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Journal articles on the topic 'Nominal utterance'
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1
Temmerman, Martina. "Dutch Anaphoric Dat in Definitions." Coherence and Anaphora 10 (January 1, 1996): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.10.13tem.
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Abstract. Dutch anaphoric dat has an important function in definitory exchanges. If dat is used in the recapitulation of a non-nominal definition, it increases the coherence of the defining utterance, by tying the recapitulation to the previous utterances and by permitting the switch of the focus from definiens to defmiendum. However, dat is not really coherence-building when used for left-dislocation in core-definitions. Indeed, a left-dislocated definition cannot be more coherent than a definition without interruptions and 'gaps'. The role of dat in left-dislocation is rather to permit extra focalisation and thematisation of the definiendum in non-nominal definitions, and of the definiens in nominal definitions.
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Auriel, Aline, and Lidia Lebas-Fraczak. "fonctions communicatives des reprises propositionnelles dans un corpus de discussions à visée philosophique." Travaux neuchâtelois de linguistique, no. 60 (January 1, 2014): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/tranel.2014.2904.
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Our study is based on a corpus of ‘philosophical discussions' held in a school context and involving French speakers. The analysis of grammatical subject forms shows, firstly, that in pupils' speech acts the canonical nominal form (e.g. les animaux) is much rarer than the ‘reinforced' form (e.g. les animaux ils). Secondly, that the simple nominal form appears mostly in quoted utterances whereas the reinforced nominal form (as well as the pronominal one) is used in original speech acts. We relate this observation to our hypothesis that the reinforced nominal form marks the focalized status of a clause, compared to the simple nominal form which marks a non-focalized status. In the repetitions/reformulations offered by the teachers, both forms appear; the choice of one or the other is shown to be related to the functional-communicative type of the quoted utterance: ‘relaunch' (focalized) or ‘acknowledgement' (non-focalized).
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O'Leary, Maura. "Locality constraints in nominal evaluation times." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 6, no. 1 (April 11, 2021): 938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v6i1.5041.
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The temporal arguments of VPs and adverbs must be locally coindexed with the nearest time abstraction above them (Percus 2000). In contrast, nouns, which also have time arguments, have been noted to have multiple available evaluation times (Enç 1981), often coinciding with the topic time (e.g. Musan 1995, Tonhauser 2002, Keshet 2008) or utterance time (O’Leary 2017, O’Leary & Brasoveanu 2018). I argue that we can explain the possible temporal interpretations of nouns in a way that makes their behavior consistent with that of VPs and adverbs by positing an analogous locality constraint and making a simple appeal to quantifier raising. I additionally propose that the need for a locality constraint on the coindexing of temporal arguments extends to all predicates introducing novel referents.
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Fuchs, Catherine. "Locatif spatial initial et position du sujet nominal." Ordre des mots et topologie de la phrase française 29, no. 1 (July 6, 2006): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.29.1.06fuc.
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This contribution is devoted to the study of French « locative inversion » structures X V S (Sur la cheminée trônent deux chandeliers). It is argued that such structures are specific, and cannot be derived from X S V structures (Sur la cheminée, deux chandeliers trônent), since the syntactic relation between X and V is different — X being in the scope of the predicate in the former case, but not in the latter. Furthermore, the two structures cannot be considered, on the semantic level, as paraphrases deriving from a unique underlying representation, since the semantic values and interpretations attributed to the verbal item differ ; whereas on the pragmatic level, each construction enters a different type of discourse setting. Thus a formal theory is outsketched, based on a topological approach of word ordering in the process of utterance construction, which accounts for the specificity of the above mentioned structures.
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Royer, Claudine. "variation synchronique et diachronique de la syntaxe de la négation du français chez des adultes en milieu guidé." Travaux neuchâtelois de linguistique, no. 34-35 (October 1, 2001): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/tranel.2001.2562.
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Our main hypothesis is that negation and finitness are linked in the developpment of Foreign Language Aquisition in some comparable ways as they are for First Language Acquisition. By contrasting syncronic intrapersonal variability data with change occuring in the diacronic data about negation, we show how adult learners of French in a classroom environment switch from a Nominal Utterance Organization governed by semantic-pragmatic strategies to a Finite Utterance Organization constrained by syntactic rules (Klein & Perdue, 1993, 1997). Specific to our context of investigation, this phenomenom can be observed through the increasing rate of overt and covert-repairs in spontaneous oral production (Levelt, 1989), which are signs of metalinguistic consciousness emerging parallel to the process of grammaticalization.
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Bellamy, Kate, M. Parafita Couto, and Hans Stadthagen-Gonzalez. "Investigating Gender Assignment Strategies in Mixed Purepecha–Spanish Nominal Constructions." Languages 3, no. 3 (July 16, 2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages3030028.
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Purepecha has no grammatical gender, whereas Spanish has a binary masculine–feminine system. In this paper we investigate how early sequential Purepecha–Spanish bilinguals assign gender to Purepecha nouns inserted into an otherwise Spanish utterance, using a director-matcher production task and an online forced-choice acceptability judgement task. The results of the production task indicate a strong preference for masculine gender, irrespective of the gender of the noun’s translation equivalent, the so-called “masculine default” option. Participants in the comprehension task were influenced by the orthography of the Purepecha noun in the -a ending condition, leading them to assign feminine gender agreement to nouns that are masculine in Spanish, but preferred the masculine default strategy again in the -i/-u ending condition. The absence of the “analogical criterion” in both tasks contrasts with the results of some previous studies, underlining the need for more comparable data in terms of task type. Our results also highlight how task type can influence the choices speakers make, in this context, in terms of the choice of grammatical gender agreement strategy. Task type should therefore be carefully controlled in future studies.
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Carroll, Matthew J. "Discontinuous noun phrases in Ngkolmpu." Studies in Language 44, no. 3 (August 24, 2020): 700–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.19015.car.
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Abstract It has been claimed that Ngkolmpu (Yam, Papuan) displays discontinuous noun phrases (Donohue 2011). However, careful textual analysis of a corpus of naturalistic language reveals that, in practice, this is highly restricted. The data shows two relatively rare constructions which give rise to limited discontinuous structures. The first is an afterthought construction involving a full co-referential nominal constituent adjacent to the clause. This co-referential constituent is both syntactically and phonetically distinct from the main utterance. The other involves a topic marking demonstrative encliticised to verbs at the right edge of the clause interacting with general information-structural conditions on word order. This is the only true discontinuity found in the corpus and is restricted to demonstratives only. This paper clarifies a claim in the literature about the empirical facts of a specific language, Ngkolmpu, and adds a nuanced discussion of nominal discontinuity in a language of New Guinea.
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Santos, Myla, and Amirul MUKMININ. "A CORPUS-BASED ANALYSIS ON EXCLAMATIVES IN THE PHILIPPINE." Ezikov Svyat (Orbis Linguarum), ezs.swu.v.21.1 (February 26, 2023): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.v21.i1.6.
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Exclamatives constructions in the Philippine English form a variegated class which is often confused with other types of clauses. These structures are characterized by intonation contour, emphatic stress and propositional properties beyond their syntactic form. Using the AntCoc protocol, this corpus-based study presents a survey of the categories and syntactical characteristics as well as the functions of the exclamatives found in ICE-PHI with 199 hits out of 1,172 tokens from the word collection. Key words such as what, how so, such a/an and others were used to locate the target hits of the utterances. Analysis was made on the syntactic and formulaic forms, semantic categories and pragmatic impressions. Results show that 'so' exclamatives posted the highest frequency, followed by the prototypes, and 'the such a/an' exclamatives. Minimal occurrences were recorded for DP – 'the way' exclamatives and nominal exclamatives. A majority of the exclamatives followed the initial exclamative phrase syntactic formula except for the 'such a/an' exclamatives which follow the subject auxiliary inversion. The syntactic features and functions of the exclamatives illustrated the semantic nature of the structures which differentiated them from seeming to be similar structures as in expressive/emotional utterance.
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Jankowiak, Katarzyna, Marcin Naranowicz, and Karolina Rataj. "Metaphors are like lenses: Electrophysiological correlates of novel meaning processing in bilingualism." International Journal of Bilingualism 25, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 668–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006921996820.
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Aims and objectives: The study provides new insights into how bilingual speakers process semantically complex novel meanings in their native (L1) and non-native language (L2). Methodology: The study employs an EEG method with a semantic decision task to novel nominal metaphors, novel similes, as well as literal and anomalous sentences presented in participants’ L1 and L2. Data and analysis: In total, 29 native speakers of Polish (L1) who were highly proficient in English (L2) took part in the study. The collected EEG signal was analyzed in terms of an event-related potential analysis. The statistical analyses were based on behavioral data (reaction times and accuracy rates) as well as mean amplitudes for the four conditions in the two languages within the N400 and LPC time windows. Findings: The results revealed the N400 effect of utterance type modulated by language nativeness, where the brainwaves for anomalous sentences, novel nominal metaphors, and novel similes converged in L2, while in L1 a graded effect was observed from anomalous sentences to novel nominal metaphors, novel similes and literal sentences. In contrast, within the late time window, a more pronounced sustained negativity to novel nominal metaphors than novel similes was observed in both languages, thus indicating that meaning integration mechanisms might be of similar automaticity in L1 and L2 when bilingual speakers are highly proficient in their L2. Altogether, the present results point to a more taxing mechanisms involved in lexico-semantic access in L2 than L1, yet such an increased effort seems to be resolved within the meaning integration phase. Originality: The findings present novel insights into how bilinguals construct new unfamiliar meanings and show how and when cognitive mechanisms engaged in this process are modulated by language nativeness. Significance: The study might provide crucial implications for further research on bilingual semantic processing as well as human creativity.
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Reinöhl, Uta. "Continuous and discontinuous nominal expressions in flexible (or “free”) word order languages: Patterns and correlates." Linguistic Typology 24, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 71–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2019-0029.
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AbstractThis study explores continuous and discontinuous word order patterns of multi-word nominal expressions in flexible word order languages (traditionally referred to as “free word order” or “non-configurational” languages). Besides describing syntagmatic patterns, this paper seeks to identify any functional or other correlates that can be associated with different word orders. The languages under investigation are a number of Australian languages as well as Vedic Sanskrit, all of which have long been known for their syntagmatic flexibility. With respect to continuous order, evidence from several of these languages suggests that default ordering is primarily governed by functional templates. Deviations from default order, while maintaining continuity, can be attributed to different types of “focus” interpretations or heaviness effects. With respect to discontinuous order, I identify three sub-types. The most widespread one, “Left-Edge Discontinuity”, involves one element placed in or near utterance-initial position. It shows a clear, if not an absolute, correlation with different kinds of focus interpretations, similarly to deviations from the default order in continuity. The other two types of discontinuity are linked to the behaviour of specific function words. Besides teasing out cross-linguistic similarities, this paper also sheds light on language-specific characteristics that affect the forms and functions of complex (i.e. multi-word) nominal expressions in flexible word order languages, such as the nature of 2nd position (“Wackernagel”) elements.
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Ondar, Choigan G. "Variable case marking of possessive nominal phrases in the direct object position in Tuvan." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 2 (2022): 254–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/79/18.
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Considering the phenomenon of differential object marking of the direct object in possessive nominal phrases (NPs) has revealed two varieties of differential case marking in the Tuvan language: of the direct object and of the possessor. Thus, it was interesting to check the correlation between the factors influencing variation in both cases. The choice in favor of the genitive marking of the possessor is found to be determined by definiteness, animacy of the referent of some NPs, the linear remoteness of the possessive construction components, and additional definitions. Genitive marking of a possessor with an indefinite or non-referential status is due to the sentence information structure. The same set of factors is relevant for choosing accusative direct object labeling. Thus, the obligatory accusative marking of possessive NPs with a genitive possessor in the position of a direct object is associated with the same factors in the structure of relations between components that determined the choice of the genitive form of the possessor. Accusative marking of the direct object of possessive NPs without a genitive is determined by the definiteness of the possessor, the presence of identifying definitions, the presupposition of the singularity of the referent, the sentence information structure, with different communicative status of the object and the predicate. Possessive NPs without a genitive in the direct object position are used in the nominative: if their referent has an indefinite or non-referential status, they are in the utterance rheme with a contact arrange-ment to the control verb and have no other determinants.
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Agustia, Indra, Dindin Muhammad Zainal Muhyi, and Desti Fatin Fauziyyah. "ANALISIS WACANA TEKSTUAL DAN KONTEKSTUAL NASKAH DRAMA BERJUDUL SARAPAN TERAKHIR KARYA ANDRIAN EKA SAPUTRA." Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD STKIP Subang 8, no. 2 (December 18, 2022): 1718–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36989/didaktik.v8i2.478.
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Discourse is a complete form of language unit arranged in its entirety so that it becomes a single language unit that contains a theme. There are two types of discourse in drama scripts, namely textual discourse and contextual discourse. This research is a descriptive qualitative research because in this research it tries to collect data based on the literature that is used as analysis material. In textual discourse in grammatical relationships, there are 105 reference data which include personal, demonstrative and comparison references, 20 duplication data including nominal, verbal, phrasal and clauseal references. 19 discharge data and 8 coupling data. Furthermore, in the textual discourse of lexical relations, there are 25 repetition data including epizeukis, tautotes, anasphora and episphora. 19 synonymy data includes free morphemes with bound, words with words, words with phrases and phrases with phrases. 21 collocation data, 6 hyponymy data and 2 equivalence data. The researcher found 14 data that included interpretation including the principle of personal interpretation, 3 locational interpretation data, 6 temporal interpretation data, 3 analogy data related to the interpretation of differences in meaning in an utterance, then the researcher found 12 interference data marked by the speaker not explaining explicitly the meaning of his utterance. In this study associated with the Basic Competence 3.19. Analyzing the content and linguistics of dramas that are read or watched at the XI grade high school level then alternatively as LKPD.
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Jiang, Xiangyu, Liang Chen, and Qin Zhou. "Literate and linguistic features of Chinese EFL learners’ narrative versus expository writing." Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech 2, no. 1 (September 26, 2020): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jmbs.14572.
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This study evaluated the narrative and expository English writing corpus from 20 Chinese English learners at three linguistic levels: the use of literate words (elaborated noun phrases, conjunctions, adverbs, and mental state verbs), the degree of sentence complexity, and the use of subordinate clauses (nominal, adverbial and relative clauses). Results first showed a genre effect on literate word use but not on utterance length and clausal density. Specifically, there were more elaborated noun phrases and conjunctions in expository texts, but more adverbs in narrative texts. Results also revealed a genre effect on the use of relative clauses but not on other clauses. Finally, a strong correlation between literate word use and the production of complex syntax was found after controlling for the effects of genre. These results highlight the need for genre-dependent writing instruction to make students aware of the different language resources expected across genres as specific contexts of communication.
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Annajeh, Abdussalam A. "The Ability of Supplying the Elliptical Items Omitted From a Written Text and its Impact on the Reading Comprehension of 4th Year Libyan University Students Studying EFL." Journal of Education and Vocational Research 4, no. 5 (May 30, 2013): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jevr.v4i5.112.
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This paper investigates the ability of supplying the elliptical items omitted from a written text and its impact on the reading comprehension of Libyan university students studying EFL. Ellipsis can be defined as the omission of one or more lexical items that are understood in the context, but which are required to make the sentence or utterance grammatically correct. An elliptical item could be nominal, verbal or clausal. 4th year English Department students from the English Department- Faculty of ArtsGharian in Al-Jabal Al-Gharbi University completed reading comprehension test. Seventy one out of a hundred and four students accepted to participate in the study. The test was modified to include many elliptical items and the students were asked to supply them. The results, which were statistically analyzed, suggested that the study participants were not able to supply the correct elliptical items and consequently had poor reading comprehension results. The mean marks achieved were only 33.8. This result may have many pedagogical implications.
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Audisio, Cynthia Pamela, and Maia Julieta Migdalek. "Do simple syntactic heuristics to verb meaning hold up? Testing the structure mapping account over spontaneous speech to Spanish-learning children." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 65, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 556–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2020.21.
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AbstractExperimental research has shown that English-learning children as young as 19 months, as well as children learning other languages (e.g., Mandarin), infer some aspects of verb meanings by mapping the nominal elements in the utterance onto participants in the event expressed by the verb. The present study assessed this structure or analogical mapping mechanism (SAMM) on naturalistic speech in the linguistic environment of 20 Spanish-learning infants from Argentina (average age 19 months). This study showed that the SAMM performs poorly – at chance level – especially when only noun phrases (NPs) included in experimental studies of the SAMM were parsed. If agreement morphology is considered, the performance is slightly above chance but still very poor. In addition, it was found that the SAMM performs better on intransitive and transitive verbs, compared to ditransitives. Agreement morphology has a beneficial effect only on transitive and ditransitive verbs. On the whole, concerns are raised about the role of the SAMM in infants’ interpretation of verb meaning in natural exchanges.
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Hickmann, Maya, Henriëtte Hendriks, Françoise Roland, and James Liang. "The marking of new information in children's narratives: a comparison of English, French, German and Mandarin Chinese*." Journal of Child Language 23, no. 3 (October 1996): 591–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008965.
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ABSTRACTThis study examines children's uses of nominal determiners (‘local markings’) and utterance structure (‘global markings’) to introduce new referents. Two narratives were elicited from preschoolers, seven-year-olds, ten-year-olds, and adults in English (N = 80), French (N = 40), German (N = 40), and Chinese (N = 40). Given typological differences (e.g. richness of morphology), these languages rely differentially on local vs. global devices to mark newness: postverbal position is obligatory in Chinese (determiners optional), indefinite determiners in the other languages (position optional). Three findings recur across languages: obligatory newness markings emerge late (seven-year-olds); local markings emerge first, including Chinese optional ones; local and global markings are strongly related. Crosslinguistic differences also occur: English-speaking preschoolers use local markings least frequently; until adult age global markings are rare in English, not contrastive in German and not as frequent in Chinese as in French, despite obligatoriness. It is concluded that three factors determine acquisition: (1) universal discourse factors governing information flow; (2) cognitive factors resulting from the greater functional complexity of global markings; (3) language-specific factors related to how different systems map both grammatical and discourse functions onto forms.
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Łapa, Romana. "Grupa nominalna w ustawach . System wewnątrztekstowych-odniesień." Slavia Occidentalis, no. 73/1 (January 1, 2016): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/so.2016.73.5.
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This paper deals with a group of contemporary legal texts which have the form of statutes. The author describes the anaphoric relation between nominal groups (NG) constituted by an event-driven element and sentences which are linearly prior to these groups, the so-called antecedents. The analysis, founded on principles of syntax with a semantic basis, provides observations about restrictions in the formalisation of elements of the semantic base whose elements can be connected with the use of NG. The disclosure of elements of the content plan, excluding exceptions, entails a condensation which causes that categorical meanings that are the most intensely governed and communicatively relevant are fulfilled on the surface. The inability to reproduce the meaning of the “grammatical agent” causes that NG with a constitutive event-driven element are an indication of the depersonalisation attributed to legal texts. The repeatability of NG, mainly one- and two-component phrases, as well as their initial location in an utterance are factors depicting another feature of statutes: syntactic schematism. The author also demonstrates that the system of intratextual references is not the same in various variants of the Polish language. In the statute, as a genre of the legal language, its specific nature is already noticeable within one of the systematising units of the legal text, i.e. the article. The specific nature of the examined relation is conditioned by (1) the proper arrangement of structures connected with a network of references, and (2) the manner of their denotation. These features are the results of adherence to the editorial principles of legal texts.
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Álvarez Menéndez, Alfredo. "Caracterización funcional de la interxección: a propósitu de delles interxecciones del asturianu." Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana 16, no. 16 (January 30, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/rfa.16.2016.9-48.
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L'espaciu funcional de les interxecciones queda acotáu polos comportamientos evidenciaos nel procesu de tresllación d'un sintagma nominal o verbal a la función espresiva o apelativa característiques de les llamaes interxecciones impropies. N'otres palabres, la interxección va definise a partir de los trazos que dexen en camín un verbu como venga o un sustantivu como demoñu o axetivos como claro cuando pasen a ser interxecciones. O, nun sen quiciabes inversu, a partir de los qu'adquier una espresión como vaya cuando d'usos interxectivos pasa a comportase como un sintagma axetivu espresivu en ¡Vaya!, la suegra ¡Vaya suegra! Esti procesu nun ye otru que'l de la inmovilización de toos y caún de los planos que definen un sintagma: el morfemáticu, el sintácticu y el léxico-semánticu. Les interxecciones van ser, en resultes, sintagmes, constitutivos d'enunciaos esclamativos, estraoracionales na midida en que nun establecen dependencies na estructura oracional, amorfemáticos desque nin presenten variaciones morfolóxiques nin puen ser morfolóxicamente referíos y, semánticamente, instruccionales sin posibilidá de representación conceptual. Esta caracterización permítenos abordar la descripción d'un conxuntu d'unidaes na frontera con otres clases funcionales (frases esclamatives, frases formularies, apelativos, vocativos, espresiones malsonantes, marcadores conversacionales, etc.) y determinar la so inclusión o esclusión del paradigma de les interxecciones.Palabres clave: interxección, inmovilización, frase esclamativa, mensaxe realizativu, apelación, expresión afectiva, marcador conversacional, espresión malsonante, tacu, eufemismu, disfemismu. The functional scope of interjection is defined by its behaviour as shown on several metabasis, e.g. the transcategorization phenomena involving the emotive use of noun or verbal phrases as «improper» interjections. In other words, interjection will be defined based on the features which fade away when a verb such as venga, a noun like demoño or adjectives such as claro are used as interjections. Or, taking the opposite view, based on the features added to a phrase such as Vaya… when used as an expressive adjectival phrase ¡Vaya!, la suegra ¡Vaya suegra! This process is nothing but the immobilization of every single aspect (morphological, syntactic and semantic) within such phrases. Interjections are, therefore, phrases taking part of an exclamatory utterance, extrasentential (since they trigger no dependencies at sentential level), amorphematic (for they present no morphological variation, nor can they be morphologically referred to), and semantically instructional, having no possibility of conceptual representation. This approach allows us to tackle the description of a set of units which lie halfway between several categories (exclamatory utterance, performative message, exclamation, affective statements, conversational markers, euphemism, dysphemism, etc.) and consider whether to include or exclude them from the interjections paradigm.Keywords: interjection, immobilization, exclamatory utterance, performative message, exclamation, affective statements, conversational markers, dirty words, swearwords, euphemism, dysphemism
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Ondar, Ch G. "Differential Object Marking in Tuvan language: dependence on the function and nature of the definition." Languages and Folklore of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia, no. 41 (2021): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2312-6337-2021-1-154-162.
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For the Tuvan language, factors influencing Differential Object Marking remain uncovered despite extensive studies on the topic. This is due to the numerous cases of forms of the primary and accusative cases of the direct object replacing each other without noticeably changing the meaning of the sentence. Thus, it is necessary to elucidate all the causes of variation and establish their interactions. The current study focuses on the dependence of the direct object labeling on the function and the nature of the definition in the Tuvan language. The paper highlights the interaction of semantic, syntactic, communicative, and pragmatic factors influencing the choice of labeling. The analysis revealed that the direct object with the definition as a whole does not require a case. Firstly, the semantics of definition occupies a decisive place, as in the case of indexical pronouns (as a means of expressing anaphoric and deictic meanings). Secondly, the communicative role of the defined object in the utterance is of significance. The definition acts as a link between the object defined and the previous reference to that object, indicating information about the object that is already familiar to the addressee. Thirdly, discursive factors are distinct and important, including the speaker’s intention to clarify the referent or generalize by different means the meaning of the referent in the discourse depending on his or her goal. Thus, the referential properties of definitions alone do not allow unambiguously predicting the labeling of the nominal group.
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Matytsina, Irina V. "Typical Grammatical Peculiarities of Formal and Business Writing in the Russian and Swedish Languages." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 11, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 572–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2020-11-3-572-584.
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The article deals with comparative analysis of the Russian-Swedish parallel texts of the Convention between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden about mutual assistance in the fight against the violation of the tax legislation (Avtal mellan konungariket Sveriges regering och Ryska federationens regering om msesidigt bistnd vid bekmpning av vissa fiskala brott). The Swedish and Russian texts differ immensely in their lexical and grammatical structure. The reason for these discrepancies is rooted, firstly, in typological distinctions between Russian and Swedish as languages of different groups and, secondly, in those processes of conscious simplification and regulation that the Swedish Language of formal business communication have been affected by during the last fifty years particularly in relation to clear language policy (klarsprk). In spite of some innovations the Russian Language of formal business communication in many ways continues to be traditional enough. The article is focused on a narrow range of issues relating to differences in grammatical structure of a sentence and prevailing nominal structures in the Russian text as compared with the verb oriented Swedish one. The juxtaposition of parallel texts and further systematization of differences between the Russian and Swedish Languages of formal and business communication makes it possible to give a comparative characteristic of this functional style existing in Russia and Sweden. The research is carried out by means of the continuous sampling method using the method of linguistic description to characterize utterance structure in grammar. Research results can be used in courses on a comparative typology of Russian and Swedish, stylistics, the theory and practice of translation.
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Marynenko, Iryna, and Nataliya Shumarova. "Concept Space of Headings (on the Material of Media Texts on the Topic of COVID-19)." Scientific notes of the Institute of Journalism, no. 2 (79) (2021): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-1272.2021.79.2.
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Objective: The objective of this article is to build up the concept field of media texts’ headings referring to COVID-19 in their axiological variability. The analysis of concept space is based both on the principles of frequency of use of tokens and nominal word combinations, which reflect the development of events related to the pandemic, and on the evaluative division of headings which have neutral, positive or negative connotations. Methods: The main methods used in the study are contextual, syntagmatic and component analyses. Contextual analysis has given an opportunity to define the way and language means of presentation of the mentioned concept and its concept field. It also has made it possible to demonstrate the language means, which show the journalists’ intentions to present information to the audience, and has allowed to describe the interconnection between language interpretation character and variants of texts axiological paradigm. Syntagmatic analysis, particularly the analysis of left and right combination of words in the text, has identified subjective and objective relationships in the concept’s presentation, and the measure of saturation of the concept field with metaphoric and metonymic models, which are based on axiological principles. Component analysis has disclosed the peculiarities of structure of meaning of separate semantic variants of words. Results: In the result of studying 467 headings of articles in mass media the concept field COVID-19 was built. It was fulfilled on the base of presentation of a medical term as a concept. Definition of axiological variability of headings as the basis of seleection of lexical and grammatical means, and presentation of core concept in its subjective and objective relationships inside the sentence/ utterance were done. Conclusions: The language means of different evaluative segments of the field have common and varied functions. The commonness is in informing the population about development of events and the difference is in the ways of transferring the evaluative component of information. The grammatical means are more actively used to actualize their semantic and stylistic potential in the headings with negative and partially positive content.
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XU, Manping, Jiasheng Zhu, and Bingjun Ma. "A Comparative Analysis between Walt Disney and DreamWorks Based on the Theory of Semantic Roles of Argument Nominals." Journal of Linguistics and Education Research 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jler.v4i2.4260.
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AbstractAnchored on Yule’s categories of semantic roles, the present study examined the language of cartoon scripts with Chinese characters in Walt Disney’s Mulan 1 and 2 and DreamWorks’s Kung Fu Panda 1 and 2. Specifically it described the: (1) semantic features of the scripts in terms of semantic roles; and (2)similarities and differences in the language of the scripts semantically. Data analyzed were limited to 800 sentences which were randomly selected from the scripts of Mulan 1 and 2 and Kung Fu Panda 1 and 2. More specifically, 200 lines per film were analyzed by taxonomizing the utterances in terms of identifying the semantic roles of argument nominals in each utterance. Results revealed the roles of agent and experiencer in the subject positions are dominant in contrast with the frequency of occurrences of theme, goal, location and source. In conclusion, the language of animated film is relatively simpler, literal and direct to suit the level of the target audience who are generally children. Finally, this research suggests that more linguistic levels should be conducted to explore the language features on cartoon movies in the future.
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Śmiełowska, Natalia, and Kamil Wabnic. "Rozmowa egzaminacyjna – wybrane cechy stylu wypowiedzi egzaminatora i egzaminowanego. Analiza korpusowa." Studia Linguistica 38 (January 24, 2020): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1169.38.8.
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Oral exam – selected features of style of utterances of examiners and students. Corpus analysisThe purpose of the article is to compare selected features of the style of utterances of professors and students in an oral exam as a communication situation. The research material consists of 25 recordings of oral exam 9 examiners with 32 students. They come from a corpus collected as part of GeWiss – a study project on the spoken scientific language. The texts were divided into two subcorpora: E examiners and S students. Corpus linguistics methods were used in analysis. Several characteristic features of scientific and official styles were compared: numerous structures proszę + infinitive; nominal structures nominal style; extensive hypotaxis. The analysis showed numerous stylistic similarities between the examined subcorpora. The style of none of the texts in the subcorpora is strongly nominal. A clear difference between the subcorpora is the presence of structures with the word proszę – it appears in the utterances of examiners, while in the utterances of students it is almost non-existent. The distribution of means responsible for cohesion in both subcorpora is different parataxis is more common than hypotaxis but is implemented differently; also, there are differences in lists of one hundred most frequently used lexemes in the subcorpora – these differences allow us to distinguish these texts with tools for automatic style similarity analysis.
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Thrane, Torben. "Nominaler, nominaliseringer og semantisk kompleksitet." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 11, no. 21 (February 15, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v11i21.25476.
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It is a fundamental semantic property of all kinds of deverbal nominalizations that they may be used to talk about situations as if they were entities. In cases where a systematic morphological nominalization is at hand it becomes the name of a situation type, an abstraction from historical situations whose participants are ‘present’ only in a manner comparable to unbound variables in a logical formula. Such nominalizations are regarded as semantically saturated since they do not require syntactic realization of any of its arguments, nor can they be assigned an unambiguous event structure. This makes them semantically complex predicates the interpretation of which in actual utterance situations depends on both contextual and situational information.
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Jankowiak, Katarzyna. "Normative Data for Novel Nominal Metaphors, Novel Similes, Literal, and Anomalous Utterances in Polish and English." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 49, no. 4 (March 7, 2020): 541–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10936-020-09695-7.
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-, Ichsanuddin Bambang. "PEMEROLEHAN BAHASA PADA ANAK USIA 33 BULAN BERDASARKAN MEAN LENGTH UTTERANCE (MLU)." Jurnal Bahasa Indonesia Prima (BIP) 3, no. 2 (September 27, 2021): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.34012/bip.v3i2.1893.
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Abstrak-Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pemerolehan bahasa pada anak usia 33 bulan bernama Zahra Zaqiyatun Nufus. Penelitian dilakukan dengan perhitungan berdasarkan Mean Length Utterance (MLU).Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mengetahui pemerolehan bahasa anak dari segi tuturan dan juga pengenalan anak terhadap jenis kata dan pola kalimat.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif berupa deskripsi tentang pemerolehan bahasa anak yang dihasilkan. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara observasi dan dokumentasi yang mana peneliti berinteraksi langsung dengan subjek penelitian setiap hari. Data dikumpulkan dengan dokumentasi menggunakan alat rekam dan alat catat. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan cara menghitung pemerolehan bahasa dari data yang telah ditranskrip berdasarkan Mean Length Utterance (MLU). Data yang didapat juga dideskripsikan mengenai pengenalan anak terhadap jenis kata dan pola kalimat. Hasil pemerolehan bahasa yang di dapat berdasarkan perhitungan Mean Length Utterance (MLU) anak yaitu 2,9 yang mana termasuk kategori normal. Anak juga telah mengenal jenis kata berupa nomina, verba, adjektiva, adverbia, dan numeralia.Untuk pola kalimat anak telah mampu menuturkan pola kalimat dasar seperti FN+FN, FN+FV, FN+FAdj, dan FN+Adv. Kata kunci: psikolinguistik, pemerolehan bahasa, mean length utterance (mlu), kata, kalimat
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Siudzińska, Natalia, and Ewelina Jankowska. "Acquisition of Word-formation Competence by Children Aged 3 to 6 Based on the Example of nomina agentis." Slavistica Vilnensis 67, no. 1 (September 29, 2022): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/slavviln.2022.67(1).88.
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The article presents how preschool children (aged 3 to 6) develop word-formation competences in the category of nomina agentis (names of agents). The linguistic material was collected with the author’s questionnaire. The tasks in this questionnaire were preceded by an example that led the child to the correct word formation scheme. The quantitative and qualitative analysis was created with the division into verbal formants (-acz and -ator) and nominal formants (-arz and -owiec). The analysis included the coding (creation) and decoding (an indication of the motivating word) of derivatives.The research showed how the process of acquiring word formation skills worked in the case of preschool children (aged 3 to 6) of similar social backgrounds. They confirmed that their word-building competence increased linearly, indicated the age at which they start developing these functions and what strategies they used when they were unable to complete the tasks. Among the 1,280 researched utterances, the most common children’s operations were the creation of tranpositional derivatives (e.g. słuchanie), neologisms (e.g. organizacz, organizek, organizant; dokuczaniec, dokucznik; mydłowiec), alternation and adding connectives (e.g. zabaw-l-owiec; kostk-ow-ek). The conclusions reached after the analysis of the material were compared with the hypotheses found in the literature on the subject matter and with the results of other researchers.
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Pablos, Leticia, M. Carmen Parafita Couto, Bastien Boutonnet, Amy de Jong, Marlou Perquin, Annelies de Haan, and Niels O. Schiller. "Adjective-noun order in Papiamento-Dutch code-switching." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 9, no. 4-5 (October 9, 2019): 710–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.17036.pab.
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Abstract In Papiamento-Dutch bilingual speech, the nominal construction is a potential ‘conflict site’ if there is an adjective from one language and a noun from the other. Adjective position is pre-nominal in Dutch (cf. rode wijn ‘red wine’) but post-nominal in Papiamento (cf. biña kòrá ‘wine red’). We test predictions concerning the mechanisms underpinning word order in noun-adjective switches derived from three accounts: (i) the adjective determines word order (Cantone & MacSwan, 2009), (ii) the matrix language determines word order (Myers-Scotton, 1993, 2002), and (iii) either order is possible (Di Sciullo, 2014). An analysis of spontaneous Papiamento-Dutch code-switching production (Parafita Couto & Gullberg, 2017) could not distinguish between these predictions. We used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to measure online comprehension of code-switched utterances. We discuss how our results inform the three theoretical accounts and we relate them to syntactic coactivation and the production-comprehension link.
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Schapper, Antoinette, and Lila San Roque. "Demonstratives and non-embedded nominalisations in three Papuan languages of the Timor-Alor-Pantar family." Studies in Language 35, no. 2 (September 30, 2011): 380–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.35.2.05sch.
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This paper explores the use of demonstratives in non-embedded clausal nominalisations. We present data and analysis from three Papuan languages of the Timor-Alor-Pantar family in south-east Indonesia. In these languages, demonstratives can apply to the clausal as well as to the nominal domain, contributing contrastive semantic content in assertive stance-taking and attention-directing utterances. In the Timor-Alor-Pantar constructions, meanings that are to do with spatial and discourse locations at the participant level apply to spatial, temporal and mental locations at the state or event level.
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Wilson, Richard H. "Variables that Influence the Recognition Performance of Interrupted Words: Rise-Fall Shape and Temporal Location of the Interruptions." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 25, no. 07 (July 2014): 688–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.25.7.8.
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Background: The abrupt transition of a signal from off to on and vice versa typically produces spectral splatter that can mask other signals that are spectrally removed from the nominal signal frequency. Both the Miller and Licklider (1950) and Cherry (1953) studies of interrupted speech and alternated speech, respectively, acknowledged the generation of extraneous noise by the rapid on and off characteristics of their unshaped signals but noted for slower interruption rates (e.g., 10 interruptions per second); the masking effects were minimal. Recent studies of interrupted speech have avoided this issue by shaping the rise-fall times with a digital algorithm (e.g., Jin and Nelson, 2010; Wang and Humes, 2010). A second variable in the interrupted speech paradigm is the temporal location or placement of the interruptions (i.e., where in the waveform the interruptions occur). Here the issue is this: what parts of an utterance are necessary to enable intelligibility (e.g., Fogerty and Kewley-Port, 2009)? Interruptions may or may not disturb these necessary cues. Purpose: Here is the prompting question: do shaped and unshaped rise-fall characteristics of the on-segments of interrupted speech produce the same or different recognition performances? A second question arises: are recognition performances on complementary halves of an interrupted signal the same or different? Research Design: This study used a mixed-model design with two within-subject variables (unshaped and shaped rise-fall characteristic, complementary halves) and one between-subjects variable (listener group). Study Sample: A total of 12 young listeners (age range: 19–29 yr) with normal hearing and 12 older listeners (age range: 53–80 yr) with hearing loss for pure tones participated. Data Collection and Analysis: A total of 95 consonant-vowel nucleus-consonant words were interrupted (10 interruptions per second; 50% duty cycle) by parsing alternate 50 msec segments to separate files, which provided complementary temporal halves of the target word referenced to word onset; the first on-segment of the 0 msec condition started at word onset, whereas the first on-segment of the 50 msec condition started 50 msec after word onset. The interruption routine either applied no shaping of the 4 msec rise-fall times or a cos2 shape. Each listener received 25 practice words then a unique randomization of 280 interrupted words (70 words, 2 rise-fall shapes, and 2 interrupt onset conditions). Results: The listeners with normal hearing performed 8–16% better on the various comparable conditions than did the older listeners with hearing loss. The mean performance differences between shaped and unshaped rise-fall characteristics ranged from <1–3% and were not significant. Performance was significantly 10–17% better on the 0 msec condition than on the 50 msec condition. There was no significant interaction between the two main variables, rise-fall shape, and onset time of the interruptions. Conclusions: The rise-fall shape of the onset and offset of the on-segment of the interruption cycle does not affect recognition performance of words. The location of the interruptions in a word can have a significant effect on recognition performance.
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Bielecki, Robert. "Does the Genitive Operate in the Hungarian Case System?: II. The Ø-/nak-/nek-Genitive." Lingua Posnaniensis 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10122-011-0002-9.
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Does the Genitive Operate in the Hungarian Case System?: II. The Ø-/nak-/nek-GenitiveThe present paper should be regarded as a direct continuation of the articleDoes the Genitive Operate in the Hungarian Case System? I. The é-Genitive. The core of the adopted approach represents the standpoint that present-day Hungarian cannot be conceived as a language exempt from any case syncretism. The possibility of distinguishing different case categories relevant for this language by referring only to the form of their markers (endings) is illusory. What is more, it creates a space where some phenomena remain imperceptible. The postulated attributive genitive category can be distinguished not only on the basis of its syntactic properties. The manifestations of this case also differ substantially from the manifestations of other recognized cases. It is difficult to regard the attributive genitive in Hungarian as syncretic with nominative or dative in the sense known in general linguistics, because the appropriate markers turn out to be insufficient in semifying (marking grammatically) the required meaning. They must be complemented by other markers attached to the head of the attributive syntagm (a diák/Økönyv/e, a diák/naka könyv/e‘the student's book’). The properties of the distribution of the Hungarian attributive genitive with its two main manifestations (the endingless one:a diák könyve, and with ending:a diáknak a könyve) can be regarded as a contribution to the general theory of syntax; the genitive attributes of different grades are marked there substantially (a diák/Ø(III) könyv/e(II) cím/é/nek(I) a fordítás/a‘the translation of the title (I) of the book (II) of the student (III)’) and not only by their linear order as in many Indo-European and Finno-Ugric languages. When the word fulfilling the attributive function belongs to the category of personal pronoun, concord can be identified between it and its head in person and number (azénkönyv/em‘my book, the book of mine’). The factual elision of personal pronouns resulting from their redundancy in this context gives no grounds to state that morphemes like -emina könyv/emdo not fulfil any syntagmatic function. Such an utterance constitutes a discrepancy with the analogous behaviour of personal pronouns in relation to finite verbal forms (olvas/ok‘I read’ →olvas/ok‘(I) read’) where no-one speaks of the irrelevancy of the personal endings in reference to their syntagmatic function. The necessity of distinguishing of socalled "marks" (here "possessor marks") is being questioned here; those morphemes are not deprived of fulfilling the syntagmatic function ascribed traditionally to the case endings in the case of nominal flexion. They are regarded here as parts of the discontinuative (genitive) case markers. The specific features of the Hungarian genitive include its sharp division into two subcategories: (i) theé-genitive and (ii) theØ-/nak-/nek-genitive. Their complementary distribution, together with other discussed properties, additionally corroborates the relevance of distinguishing for them a common upper morphosyntactic category called the genitive case. And finally, Hungarian turns out to be a language where the accumulation of multiple case meanings, all being manifested substantially within the boundaries of one word, can be attested (a diák/om/é/é/t‘the one of the one of my student’).
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Jankowiak, Katarzyna, and Olha Lehka-Paul. "Novel metaphor translation is modulated by translation direction." Applied Psycholinguistics 43, no. 1 (November 9, 2021): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716421000461.
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AbstractPrevious translation process research has pointed to an increased cognitive load when translating metaphoric compared to literal language. Yet, studies conducted thus far have not examined the role of translation direction (i.e., L1–L2 vs. L2–L1) in novel metaphor translation and have not tested whether and how this process might be modulated by the linguistic form of a novel meaning. In the present study, Polish (L1) – English (L2) translation students translated novel nominal metaphors (A is B), novel similes (A is like B), and literal sentences, in either L1–L2 or L2–L1 translation directions, while their translation behavior was recorded using a keystroke logging method. The results revealed longer translation durations for both metaphors and similes relative to literal utterances. Furthermore, we found slower translation times for novel nominal metaphors compared to novel similes and literal sentences, yet only in the L2–L1 translation direction. Such results might indicate that novel meaning translation is more cognitively taxing in the case of novel nominal metaphors, which require a more robust activation of comparison mechanisms, relative to novel similes. Importantly, this effect might be stronger when translating in the direction in which access to semantic representations is potentially more automatic (i.e., L2–L1 translation).
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Aitken, Martin. "The English Possessive Marker in a Framework of Relevance." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 22, no. 43 (August 30, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v22i43.96877.
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English nominals constructed with the morpheme {-s} as a so-called possessive marker may be assigned an indefinitely large number of interpretations depending on the context of utterance. This raises interesting questions concerning the interface between semantics and pragmatics, most obviously concerning the more specific nature of the contextually invariable encoded content of the morpheme as well as the contribution made by that content to the process of comprehension. This article aims briefly to suggest one solution to these problems by proposing an underdetermined procedural semantics feeding into a principled cognitive process of inference as proposed within the framework of relevance theory.
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Anolli, Luigi, Michela Balconi, and Rita Ciceri. "LINGUISTIC STYLES IN DECEPTIVE COMMUNICATION: DUBITATIVE AMBIGUITY AND ELLIPTIC ELUDING IN PACKAGED LIES." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 31, no. 7 (January 1, 2003): 687–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.7.687.
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This paper was aimed at addressing the topic of communicative styles of deception. University students were asked to describe a picture with varying truth/lie conditions. In accordance with their perception or being deliberately against it, the participant could: tell the truth (T); lie to an acquiescent recipient (L1); or lie to a suspicious recipient (L2). The goal was to investigate whether or not different linguistic styles could be correlated to the cognitive complexity of the task as regards the truth bias or lie bias of the recipient. Specifically, two sets of linguistic aspects – micro and macro structural – were analyzed. In the former, indices were considered as words (arguments number, repetitions and interruptions, fluency and fluency disorder indices), predicates (number, nominal/predicative construction, and personal/impersonal structure), pronouns and adverbial forms. In the latter, the structural variations of the standard phrase, utterances' complexity, spatial organization of utterances, and speech organization were analyzed. Results showed that participants used speech to shield from reality and chose different strategies; in the L1 condition, participants resorted to ambiguity and prolixity (“cuttlefish effect”); on the contrary, in the L2 condition they used concise assertiveness and elliptic eluding strategies (“chameleon effect”).
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van de Craats, Ineke. "Hier is Woont Een van Mijn Vader Vriend Woont Hier." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 53 (January 1, 1995): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.53.13cra.
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For this study we used data collected within the framework of the European Science Foundation Project on second language acquistion by immigrants. Data from the core informants, two Moroccan and two Turkish learners of Dutch, were analyzed. In the work on the acquistion of word order published by Klein and Perdue, a functional perspective was taken. In this study the analyses are carried out from a structural perspective: the principles and parameters model. This has several advantages: phenomena below the level of the utterances can be analyzed; lexical and functional categories can play a role in the acquisition process; parallels can be drawn between nominal and verbal phrases; the important role of the source language appears (contradicting the conclusi-ons drawn by Klein and Perdue). An acquisition process in four steps is outlined relating to which part of the syntactic tree is activated and which part not yet. In the third phase functional categories play an important role: they force the L2 learners to model their L2 utterances for a major part on the structure of their L1. This is expressed in creative constructions as the title exhibits. Restructuring occurs mainly in the last stage but this is reached by hardly any of the ESF informants.
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Esipova, Maria. "Composition and projection of co-speech gestures." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 29 (December 9, 2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v29i0.4600.
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In this paper I argue against the common assumption in recent literature that content-bearing gestures co-occurring with speech project in a single uniform way determined by their co-speech status. Instead, I propose a composition-driven, modality-neutral approach whereby which projection mechanisms are available or enforced for a given piece of compositionally integrated content, spoken or gestural, is determined by how it composes in the syntax/semantics. I adduce experimental data supporting this view from an acceptability judgement task comparing co-nominal gestures to adnominal adjectives and appositives. More broadly, this paper establishes the need to treat gestures as bona fide linguistic objects at all levels of representation in order to understand how they contribute to the meaning of utterances as well as which aspects of grammar are modality-(in)dependent.
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Berry, Margaret. "‘Actually given’ versus ‘presented as given’ and ‘actually new’ versus ‘presented as new’." English Text Construction 14, no. 1 (September 15, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/etc.00041.ber.
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Abstract This paper considers the relevance of various approaches to the study of ‘Given’ and ‘New’ to a number of practical problems: complaints from listeners to UK radio programmes that presenters place emphasis on the wrong words; inaudibility of openings of utterances in radio news bulletins; and ambiguity of pronouns. Approaches to ‘Given’ and ‘New’ to be discussed include those whose concerns are with intonation (e.g., Halliday & Matthiessen 2014), those who pay attention to definiteness/indefiniteness in the nominal group (e.g., Martin 1992), and those who are more concerned with what is in the minds of hearers and readers (e.g., Prince 1981; Lambrecht 1994). The underlying questions that are being investigated are: How free are speakers and writers to assign ‘Given’ or ‘New’ status to entities? Are there constraints on what they can do intonationally, or with definiteness, or with pronouns?
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HamlI, Tomi, Dian Purnama Sari, and Andry Azhari. "GRAMMATICAL COHESION IN SUSAN CHOI’S FLASHLIGHT." LINGUA LITERA : journal of english linguistics and literature 7, no. 2 (September 12, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55345/stba1.v7i2.164.
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Abstract
Grammatical cohesion is a study of the relation of grammatical elements that make the text unity. This research aimed to find out the types of grammatical cohesion used in the Flashlight short story by Susan Choi. There are four types of grammatical cohesion which are reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction according to Halliday and Hasan’s theory. These types are very important in writing essays in order to make sentences related to each other and to enhance the reader’s understanding of the writers’ ideas. This research was qualitative research. The data was taken from the official website which was published on August 31, 2020. The data of this research was utterances in a short story. The data was analyzed based on the theory ofgrammatical cohesion by Halliday and Hasan. The research found 230 data. Reference was predominant with 109 occurrences (47%) that contained personal, demonstrative, and comparative reference which was realized by anaphoric and cataphoric. The conjunction was 121 occurrences (53%) with the additive, adversative, clausal, and temporal. The substitution was 1 occurrence (0,43%) with only verbal substitution where an ellipsis was not found. The finding of the research was not all types of grammatical cohesion found, namely nominal substitution, clausal substitution, nominal ellipsis, verbal ellipsis, and clausal ellipsis since the data was written text. Therefore, substitution and ellipsis were dominantly used in spoken text.
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Rahima, Ade, and Muhammad Juwanda. "BENTUK NOMINA BAHASA MELAYU JAMBI DI DESA PENINJAU KECAMATAN BATHIN II PELAYANG KABUPATEN MUARA BUNGO PROVINSI JAMBI (KAJIAN MORFOLOGI)." Aksara: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 3, no. 1 (August 28, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/aksara.v3i1.93.
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This research is aimed at describing the form of noun in Jambi Malay language in di Desa Peninjau. This research is qualitative descriptive. Descriptively, this research identifies the form of noun in Jambi Malay language in Desa Peninjau. The data of this research is verbal oor utterances in the form of noun which are taken from 6 informants who are the native of Jambi Malay language in Desa Peninjau. The data is collected by using observation and interview. The data is analyzzed by using distribution analysis data in which the language itself. Based on the analysis of the data, it can be known that the form of noun in Jambi Malay language in Desa Peninjau comprises, monomorpheme noun and polimorpheme noun which can be developed more. The monomorpeme noun is one syllable , two syllables, and three syllables. While the polimorpheme noun is three syllables and four syllables.Keywords: Noun, Jambi Malay Language, Desa Peninjau
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Viñas-de-Puig, Ricard. "This is not the Case of the Indirect Object: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Factors in Double Object Marking Constructions in a Contact Variety of Spanish from Eastern North Carolina." Heritage Language Journal 16, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.16.3.5.
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This article presents the results of a sociolinguistic study focusing on the expression of double object marking constructions (DbOM) in the contact variety of Spanish spoken in Pitt County, North Carolina. For the purposes of this article, DbOM constructions are defined as those utterances in which an accusative or dative clitic co-occurs with a coreferential overt nominal phrase. The data resulting from study participant interviews were analyzed to contrast the availability and variation of DbOM constructions with respect to sociolinguistic and linguistic factors. Confirming the initial hypothesis stemming from the absence of any type of argument doubling in English, the study’s results reveal that extent of daily English use in Pitt County is a significant factor in the expression of DbOM constructions. Moreover, and in agreement with the third proposed hypothesis, the case assigned to the doubled argument as well as the type of predicate, rather than the contrast between direct and indirect objects, are significant factors in the type of object doubling observed.
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Meibauer, Jörg. "Tautology as presumptive meaning." Pragmatics and Cognition 16, no. 3 (September 3, 2008): 439–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.16.3.02mei.
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Ever since the seminal work of Paul Grice, tautologies such as Business is business have been discussed from a number of angles. While most approaches assume that tautological utterances have to do with the operation of conversational maxims, an integrated analysis is still lacking. This paper makes an attempt at analysing tautologies within the framework of Levinson (2000), who proposes a distinction between three pragmatic levels, namely Indexical Pragmatics, Gricean Pragmatics 1, and Gricean Pragmatics 2. It is shown that observations of Ward and Hirschberg (1991) on the exclusion of alternatives, the claim of Autenrieth (1997) that the second NP in nominal equatives is predicative, and the recent insights of Bulhof and Gimbel (2004) on ‘deep’ tautology, may be fruitfully integrated within Levinson’s framework. The gist of this paper is to show that tautologies are not as tautological as once thought, because implicatures influence their truth conditions. Data are drawn from the author’s corpus of authentic German examples.
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WHITE, LYDIA. "Fossilization in steady state L2 grammars: Persistent problems with inflectional morphology." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 6, no. 2 (August 2003): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728903001081.
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This paper provides a case study of the fossilized endstate L2 English grammar of an adult native speaker of Turkish. Results are presented from production data (over 3400 utterances, gathered over 2 time periods 18 months apart), concentrating on verbal and nominal inflection and associated syntactic properties; data from a number of other tasks are also presented. A high level of accuracy in suppliance of English tense and agreement morphology was found. In contrast, suppliance of definite and indefinite articles was significantly lower but nevertheless appropriate. Syntactic correlates (such as verb placement, presence of overt subjects, case assignment, definiteness effects) were all completely accurate, suggesting no underlying impairment to functional categories or features. There is some evidence for influence from the L1, which has rich inflection but lacks articles, but this appears to be an effect on suppliance of overt morphology and not on underlying representation, which shows properties appropriate to the L2.
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Lepetiukha, Anastasiia. "Fenomena of compression, extension and quantitative equacomponence in the syntactic synonymy (based on French fiction of the 20th – the beginning of the 21st c.)." Philological Review, no. 2 (December 5, 2021): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2415-8828.2.2021.246086.
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In this article the mono- and polypredicative utterances with syntactic synonymy of French fiction of the 20th – the beginning of the 21st c. are studied in the continuum language → discourse as transforms of virtual (linguistic) primary (pivotal) structures which are actualized in the form of mono- and polysynonymic compressed, extended and quantitatively equacomponential co(n)textually preferential options. The goal of this research is to distinguish the different semantic-structural types of analyzed constructions of modern French fiction and to inversely (discourse → language) reconstruct the primary structure of actualized synonymic transforms.
In the article the transformational method is used to reveal the semantic-structural peculiarities of the pivotal syntagmata and propositions and of the mono- and polysynonymic transforms; and the method of the inverse reconstruction of virtual transformational processes in order to identify all the members of synonymic chains.
It was proved that the redundant synonymic constructions are extended with adverbs, pronouns and predicates (active and passive extension), the compression is manifested most often by the contamination and the semantic and syntagmatic ellipsis. The elliptical constructions are defined in the research as structures with the implicit nominal/pronominal component and with the explicit, explicit-implicit or completely implicit predicate or the structures with the implicit complement where the implicit components are deduced associatively or co(n)textually. The different types of synonymic preferential options with the polysynonymisation at the level of syntagma or utterances were detected in modern French fiction.
It was concluded that the author actualizes the mono- and polypredicative mono- and polysynonymiс constructions according to some communicative intention and planning of narration.
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Hulk, Aafke. "L’acquisition des pronoms clitiques français par un enfant bilingue français-néerlandais." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 45, no. 1-2 (June 2000): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000841310001762x.
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AbstractIn this article, the acquisition of French subject and object pronouns by Anouk, a French-Dutch bilingual girl is studied and compared with the acquisition by monolingual French children. At first sight there are no major differences between Anouk and the children discussed in the literature. There are however some indications that the status of the pronouns in Anouk’s data is not the same as that in the monolingual data. In Anouk’s data, there are no utterances where a quantified nominal subject is doubled by a subject clitic. Consequently, it is impossible to argue that her subject pronouns have the status of agreement markers which they are claimed to have in the case of monolingual children. Moreover, Anouk acquires both subject and object pronouns at roughly the same moment—to what is found for the monolinguals. Finally, Anouk makes position errors with object pronouns which are similar to those found in French L2 acquisition data. It is proposed that this may be due to the (indirect) influence of Dutch, her other language.
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Shachmon, Ori, and Michal Marmorstein. "The Introductive Baka/Bāki in Rural Palestinian Arabic." Journal of Semitic Studies 66, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 185–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgaa042.
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Abstract The article explores the structure and use of the existential verb baka in Rural Palestinian Arabic for the introduction of orientation sections and fragments in narrative discourse. In clause-initial position the existential verb presents a non-inflecting form, either the 3MSG perfect baka or the MSG active participle bāki. We argue that the noninflectability of baka and bāki is indicative of their syntactic detached-ness from the following unit and is explained by their discourse-disjunctive function. We show that the existential baka/bāki serves to introduce both narrative-initial and narrative-embedded orientation. It may initiate utterances containing simple nominals or whole clauses. The distribution of the specific patterns is determined, inter alia, by the genre of the narrative told. Finally, we propose that the preference of the participle bāki over baka in folktales and in less committed instances of personal narratives may be related to the evidential function of the active participle in the dialects under examination.
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Al-Bataineh, Hussein, and Saleem Abdelhady. "Cree-English intrasentential code-switching: Testing the morphosyntactic constraints of the Matrix Language Frame model." Open Linguistics 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 706–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2019-0039.
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AbstractThis study examines the morphosyntactic constraints on Cree-English intrasentential codeswitching involving mixed nominal expressions to test the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model. The MLF model is one of the most influential frameworks in the field of contact linguistics used in the study of grammatical aspects of codeswitching and other contact-induced phenomena. The three principles associated with MLF, viz., the Matrix Language Principle, the Asymmetry Principle and the Uniform Structure Principle, were tested on data consisting of 10 video recordings (constituting of 323 tokens of English nouns in mixed utterances) collected from the speech of a Cree child, aged 04;06 - 06;00. The data is drawn from Pile’s (2018) thesis which is based on the data collected from the Chisasibi Child Language Acquisition Study (CCLAS). The results of the analyses suggest general support for the three principles since, in the entire data set, not a single counter example has been recorded. The Cree-English bilingual data appears asymmetrical in structure, where the Matrix Language, namely Cree, provides morpheme order and outsider late system morphemes, and consequently, is responsible for the well-formedness and morphosyntactic frame of bilingual clauses..
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Pragita, Salca, and Dewi Nuryanti. "Hedging by Raisa on Eric Nam’s Podcast ‘Daebak Show’." Anaphora: Journal of Language, Literary, and Cultural Studies 5, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/anaphora.v5i2.7181.
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This research aims to investigate the hedging devices used by Raisa that occurred on Eric Nam’s Podcast Daebak Show Ep.138. It also aims to find out the type of hedging, the meaning of the hedging, and the purpose of using the hedging device by Raisa as a guest star on Eric Nam’s Podcast Daebak Show Ep.138. It is qualitative descriptive research. The object is data from Raisa’s utterances on Eric Nam’s podcast containing lexical hedging in words, phrases, or clauses. In the analysis, the theory used is the theory of taxonomy hedging by Salager-Meyer. The result of this research shows three results. The first result is the type of hedging used by Raisa that consists of five types: 1) modal verbs; 2) adjectival, adverbial, nominal modal verbs; 3) approximators of degree, quantity, frequency, and time; 4) introductory phrases; and 5) “if” clause. The next result is the purpose of hedging by Raisa, who tends to show politeness, make the sentence vaguer and less certain, tone down the force of the statement, and avoid the threatening statement by her addressee. The last result of this research shows how hedging by Raisa means saving her image and her addressee’s image.
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Belyutin, Roman. "Oh, Sport! You are a Metaphor! On Sportization of Languages and Cultures." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 2(58) (July 3, 2022): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2022-58-2-73-82.
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The article deals with cases of using sports metaphors in different discourse types in the Russian (linguistic) worldview. Metaphor is considered to be the main mechanism to conceptualize the reality and the culture code, which helps to identify peculiarities in the view of the world by various nationalities. The sports met-
aphor is defined as a basic cognitive model built in the collective linguistic consciousness; it helps to comprehend phenomena from the sphere of politics, economics, education, medicine, and many other conceptual spheres of our life. Being a source domain, sport supports interdiscursive links, and sports metaphors perform nominat-
ing, cognitive, decorative, declaratory, evaluative and other functions depending on
the pragmatic intension of the author of the utterance.
In addition to Russian sports metaphors, other examples are included in illustrating the usage of sports terms in non-sports discourses of other languages (German, English, Polish, Italian). Thus, it demonstrates their universal nature. A conclusion can be made about a global tendency in the development of many languages – their sportization, a specific role and function of sports vocabulary
in (intercultural) communication. As a perspective for further research, the author suggests studying this issue in the quantitative aspect – determining the frequency of using football, baseball, chess and other types of sports metaphors to identify their linguistic and culturological potential.
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Krasnoshchekova, S. V. "Pronouns functioning as direct objects in the speech of Russian-language children." Russian language at school 83, no. 2 (March 24, 2022): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2022-83-2-23-34.
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The study is devoted to Russian pronouns which children use in grammatical position of a direct object. The aim of the research is to consider the distinctive features of the pronouns belonging to different semantic groups. Additionally, the paper is an effort to answer the question if the connection between the position of the object in the sentence and the semantics of the pronoun is relevant when mastering the language, i.e. to discover pronouns of what classes are more likely to be associated with the object syntactic function in children’s speech. Corpus recordings of children’s speech, namely the data from longitudinal observations of children’s speech, comprise the material of the study. The basic research method employed is the functional-semantic analysis of utterances. As a result of the performed study, it was found that direct objects denoted by pronouns in the accusative case appear in most children’s speech in the third year of life. As for the frequency of occurrence of accusative case forms in a child’s speech, pronoun classes differ from one another; this is partly caused by their semantics. There is a clear distinction between deictic pronouns and quantifiers: children use the latter (negative, indefinite, universal) more often in the object position. Four semantic characteristics are associated with the frequency of occurrence of object forms. The first one is inanimateness: inanimate pronouns and pronouns referring to inanimate referents take the object position more often than animate pronouns. The next characteristic is anaphoricity or the anaphoric nature of pronouns: pronouns referring to another word in a child’s speech are more often in the accusative case than other pronouns. The non-concreteness or lack of reference to a concrete referent which is directly observable in the communication situation also influences the frequency of occurrence: indefinite and negative pronouns turn out to be the most "objective" for children. Finally, another characteristic is generalisation, or a reference to a group of referents: the pronoun vsyo (all, everything) occupies a prominent position on the "object" scale. The influence of semantic factors is not noted when using adjective pronouns incorporated into nominal groups dependent on nouns in the accusative case and also when using non-canonical objects (the adverbs kak (how), tak (so) and subordinate complement clauses (sentential actants) with relative pronouns.
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Ronderos, Camilo R., Ernesto Guerra, and Pia Knoeferle. "When sequence matters: the processing of contextually biased German verb–object metaphors." Language and Cognition, November 9, 2022, 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2022.22.
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Abstract Several studies have investigated the comprehension of decontextualized English nominal metaphors. However, not much is known about how contextualized, non-nominal, non-English metaphors are processed, and how this might inform existing theories of metaphor comprehension. In the current work, we investigate the effects of context and of sequential order for an under-studied type of construction: German verb–object metaphors. In two visual-world, eye-tracking experiments, we manipulated whether a discourse context biased a spoken target utterance toward a metaphoric or a literal interpretation. We also manipulated the order of verb and object in the target utterances (e.g., Stefan interviewt eine Hyäne, ‘Stefan interviews a hyena’, verb→object; and Stefan wird eine Hyäne interviewen, ‘Stefan will a hyena interview’, object→verb). Experiment 1 shows that contextual cues interacted with sequential order, mediating the processing of verb–object metaphors: When the context biased toward a metaphoric interpretation, participants readily understood the object metaphorically for the verb→object sequence, whereas they likely first understood it literally for the object→verb sequence. Crucially, no such effect of sequential order was found when context biased toward a literal interpretation. Experiment 2 suggests that differences in processing found in Experiment 1 were brought on by the interaction of discourse context and sequential order and not by sequential order alone. We propose ways in which existing theoretical views could be extended to account for these findings. Overall, our study shows the importance of context during figurative language comprehension and highlights the need to test the predictions of metaphor theories on non-English and non-nominal metaphors.