Relevant bibliographies by topics / Nominal forms of address

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Academic literature on the topic 'Nominal forms of address'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 June 2025
Last updated: 26 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Nominal forms of address"

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Andaqulova, Dilnora Kamol qizi. "GENDER FEATURES OF FORMS OF ADDRESS: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS ENGLISH AND UZBEK LITERARY EXAMPLES." Journal of Universal Science Research "ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI" mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman3 3, no. 4 (2025): 83–86. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15290448.

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This article explores the gender-specific features of address terms in Uzbek and English languages through a contrastive analysis of literary works: “Ufq” by Said Ahmad and “Death on the Nile” by Agatha Christie. While both languages share certain similarities in the use of pronominal form of address, significant differences exist in nominal forms of address, particularly in their expression of gender distinctions.
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Joseph, Avodo Avodo. "FORMES NOMINALES D'ADRESSE EN FRANÇAIS : CARTOGRAPHIE DES FONCTIONS PRAGMATIQUES DANS LES INTERACTIONS DIDACTIQUES EN CONTEXTE CAMEROUNAIS." Studii de gramatică contrastivă, no. 42 (December 20, 2024): 41–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14512080.

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<em>The fundamental premise that underlies this study is that every interaction inevitably encompasses an addressing activity. In fact, nominal forms of address assume strategic functions in sociolinguistic practices in a learning context. This study presents a mapping of the pragmatic forms and functions of French nominal forms of address (FNA) in teacher-learner interactions in Cameroon. The mapping is based on natural data collected through observation and inspired by previous research. The analysis is limited to NFAs employed by teachers to address their students. The analysis yielded insights into the forms and functions that were preferred. The study also demonstrated that among the linguistic resources available to the teacher for the purposes of organising, regulating, engaging students and leading the class, terms of address occupy a significant position. The observation of nominal forms of address in this context also provides insight into the intersubjective representations of students, the conditions of interaction and the relational dynamics present in learning situations. They are also part of a pedagogical and relational strategy that determines the dynamics of classroom interaction.</em> <em>&nbsp;</em>
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Krawczuk, Ałła. "Swoistość form adresatywnych w tekstach współczesnych gazet polskojęzycznych wydawanych w Ukrainie (na tle normy ogólnopolskiej)." Poradnik Językowy, no. 10/2022(799) (September 5, 2022): 39–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2022.10.3.

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This article analyses the nominal as well as attributive and nominal forms of address found in Polish-language newspapers released in Ukraine in the 20th century. The research material concerns the forms of address the structures or functions of which are specific compared to the Polish standard. The discussion focuses on the causes of their formation in the circumstances of language and cultural contacts and their functional and pragmatic peculiarities in the Polish language in Ukraine. The scale of the acceptability of the analysed forms of address in the Polish-centric communication community in Ukraine is identified by means of cultural and linguistic criteria for the evaluation of linguistic devices (while taking into consideration also a more extensive research material than the one found in newspapers).
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Fierbinţeanu, Ioana Hermine. "Come On, Be Good! It's Nearly Over... .German and Romanian Forms of Address in Communication between Pets, Vets or Pet Owners and the Animal to Be Treated." Kronstädter Beiträge zur germanistischen Forschung 24 (June 1, 2024): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/kbzgf.2024.24.11.

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The form of address is one of the most important features for making contact in society. Dictionaries and grammars provide very little information on the subject, so in each situation, learners have to take into account factors such as Communication situation, age of interlocutors, social status, and official nature of the situation to make an appropriate decision. Based on recordings and interviews, I try to ascertain what pronominal and nominal forms of address occur in German and Romanian veterinary practices. In addition to the first names, pet names and nicknames with which the pets (dogs, cats, hamsters, cows, ducks, etc.) are addressed by the pet owners and the veterinarians, nominal phrases such as Guter Junge! or Un băiat cuminte! (A good boy) appear. In addition to the forms of address mentioned above, Romanian also has reverse forms of address and interjections of address.
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Havu, Eva. "Discours médiés par ordinateur et stratégies d’adresse." Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 10, no. 1 (2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/bells.v10i1.1404.

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Generally, interviewers and interviewees address each other by the “traditional” deferential pronoun vous in French oral and written media, whereas in specialized magazines and television programs, tu often seems to be the usual address pronoun (cf. Williams &amp; van Compernolle 2009; Coveney 2010). However, Internet forums discussing the use of forms of address (consulted in 2015), point out the prevalence of very traditional opinions, contrasting with the above-mentioned observation. In general, less attention has been paid to nominal forms of address.&#x0D; This paper examines the use of pronominal and nominal forms of address in blogs on politics and in forums discussing current political events, that is in two types of Computer-Mediated Communication where the writers lack information about their interlocutor (age, social status, profession…). It shows to what extent their choice is dependent on the type of medium and on the context as well as on the relation between the interlocutors (conflictual, neutral…) and how nominal forms of address accentuate certain aspects of interpersonal relations. It also points out that the generalization of tu in special contexts does not reflect a drastic change in the use of forms of address in general.&#x0D;
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Castellano Ascencio, Milton Daniel. "Nominal Forms of Address Used by Young People in Medellin When Addressing their Significant Others." Íkala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura 13, no. 2 (2008): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.ikala.2685.

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This article presents a lexical-pragmatic description of nominal forms of address (NFA) used by young people in Medellin when addressing their significant other. To this aim, studies issued in Spanish concerning NFA were reviewed, as well as some fundamental concepts on NFA. The tokens of NFA from the corpus considered for analysis were classified according to the semantic-pragmatic values affecting their meaning. A particular analysis of some of these tokens is presented. The article also remarks on the function of contextual factors involved in the interpretation of NFA.&#x0D; Received: 30-03-2008 / Accepted: 25-07-2008&#x0D; How to reference this article:Castellano Ascencio, M. D. (2008). Fórmulas de tratamiento nominales para la pareja en el habla juvenil medellinense. Íkala. 13(2), pp.163-181.
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А. Биланџија, Софија. "ОСЛОВЉАВАЊЕ У ИЗАБРАНИМ КОМЕДИЈАМА ЛУДВИГА ХОЛБЕРГА". PHILOLOGIA MEDIANA 15, № 1 (2023): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46630/phm.15.2023.15.

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This paper deals with address and forms of address in five selected comedies of the prominent Dano-Norwegian playwright Ludvig Holberg (1684-1754). The primary aim of the paper is to establish and describe the inventory of forms of address, i.e., the linguistic expressions a language can use to address the counterpart. The author then goes on to describe pronominal, nominal, and verbal forms Holberg used in his comedies, establishing the heterogeneity of the so-called V-forms, especially in contrast to modern language use. The author then describes and analyzes the nominal forms of address according to 9 groups, showing that some of the markers are lexically obsolete today, but that others are obsolete due to changes in social structure and culture, with forms of address being inseparable from other forms of cultural communication. The paper analyzes the factors that contribute to symmetry or asymmetry in communication, such as gender, age, social rank, and title (an important factor in a period when social standing was a more pervasive factor than in modern society), as well as context in which given address takes place. Finally, the paper considers comedic elements that specifically employ the culture of address as means of criticizing or making fun of certain societal norms or changes in perceived status that show one’s inadequacies.
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Teletin, Andreea, and Veronica Manole. "Formes nominales d’adresse au vocatif et l’expression des relations sociales en roumain, portugais et français." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 65, no. 4 (2020): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2020.4.23.

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"Vocative Nominal Address Forms and the Expression of Social Relations in Romanian, Portuguese, and French. In this paper we analyze the vocative, the grammatical case that speakers use to encode the interlocutor in discourse, based on several criteria: symmetrical or asymmetrical social relations, close or distant relations, written vs spoken communication, regional usages, etc. Our socio-pragmatic analysis based on vocatives used in the novel Wasted Morning by Gabriela Adameșteanu and the Portuguese and French translations identifies the values of these linguistic means according to the relational dynamics among characters, their social status, the level of education, and gender. Keywords: vocative, nominal address forms, Romanian, Portuguese, French."
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Kalnača, Andra, and Ilze Lokmane. "The Latvian Vocative and Other Case Forms in Direct Address Constructions." Languages 10, no. 4 (2025): 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10040079.

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This article is devoted to the study of syntactic and pragmatic functions of the vocative and direct address constructions. Since the direct address in Latvian, in addition to the vocative, also permits the nominative and accusative, this article examines the relationships and conditions of use of these three cases depending on the noun declension. In Latvian, the vocative (and nominative and accusative used in the function of direct address) is also variously agreed with its attached nominal (noun, adjective, declinable participle) or pronoun, so in order to better understand the syntax and pragmatics of the direct address in Latvian, this article covers this issue as well. The analysis of the data shows that there are five possible pragmatic functions of direct address in Latvian. The choice of these functions is operated, taking into account the place (of the address) in the clause or text, the lexemes used, and various extra-linguistic factors.
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Fierbințeanu, Ioana Hermine. "Gebrauch der Anredeformen im Deutschen als Fremdsprache an der Hochschule in Rumänien." Bukarester Beiträge zur Germanistik 5, no. 5/2023 (2023): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.62229/bbzg5-23/8.

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The correct use of nominal and pronominal forms of address is a condition for wellfunctioning communication. Regardless of whether the communicators use a foreign language or a second language, the forms of address are very difficult to learn and are hardly ever dealt with in class. The article deals with Romanian students at the University of Bucharest who transfer the system of Romanian (as a mother tongue) to German (as a foreign language), even though the patterns of formality and informality in the form of address vary greatly between the German and Romanian cultural spheres.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Nominal forms of address"

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Johnen, Thomas. "Les FNA en français et en portugais: considérations théoriques et analyses fonctionnelles dans des débats médiatiques électoraux au Brésil, au Portugal et en France." Université de Savoie, 2014. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36141.

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Ziel dieses Beitrags ist die Untersuchung der Funktionen und Verwendung nominaler Anredeformen in drei Fernsehwahldebatten in Brasilien, Frankreich und Portugal.<br>Cette étude a pour objectif de comparer la façon dont sont utilisées les formes nominales d’adresse dans des débats télévisés au Portugal, au Brésil et en France à partir de l’exemple des débats du second tour des élections présidentielles de 1986 au Portugal (entre Diogo Pinto de Freitas do Amaral et Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares), de 2006 au Brésil (entre Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva et Geraldo José Rodrigues Alckmin Filho) et de 2007 en France (entre Ségolène Royal et Nicolas Sarkozy). Il s’agit donc d’une comparaison « cross-culturelle » impliquant d’une part, deux langues différentes (le portugais et le français) et d’autre part, deux variantes d’une langue « pluricentrique » (Baxter, 1992), à savoir le portugais européen et le portugais brésilien.
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Matloga, Eric Matladi. "Forms of address in Tshivenda." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49729.

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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the use of address form in Tshivenda. Chapter one concentrates on aims of study, data collection and the organisation of study. Chapter two concentrates on various studies which deal with forms of address in different communities. They introduce forms of address as a routine between people who are embedded in the socio-cultural context of society. Chapter three deals with the informal use of forms of address. This includes names, pronouns and kinship terms. Different names deal with Tshivenda names and Non- Tshivenda names, and the way they are used in different context as a form of address. The controversial use of a pronoun as a form of address is also taken into account as well as kinship terms as a form of address in family where forms are applied in informal situation. [Where the place is unstructured and they are applied in the traditional way.] Chapter four investigates the formal use of address in a structured situation, this covers titles, occupations, special address forms and innovations. Titles are used in a more structured situation. They show social rank or official position such as Doctors, Professors etc. Occupational terms are connected with a person's job. These are terms like nurses, teachers etc. The special forms of address are used in certain occasions where the sender uses an unpopular form of address, uses new techniques and they are practised by elite class, who tries to change the status quo. Chapter five gives the main conclusions of the thesis.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die gebruik van aanspreekvorme in Tshivenda. Hoofstuk een konsentreer op die doelstellings van die studie, die versameling van data en die organisasie van die studie. Hoofstuk twee konsentreer op verskillende studies wat handel oor aanspreekvorme in verskillende gemeenskappe. Hulle sluit in aanspreekvorme soos gewoonlik gebruik tussen mense wat vas gewortel is in die sosio-kulturele konteks van die gemeenskap. Hoofstuk drie handel oor die gebruik van informele aanspreekvorme. Dit sluit in name, voornaamwoorde en verwantskapsterme. Dit sluit in Venda en nie-Venda name in verskillende kontekste. Die gebruik van 'n voornaamwoord in aanspreekvorme word ook belangrik geag sowel as verwantskapsterme in familie waar vorme gebruik word in informele situasie. Hoofstuk vier ondersoek die formele gebruik van aanspreekvorme in 'n strukturele situasie. Die sluit in titel, beroepe, spesiale vorme en innovasie. Titels word gebruik in In strukturele situasie. Hulle verwys na sosiale posisie of amptelike posisie soos dokters, professors ens. Die spesiale vorme word gebruik in omstandighede waar die sender die ongewone vorm gebruik vir die ontvanger. Innovatiewe vorme gebruik nuwe tegnieke en hulle word beoefen deur die hoer klas, wat probeer om die status quo te verander. Hoofstuk vyf gee die bevindinge van die tesis.
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Dickey, Eleanor. "Greek forms of address : from Herodotus to Lucian /." Oxford [u.a.] : Clarendon Press, 2003. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0606/96013439-d.html.

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Sinnott, Sarah T. "Address Forms in Castilian Spanish: Convention and Implicature." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275449503.

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Mahnmoodan, Atena. "The Semantics and Pragmatics of Address forms in Persian." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for språk og litteratur, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-24096.

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In Persian, there is a tendency to use plural pronouns instead of singular pronouns in order to show respect and politeness to either the addressee or some other individual referred to (2nd or 3rd person). The choice of such plural or singular forms (called T-V forms by Brown and Gilman 1966) in Persian is a challenging subject that has not been discussed enough so far. Although every native speaker of Persian unconsciously knows when such polite address forms can occur, it has turned out to be an amazingly complicated task to explicitly state the sufficient and necessary conditions for appropriate use of these forms in Persian. This thesis is an attempt to address this issue. The main objectives in this study are to: 1) Determine the contextual conditions when a plural form (i.e. pronoun, agreement marker or enclitic) is used to refer to a singular entity in contemporary Persian; 2) Investigate the relative influence of sociolinguistic features such as gender difference, age distance, power distance, solidarity, formality (relative distance), and mood shifting in the choice of pronominals in Persian and determine the factors that influence pronoun switching; and 3) Diagnose whether the choice of plural or polite referring forms in Persian is addressee oriented or referent oriented with respect to the T-V distinction. The present study mainly built on the sociolinguistic methodology of Ervin-Tripp (1976), Keshavarz’s study in forms of post-revolutionary Persian address forms (1988 and 2001) and Nanbakhsh (2011) dissertation on Persian address pronouns and politeness in interaction. The data analysis section is transcribed from a movie called ˈA separationˈ written and directed by Asghar Farhadi (2011). The film data analysis part consists of 8 episodes where each episode has special location, participant (interlocutors) and a topic (situation). I will investigate the choice of pronominal forms in this section with respect to the following six features: Age distance, gender difference, power distance, solidarity, mood and formality (relative distance). The secondary objectives of this research are based on a quantitative analysis of the film data. The distribution of the social features of the film data indicates that quantitatively, formality with 35% as a mean percentage is the most significant feature of the analysis with the reciprocal V form (plural honorific). The mood shifting with (26.5%) had the second place on converting the expected V to the T form (singular, non-honorific) or vice versa. The age difference feature with (12%) is the third most influential feature that has influence on the reciprocal T or V forms. The solidarity feature with (17%) has the fourth place in causing the reciprocal T form. The gender difference feature with (7%) has the fifth place on appearance of the reciprocal V form and the power distance feature with (2.5%) has the least influence on the non-reciprocal V form. Therefore I conclude that formality feature is more significant than power distance in the choice of Persian T-V forms. (There could be other hidden features (variables) that I have not considered in this analysis and they might cause errors in my study.) Regarding the T/V mismatching, I have found that the anger mood in order to show sarcasm is one of the reasons for it and the other cause of mismatching is to increase solidarity. Concerning the third objective of this research, the qualitative analysis indicates that the choice of plurality and politeness in the formal situation was mostly addressee oriented and it was mostly under the superior power of the judge. The first research objective is an overall question that will be clarified after consideration of the answers to the other two issues mentioned. This work will contribute to a broader understanding of how politeness governs Persian communication and how this interacts with pragmatics.
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Mahmoodan, Atena. "The Semantics and Pragmatics of Address forms in Persian." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for språk og litteratur, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26739.

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In Persian, there is a tendency to use plural pronouns instead of singular pronouns in order to show respect and politeness to either the addressee or some other individual referred to (2nd or 3rd person). The choice of such plural or singular forms (called T-V forms by Brown and Gilman 1966) in Persian is a challenging subject that has not been discussed enough so far. Although every native speaker of Persian unconsciously knows when such polite address forms can occur, it has turned out to be an amazingly complicated task to explicitly state the sufficient and necessary conditions for appropriate use of these forms in Persian. This thesis is an attempt to address this issue. The main objectives in this study are to: 1) Determine the contextual conditions when a plural form (i.e. pronoun, agreement marker or enclitic) is used to refer to a singular entity in contemporary Persian; 2) Investigate the relative influence of sociolinguistic features such as gender difference, age distance, power distance, solidarity, formality (relative distance), and mood shifting in the choice of pronominals in Persian and determine the factors that influence pronoun switching; and 3) Diagnose whether the choice of plural or polite referring forms in Persian is addressee oriented or referent oriented with respect to the T-V distinction. The present study mainly built on the sociolinguistic methodology of Ervin-Tripp (1976), Keshavarz’s study in forms of post-revolutionary Persian address forms (1988 and 2001) and Nanbakhsh (2011) dissertation on Persian address pronouns and politeness in interaction. The data analysis section is transcribed from a movie called ˈA separationˈ written and directed by Asghar Farhadi (2011). The film data analysis part consists of 8 episodes where each episode has special location, participant (interlocutors) and a topic (situation). I will investigate the choice of pronominal forms in this section with respect to the following six features: Age distance, gender difference, power distance, solidarity, mood and formality (relative distance). The secondary objectives of this research are based on a quantitative analysis of the film data. The distribution of the social features of the film data indicates that quantitatively, formality with 35% as a mean percentage is the most significant feature of the analysis with the reciprocal V form (plural honorific). The mood shifting with (26.5%) had the second place on converting the expected V to the T form (singular, non-honorific) or vice versa. The age difference feature with (12%) is the third most influential feature that has influence on the reciprocal T or V forms. The solidarity feature with (17%) has the fourth place in causing the reciprocal T form. The gender difference feature with (7%) has the fifth place on appearance of the reciprocal V form and the power distance feature with (2.5%) has the least influence on the non-reciprocal V form. Therefore I conclude that formality feature is more significant than power distance in the choice of Persian T-V forms. (There could be other hidden features (variables) that I have not considered in this analysis and they might cause errors in my study.) Regarding the T/V mismatching, I have found that the anger mood in order to show sarcasm is one of the reasons for it and the other cause of mismatching is to increase solidarity.  Concerning the third objective of this research, the qualitative analysis indicates that the choice of plurality and politeness in the formal situation was mostly addressee oriented and it was mostly under the superior power of the judge. The first research objective is an overall question that will be clarified after consideration of the answers to the other two issues mentioned. This work will contribute to a broader understanding of how politeness governs Persian communication and how this interacts with pragmatics.
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Jaime, Jimenez Elena. "Variable use of plural address forms in Andalusian Spanish." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu153124117847719.

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Hotta, Ryuichi. "The development of the nominal plural forms in early Middle English." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419184.

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Dickey, Eleanor. "Greek forms of address : a linguistic analysis of selected prose authors." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386426.

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Walsh, Yuliya. "FORMS OF ADDRESS IN CONTEMPORARY UKRAINIAN NEWSPAPERS: Morphology, Gender and Pragmatics." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397785889.

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Books on the topic "Nominal forms of address"

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Ali, Abdullah. Malaysian protocol & correct forms of address. 2nd ed. Times Books International, 1997.

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Braun, Friederike. Terms of address: Problems of patterns and usage in various languages and cultures. Mouton de Gruyter, 1988.

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kesson, Joyce A. The complexity of the irregular verbal and nominal forms & the phonological changes in Arabic. Pallas Athena, 2009.

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Besch, Werner. Duzen, Siezen, Titulieren: Zur Anrede im Deutschen heute und gestern. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1996.

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Hyslop, Robert. Dear you: A guide to forms of address. AGPS Press, 1991.

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Irma, Taavitsainen, and Jucker Andreas H, eds. Diachronic perspectives on address term systems. John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2003.

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Lennartz, Annemarie. Titel, Anschriften, Anreden und Grussformen. Moderne Industrie, 1988.

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Koul, Omkar N. Modes of address and pronominal usage in Punjabi: A sociolinguistic study. Central Institute of Indian Languages, 1989.

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Gaudart, Hyacinth. The trouble with names: Forms of address in Asia. SNP Editions, 1999.

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Moyna, María Irene, and Susana Rivera-Mills, eds. Forms of Address in the Spanish of the Americas. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ihll.10.

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Book chapters on the topic "Nominal forms of address"

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Gagne, Christophe. "Chapter 8. A comparative study of nominal forms of address in metropolitan French and British English service encounters." In It's different with you. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tar.5.08gag.

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This chapter investigates nominal forms of address in metropolitan French and British English service encounters. The study considers the different pragmatic functions they play in interaction, examining their relational and organisational properties, combining a politeness theoretic framework and a conversation analytic one. Nominal forms of address play an important part in the management of the interpersonal relationship between customer and shopkeeper. As attention-getting devices, they can be used to delineate different phases of the interaction. Although they frequently have the same function in both linguacultures, they index different positions within the social order.
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Vančo, Ildikó, and István Kozmács. "Chapter 12. Differences in the forms of address between standard Hungary Hungarian and Slovakia Hungarian." In It's different with you. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tar.5.12van.

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It is a documented fact that the Hungarian varieties spoken outside of Hungary exhibit differences from standard Hungary Hungarian at all levels of the language system (c.f. Lanstyák 2000). However there is little data on how address forms have changed where Hungarian is spoken outside of Hungary. According to Domonkosi (2002: 146), 16 basic address variants can be distinguished with combinations of personal suffixes of the verb, pronouns and nominal address forms, but the data refer only to Hungarian speakers in Hungary. Our study is the first attempt to compare the address forms used by the respondents of Hungary Hungarians and Hungarian minorities living outside the borders of Hungary. The results suggest significant differences between the language use of the two groups in the use of V and T forms, in the use of the auxiliary verb tetszik, and in the use of address avoidance.
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Džanko, Minka. "Chapter 7. Don’t moan, it won’t make you feel better, granny! – Addressing older patients." In It's different with you. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tar.5.07dza.

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The focus of research in this comparative study lies on nominal address practices between doctors and older patients in German and Bosnian medical encounters. In this study we consider and compare the forms of address as well as identify their pragmatic differences by contrasting the Bosnian and German data. My research draws on interactional data consisting of 15 recorded conversations between Bosnian and German doctors and their elderly patients (65 and older). The data were examined and compared by using Conversation Analysis and Ethnographic Discourse Analysis. Our overall analysis shows a variety of differences between the data sets. The German data are marked by the exclusive use of the formal V form and the nominal form “Mrs./Mr. + surname” to address male and female patients. The Bosnian data are characterised by an overall high use of the kinship term “granny” to address the elderly female patients, as well as by a frequent use of the first name. Certain address practices of the doctors go beyond expressing politeness and/or friendliness, by contributing to face threatening actions such as criticism of the patients. The frequency and variety of such pragmatic routines differ and relate to socio-cultural norms of the institutional encounters in Bosnian and German society.
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Lappalainen, Hanna, and Ildikó Vecsernyés. "Chapter 1. Comparing address practices in the Finnish and Hungarian “Got Talent” TV programmes." In It's different with you. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tar.5.01lap.

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This chapter compares address practices in “Got Talent” TV programmes, in which contestants present their talents in front of a jury. We aim to show how the judges address contestants and how these practices differ in episodes of Finnish and Hungarian “Got Talent”. Our study shows that T forms are favoured in both languages. Overall, the repertoire of addressing is wider in the Hungarian dataset, in which both T/V opposition and nominal forms are used to express increasing familiarity between participants. On Finnish “Got Talent”, variation only emerges in the frequency of personal pronouns and first names, used to make successful contestants visible. Although television is a special context, address practices on the “Got Talent” shows can reflect ongoing changes more generally in address practices vis-à-vis informality.
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De Jonge, Bob, and Dorien Nieuwenhuijsen. "Forms of Address." In The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118228098.ch13.

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Liebscher, Grit, and Jennifer Dailey-O’Cain. "Forms of Address." In Language, Space, and Identity in Migration. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137316431_5.

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Farenkia, Bernard Mulo. "Nominal address strategies in Cameroon French." In It’s not all about you. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tar.1.13far.

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Mazzon, Gabriella. "10. Pronouns and nominal address in Shakespearean English." In Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pbns.107.11maz.

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Kluge, Bettina. "On translating pronominal and nominal terms of address." In It’s not all about you. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tar.1.02klu.

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Moyna, María Irene, and José Luis Blas Arroyo. "Pragmatic variation and forms of address." In The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Pragmatics. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429455643-21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Nominal forms of address"

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Ziemba, Larry M., and Barry A. Metz. "A Customized Cleaning Approach for Maximum Effectiveness." In CORROSION 1987. NACE International, 1987. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1987-87325.

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Abstract Deposition in industrial cooling systems can come in a variety of forms. To effectively control or remove any deposition, a thorough understanding of the type of deposit must be made. Before a cleaning program can be formulated, a sample of the deposit should be obtained and a chemical analysis should be completed. From this information a customized cleaning approach can be formulated utilizing various chemicals to address different compounds in the deposit. This paper will discuss the various types of deposits encountered and discuss case histories where customized cleaning programs were formulated and applied.
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Lapalme, Maxime, Éric Thibault, and Gilles Rousseau. "Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Made Using Different Manufacturing Processes." In Vertical Flight Society 74th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0074-2018-12811.

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This paper presents a comparison in terms of microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4Vcoupons build by five different Additive Manufacturing (AM) suppliers. Three different manufacturing processes and different equipment are compared. Specimens were built to address any possible impact of fabrication direction and position within a build for the different suppliers. All builds were stress relieved and received Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) to ensure optimal mechanical properties. Microstructure was evaluated using both X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Standard test methods were used to measure mechanical properties such as tensile strength, fatigue crack growth rates, fracture toughness and axial fatigue. Results are compared with conventionally machined samples from raw material forms (bar, plates, sheets).
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Lapalme, Maxime, Éric Thibault, and Gilles Rousseau. "Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Made Using Different Manufacturing Processes." In Vertical Flight Society 74th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0074-2018-12818.

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This paper presents a comparison in terms of microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4Vcoupons build by five different Additive Manufacturing (AM) suppliers. Three different manufacturing processes and different equipment are compared. Specimens were built to address any possible impact of fabrication direction and position within a build for the different suppliers. All builds were stress relieved and received Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) to ensure optimal mechanical properties. Microstructure was evaluated using both X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Standard test methods were used to measure mechanical properties such as tensile strength, fatigue crack growth rates, fracture toughness and axial fatigue. Results are compared with conventionally machined samples from raw material forms (bar, plates, sheets).
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Lagad, Vishal V., Sridhar Srinivasan, and Russell D. Kane. "Facilitating Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment Using Advanced Flow and Corrosion Prediction Models." In CORROSION 2008. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08131.

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Abstract Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment (ICDA) is a process used to evaluate pipeline integrity based on identifying locations along the pipeline where internal corrosion damage is most likely to occur. Liquid Petroleum Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment (LP-ICDA) is designed to address pipelines that are fully packed with a liquid phase and Wet Gas Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment (WG-ICDA) is being targeted towards wet gas pipelines much like Dry Gas ICDA (DG-ICDA) has been developed to address normally dry gas transmission pipelines. The four step ICDA process requires integration of pre-assessment, indirect inspection data and detailed examination data to determine overall pipeline integrity. The prioritization of critical locations along a pipeline forms a major part of this process and includes flow modeling, flow-regime predictions, characterizing the environment and developing a pipeline profile identifying the critical locations most susceptible to internal corrosion. Many flow models have been presented and validated that analyze multiphase flows and can effectively predict oil-water separations and solids and water accumulation in certain locations at the bottom of the pipelines under varying flow conditions. This paper presents the utilization of flow modeling and corrosion prediction models in the ICDA process and builds the case for the importance of accurate flow characterization and corrosion modeling in ICDA for gas and liquid carrying pipelines.
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Chen, Wei (Wayne), Doksoo Lee, Oluwaseyi Balogun, and Wei Chen. "Hierarchical Deep Generative Models for Design Under Free-Form Geometric Uncertainty." In ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89707.

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Abstract Deep generative models have demonstrated effectiveness in learning compact and expressive design representations that significantly improve geometric design optimization. However, these models do not consider the uncertainty introduced by manufacturing or fabrication. Past work that quantifies such uncertainty often makes simplifying assumptions on geometric variations, while the “real-world”, “free-form” uncertainty and its impact on design performance are difficult to quantify due to the high dimensionality. To address this issue, we propose a Generative Adversarial Network-based Design under Uncertainty Framework (GAN-DUF), which contains a deep generative model that simultaneously learns a compact representation of nominal (ideal) designs and the conditional distribution of fabricated designs given any nominal design. This opens up new possibilities of 1) building a universal uncertainty quantification model compatible with both shape and topological designs, 2) modeling free-form geometric uncertainties without the need to make any assumptions on the distribution of geometric variability, and 3) allowing fast prediction of uncertainties for new nominal designs. We can combine the proposed deep generative model with robust design optimization or reliability-based design optimization for design under uncertainty. We demonstrated the framework on two real-world engineering design examples and showed its capability of finding the solution that possesses better performances after fabrication.
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Hamel, J. M., and S. Azarm. "Reducible Uncertain Interval Design (RUID) by Kriging Meta-Model Assisted Multi-Objective Optimization." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28456.

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Optimization under uncertainty can be a difficult and computationally expensive problem driven by the need to consider the degrading effects of system variations. Sources of uncertainty that may be reducible in some fashion present a particular challenge because designers must determine how much uncertainty to accept in the final design. Many of the existing approaches for design under input uncertainty require potentially unavailable or unknown information about the uncertainty in a system’s input parameters; such as probability distributions, nominal values or uncertain intervals. These requirements may force designers into arbitrary or even erroneous assumptions about a system’s input uncertainty when attempting to estimate nominal values and/or uncertain intervals for example. These types of assumptions can be especially degrading during the early stages in a design process when limited system information is available. In an effort to address these challenges a new design approach is presented that can produce optimal solutions in the form of upper and lower bounds (which specify uncertain intervals) for all input parameters to a system that possess reducible uncertainty. These solutions provide minimal variation in system objectives for a maximum allowed level of input uncertainty in a multi-objective sense and furthermore guarantee as close to deterministic Pareto optimal performance as possible with respect to the uncertain parameters. The function calls required by this approach are dramatically reduced through the use of a kriging meta-model assisted multi-objective optimization technique performed in two stages. The capabilities of the approach are demonstrated through three example problems of varying complexity.
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Thomas, Daniel, Susan C. Mantell, Jane H. Davidson, Louise F. Goldberg, and John Carmody. "Analysis of Sandwich Panels for an Energy Efficient and Self-Supporting Residential Roof." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76003.

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The structural and thermal feasibility of a self-supporting sandwich panel for energy efficient residential roof applications is assessed. The assessment is limited to symmetric sandwich panels comprising two face sheets and an insulating core. Feasible panel designs are presented for loading conditions, corresponding to southern and northern climates in the United States. The base case panel is 5.5 m long for a nominal 4.6 m horizontal span and an 8/12 roof pitch. Face sheet materials considered are oriented strand board, steel, and fiber reinforced plastic. Core materials considered are expanded polystyrene, extruded polystyrene, polyurethane and poly(vinyl-chloride) foams. A wide range of material options meet building code limits on deflection and weight and prevent face sheet fracture and buckling, and core shear failure. Panels are identified that have structural depths similar to conventional wood rafter construction. Shortening the overall panel length provides greater choice in the use of materials and decreases the required panel thickness. Suggestions for improved panel designs address uncertainty in the ability of the plastic core to withstand long term loading over the expected life of residential buildings.
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Larina, Tatiana. "Arabic Forms Of Address: Sociolinguistic Overview." In WUT 2018 - IX International Conference “Word, Utterance, Text: Cognitive, Pragmatic and Cultural Aspects”. Cognitive-Crcs, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.04.02.44.

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De Paepe, Ward, Alessio Pappa, Diederik Coppitters, Marina Montero Carrero, Panagiotis Tsirikoglou, and Francesco Contino. "Control Strategy Development for Optimized Operational Flexibility From Humidified Micro Gas Turbine: Saturation Tower Performance Assessment." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-60209.

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Abstract Waste heat recovery through cycle humidification is considered as an effective tool to increase the operational flexibility of micro Gas Turbines (mGTs) in cogeneration in a Decentralized Energy System (DES) context. Indeed, during periods with low heat demand, the excess thermal power can be reintroduced in the cycle under the form of heated water/steam, leading to improved electrical performance. The micro Humid Air Turbine (mHAT) has been proven to be the most effective route for cycle humidification; however, so far, all research efforts focused on optimizing the mHAT performance at nominal electrical load, and no thermal load. Nevertheless, in a DES context, the thermal and electrical load of the mGT needs to be changed depending on the demand, requiring both optimal nominal and part load performances. To address this need, in this paper, we present the first step towards the development of a control strategy for a Turbec T100 mGT-mHAT test rig. First, using experimental data, the global performance, depending on the operating point as well as the humidity level, has been assessed. Second, the performance of the saturation tower, i.e. the degree of saturation (relative humidity) of the working fluid leaving this saturator, is analyzed to assess the optimal water injection system control parameter settings. Results show that optimal mHAT performance can only be obtained when the working fluid leaving the saturation tower is fully saturated, but does not contain a remaining liquid fraction. Under these conditions, a maximal amount of waste heat is transferred from the water to the mGT working fluid in the saturation tower. From these data, some general observations can be made to optimize the performance; being maximizing injection pressure and aiming for a water flow rate of ≈5 m3/h. However, having a specific control matrix, that allows setting the saturation tower control parameters for any set of operational setpoint and the inlet conditions would be of more interest. Therefore, future work involves the development of a control matrix, using advanced data post-processing for noise reduction and accuracy improvement, as well as an experimental validation of this methodology on the actual test rig.
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Gazizov, Rafael. "ADDRESS FORMS IN SMS COMMUNICATION OF GERMANS." In GERMAN IN BASHKORTOSTAN: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS. Baskir State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/nyvb-2021-04-06.4.

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Reports on the topic "Nominal forms of address"

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Apgar, Marina, Mieke Snijder, Pedro Prieto Martin, et al. Designing Contribution Analysis of Participatory Programming to Tackle the Worst Forms of Child Labour. Institute of Development Studies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2022.003.

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This Research and Evidence Paper presents the theory-based and participatory evaluation design of the Child Labour: Action-Research- Innovation in South and South-Eastern Asia (CLARISSA) programme. The evaluation is embedded in emergent Participatory Action Research with children and other stakeholders to address the drivers of the worst forms of child labour (WFCL). The report describes the use of contribution analysis as an overarching approach, with its emphasis on crafting, nesting and iteratively reflecting on causal theories of change. It illustrates how hierarchically-nested impact pathways lead to specific evaluation questions and mixing different evaluation methods in response to these questions, critical assumptions, and agreement on causal mechanisms to be examined in depth. It also illustrates how realist evaluation can be combined with contribution analysis to deeply investigate specific causal links in the theory of change. It reflects on learning from the use of causal hotspots as a vehicle for mixing methods. It offers considerations on how to navigate relationships and operational trade-offs in making methodological choices to build robust and credible evidence on how, for whom, and under what conditions participatory programming can work to address complex problems such as child labour.
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Fedasiuk, Ryan, and Emily Weinstein. Universities and the Chinese Defense Technology Workforce. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200043.

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To help U.S. policymakers address long-held concerns about risks and threats associated with letting Chinese university students or graduates study in the United States, CSET experts examine which forms of collaboration, and with which Chinese universities, pose the greatest risk to U.S. research security.
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Kothari, Jayna, Almas Shaikh, and Aj Agrawal. The Intersection of Disability and Caste. Centre for Law and Policy Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54999/jefc8353.

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In continuing with our work on Intersectionality, this Paper considers the need to address an often-excluded group at the intersection of caste and disability. It argues that the relationship between caste and disability is not only pronounced but results in aggravated forms of discrimination.
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Kothari, Jayna, Krithika Balu, and Rohit Sarma. Beyond the Binary: Advancing Legal Recognition for Intersex Persons in India. Centre for Law and Policy Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54999/horl3024.

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This Policy Brief proposes the need for legal recognition of intersex persons and intersex rights, given their unique experience and the inability of the overlap between transgender and intersex identities to address all the vulnerabilities and rights of the latter community. Legal recognition of intersex rights creates awareness about the unique identity of intersex persons, can curb IGM and other forms of discrimination and stigma that intersex persons face.
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Calahorra-Jimenez, Maria, and Richard Poythress. Exploring Performance-Based Contracts: A Good Option to Address Long-Term Road Maintenance in California? Mineta Transportation Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2024.2359.

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Performance-based contracts (PBCs) used in road maintenance provide flexibility for considering new materials, design, and technology to achieve predetermined performance targets. Several states in the U.S. have already used these types of contracts in road maintenance, and their experience can inform the use of PBCs in California. The objectives of this research are twofold. First, identify the benefits and challenges of PBCs compared to traditional contracts. Second, explore the main aspects of PBCs implementation for road maintenance and relate them to California's context. To this end, deductive-inductive content analysis was conducted on 84 peer-reviewed articles published between 1998 and 2023. Findings of this research identified the main benefits of PBCs to be: (1) cost savings, (2) improved work/service quality, and (3) reduction in risk to the transportation agency through the transfer of responsibility to the contractor. The main challenges were found to be: (1) the need for training and a shift in mindset from traditional contracting forms to PBCs, (2) the need to establish trust between contracting agencies and contractors, and (3) the temptation for contractors to abuse the system. Research findings highlighted "procurement," "performance indicators," and "incentives/disincentives" as the three major themes to consider in PBC implementation. California does not have a history of using performance-based contracts for road maintenance. Results from this research may be the first stepping stone to initiate the decision-making process to use these types of contracts for road maintenance.
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Gaddi, Matteo, and Nadia Garbellini. Automotive Global Value Chains in Europe. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp160.

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In this paper we examine the main transformations that are affecting European automotive industry and which challenges, in particular due to the transition to new forms of propulsion, the industry is going to face. The automotive industry is central to the European economy and the nature of the Global Value Chains are rapidly shifting. While individual countries have developed economic plans to address this, a broader EU wide plan is critically important to addressing the employment and environmental effects of these shifts.
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programme, CLARISSA. The Need for an ‘Association’ to Improve Night Entertainment Business Management Practices to Reduce Worst Forms of Child Labour. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2024.035.

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In late 2020, CLARISSA undertook scoping studies and literature reviews into supply chain/human chain/urban neighbourhood dynamics in Kathmandu, and their impact on worst forms of child labour (WFCL). To address the evidence gaps identified, the team developed a research framing for exploring in greater detail how small Adult Entertainment Sector (AES) businesses were being run – exploring factors such as managing seasonality, relationships between informal and formal businesses, loans and debts carried by small businesses, and business norms in the sector – and how these factors can perpetuate WFCL. Twenty-five AES business owners running dohoris, dance bars, khaja ghars (small eateries), and massage and spa venues were then interviewed, and the findings were analysed and validated by business owners. The next step was the formation of three Action Research Groups (ARGs) with AES business owners, to undertake further evidence gathering and then formulate and deliver actions and innovations to reduce WFCL. It was decided that one ARG, the focus of this report, would focus on owners of dohoris and dance bars. The chosen location for the group is a major entry point into Kathmandu from the eastern side of Kathmandu Valley, and this has led to a large number of new AES businesses being set up.
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Llosa, Gonzalo, and Vicente Tuesta. Determinacy and Learnability of Monetary Policy Rules in Small Open Economies. Inter-American Development Bank, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010968.

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This paper evaluates under which conditions different Taylor-type rules lead to determinacy and expectational stability (E-stability) of rational expectations equilibrium in a simple New Keynesian small open economy model, developed by Gali and Monacelli (2005). In particular, we extend the Bullard and Mitra (2002) results of determinacy and E-stability in a closed economy to this small open economy framework. Our results highlight an important link between the Taylor principle and both determinacy and learnability of equilibrium in small open economies. More importantly, the degree of openness coupled with the nature of the policy rule adopted by the monetary authorities might change this link in important ways. A key finding is that, contrary to Bullard and Mitra, expectations-based rules that involve the CPI and/or the nominal exchange rate limit the region of E-stability and the Taylor Principle does not guarantee E-stability. We also show that some forms of managed exchange rate rules can help to alleviate problems of both indeterminacy and expectational instability, yet these rules might not be desirable since they promote greater volatility in the economy.
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Thomas, Strobel. A contrastive approach to grammatical doubts in some contemporary Germanic languages (German, Dutch, Swedish). Goethe-Universität Frankfurt a.M., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.72278.

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Unquestionably (or: undoubtedly), every competent speaker has already come to doubt with respect to the question of which form is correct or appropriate and should be used (in the standard language) when faced with two or more almost identical competing variants of words, word forms or sentence and phrase structure (e.g. German "Pizzas/Pizzen/Pizze" 'pizzas', Dutch "de drie mooiste/mooiste drie stranden" 'the three most beautiful/most beautiful three beaches', Swedish "större än jag/mig" 'taller than I/me'). Such linguistic uncertainties or "cases of doubt" (cf. i.a. Klein 2003, 2009, 2018; Müller &amp; Szczepaniak 2017; Schmitt, Szczepaniak &amp; Vieregge 2019; Stark 2019 as well as the useful collections of data of Duden vol. 9, Taaladvies.net, Språkriktighetsboken etc.) systematically occur also in native speakers and they do not necessarily coincide with the difficulties of second language learners. In present-day German, most grammatical uncertainties occur in the domains of inflection (nominal plural formation, genitive singular allomorphy of strong masc./neut. nouns, inflectional variation of weak masc. nouns, strong/weak adjectival inflection and comparison forms, strong/weak verb forms, perfect auxiliary selection) and word-formation (linking elements in compounds, separability of complex verbs). As for syntax, there are often doubts in connection with case choice (pseudo-partitive constructions, prepositional case government) and agreement (especially due to coordination or appositional structures). This contribution aims to present a contrastive approach to morphological and syntactic uncertainties in contemporary Germanic languages (mostly German, Dutch, and Swedish) in order to obtain a broader and more fine-grained typology of grammatical instabilities and their causes. As will be discussed, most doubts of competent speakers - a problem also for general linguistic theory - can be attributed to processes of language change in progress, to language or variety contact, to gaps and rule conflicts in the grammar of every language or to psycholinguistic conditions of language processing. Our main concerns will be the issues of which (kinds of) common or different critical areas there are within Germanic (and, on the other hand, in which areas there are no doubts), which of the established (cross-linguistically valid) explanatory approaches apply to which phenomena and, ultimately, the question whether the new data reveals further lines of explanation for the empirically observable (standard) variation.
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Morrison, Dawn, and Adam Smith. Fort Huachuca history of development : existing reports and contexts. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39479.

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The Fort Huachuca Environmental and Natural Resources Division (ENRD) tasked ERDC-CERL to compile a history of the development of Fort Huachuca for use in evaluating existing facilities and how they fit within the larger, overarching history of the fort. Fort Huachuca desires a comprehensive history of the fort for use in better understanding how its various facilities integrate into the overall history and development of the fort and its existing National Historic Landmark (NHL) and proposed existing evaluated, eligible, and listed National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) properties and districts. This comprehensive history will help ENRD in making determinations on how to address future National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) nominations and/or recommendations for adding new historic districts or expanding the existing historic district. ERDC-CERL compiled content from 18 existing historic contexts, building inventory and cultural re-sources reports, NRHP nomination and registration forms, and Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) forms previously completed for the ENRD, and used these resources to compile the current history.
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