagrants. Results also showed that almost all the subjects tend to close their darker side from others who dont know that they are vagrants by impression management. These people came into existence not only because of a poor culture which shows nomadic type of living habit, but its also because of the structure and vast majority which sees them with a negative stigma for every type of occupation they choose including a forced action because they were left without any choices other being a vagrant.
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Dzhundzhuzov, Stepan V., and Sergey V. Lyubichankovskiy. "Impact of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739 on the construction of relations between the Russian Empire and nomadic peoples of the Southern Urals and Central Asia (based on materials from Orenburg Expedition)." RUDN Journal of Russian History 18, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 494–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2019-18-3-494-524.
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The article considers the pattern of relationship between the Russian Empire and the nomadic peoples of the Southern Urals and Central Asia in the 1730s. The authors study the impact of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739 on the geopolitical situation in the southeastern frontier zone, and review the signifi cance of the Orenburg Expedition (Commission) to the settlement of confl icts among the steppe subjects of the empire as well as for preventing threats to them coming from neighboring states. The study is based on materials of the Orenburg Commission and the Orenburg Expedition preserved in the State Archive of the Orenburg region. The authors do not share the opinion that the Orenburg Expedition was founded exclusively as a mechanism of imperial colonial policy, but neither do they deny its role in expanding Russia’s protectorate into the Kazakh steppe, and later into Central Asia. During the war, Russia aimed at preventing Kazakh raids against the Kalmyk nomads, for such raids prevented the Kalmyks from participating in the campaigns against the Crimean and Kuban Tatars who fought alongside Turkey. The article shows that the Orenburg Expedition, whose few troops were involved in suppressing the Bashkir uprising, were only able to provide the Kalmyks with diplomatic support. The aggressive policy of the Dzungar Khanate, aimed at the conquest of Kazakhstan, prevented the Kazakh Zhuzhes from establishing military hegemony in the Ural steppes. Only the fi rm stance of Russia, which declared its readiness to protect its Kazakh subjects, made the Dzungar ruler Goldan-Tseren renounce his claims to the Kazakh steppes. The authors conclude that the policy of Russia in this region was to prevent prolonged military confl icts among the steppe peoples while at the same time neutralizing any attempts at their military unifi cation. Russia assumed the role of a peacemaker, and, in the case of external threat, of a reliable ally; this raised the authority of the empire and forced the nomads to seek its patronage and submit to its will.
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Syed Akram Ali Shah, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Saleem Rahpoto, and Dr. Ghulam Muhammad Mangnejo. "Socio-Economic Impact of Seasonal Employment on the Nomads with Reference to Date’s Fruits: A Case Study of District Khairpur." sjesr 3, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss2-2020(205-213).
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Hunger starvation, natural disasters, droughts and the clan enmities make people to migrate from one region to another region. Also sometimes people migrate as they inherit the habit, of migration. This research paper is aimed to study the socio-economic implication of the seasonal employment in Khairpur in date’s fruit season regarding nomads coming in the season and the implications of the migration on the life of the indigenous people as well as on the nomad’s life. The subject material has been collected through the field survey and the interviews conducted by the stakeholders, like the growers, traders, nomads, and those with whom the nomads interact during their stay in District Khairpur. District Khairpur is situated in Sindh Province of Pakistan is one of the most opulent District, it is embedded with the surface as well as mineral resources. But, its fame is due to date’s fruit which is the major factor of the nomadic flow into this district. Also, the date’s season has proved to be poverty alleviation than any other factor. The research results show that every year nearly 3 million to 3.5 million people come to this district and each year almost 2 Billion Pak Rupees are being taken away to different regions as to be the remittances. Besides, the nomadic flow not only proves to be beneficial for the dates fruit growers but also for the merchants and the vendors who also earn almost double in the season of date’s fruit. Especially the hotels and vegetable shops become almost short of the consumers' goods in the season. Finally, some measures are proposed and a brief conclusion is given herewith. This paper also has analyzed the determinants and the consequences of nomadic migration into District Khairpur.
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Sobolnikov, Valery Vasilyevich. "THE UNCONSCIOUS AS A SOURCE OF THE ARCHETYPE OF EUROPE: THE DISCOURSE OF NOMADISM IN THE CONCEPT OF M. MAFFESOLI." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 14 (June 16, 2018): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i14.121.
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The article explores the collective unconscious that has become understandable as the basis, which presumably through archetypes determines the specificity of the development of the European mentality. Our discourse as a mechanism is a field continuum where the archetypes of the collective unconscious are primary, and the specific interpretation and modification of the primary to the common meanings, the collective European mentality and the different plan of the semantic communications are secondary. The divergence of the paradigm shift between the epochs of modernity and postmodern quite accurately demonstrates the concept of Michel Maffesoli, penetrated by the institutionalism of romance. Presented in the teachings of nomadism reveals a new social practice, addressed to European culture. Allocating him the archetypal content as a source of social transformation of the new community necessitated the analysis of a number of conceptual ideas of nomadism on a fragmentary level. It should be emphasized that the term “nomads” and its international synonym for “nomads” do not have a unique use, but in psychology it is used to refer to a pathology based on an irrational one. The subject of the study was the phenomenon of nomadism, which is not only a clear way of life, but also an opportunity to search for the basics of further research into the specifics of civilizational development. As conditions for the genesis of this process are analyzed: the field of social life of nomads; the formation of a community in the form of a nomadic form of existence; the transformation of an identity with mobile properties; the process of destruction, understood as a transition from destruction, but not to death, but to rebirth; etc.
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BERGER, SIMON. "Chinggis Khan Defeated: Plano Carpini, Jūzjānī and the Symbolic Origins of the Mongol Empire." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 31, no. 1 (October 16, 2020): 71–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186319000439.
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AbstractThis article aims to clarify an obscure passage in Plano Carpini's text, and subsequently in C. de Bridia's one, referring to a crushing defeat of Chinggis Khan, which has so far not been identified with certainty. The record of such a defeat is found in identical terms under the pen of Jūzjānī, and it actually appears that this strange narrative follows the pattern of the Mongol myth of origin, which is also common to the myths of the Türks, of the Kimeks and others. Here the argument is made that these accounts written outside the Mongol territory are therefore not only the result of confusion and distortion, contrary to what has long been thought. They testify to the existence of a legend of Chinggis Khan, built in an imperial propaganda effort directed at all the nomadic subjects of the Mongol Empire, and which placed the birth of the empire and the story of the origins contained in the myth on the same symbolic level.
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Koski, Pirkko. "Challenging the Centre: Asylum Seekers Encounter Native Citizens." Nordic Theatre Studies 27, no. 1 (May 12, 2015): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nts.v27i1.24238.
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In Paper Anchor (Paperiankkuri) at the Small Stage of the Finnish National Theatre in 2011 a group of actors, dancers, asylum seekers and eventually also stage technicians (re-)enacted the asylum seekers’ stories: how they had fled their home countries, feared for their lives and faced problems in their country of destination, Finland. It brought the spotlight on asylum seekers, who occupy a marginal position in society and made them visible on many levels: they were present in the stories that were told on stage, in the encounter between performers and spectators and in an art institution that has great national significance. The periphery and the centre, in this case the asylum seekers and the native Finns, met in shifting circumstances and also in a way that is characteristic of the theatre: the performers and spectators were simultaneously physically present, whereas the public debate on refugee issues usually takes place in written texts. In Paper Anchor, the asylum seekers also assumed the role of a witness, whereas in official processes they are obligated to defend themselves and search for evidence. The impact of Paper Anchor was largely based on the aesthetic form of the performance. Although the dominant power structures between the centre and the periphery remained untouched, theatre testified to its ability to affect the spectator through the presence of individual subjects and consequently their subject positions. The debate was shifted to differences within a culture instead of between cultures, as Rosi Braidotti writes: “It is the syntax of social relations, as well as their symbolic representation, that is in upheaval.” (Rosi Braidotti, Nomadic Subjects. Embodiment and Sexual Difference in Contemporary Feminist Theory, Columbia University Press, New York 2011, p.8.)
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Pylypchuk, Yaroslav. "Североафриканский фронтир: беджа и их соседи: North African Frontier: Bija and their neighbors." Historia i Świat, no. 8 (August 29, 2019): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2019.08.07.
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This paper deals with to the history of relations between the Bija with their neighbors. Bija were subjects of Ancient Egypt and Meroe. They are integrated into these societies without any problems and have been a vassal tribe of them. Beja were restless neighbors of the Roman Empire. They raided Upper Egypt during the III-V centuries AC. Attempts to establish a relationship with them like with the Berbers were unsuccessful. Particularly violent conflicts were a Bija with Christian states – Byzantium Empire, Nubia and Aksum. Some time Bija paid tribute to the Nubians and Axumites. Christianity did not get spread among them, Islam was adopted syncretic form after several centuries of contact with the Arabs. Islamization has been made possible thanks to the settlement of Arabs in the land Bija and participation in the Intercontinental trade. For all their neighbors were threatening nomadic Bija, which made raids to capture people in captivity and selling them into slavery. Bija attacked the Egyptian dominions of the Arab Caliphate, despite the fact that they were formally paid tribute to Arabs.
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Borisov, Andrian A. "The ulus elite of the Yakuts in the communicative space of the Russian state from the 17th to 19th centuries." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-3-353-364.
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The article discusses the incorporation of the elite of the Yakut uluses - traditional potestary institutions - into the Russian state through its communicative space. At the same time, a new interpretation of uluses is given as a special political form of organization of nomadic peoples. In view of their dispersed and mobile lifestyle, communication played an important role among them. With titles such as toyons, kniastsy , and "best people", the taxonomy of the representatives of the Yakut elite finds analogies among other nomadic peoples. The article discusses the genealogical principle of the legitimacy of power and the governance practice of the Russian state in Yakutia. This article breaks new ground by analyzing the routes and forms of political communication through which the influence of the Russian state on the ulus system in general and on the ulus elite in particular was carried out. The activities of the provincial administration in relation to toyons to make them Russian subjects are interpreted as a route for the formation of the communication space in the imperial outskirts. The delegations of the Yakut nobles to the Russian tsars of the 17th and 18th centuries, and the inclusion of Yakut elite representatives into the Russian nobility, expanded this space by increasing the Yakuts confidence in the ruling regime. The article also takes account of local features of this process, which influenced the rate and nature of incorporation. The paper characterizes the communicative practices of embedding the Yakut ulus elite into the district governance system of Yakutia. The author argues that typologically, the ideas of citizenship adopted in the Russian state and in the Yakut ulus elite coincided. The Yakut nobles, apparently, did not differ in this from the related Turkic-Mongol elites of Southern and Western Siberia, but differed, in turn, in the pace of transition to tsarist power, since the former had an alternative in the face of politically strong neighbors, for example, Dzungaria.
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Braidotti, Rosi. "Writing as a Nomadic Subject." Comparative Critical Studies 11, no. 2-3 (October 2014): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ccs.2014.0122.
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Koukhareva, E. V. "Education in the Arab Countries. from the Depth of Centuries to Our Days." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 2(35) (April 28, 2014): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-2-35-299-306.
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The process of acquiring knowledge and the methods of acquiring it through education and upbringing has a long history in the Arab world. In the pre-Islamic period it meant getting practical skills and relevant knowledge for surviving in the conditions of nomadic life. The main method of transferring knowledge was home education, imitation of the actions of adults and instructions of the elders. The adoption of Islam, at the time of prophet Mohammad, knowledge was presented in the form of divine revelation - Koran. The task of education changed towards learning the scriptures and truths of the new doctrine, spiritual and physical perfection of young people with the aim of their active participation in the spread of Islam. Among the ways of getting an education in that period, along with domestic education and private tutorials, there were two-level religious schools and military training. With the development and strengthening of the Arab Khaliphate, the educational system was perfected and there emerged pedagogical science. The schools of new type - madrasah - taught theological as well as secular subjects. The modern system of education in many Arab countries copies that of their former metropolies. Thus, the system of primary and secondary education in the countries of Maghreb described in the article, was formed under the influence of the French educational system, although in certain cases it takes into account specific national features.
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Wilmer, S. E. "Introduction: Theatre and the Nomadic Subject." Nordic Theatre Studies 27, no. 1 (May 12, 2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nts.v27i1.24234.
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Wilmer, S. E. "The Spirit of Fluxus as a Nomadic Art Movement." Nordic Theatre Studies 26, no. 2 (September 9, 2014): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nts.v26i2.24312.
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Fluxus was the brain-child of a Lithuanian-born artist named George Maciunas whose family fled to Germany in the Second World War, where they eventually became displaced persons and later emigrated to the USA. Maciunas studied art and architecture in Pittsburgh and New York before working as an architect and graphic artist and founded the Fluxus movement at the beginning of the 1960s. During his student years, he became fascinated by nomadic art in Asia and Eastern Europe that would later influence his life’s work. This essay considers the relationship between his interest in nomadism and the nature of the Fluxus movement that spread across the world, breaking down barriers between art and life, privileging concrete and conceptual art, and staging unusual events. It applies Braidotti’s notion of the nomadic subject to Maciunas’ encouragement of radical styles of performance art, such as Yoko Ono’s minimalist conceptual work and Joseph Beuys’s Tatar-influenced use of fat and felt.
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Klimasmith, B. "Converging Stories: Race, Ecology, and Environmental Justice in American Literature; Fast Cars and Bad Girls: Nomadic Subjects and Women's Road Stories; Queer Constellations: Subcultural Space in the Wake of the City." American Literature 79, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-2006-086.
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Panchenko, Alexey B. "Horde vs Ordnung: Eurasians and O. Spengler in the Context of Discussions about Russia and Germany in the 1920s-1930s." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 65 (March 1, 2020): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-4-151-166.
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World War I, which significantly reshaped the world map, also stirred lively debates about the fate of Russia and Germany, as they were the most affected by its outcome. German cultural scientist Oswald Spengler and a group of Russian emigrants, who united to form a movement called “Eurasianism” were active participants of those debates. However, the origins of their views lay in the scientific and social thought of Germany and Russia in the second half of the nineteenth – early twentieth centuries. Spengler and the Eurasianists were united in their rejection of Eurocentrism in the study of cultures and the assignment of the West and Russia-Europe as subjects on the equal level. Spengler pointed out that the Western world was on the brink of decline and that the only nation, that could lead it against the awakening East was the German one. The strict order was seen as characteristic feature of contemporary Germany, which would enable it to withstand the nomadic and chaotic hordes coming from the East. The Eurasianists, in turn, pointed out that stability and orderliness could be named as the Eastern features in the Russian nation. Russia-Eurasia was perceived by them as the bulwark of the rest of mankind against the onslaught of the West that sought to spread its culture to other nations. Thus, the confrontation of the West, as represented by Germany and Russia, was seen by both sides as defensive struggle of order against aggressive chaos.
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Yates, Rebecca. "Subjectobject and Movementmaterial: A Diffractive Reading of the Becoming of Dance through the Subject." Nordic Journal of Dance 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/njd-2020-0012.
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Abstract With this study, which is linked to the research topic of ‘choreography’, I wish to contribute to our understanding of how internal and external factors are involved in the becoming of dance through the subject. I want to increase our understanding of the multilayered relationships that are ongoing in the becoming of dance and provide and develop understandings for didactical and pedagogical contexts. By studying my own praxis in a teaching context, I want to understand what is involved in the becoming of dance through the subject. In the article, I use post-humanist theories, with an emphasis on materialists such as Rosi Braidotti and her concept of the nomadic subject. The nomadic subject is fundamental for this study because it uses materialistic understandings of the world without renouncing the subject’s previous situational experience and embodied knowledge. In addition to the nomadic subject, I use concepts such as diffraction, intra-action and agents. These concepts have their roots in the theories of Karen Barad, also a post-humanist. I am interested in what agents are entangled in the process of becoming and what hierarchies are at work within my practice. I want to determine how they figurate and whether it is possible for these hierarchies to reach positions that are more anti-essential.
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BRAIDOTTI, ROSI. "Embodiment, Sexual Difference, and the Nomadic Subject." Hypatia 8, no. 1 (February 1993): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1993.tb00625.x.
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Braidotti, Rosi. "Nomadic Ethics." Deleuze Studies 7, no. 3 (August 2013): 342–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/dls.2013.0116.
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Deleuze's ethics constitutes the core of his philosophy, which proposes a post-humanistic but robust nomadic vision of the subject that respects the complexity of our times while avoiding the pitfalls of postmodern and other forms of relativism. Deleuze's neo-Spinozist ethics rests on an active relational ontology that looks for the ways in which otherness prompts, mobilises and allows for flows of affirmation of values and forces which are not yet sustained by the current conditions. Insofar as the conditions need to be brought about or actualised by collective efforts to induce qualitative transformations in our interactions, it requires the praxis of affirmative ethics. The process of becoming-minor, which necessarily involves becoming-woman, is central to this pragmatic ethical project that includes human as well as non-human actors. This paper addresses this ethics in terms of ontological relationality, affectivity and endurance.
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Apter, Emily. "Mobile Citizens, Media States: A Panel at the 2000 MLA Convention." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 117, no. 1 (January 2002): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081202x63528.
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The idea for this panel grewout of discussions among Anton Kaes, David Rodowick, and me during our stint as members of the PMLA Editorial Board in 1998–99. We were interested in developing a theme that would build on some of the issues raised in a prior PMLA special topic devoted to globalizing literary studies but that would concentrate more pointedly on the politics of transnational cultural production and the effect of global media on literature, art, and cinema. Working with the assumption that categories of citizenship and local forms of identity have become increasingly mobile, nomadic, and hybrid and drawing on theories of transnational citizenship in philosophy and social theory, we identified a number of interrelated subjects as our focus: the internationalization of aesthetics in a global culture industry; the influence of globally exported mass culture on nation-states worldwide; the consequences of the emergence of “cybernations”— virtual communities defined by electronic and Internet culture; the question of whether the dynamic push for economic and cultural internationalism will produce a return to political nativism and a renewed insistence on cultural difference; the politics of translation, not only across borders but in aesthetic exchanges between literature and cinematic and televisual forms; the shifting tensions between monolingualism and nonstandard language as new, displaced minority cultures emerge as consumers of transnational media and makers of alternative literatures and media; and the relevance of analogies between the borderless cartographies of the new Europe and medieval Christendom to discussions of global cultural production.