Dissertations / Theses: 'Nominalization'

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Ignjatović, Mihajlo. "Nominalization and aspect." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/385354.

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This dissertation contains three studies, which explore various questions about verbal aspect and how it is affected by the process of nominalization. The first study examines the type of regular eventive nominalizations in Slavic and Germanic languages, which comprise verbal and resultative nouns. It is shown that the availability of these nominalization types depends on how the values of two aspectual parameters are set up in particular languages. The second study deals with English -er, and French -eur deverbal nouns, which denote external arguments. Four different types of reading are recognized for these nouns: episodic, habitual, dispositional, and occupational/instrument readings. The observed variation is accounted for by means of the notion of a stage of an individual or a kind. The last study investigates in more detail the meaning of resultative nominals. They are claimed to have a meaning which parallels that of the perfect aspect in the sentential domain. The overall conclusion is that aspect plays a significant role in the semantics of deverbal nominals.
Aquesta tesi ofereix tres estudis que exploren diverses qüestions sobre l’aspecte verbal i come està afectat pel procés de nominalització. El primer estudi examina les nominalitzacions eventives regulars les llengües eslaves i germàniques, específicament els noms verbals i resultatius. Es mostra que la possibilitat d’aquests tipus de nominalitzacions depèn de com els valors de dos paràmetres aspectuals es configuren en llengües concretes. El segon estudi se centra en els noms deverbals en -er d’anglès i en -eur de francès, que denoten arguments externs. S’identifica quatre intepretacions diferents per aquests noms: episòdica, habitual, de disposició, i ocupacional / instrument. La variació observada s’explica mitjançant la noció d’estadi (stage) d’un individu o d’una classe d’individus (kind). L’últim estudi investiga amb més detall el significat dels nominals resultatius. S’argumenta que aquests nominalitzacions tenen un significat paral·lel a la de l’aspecte perfecte en el domini oracional. La conclusió global de la tesi és que aspecte juga un paper fonamental en la semàntica dels noms deverbals.

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Mugane, John Muratha 1962. "Bantu nominalization structures." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289011.

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This dissertation studies Bantu nominalizations drawing evidence primarily from Gikuyu and Bantu languages already in the literature. Gikuyu provides a very rich system of deverbal nouns which brings to the fore issues regarding word and phrase composition of deverbal elements, and the lexical integrity of words. Bantu nominalizations have received little attention in the literature in works such as Myers (1987), Kinyalolo (1991), Bresnan and Mchombo (1995). A very striking aspect of nominalized verbs in Gikuyu, (and Bantu) is that they bear both noun morphology (noun class marking), and verbal morphology (both inflectional and derivational). Deverbal nouns are many in Bantu languages and can not be taken to be idiosyncratic elements, without attempting to discover whether they are subject to principles that explain their large variety and numbers. In this study it is apparent that deverbal nouns do encapsulate the properties of nouns and verbs simultaneously. Upon nominalization Gikuyu shows that we get a set intersection of the properties of N and those of V. These properties are maintained from the sub-lexical level to the phrasal level. I propose that when the sub-lexical source of these nominalizations is established, it becomes apparent why deverbal nouns exhibit split category or mixed category status. This study also employs tests to check distributional and behavioral properties of all the items under scrutiny. I show that there are N/V ambiguous elements (infinitive/gerunds) and a family of mixed N/V elements whose category type can not be uniquely determined. Split and mixed category items challenge conventional premises of analysis which require every word to be associated to some unique category type. I have utilized the idea of Extended Heads in Grimshaw (1991) and Bresnan (1996) and the theory of Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) of Bresnan (1982), to account for the distinction between pure, split, and mixed category elements. Central to the analysis is the association of affixal information on words directly to grammatical function without first relating the affixes to category and projection.

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CIDADE, PAULO ROBERTO DA SILVA. "THE INFINITIVE NOMINALIZATION: A STUDY OF GERUNDIVE NOMINALIZATIONS AND DERIVED NOMINALS IN PORTUGUESE AND IN ENGLISH." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=23932@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
O objetivo deste estudo é contrastar as línguas portuguesa e inglesa no que diz respeito às nominalizações gerundivas e aos derivados nominais, uma vez que as gerundivas só ocorrem morfologicamente no inglês e têm grande previsibilidade semântica enquanto os derivados nominais apresentam variedade semântica, assim sendo de pouca previsibilidade (Chomsky, 1970). Com este objetivo foram selecionados dois livros escritos originalmente no inglês, de cada um dos quais aleatoriamente tomou-se um capítulo para servir de corpus para a investigação. A análise do corpus nos levou às seguintes conclusões: (a) no português, a equivalência para as gerundivas de ação do inglês é fundamentalmente o Infinitivo nominal; (b) para os nominais de ação, a equivalência é um substantivo deverbal; (c) diversas estruturas verbais são possíveis como equivalência no português para as gerundivas factuais; e (d) ao contrário do que se previa, também os derivados nominais apresentam grande previsibilidade de interpretação, configurando-se uma situação de polissemia sistemática.
The goal of this study is to investigate English and Portuguese with regard to gerundive nominalizations and derived nominals. Gerundive Nominalizations only occur in English and are regular and semantically predictable, while derived nominals are not regular and have a great range of semantic interpretations, therefore little predictability (Chomsky, 1970). In order to proceed to the contrastive study we selected two books originally written in English, from each of which a chapter was randomly taken to serve as a corpus for the analysis. Our analysis led to the following conclusions: (a) In Portuguese, the nominal infinitive is systematically used for the action gerundive structures of English; (b) for the action nominal, the Portuguese correspondence is a deverbal noun; (c) there are different verbal structures to represent factual gerundives in Portuguese; and (d) as an unexpected result, derived nominal do have semantic predictability, situation which could be considered as one of systematic polysemy.

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Sherer, Laura. "Nominalization and voice in Kwak'wala." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50196.

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Kwak̓wala appears to give privileged status to the syntactic position of subject in the formation of several clause types that rely on extraction; that is to say, the subject is the only element which can be A'-extracted to form relative clauses, WH-questions, and cleft sentences. For this reason, it has been claimed that any constituent which is not the subject must first become the subject in order to be extracted. This is achieved by marking the predicate of the clause with one of several suffixes which have variously been termed passive markers, focus markers, and nominalizers. This thesis argues that the supposedly unique behaviour of the subject is a result of restrictions against extraction of case-marked DPs, and shows that non-subject constituents which are not case-marked can extract without first being promoted to subject position. Furthermore, I argue that nominalization is the most satisfactory analysis of the suffixes which allow DPs that would otherwise be case-marked to surface as subjects. This account is particularly useful in accounting for the behaviour and distribution of the suffix -nukw, which has what appear to be two different functions (indicating possession and indefinite objects), and which defies explanation according to both of the predominant theories of passive formation (Baker, Johnson & Roberts 1989; Collins 2005). I further argue that, of the eight suffixes I consider, only seven display sufficient syntactic similarities to be considered a single class of affixes. The eighth is not only distinct in its behaviour, but is also the only one which targets non-subjects that are not case-marked. Finally, I consider how my proposed structure for Kwak̓wala compares to analyses for Austronesian languages, and particularly Tagalog, which has been observed to have similar patterns of extraction.
Arts, Faculty of
Linguistics, Department of
Graduate

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Thompson, James J. "Syntactic nominalization in Halkomelem Salish." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42183.

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This dissertation is a detailed exploration of two constructions in Halkomelem Salish – Predicate Nominalization and Clausal Nominalization – which I group together as syntactic nominalization. I use these terms throughout to refer to the particular operations, and refer to the results of those operations as nominalized predicates and nominalized clauses, respectively. The two constructions examined here share some nominal morphological features. Both possess an /s-/ nominalizer, identical in shape with the nominalizer used to create (theme) participant nominals. Possessive agreement morphology appears in both nominalized predicates and nominalized clauses, indexing the highest argument in each. Despite these surface similarities and a common source, I argue that these two operations are synchronically distinct, and, as a corollary, that they are formed with distinct, homophonous nominalizers. In Chapter 3, I address predicate nominalization, which is used to create a predicate whose subject is interpreted as the theme of the non-nominalized predicate. I argue that predicate nominalization forms a reduced relative clause at the edge of the thematic domain, with the nominalizer functioning as a relative pronoun. I further argue that the nominalizer projects after remerge, thus creating a constituent with the internal structure of a relative clause and the external distribution of an NP. In Chapter 4, I argue that clausal nominalization forms a defective CP, which is used as the default embedded clause and as the dependent clause(s) in a clause chain. I analyze nominalizer in clausal nominalization as a complementizer that cannot convey illocutionary force. My analysis captures the fact that nominalized clauses have the formal properties and distribution of clauses rather than DPs, along with their embedded and clause-chaining uses. I take a cross-Salish perspective in Chapter 5, showing how attested variation within the family is compatible with my analyses.

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Thomas, Claire. "Characterizing the polysemy of French and English deverbal nominalization suffixes." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654733.

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Lemus, Serrano Magdalena. "Pervasive nominalization in Yukuna : An Arawak language of Colombian Amazonia." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE2052.

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Cette thèse porte sur la langue yukuna (ISO 693-3: ycn, Glottocode: yucu1253), une langue arawak de l’Amazonie coolombienne. Le yukuna est une langue sous étudiée et menacée de disparition, parlée par environ mille locuteurs dans des communautés situées le long du fleuve Mirití-Paraná dans le nord ouest de l’Amazonie. Cette thèse est structurée en deux parties. La partie I présente une esquisse grammaticale de la langue (119pp.), basée sur un corpus de textes de première main (25000 mots, 4,5 heures d’enregistrements). La partie II présente une description et une discussion approfondie sur la nominalisation et les constructions basées sur la nominalisation dans la langue.La nominalisation en yukuna est omniprésente dans le corpus, et elle est versatile dans ses fonctions. En effet, le yukuna a huit marques de nominalisation différentes, employées avec des formes verbales ambigües qui montrent des propriétés verbales ainsi que nominales. Ces formes verbales sont extrêmement fréquentes, se trouvant dans environ 80% des phrases du corpus. Les formes verbales portant ces marques occupent des nombreuses positions syntaxiques, avec des fonctions très variées. Au-delà de la fonction référentielle typique des nominalisations dans des positions syntaxiques nominales telles que argument d’un prédicat verbal, ces formes verbales se trouvent également dans les propositions relatives, les propositions adverbiales, des constructions de type clause chaining, voire même dans des propositions principales comme marques discursives ou de TAM. La description de ces constructions sur la base d’un corpus oral représente ainsi un défi méthodologique considérable. L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’appliquer une méthodologie rigoureuse et systématique qui rend compte de la complexité des données.Cette étude adopte une approche qui part de la forme pour décrire la function. La méthodologie adoptée positionne le prototype du groupe nominal (GN) comme l’outil principal pour identifier, catégoriser et décrire les nominalisations. Chaque construction d’intérêt est donc décrite selon le degré auquel ses traits correspondent au prototype du GN ou s’en écartent, du point de vue tant de sa morphosyntaxe interne que de sa distribution externe. Cette méthode est particulèrement adaptée pour identifier les trajets d’expansion fonctionelle des nominalisations, en séparant leurs usages dans des positions syntaxiques nominales, de leurs usages dans des positions syntaxiques exclues des GN. J’emploi le terme ‘construction basée sur la nominalisation’ pour décrire ces usages novateurs des nominalisations, en suivant la terminologie proposée par Post (2011). Les résultats de l’application de cette méthode aux données du yukuna révèlent que les fonctions des nominalisations du yukuna sont comparables à celles décrites dans la literature sur les nominalisations versatiles. Le yukuna est remarquable sur la co existance de tant d’usages des nominalisations en synchronie
This dissertation focuses on Yukuna (ISO 693-3: ycn, Glottocode: yucu1253), an Arawak language of Colombian Amazonia. Yukuna is a definitely endangered, understudied language, spoken by under one thousand speakers in various communities along the Mirití-Paraná River in North Western Amazonia. This dissertation is organized in two parts. Part I provides a grammar sketch of the language (119pp.), on the basis of a first hand corpus of texts (25000 words, 4,5 hours of recording). Part II provides an in depth description and discussion of nominalizations and nominalization based constructions in Yukuna. Nominalizations in Yukuna are pervasive in discourse, and versatile in their functions. Indeed, there are eight different nominalization markers in Yukuna, used with ambiguous verb forms that display both verbal and nominal features. These verb forms are incredibly frequent, found in average in 80% of sentences in the corpus of texts. Verb forms carrying these markers are found in a variety of syntactic positions, and with different functions, from the prototypical referential use of nominalizations as arguments within verbal clauses, to other, less prototypical uses such as in relative clauses, adverbial clauses, clause chaining, and even as TAM and discourse markers in main clauses. Describing the complexity of Yukuna nominalizations in terms of their internal structure, external distribution and corpus frequency represents a major methodological challenge. This dissertation aims to present the complexities of Yukuna nominalizations in a way that is both thorough and systematic. In this study, I adopt a form to function methodology that establishes the prototype of Noun Phrases as the main tool to identify, categorize and describe nominalizations. Individual constructions are described in terms of the degree to which they match or differ from the language specific features of the NP prototype, in terms of both its internal morphosyntax and external distribution. This method is particularly reliable to identify the distributional and functional expansion of nominalizations, by distinguishing the use of verb forms marked with nominalizing morphology in syntantic positions of NPs (nominalization constructions), from their use in syntactic positions that are not those of NPs. I refer to this latter type of use as nominalization based constructions, following Post (2011). The results of this methodology applied to Yukuna show that the versatility of Yukuna nominalizations in fact largely conforms to the patterns of functional expansion of nominalizations reported in the literature. The most salient fact about the Yukuna nominalizations is that so many of the cross linguistically attested uses of nominalizations are simultaneously attested in a single language

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Punske, Jeffrey Paul. "Aspects of the internal structure of nominalization: roots, morphology and derivation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/222837.

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This dissertation uses syntactic, semantic and morphological evidence from English nominalization to probe the interaction of event-structure and syntax, develop a typology of structural complexity within nominalization, and test hypotheses about the strict ordering of functional items. I focus on the widely assumed typology of nominalization found in Chomsky (1970). In particular, I show that derived nominals are structurally more complex than nominal gerunds; this has long been assumed to be the opposite. I provide a structural and morphological account of these forms of nominalization. In doing so, I explore a number of disparate topics such as: the importance of syncretism in apparently unrelated morphological elements for theories like Distributed Morphology; the role of prepositions in allowing or preventing binding relations and NPI-licensing, the exact nature of root-object union that allows idiomatic interpretations; the morphological reflexes of Case in the nominal system; the syntactic structure of verb particle constructions; the nature of events in nominalization; and the role syntactic operations play in determining morphological regularity. The dissertation also explores the nature of the English verb particle construction, arguing that it has (at least) three distinct structural configurations. Using these three distinct structures I am able to explain a number of distinct behaviors from predicate-object relationships, particle modification and argument loss in particle construction. I also discuss the relationship between particles (and results) and the different forms of nominalization. In particular, I show that apparent co-occurrence restrictions between nominal types and particles are not due to event-structure or other semantic restrictions. Rather, these differences are tied solely to the particular, idiosyncratic morphological properties of the constructions. The dissertation shows that certain functional projections may only appear once with a given root, but that there is some freedom of ordering of projections relative to the root in some cases. This work provides a window into the interaction between syntax and event structure as well as the nature of ordering within functional projections.

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Konnerth, Linda Anna 1985. "The Nominalizing Prefix *gV- in Tibeto-Burman." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10021.

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xiii, 145 p. : map. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
Nominalization and its various functions is a topic of considerable current interest in Tibeto-Burman (TB) studies and has both typological and historical implications. This thesis documents and discusses data of nominalizing velar prefixes in the different branches of the TB language family. Based on the reconstruction ofa Proto-TibetoBurman (PTB) 'adjectival prefix' *gV- suggested by TB wide-scale comparativists such as Wolfenden, Shafer, Benedict, and Matisoff, this study incorporates extensive data on velar prefixes covering other functions that are, just like deriving adjectival modifiers, typically associated with nominalization in TB. The various pieces of evidence thus suggest that the existence of a PTB *gV- nominalizer is the best explanation for the distribution of forms and functions of the respective prefixes in TB languages.
Committee in Charge: Dr. Scott DeLancey, Chair; Dr. Spike Gildea

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Wang, Xiaolin. "Exploration into nominalization in English and Chinese news reports of economic issues." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1206.

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RAMOS, MARIA DE OLIVEIRA MENDES. "VERBAL PROCESSES NOMINALIZATION: SYSTEMIC-FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF WRITTEN PRODUCTION IN SECONDARY SCHOOL CONTEXTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=33031@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar processos verbais nominalizados e analisar suas funções na produção textual de alunos do Ensino Médio, considerando-se o uso de nominalizações do ponto de vista da oração como mensagem, que se organiza em torno do sistema de Tema e Rema. A pesquisa baseia-se na teoria sistêmico-funcional (Halliday, 1994, Halliday e Matthiessen, 2004) para o estudo da metáfora gramatical através da identificação de formas metafóricas que apresentam variação léxico-gramatical na expressão de um dado significado e são consideradas como mais elaboradas do que as formas congruentes. Essas transformações na estrutura lingüística têm início a partir da adolescência e variam em função de contextos que demandam novos usos da língua. Para analisar o uso de formas nominalizadas na escrita escolar, cinquenta textos dissertativo-argumentativos em língua portuguesa, produzidos por alunos da terceira série do Ensino Médio, foram coletados em uma escola pública e uma particular. Além disso, os participantes da pesquisa responderam a um questionário socioeducacional cujos resultados foram quantificados visando a evidenciar fatores individuais e/ou sociais que pudessem estar relacionados à sua produção textual. A análise qualitativa identificou o uso de nominalizações (Basilio, 2003) com diferentes funções discursivas. Em relação à estrutura temática, observou-se que as nominalizações estabelecem relações lógicas e favorecem o fluxo das informações no texto. A comparação entre textos evidenciou uma variação no uso da linguagem metafórica nos diferentes contextos educacionais. A partir desses resultados, propõe-se a conscientização de alunos e professores quanto aos efeitos textuais e discursivos que certos mecanismos linguísticos podem criar, visando evitar a produção de textos pouco proficientes para a finalidade a que se propõem.
The aim of this study is to identify nominalized verbal processes and analyze their functions in the written production of secondary school students. These nominalizations are examined in clauses viewed as messages, which are organized according to the Theme and Rheme system. The research is based on systemic-functional theory (Halliday, 1994, Halliday e Matthiessen, 2004) for the study of grammatical metaphor through the identification of metaphorical constructions which present lexico-grammatical variation in the expression of meaning, being therefore considered as more complex than congruent forms. These transformations within linguistic structures start to appear in early adolescence, varying according to new contexts that require specific uses of the language. In order to study the use of nominalized forms in school writing, fifty argumentative essays in Portuguese were collected among 12th grade students from public and private secondary schools. Research participants also answered a socioeducational questionnaire that generated quantitative data so that social and/or individual features could be associated with students textual production. Qualitative analysis led into the identification of nominalizations (Basilio, 2003) with different discursive functions. Concerning the thematic structure, it was observed that nominalizations establish logical relations and help develop the flow of information in texts. A comparison between texts pointed out variation in metaphorical language use in different school contexts. These results indicate that it is important to make students and teachers aware of the textual and discursive effects that some linguistic mechanisms can produce, and based on this knowledge possibly avoid the production of texts that are not adequate to their intended purpose.

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Jankevičiūtė, Giedrė. "The Semantic Functions of -or/-er/-ee Nominalizations." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100928_084950-88497.

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Nominalization as a matter of great concern of linguistic research has been analyzed widely over the last forty years from different theoretical viewpoints with fluctuating aims and formalisms. The process of nominalization refers to the use of a verb or an adjective into a noun, with or without morphological transformation, so that the word can act as the head of a noun phrase, e.g. develop→ development, close → closure, write → writing, etc. In present-day English, -er, -or and -ee nominalizations show a wide scope of semantic, morphological and syntactic features. Thus the aim of the present study is to analyze the derivational, transformational, and semantic peculiarities of -er, -or and -ee nominalizations. Like many corpus investigations, this study deals with both qualitative and quantitative methods. The scope of the present study is 1 225 nominalizations selected from “Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary” by A. S. Hornby [CD-ROM] (2005). The content of the communication is a situation, which does not refer directly to an extralinguistic reality which exists in the real world, but rather to the speaker’s conceptualization of it. The constituents of this conceptualization of reality are semantic functions: processes, participants and circumstances. The pivot of any situation is the process which is expressed by a verb. The following types of processes are distinguished: material, behavioural, mental, verbal, relational, and existential. When the process is... [to full text]
Nominalizacija yra plačiai analizuojama per pastaruosius keturiasdešimt metų skirtingais teoriniais požiūriais. Nominalizacijos procesas remiasi veiksmažodžių arba būdvardžių keitimu daiktavardžiais, su arba be morfologinėmis transformacijomis, tad žodis gali veikti kaip daiktavardžio frazė, pvz. plėsti → plėtra, uždaryti → uždarymas, rašyti → rašymas ir t.t. Dabartinėje anglų kalboje ,-er,-or ir -ee nominalizacijos turi plačias semantines, sintaksines ir morfologines savybes. Taigi šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti derivacinius, transformacinius ir semantinius -er,-or ir -ee nominalizacijų ypatumus. Šiame tyrime nagrinėjama tiek kokybiniais, tiek kiekybiniais metodais. Šio darbo apimtis yra 1 225 nominalizacijos surinktos iš "Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary" A.S. Hornby [CD-ROM] (2005). Darbe nagrinėjamos semantinės funkcijos: procesai, dalyviai ir aplinkybės. Būtų galima daryti išvadą, kad -er,-or ir -ee nominalizacijos kildinamos iš procesų.

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Liu, Ch'eng-hui. "Nouns, nominalization and denominalization in Classical Chinese : a study based on Mencius and Zuozhuan /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487694702784686.

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Talamo, Luigi. "Nominalizations of property concepts: Evidence from Italian." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/77289.

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The research deals with what has been traditionally referred as ‘de-adjectival nominalization’, or the linguistic phenomenon turning adjectives, such as Italian nero ‘black’ or bello ‘ beautiful’, into nouns: nero ‘black (n.)’, bellezza ‘beauty’ or i belli ‘the beautiful (people)’. By drawing on corpus data, the aim of this study is to investigate in Italian how the mismatch between the semantic class of properties and the pragmatic function of reference accounts for a series of constructions of property nominalizations, each characterized by a specific strategy, a set of grammatical parameters and meaning.

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Nishizumi, Kanako. "The pragmatics of nominalization in Japanese : the n(o) da construction and participant roles in talk." Thesis, Durham University, 2008. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2922/.

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This thesis analyses the n(o) da construction and its use in Japanese talk. An empirical (rather than a rationalistic) approach to pragmatics is employed alongside a qualitative methodology in order to demonstrate how a speaker's uses of the n(o) da construction are related to intention and how they influence the trajectory of talk. This study proposes that the nominalizer no in the n(o) da construction is a propositionality-indicating particle used to convey the force 'here is a proposition’, effectively reifying propositional content. When a copula {da, darou, etc.) follows the nominalizer, it expresses the speaker's attitude or belief-state with regard to the reified status of the proposition. Two contrasting talk-types were collected for investigation: everyday talk-in-interaction in Japanese and group discussion involving both Japanese and English speaking participants. Based on the everyday talk data, the researcher first demonstrates how the pragmatic properties and sequential functions of the n(o) da construction contribute to talk-in-interaction. In the analysis of the Japanese group discussion data that follows, she examines the relationship between participant role and uses of the construction. In order to clarify the characteristic methods of Japanese talk organization, she discusses the different ways in which Japanese and English participants accomplish decision-making tasks and the extent to which the different structural affordances of the two languages enable them to assume comparable participant roles. Finally, the researcher considers the implication of this study for cross-cultural communication and for the teaching of Japanese as a foreign language.

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Robinson, Melissa Aubrey. "A Man Needs a Female like a Fish Needs a Lobotomy: The Role of Adjectival Nominalization in Pejorative Meaning." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157617/.

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This thesis documents the grammatical processes and semantic impact of innovative ways to pejoratively reference individuals through adjectival nominalization. Research on nominalized adjectives suggests that when meanings shift from having one property (1) to becoming a kind with associated properties (2), the noun form often encodes stereotypical attributes: [1] "Her hair is blonde." (hair color); [2] "He married a blonde." (female, sexy, dumb). Likewise, the linguistic phenomenon of genericity refers to classes or kinds and different grammatical structures reflect properties in different ways. In 1 and 2 above, the shift from adjectival blonde to indefinite NP a blonde moves the focus from the definitional characteristic to the prototypical. Similarly, adjectival gay [3] is definitional, but the marked, nominal form [4] adds socially-based conceptions of the "average" gay (example from Twitter): [3] jesus christ i make a joke and now im a gay man? (sexuality) [constructed]; [4] jesus christ i make a joke and now im a gay? … (flamboyant, abnormal). To investigate innovative reference via nominalization, two corpus studies based in human judgment were conducted. In the first study, a subset of the corpus (N=121) was annotated for pejoration by five additional linguists following the same guidelines as the original annotator. In the second study, 800 instances were annotated by non-experts using crowd-sourcing. In both studies we find a correspondence between nominal status and pejorative meaning.

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17

Lundberg, Turid. "Translating from Practitioners to Patients : Adaption for a new type of readership." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-26550.

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The aim of this paper is to analyse the ways in which a Swedish translation of an English text intended as a manual for health practitioners needs to be adapted in order to function as an informative text aimed at patients, their families and other laymen interested in the subject. Focus lies on adaption of terminology, style, and target reader perspective. For this paper, selected parts of an English source text were translated into Swedish, and different adaptions prompted by the change in genre, intended target reader and purpose of the text were noticed and subsequently analysed. In the analysis, it became clear that translation of terminology can be treated through addition, omission or generalization where subject specific terms are not relevant for the intended readers. Under the subject of style, formality level defined through the usage of nominalizations and passives was analysed, and here, modulation and transposition proved useful for adapting the formality level to better fit the purpose of the text. Under the category of target reader perspective, omission, generalization and modulation of different kinds were translation strategies used to turn the focus from the intended ST reader to the intended TT reader. Defining or re-defining the subject of different actions was also necessary to shift the perspective from one intended group of readers to another. Finally, the analysis showed that different kinds of adaption may be purposeful in different situations.

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18

Santana, Liliane. "A expressão da estrutura argumental dos nomes derivados /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86591.

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Orientador: Roberto Gomes Camacho
Banca: Cláudia Nívea Roncarati de Souza
Banca: Sebastião Carlos Leite Gonçalves
Resumo: Com base num baixo preenchimento argumental nas construções derivadas, este trabalho busca explicações para essa natureza controversa da estrutura argumental das nominalizações mediante análise da relação entre propriedades sintático-semânticas decorrentes da estrutura valencial das nominalizações e a natureza informacional de seus constituintes argumentais. O universo de investigação consiste num corpus constituído por inquéritos de Elocução Formal (EF), Diálogo entre Informante e Documentador (DID) e Diálogos entre Dois Informantes (D2) do Projeto NURC-SP (Castilho & Preti, 1986), e o processamento quantitativo dos dados é feito eletronicamente mediante o uso do pacote estatístico VARBRUL. Os resultados obtidos confirmam o baixo preenchimento argumental da nominalização; entretanto, mostram que o que determina a expressão argumental não é nenhum fator necessariamente formal, mas o estatuto informacional dos referentes envolvidos. Com efeito, caso sirva para introduzir um novo referente no discurso, o argumento respectivo deverá vir expresso; caso a função do nome derivado seja retomar uma informação, os argumentos da predicação input poderão ser expressos ou não, dependendo das condições textuais. Trata-se afinal de formas alternativas de expressão formal motivada por necessidades comunicativas de natureza pragmática. Com relação à expressão argumental, os resultados mostram que os argumentos recebem preferentemente o formato de um sintagma-de, e, havendo dois argumentos para serem expressos, é A2 na forma de sintagma-de que predomina. Uma vez mais, a confirmação desse fato tem um forte correlato pragmático, já que o argumento interno é normalmente dotado de informação nova e o argumento externo, de informação dada.
Abstract: On the basis of a real low frequency of argument structure filling, this work aims at explaining this controversial nature of argument structure of nominalizations by analyzing the relationship between the syntactic-semantic properties of valential structure of nominalizations and the informational status of its argumental constituents. The data consist of a sample extracted from the spoken material recorded from graduate informants by Urban Standard Norm Project (Projeto NURC)/Brasil) constituted by Formal Elocutions (EF), Dialogue between Informant and Documenter (DID) and Dialogue between Two Informants (D2) (Castilho & Preti, 1986) and the quantitative processing of data is made electronically by means of VARBRUL Program. The results confirm the low argument filling of nominalization; however they show that the argument expression it is not necessarily determined by a formal factor, but by the informational status of referents involved. In fact, if the function of the derived noun is to introduce a new referent in the discourse, the respective argument should be expressed; if its function is to resume an information, the arguments of the input predication may be expressed or not, depending on the textual conditions. They consist of alternative formal expressions which are motivated by communicative needs of pragmatic nature. As to the argument expression, the results additionally show that the arguments preferentially take the form of an of-phrase, and if there are two arguments to be expressed, it is the second one in the of-phrase form which stays on. Once again the confirmation of this fact has a strong pragmatic correlation, since the internal argument usually presents a new information, and the external argument, a given information.
Mestre

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19

Zanini, Chiara. "Nominalizzazioni e struttura eventiva. Un'analisi linguistica della produzione afasica." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3421605.

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The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the nature of the so-called “verb-noun dissociation” that often characterizes both the fluent and non fluent aphasic production and comprehension. More frequently, the processing of verbs is impaired, while the processing of nouns is relatively spared; nonetheless, the opposite pattern may emerge as well (for a review of the literature see: Crepaldi et al., 2010; Druks, 2002; Luzzatti, Mondini and Semenza, 2001; Mätzig et al., 2009). It has been decided to administer some experimental tasks to three Italian aphasic speakers in the effort to shed some light on those verb components that may be responsible for aphasics’ difficulties in their use of language. More precisely, the tasks deal with nominalizations, that is nominal elements derived from verbs in a less or more productive way. Crucially for the aims of this dissertation, nominalizations are nouns but at the same time they display some verbal properties, for example they can denote events (i.a.: Grossmann e Rainer, 2004). The tasks were administered in collaboration with the speech-therapists of the Clinica Neurologica I - azienda ospedaliera di Padova and IRCCS Ospedale San Camillo di Venezia. Both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis was applied to the results which represent the main achievement of the present study in its contributing to the debate on the verb-noun dissociation in aphasia on the one hand and on the nominalization phenomenon in Linguistics on the other (especially in relation to the works by Alexiadou, 2001; Chomsky, 1970; Grimshaw, 1990; Sichel, in press).
L’obbiettivo generale in cui si inquadra questa tesi è l’esplorazione del significato della cosiddetta “dissociazione tra nome e verbo”, che è stata notata nel comportamento linguistico sia degli afasici non fluenti sia degli afasici fluenti. Il caso più frequentemente osservato è quello in cui si riscontra una maggiore difficoltà per quanto riguarda i verbi rispetto ai nomi, anche se in alcuni casi si è notata una fenomenologia opposta (per un quadro generale: Crepaldi et al., 2010; Druks, 2002; Luzzatti, Mondini e Semenza, 2001; Mätzig et al., 2009). Nel tentativo di isolare quelle componenti del verbo che possono essere responsabili delle difficoltà incontrate nell’uso del linguaggio da parte degli afasici, si è deciso di ideare e somministrare a tre soggetti afasici di lingua italiana alcune prove sperimentali sulle nominalizzazioni, cioè elementi nominali che sono ricavati da verbi con modalità più o meno produttive e per mezzo dei quali ci si riferisce a un predicato (i.a.: Grossmann e Rainer, 2004). Le prove sono state somministrate con l’ausilio delle logopediste della Clinica Neurologica I dell’azienda ospedaliera di Padova e dell’IRCCS Ospedale San Camillo di Venezia. I risultati ottenuti sono stati analizzati da un punto di vista quantitativo e qualitativo e costituiscono il contributo principale che si intende offrire al dibattito sia sulle dissociazioni tra nome e verbo in afasia sia sulle nominalizzazioni nell’ambito della linguistica teorica, con particolare riferimento ai lavori di Alexiadou (2001), Chomsky (1970), Grimshaw (1990) e Sichel (in stampa).

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20

Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria. "Nominalizations /." London ; New York : Routledge, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb355874847.

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Texte remanié de: Doct. diss.--Stockholm--Department of linguistics, University of Stockholm, 1988. Titre de soutenance : A typology of action nominal constructions.
La thèse est conservée à la BN sous la cote [4-R-21938.

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21

Bahadir, Gozde. "Structural Priming In Turkish Genitive-possessive Constructions." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614863/index.pdf.

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This study addresses the question of the mental representation and processing of language by investigating &ldquo
structural priming&rdquo
in Turkish Genitive-Possessive (GEN-POSS) constructions. Structural priming is the facilitating effect of having already experienced a structural form on its subsequent processing. We investigate this phenomenon on a construction pair in Turkish, which shares the same external GEN-POSS morpho-syntactic template despite having distinct grammatical categories. The structures under scrutiny are possessive noun phrases (e.g. &ldquo
Korsan, [prenses-in(GEN) ö
ykü
-sü
n(POSS.3SG)]-ü
hatirladi.&rdquo
which means: The pirate remembered [the princess&rsquo
s story].) and embedded noun clauses with nominalized verbs as predicates (e.g. &ldquo
Korsan, [prenses-in(GEN) gü
l-dü
g(VN)-ü
n(POSS.3SG)]-ü
hatirladi.&rdquo
which means: The pirate remembered [that the princess (had) laughed/was laughing].) The results of the study which consists of a series of production and comprehension experiments with various methodologies (written sentence completion, self-paced reading and eye-tracking) indicate that structural priming might access the morphosyntactic level of representation in Turkish. Priming seems sensitive to the distinction between the phrasal vs. clausal nature of structures. During the processing of GEN-POSS constructions, the grammatical information regarding the constituents is accessed. Complex forms are further decomposed if processing resources are available. Overall, language production and comprehension seem to operate on the same structural representations but through different mechanisms. In addition, the study also contributes to the understanding of structural priming as a methodological paradigm and to the establishment of a bridge between the processing and theoretical linguistic analysis of Turkish nominalized verbs. To conclude, this study pioneers in exploring structural priming in Turkish and opens way to future research in this line.

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22

Ferreira, Raimundo Ruberval. "A guerra na lingua : as representações do "11 de setembro" na midia e no discurso oficial." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270853.

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Orientador: Kanavillil Rajagopalan
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Résumé: Le présent travail est une enquête sur Ies formes d'appropriation, par Ie discours officiel et par Ies médias, des événements du 11 septembre 2001, aux Etats-Unis. Ce "travail d'appropriation" est envisagé à partir de l'anaIyse de certains processus linguistique s, notamment des types de formulation utilisés pour l'événement Iui-même, pour l'agresseur, pour Ia victime et pour Ie genre de menace que Ies événements en question sont censés représenter. L'ensembIe sémantique de ces expressions constitue ce que j'appelle macro-objet "11 septembre", construction où se matérialise Ies principaIes tensions qui traversent Ie champ du Iangage, et que je qualifie de "guerre dans Ia Iangue". Ce travail en vient ainsi à expIorer Ies mécanismes de construction de ce macro-objet, Ia force rhétorico-performative de ces mécanismes, leur capacité à créer des représentations et Ieurs implications ético-politiques dans Ie contexte des tensions mondiales actuelles. L'analyse s'appuie sur une conception diaIogicoperformative du Iangage, seIon les sens donnés à ces termes par des théoriciens comme Bakhtin, Austin et Bourdieu. Elle utilise égaIement les théories déconstructives de Jacques Derrida, pour qui l' activité de déconstruire consiste surtout à déstabiliser Ies propriétés structurelles d'un objet, afin de souligner, en montrant Ies éIéments qui Ie rendent possible, Ia nécessité de sa transformation
Resumo: Este trabalho consiste na investigação das formas de apropriação dos eventos que ocorreram no dia 11 de setembro de 2001, nos Estados Unidos, pelo discurso oficial e pela midia. Esse "trabalho de apropriação" está sendo visto a partir da análise de alguns processos lingüísticos. A análise privilegia as formas de nomeação utilizadas em referência ao evento em si, ao agressor, ao agredido e ao tipo de ameaça que os eventos em questão supostamente implicam. o conjunto dos sentidos de tais expressões constitui a dimensão do que estou chamando de macro-objeto "11 de setembro", construção que materializa as principais tensões que atravessam o campo da linguagem, e que estou chamando de "guerra na língua". Nesse sentido, este trabalho se volta para investigar os mecanismos de construção desse macro-objeto, a força retórico-performativa de tais mecanismos, no que diz respeito à construção de representações, e suas implicações ético-políticas no horizonte das atuais tensões mundiais. A análise proposta neste trabalho orienta-se por uma visão dialógico-performativa da linguagem, no sentido dado a esses termos por teóricos como Bakhtin, Austin e Bourdieu, e por uma visão de interpretação proposta pela desconstrução, de Jacques Derrida, para quem a atividade desconstrutora é, sobretudo, um trabalho de intervenção que procura desestabilizar as propriedades estruturais de uma construção, para, mostrando os elementos que a tomam possível, destacar a necessidade de sua transformação
Doutorado
Doutor em Linguística

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23

Santana, Liliane [UNESP]. "A expressão da estrutura argumental dos nomes derivados." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86591.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Com base num baixo preenchimento argumental nas construções derivadas, este trabalho busca explicações para essa natureza controversa da estrutura argumental das nominalizações mediante análise da relação entre propriedades sintático-semânticas decorrentes da estrutura valencial das nominalizações e a natureza informacional de seus constituintes argumentais. O universo de investigação consiste num corpus constituído por inquéritos de Elocução Formal (EF), Diálogo entre Informante e Documentador (DID) e Diálogos entre Dois Informantes (D2) do Projeto NURC-SP (Castilho & Preti, 1986), e o processamento quantitativo dos dados é feito eletronicamente mediante o uso do pacote estatístico VARBRUL. Os resultados obtidos confirmam o baixo preenchimento argumental da nominalização; entretanto, mostram que o que determina a expressão argumental não é nenhum fator necessariamente formal, mas o estatuto informacional dos referentes envolvidos. Com efeito, caso sirva para introduzir um novo referente no discurso, o argumento respectivo deverá vir expresso; caso a função do nome derivado seja retomar uma informação, os argumentos da predicação input poderão ser expressos ou não, dependendo das condições textuais. Trata-se afinal de formas alternativas de expressão formal motivada por necessidades comunicativas de natureza pragmática. Com relação à expressão argumental, os resultados mostram que os argumentos recebem preferentemente o formato de um sintagma-de, e, havendo dois argumentos para serem expressos, é A2 na forma de sintagma-de que predomina. Uma vez mais, a confirmação desse fato tem um forte correlato pragmático, já que o argumento interno é normalmente dotado de informação nova e o argumento externo, de informação dada.
On the basis of a real low frequency of argument structure filling, this work aims at explaining this controversial nature of argument structure of nominalizations by analyzing the relationship between the syntactic-semantic properties of valential structure of nominalizations and the informational status of its argumental constituents. The data consist of a sample extracted from the spoken material recorded from graduate informants by Urban Standard Norm Project (Projeto NURC)/Brasil) constituted by Formal Elocutions (EF), Dialogue between Informant and Documenter (DID) and Dialogue between Two Informants (D2) (Castilho & Preti, 1986) and the quantitative processing of data is made electronically by means of VARBRUL Program. The results confirm the low argument filling of nominalization; however they show that the argument expression it is not necessarily determined by a formal factor, but by the informational status of referents involved. In fact, if the function of the derived noun is to introduce a new referent in the discourse, the respective argument should be expressed; if its function is to resume an information, the arguments of the input predication may be expressed or not, depending on the textual conditions. They consist of alternative formal expressions which are motivated by communicative needs of pragmatic nature. As to the argument expression, the results additionally show that the arguments preferentially take the form of an of-phrase, and if there are two arguments to be expressed, it is the second one in the of-phrase form which stays on. Once again the confirmation of this fact has a strong pragmatic correlation, since the internal argument usually presents a new information, and the external argument, a given information.

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24

Silva, Ivan Rocha da. "Não-finitude em Karitiana: subordinação versus nominalização." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-25102016-122036/.

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A meta da presente tese é analisar as orações não-finitas em Karitiana. Esta é uma língua Ameríndia falada atualmente por 400 pessoas que habitam a Terra Indígena Karitiana. A reserva Karitiana está localizada a 95 quilômetros ao sul da área urbana de Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil. A língua é a única representante do ramo Arikém, família Tupi. A presente pesquisa investiga as diferenças entre as orações subordinadas que funcionam como orações subordinadas adverbiais, relativas e completivas, bem como a nominalização oracional e as orações infinitivas marcadas pelos sufixos e , respectivamente. Apesar de a língua não apresentar morfologia de tempo, modo ou concordância em subordinadas, ela possui várias outras características, tais como núcleos aspectuais, voz, variação na ordem de palavras (SOV ou OSV), morfologia de foco do objeto, o que sugere que se trata subordinação e não nominalização (Storto 1999, Storto 2012, Vivanco 2014). Mostramos ainda que as orações encaixadas Karitiana podem ser modificadas por advérbios, negação e evidenciais que estão associados a orações ou sintagmas verbais. Esta pesquisa levantou uma discussão que tem sido amplamente abordada na literatura sobre as orações subordinadas nãofinitas em línguas Ameríndias. A literatura sobre essas orações não-finitas mostra que muitos autores que assumem que elas são nominalizações utilizam dois argumentos: (1) a falta de traços finitos e (2) o fato de algumas línguas exibirem marcas de caso. Os argumentos com base no item (2) supramencionado não parece muito convincentes para assumirmos uma análise de nominalização em Karitiana, visto que orações subordinadas finitas em várias línguas podem ser usadas como complemento verbal e receber marcas de caso. A nossa análise apresentada nesta tese assume que a falta de traços finitos não significa necessariamente que estas orações sejam nominalizadas porque elas exibem em suas estruturas várias características de orações ativas, tais como núcleos funcionais de voz, aspecto, advérbios, negação e evidenciais. Tipologicamente, esses núcleos funcionais estão associados a orações ou a sintagmas verbais. E, internamente à língua, eles estão também relacionados a orações ou a sintagmas verbais tanto em ambientes finitos quanto em ambientes não-finitas.
The main aim of this dissertation is to analyze non-finite clauses in Karitiana. Karitiana is an endangered Amerindian language spoken today by approximately 400 people who live in a reservation located 59 miles south of the urban area of Porto Velho, the capital of the state of Rondônia, Brazil (Amazonian region). The language is the unique representative of the Arikém branch, one of the ten linguistic groupings identified inside the Tupian family. The current research investigates differences among embedded clauses that function as adverbial, relative, and complement clauses in Karitiana, as well as nominalization and infinitival embedding marked respectively by the suffixes and . Even though subordinate clauses in Karitiana do not display any finite morphology of agreement, tense, or mood, it is true that the language shows many other functional heads such as morphemes of causativization, passivization, and object focus construction, as well as aspectual nuclei, and word order variation (SOV, OSV), suggesting that they are clauses and not nominalizations (Storto 1999; Vivanco 2014). Furthemore, we show that Karitiana embedded clauses can be modified by adverbs, negation and evidentials that are associated with clauses or verbal phrases. The literature on non-finite clauses in Amerindian languages shows that many specialists in these languages have claimed that these clauses are nominalized based on two arguments: (1) lack of finite traits and (2) the fact that some of these languages display case-marking. The argument that the presence of case-marking in subordination characterizes them as nominalizations seems to be unconvincing because finite subordinate clauses in several languages can be used as verbal complement and can be marked with case. In our analysis, the lack of finite features also does not necessarily mean that these clauses are nominalizations, since Karitiana subordinate clauses exhibit other properties of active clauses such as functional heads: voice, aspect, adverbs, negation, and evidentials. Typologically, these functional heads are associated with clauses and, internally to the language, they are also correlated with clauses and verbal phrases, functioning either in matrix clauses or in subordinate clauses.

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25

Gallego, Maria do Rosário Montes. "Decodificação do português (L2) falado por estrangeiros ingleses e americanos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-12082009-153728/.

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Nesta tese, avaliam-se as dificuldades de uso das nomonalizações em português segunda língua (L2) expressas por estrangeiros falantes do inglês (L1) e suas devidas implicações nas áreas de Morfologia, Sintaxe e Semântica. Nela apresentase a teoria da análise contrastiva (AC) e cria-se uma tabela de correspondências entre a interlíngua (I) e a língua portuguesa (L2), considerando os errors e mistakes devidos aos fenômenos da transferência e interferência através do método indutivo. Para tanto, tomaram-se por apoio os conceitos teóricos de transferência, interferência, erro e norma, entre outros. O trabalho apresenta-se dividido em duas partes: uma teórica, a análise contrastiva a priori, em que se estabelecem semelhanças e diferenças entre o inglês e o português: outra prática, a análise contrastiva a posteriori, em que se estudam as formas correspondentes da interlíngua (I) e da L2 detectando as razões das falhas e suas possíveis causas Comprovados os problemas das nominalizações, acrescentam-se, ao final da tese, algumas sugestões pedagógicas, com vistas ao ensino-aprendizagem de português para estrangeiros.
In this thesis, the difficulties related to the use of Portuguese nominalizations, expressed by English-speaking foreigners, are evalued considering the respective areas of Morphology, Syntax and Semantics. First a Contrastive Analysis (CA) theory is presented and afterwards a table of correspondences between Interlanguage (I) and Portuguese (L2 ) is created, taking into account the presence of mistakes and errors due to the transference and interference phenomena by means of an inductive process. Consequently it was based on the theoretical concepts of transference, interference and norm, among others. The work is divided into two parts: a theoretical one which is established by a contrastive analysis a priori discussing the similarities and main differences between English and Portuguese. Then, comes other part a practical one where the corresponding forms of the Interlanguage and L2) are studied and followed by the inferences of failures and probable reasons underlying them. After confirming the nominalization problems, some pedagogical suggestions were added to facilitate the Learning of Portuguese as a second language.

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26

Camacho, Roberto Gomes. "O papel da nominalização no continuum categorial /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106726.

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Resumo: A continuidade categorial é uma propriedade indiscutível da linguagem para a tradição funcionalista, que a trata como um verdadeiro universal linguístico. Além de buscar evidência sistemática para a comprovação desse axioma, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a estrutura argumental da nominalização, num esforço concentrado por demonstrar que esse mesmo princípio universal é metodologicamente útil e teoricamente válido para postular relações intralinguísticas de continuidade categorial mesmo entre classes aparentemente discretas como as de substantivo e verbo. A trajetória percorrida para a sustentação da hipótese da continuidade categorial passa necessariamente pela comprovação de uma hipótese secundária, a de preservação de valência, postulada por Dik (1985; 1997), segundo a qual a estrutura argumental é parte constitutiva da nominalização. Essa busca não teria êxito se a trajetória percorrida não utilizasse um atalho necessário, representado pela teoria prototípica de categorização. De fato, postular a existência de categorias intermediárias, como a de nominalização, implica necessariamente a existência de membros mais prototípicos de uma categoria. A existência de estrutura argumental, que sinaliza a representação de entidades de ordem superior, permite aproximar a nominalização de membros não-prototípicos da categoria dos verbos como formas não-finitas, enquanto a ausência de estrutura argumental, que sinaliza a representação de uma entidade de primeira ordem, permitiu aproximá-lo de membros prototípicos da categoria dos substantivos
Abstract: Category continuity is an undisputable language property for the functionalist tradition, which treats this principle as a true axiom. Besides seeking systematic evidence for confirming this principle, the main objective of this study is to analyze the argument structure of nominalization as an effort to demonstrate that this very principle is both methodologically useful and theoretically valid to postulate intralinguistic relations of category continuity even between such apparently discrete word classes as nouns and verbs. The path for giving support to the category continuity hypothesis necessarily involves confirming a secondary one, that is, the valence preservation hypothesis, as postulated by Dik (1985, 1997), in which the argument structure is a constituent part of nominalization. However, that search would not be so successful if the path did not pass by a necessary shortcut, represented by the prototypical theory of categorization. In fact, to postulate the existence of intermediate categories, such as nominalization, necessarily imply the existence of more prototypical members of that category. The existence of argument structure, which indicates the representation of higher-order entities, allows inserting the nominalization into such nonprototypical members of verbs as non-finite forms, while the absence of argument structure, which indicates the representation of a first-order entity, allows inserting it into the prototypical members of nouns

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Gallegos, Alfonso. "Un acercamiento operacional a la historia de la lengua." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101919.

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En este artículo se abordan algunas de las posibilidades que ofrece la lingüística operacional para los estudios diacrónicos de la lengua. Después deuna breve exposición del Proyecto de Universales y Tipología del Institutode Lingüística de la Universidad de Colonia (UNITYP), se presentan los resultados de una investigación realizada bajo este marco teórico: la emergencia y consolidación del sufijo –do como patrón nominalizador en el registro técnico del español. Esta propuesta de análisis es relevante entanto que permitiría apreciar bajo una perspectiva adicional los complejos procesos que subyacen a los fenómenos de cambio lingüístico.
This article addresses some possibilities that operational linguistics offersin relation to the diachronic studies of language. After a brief presentationof the Universal and Typology Project of the Institute of Linguistics atthe University of Cologne (UNITYP for its initials in Spanish), the resultsof an investigation conducted under this framework is presented: theemergence and consolidation of the suffix -do as a standard nominalizer inSpanish technical register. The proposed analysis is relevant to the extentthat it makes possible to assess under an additional perspective the complexprocesses underlying the phenomena of linguistic change.

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Salanova, Andrés Pablo. "Nominalizations and aspect." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41697.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 143-151).
Languages that have aspectually-conditioned ergativity splits generally oppose a "perfect" tense (often called perfective or aorist), with ergative-absolutive case pattern, to an imperfective where case marking follows the nominative-accusative pattern. The split exists in main clauses in several northern Je languages, among which Mebengokre, though in a slightly different form. MRbengokre opposes two verbal forms that roughly express an aspectual opposition between a "perfect", and a perfective or unmarked aspect. Rather than being two forms of the verb that differ simply in an aspectual feature, however, these forms (herein referred to as A and B, respectively) differ in many important respects: 1. Form A: (a) has a wide range of temporally stative interpretations when not embedded; (b) heads ergative-absolutive clauses; (c) is the only verbal form that can be embedded; (d) when embedded, its temporal and aspectual interpretation depend on that of the main clause; 2. Form B: (a) has a perfective interpretation; advances narrative time; (b) heads nominative-accusative clauses; (c) can't be embedded. In this dissertation, I propose that the opposition between the A and the B form boils down to an opposition between a truly verbal form (the B form) and a nominal form of the verb (the A form), and that the change in category explains both the ergative marking and the perfect interpretation associated with the A form. I argue that nominalization underlies many aspectually-conditioned splits described in the literature, as well as being at the core of the perfect construction in languages such as French and Italian. For the analysis to go through, two propositions have to be worked out: (i) that ergativity is a given when there is nominalization, and (ii) that the interpretation of a nominalization used as a main clause is in fact that of the perfect.
(cont.) To work out (ii), matrix clauses constructed with nominal forms of the verb are treated as a special case of existential sentences, which in M~bengokre are verbless clauses of the form [[Location], [NP]J]. I propose that the interpretation of nominalizations as main clauses, like the interpretation of nominal clauses, is effected by the existential frame "There is an x in y", i.e., one where the main "predicate" is the nuclear scope x of an existential, which requires a locative restriction y. In existentials constructed with plain nominals, this restrictor is provided by the locative, dative or possessive PP. In existentials constructed with a nominalization, the restrictor is a time span. This span, which is distinct from topic time, is what gives nominal clauses their "subject-oriented" or "background" interpretation, as opposed to truly verbal clauses, which get linked to topic time and are interpreted perfectively by default.
by Andrés Pablo Salanova.
Ph.D.

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Vivanco, Karin Camolese. "Perguntas QU-, orações subordinadas e ordem de palavras em Karitiana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-01032019-101731/.

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Este trabalho descreve diversos aspectos da formação de perguntas complexas, orações subordinadas e ordem de palavras no Karitiana, uma língua Tupi da família Arikém. Primeiramente, descrevemos a formação de perguntas bi-oracionais como perguntas indiretas e perguntas de longa-distância. No primeiro caso, argumentamos que perguntas indiretas strictu sensu não existem em Karitiana, pois pronomes interrogativos não são em geral permitidos dentro de orações subordinadas. Já perguntas de longa-distância são possíveis na língua, mas sua formação inclui uma estratégia conhecida como pied-piping de larga-escala, na qual a oração subordinada inteira contendo o pronome interrogativo é movida para a posição inicial da sentença. Argumentamos que estes dois fatos podem ser capturados se assumirmos uma estrutura para orações subordinadas (1) que não contém certos núcleos oracionais, como C; e (2) que é a projeção de um núcleo nominalizador n. Essas propriedades seriam capazes de explicar o comportamento ambíguo destas construções, que ora se comportam como orações, ora como sintagmas nominais. Além disso, essa proposta também explica outros fenômenos aparentemente não relacionadas, como a ausência de tough-constructions, a extração com verbos factivos, a cliticização em subordinadas e a presença de relativas de núcleo interno. Propomos ainda que este núcleo n de caráter nominal teria como uma possível realização fonética um sufixo -a, que pode ser detectado em diversos ambientes nominais da língua e que possivelmente teria conexões históricas com o nominalizador -a presente em outras línguas Tupi. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, discutimos ainda construções com o morfema de voz inversa ti-, reanalisadas aqui como configurações de redobro de clítico. Essa proposta é capaz de explicar diversas propriedades deste morfema, como sua emergência em diferentes construções, o padrão de concordância excêntrica disparado por ele, a distribuição complementar com a passiva e a leitura pressuposicional do tema nestes ambientes. Por fim, discutimos ainda dois fenômenos prosódicos - o sufixo -o e a intonação de relativas de objeto com ti- - que poderiam constituir argumentos adicionais para as análises desenvolvidas neste trabalho.
This dissertation investigates aspects of question formation, embedded clauses, and word order in Karitiana, a Tupi-Arikém language spoken in Brazil. Firstly, the formation of bi-clausal questions such as indirect questions and long-distance questions is described. Regarding indirect questions, our claim is that there are no indirect questions in Karitiana, as interrogative pronouns are usually disallowed inside embedded clauses. On the other hand, the language has long-distance questions, but they obligatorily involve a strategy known as clausal/large-scale pied-piping - i.e., fronting of the whole embedded clause containing the interrogative pronoun. These two facts can be explained if one assumes a structure for embedded clauses that does not contain certain clausal projections, such as CP, and that includes a nominalizing head n. These properties also account for the mixed behavior of these constructions, which exhibit a clausal template while manifesting several nominal features. Moreover, the proposed analysis also explains other apparently non-related properties of the language, such as the lack of tough-constructions, extraction with factive verbs, obligatory cliticization, and internally-headed relative clauses. Additionally, we claim that this nominal head has a phonetic realization as a suffix -a, detected in several nominal phrases and which is possibly linked to a Tupian nominalizer of the same form. In part II, we discuss constructions with the inverse voice morpheme ti-, claiming that these can be reanalyzed as cases of clitic-doubling. This analysis accounts for several properties of this preffix, such as its presence in cases of WHmovement, the eccentric pattern of agreement that it triggers, the complementary distribution with the passive, and the pressupositional reading of the theme in these constructions. Finally, two prosodic phenomena - the suffix -o and the intonational pattern of object relative clauses with ti- - are describedin detail and it will be shown how these provide additional evidence for the analyses developed in this dissertation.

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Maroneze, Bruno Oliveira. ""Um estudo da nominalização no português do Brasil com base em unidades lexicais neológicas"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-22022006-200500/.

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Tendo em vista que a análise de unidades lexicais neológicas tem muito a contribuir para os estudos de formação de palavras, procuramos, neste trabalho, com base nos modelos teóricos de Bybee (1988) e Langacker (1987, 1991) descrever um aspecto da formação de palavras no português brasileiro: os chamados nominais (substantivos abstratos derivados de verbos). Abordamos as tendências e restrições de uso de cada sufixo nominalizador (enfatizando -ção, -mento, -agem, -da e -nc(i)a) bem como da chamada derivação regressiva. Também descrevemos certas características semânticas (polissemia, especialização semântica etc.), sintáticas (exigências sintáticas, uso de verbos-suporte etc.) e discursivas (emprego em textos mais ou menos formais, mecanismos de coesão textual etc.) desse tipo de formação. Em seguida, buscamos mostrar como os sufixos nominalizadores e os nominais são descritos nos dicionários de língua do português brasileiro. A partir de uma base de dados de formações neológicas coletadas em textos jornalísticos entre os anos de 1993 e 2000, analisamos cerca de 170 nominais neológicos, com a finalidade de verificar se tais formações obedecem às tendências e restrições de uso descritas, e se é possível detectar tendências novas. Observamos que: o sufixo -ção, o mais freqüentemente empregado, tem se unido a verbos da segunda conjugação, fenômeno não-atestado em períodos anteriores da língua; os sufixos -ção e -agem vêm apresentando conotações familiares ou jocosas, com destaque para o chamado -ção iterativo; as formas -nça e -ncia vêm adquirindo conotações divergentes, o que pode apontar para que não mais sejam analisadas como formas alomórficas do mesmo sufixo; entre outras observações. Por fim, propusemos uma forma de descrever esses nominais neológicos, a ser utilizada no Dicionário de Neologismos do Português Brasileiro Contemporâneo (Década de 90).
Bearing in mind that the analysis of neological lexical units has much to contribute to word-formation sdudies, we attempt, in the present work, based on the theoretical models of Bybee (1988) and Langacker (1987, 1991), to describe an aspect of Brazilian Portuguese word-formation: the so-called nominals (abstract nouns derived from verbs). We address the usage tendencies and restrictions of each nominalizing suffix (with emphasis on -ção, -mento, -agem, -da and -nc(i)a), as well as the so-called regressive derivation. We also describe certain characteristics of this kind of word-formation, such as: semantic (polysemy, semantic specialization etc.), syntactic (valency, support-verbs etc.) and discursive (text formality, textual cohesion etc.). Then, we attempt to show how the nominalizing suffixes and the nominals are described in Brazilian Portuguese dictionaries. Based on a neologism database collected from journalistic texts published between 1993 and 2000, we analyze about 170 neological nominals, in order to verify if these formations follow the above described usage tendencies and restrictions, and if it is possible to detect new tendencies. We have observed, among other minor characteristics, that: the suffix -ção, the most frequent nominalizing suffix, can be combined with second-conjugation verbs, a phenomenon attested only very recently in the Portuguese language; the suffixes -ção and -agem have presented colloquial or playful connotations, especially the so-called iterative -ção; the forms -nça and -ncia are being used with diverging connotations, which can indicate that they should not be analyzed as allomorphic forms of the same suffix. Finally, we propose a way of describing these neological nominals, to be used in the Dicionário de Neologismos do Português Brasileiro Contemporâneo (Década de 90) (Dictionary of Neologisms of Contemporary (90s) Brazilian Portuguese.

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Minussi, Rafael Dias. "Os sabores do nome: um estudo sobre a seleção de argumentos e as nominalizações do hebraico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-10122012-104650/.

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O objetivo maior deste trabalho é argumentar em favor de que a informação sobre a estrutura argumental das nominalizações está codificada em núcleos funcionais, os quais podem possuir sabores diferentes, isto é, propriedades diversas como causatividade, eventividade, reflexividade etc., em vez de tal informação estar codificada nas raízes abstratas como assumem autores como: Marantz (1997), Embick (2004), Harley (2008), entre outros. O objetivo específico deste trabalho, por sua vez, é analisar como é formado um grupo de padrões do hebraico, o qual forma nomes de ações (cf. GLINERT, 1989), e mostrar que nem todas as nominalizações são formadas por uma camada verbal, contra Hazout (1995) e Shlonsky (2004). Utilizamos como arcabouço teórico do presente trabalho a Morfologia Distribuída (cf. HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993; MARANTZ, 1997; SIDDIQI, 2009), uma teoria não-lexicalista, a qual propõe que tanto palavras, quanto sentenças são formadas pelas mesmas operações durante a derivação sintática. De modo especial, utilizamos a noção de fase dentro de palavras (cf. MARANTZ, 2001 e ARAD, 2003), para explicar que alguns nominais possuem padrões vocálicos que não são atômicos (contra ARAD, 2005), mas são formados em duas fases: uma fase verbal e outra nominal, enquanto outros nominais são formados em apenas uma fase: a nominal. Em nossa análise, privilegiamos quatro padrões vocálicos formadores de nominais de ação: CCiCa, CiCuC, haCCaCa, hitCCaCut, de modo que encontramos restrições diferentes para cada um dos padrões. Tais restrições dizem respeito a: (i) modificação por adjetivos e advérbios; (ii) possibilidade de alçamento dentro de DPs; (iii) obrigatoriedade de interpretação de um argumento agente e (iv) obrigatoriedade de interpretação reflexiva. Além disso, analisamos os possíveis contextos sintáticos em que são encontrados esse nominais, isto é, analisamos quais são as possibilidades de interação desses nominais com o Construct State, o Free State, a Marca Diferencial de Objeto et e com a presença de uma by phrase. Como resultado da análise, defendemos que o padrão CCiCa seja um padrão formado por apenas uma fase nominal, o que explica a sua impossibilidade de modificação por advérbios genuínos, isto é, advérbios que possuem uma morfologia típica de advérbio. Por sua vez, o padrão CiCuC é formado por duas fases: uma fase verbal, que aceita a modificação por advérbios genuínos; e uma fase nominal, que permite a modificação por adjetivos. Já o padrão haCCaCa foi analisado como formado por apenas uma fase nominal, tanto por causa da sua morfologia, que não apresenta resquícios de uma morfologia verbal, quanto pela sua semântica obrigatoriamente agentiva, que o diferencia do padrão verbal ao qual ele está relacionado. Por fim, consideramos que o padrão hitCCaCut é formado por duas fases, o que está de acordo com a presença de uma morfologia verbal que compõe o padrão e com o tipo de argumento interno que é licenciado.
The main goal of this work is to argue that information over argument structure of nominalizations is coded in functional heads, which can have distinct flavors, that is, distinct properties, such as causativity, eventivity, reflexivity, etc., instead of that information being coded in the abstract roots, as assumed by Marantz (1997), Embick (2004), Harley (2008), among others. The specific object of this work, on the other hand, is to analyze how a certain group of patterns that generates action nouns in Hebrew is formed, and to show that not all nominalizations are formed by a verbal layer, contra Hazout (1995) and Shlonsky (2004). We use, in this work, the theoretical framework of Distributed Morphology (cf. HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993; MARANTZ, 1997; SIDDIQI, 2009), a non-lexicalist theory which claims that both words and sentences are formed by the same operations, within the syntactic derivation. In a special way, we use the notion of phases within words (cf. MARANTZ, 2001 e ARAD, 2003) in order to explain that some nouns possess vocal patterns that are not atomic (contra ARAD, 2005), but are formed in two separate phases: a verbal one, and a nominal one, while other nouns are formed only by the nominal phase. In our analysis, we privilege four noun formation vocal patterns: CCiCa, CiCuC, haCCaCa, hitCCaCut, each one of them bearing a distinct set of restrictions. Such restrictions concern: (i) modification by adjectives and adverbs; (ii) possibility of raising within DPs; (iii) mandatory interpretation of an agentive argument and (iv) mandatory reflexive interpretation. Furthermore, we analyzed the possible syntactic contexts in which these nouns are found, that is, we analyzed which are the possibilities of interaction between these nouns and the Construct State, the Free State, the Differential Object Marker et a the presence of a by phrase. As a result of the analysis, we defend that the pattern CCiCa is formed by only a nominal phase, which explains its impossibility of being modified by genuine adverbs, that is, adverbs that possess adverbial morphology. On the other hand, the pattern CiCuC is formed by two phases: a verbal phase, which accounts for the modification by genuine adverbs; and a nominal phase, which allows for the modification by adjectives. The pattern haCCaCa, in its turn, was analyzes as formed by a nominal phase alone, both because its morphology, which does not present traces of verbal morphology, as for its obligatory agentive semantics, which differentiates it from the verbal pattern to which it is related to. Last, we considered that the pattern hitCCaCut is formed by two phases, which is compatible to the presence of verbal morphology, that composes the pattern, and to the type of argument that is licensed by it.

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Botéus, Eva. "Vom Abflug bis zur Landung. Eine schwedisch-deutsche Übersetzungsanalyse von Nominalisierungen." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-106683.

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The aim of this study is to explore the nominal style in translation, based on the language pair Swedish-German. The non-fiction source text (a Swedish economic text), which was used as material for this study, was translated by the author into German before the actual analysis was carried out. An important feature of the nominal style is the frequent occurrence of nominalizations. With the assumption that German non-fiction texts are particularlyprone to use the nominal style, whereas Swedish non-fiction texts are more likely to usethe verbal style, a quantitative and qualitative analysis was carried out, with the intention of exploring these tendencies in the two languages. The focus was on the one hand on the question of the frequencies with which nominalizations occur in both texts, and on the other hand, how and to what extent nominalizations may be structurally shifted intranslation. Building on the translation model by Eriksson (1997), a classification was made that grouped different structural changes and made them measurable. The results show that the expected assumption could be confirmed. The proportion of nominalizations in the German target text was higher than in the Swedish source text, but with a much smaller difference than assumed. Carlsson (2004) came to a similar conclusion in her study, in which economic texts from newspapers were compared in a language-contrasting manner

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Inocente, Luntadila Nlandu. "Nominalisations en Kisikóngó (H16): les substantifs prédicatifs et les verbes-supports vánga, sala, sá et tá (⩭faire)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/321355.

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En este trabajo, abordamos las nominalizaciones en kìkôngò. El objetivo era ver si existen nominalizaciones en kìkôngò y cómo funcionan. El estudio fue diseñado para dar cuenta de la operacionalidad del verbo hacer como verbo-soporte. De este estudio resulta que existen dos tipos principales de nominalizaciones en kìkôngò: nominalizaciones léxicas y sintácticas. De igual modo, el verbo hacer juega normalmente su papel de verbo-soporte. Sin embargo, en kìkôngò, encontramos cuatro equivalentes del verbo hacer que son los Vsup sá, tá, sála y vánga. Estos son verbos generales aplicados a . No obstante las intersecciones entre estos verbos, cada uno tiene características específicas con respecto a los demás. Recogimos un corpus de 1320 entradas con 1257 nombres predicativos y 63 casos de fijación. El verbo sá incluye el nombre más grande de entradas con 41, 8%, seguido de tá con 25, 3%, luego sála con 17% y finalmente vánga viene en último lugar con 15, 8%. De hecho, los sustantivos predicativos presentan limitaciones cuanto al número en la medida en que algunos tienen un empleo masivo y otros tienen un empleo cuantificable. No hay restricciones en cuanto a la determinación.
Dans ce travail, nous avons abordé les nominalisations en kìkôngò. L’objectif était de voir si les nominalisations existent en kìkôngò et comment elles fonctionnent. L’étude visait l’opérationnalité de faire comme verbe-support. Il ressort de cette étude que les nominalsations existent en kìkôngò avec deux principaux types : nominalisations lexicales et syntaxiques. De même, faire joue vraiment le rôle de verbe-support. Toutefois, en kìkôngò, nous avons rencontré quatre équivalents de faire, ce sont les Vsup sá, tá, sála et vánga. Ces derniers sont tous des verbes généraux appliqués aux . Nonobstant les intersections entre ces verbes, chacun a des spécificités par rapport aux autres. Nous avons recueilli un corpus de 1320 entrées dont 1257 noms prédicatifs et 63 cas de figement. Le verbe sá comprend le plus grand nombre d’entrées avec 41, 8%, suivi de tá avec 25, 3%, ensuite sála avec 17% et vánga vient en dernière position avec 15, 8%. En effet, les noms prédicatifs présentaient des contraintes quant au nombre dans la mesure où certains ont un emploi massif et d’autres un emploi comptable. Il n’y a pas de restrictions quant à la détermination.
Neste trabalho, abordamos as nominalizações em kìkôngò. O objectivo foi apreender se existem nominalizações e como funcionam. O estudo visou a operacionalidade do fazer como verbo-suporte. Resulta que as nominalizações existem em kìkôngò através de dois tipos principais: nominalizações lexicais e sintácticas. De igual modo, o verbo fazer desempenha normalmente a sua função de verbo-suporte. Todavia, em kìkôngò, encontramos quatro equivalentes de fazer que são os verbos sá, tá, sála e vánga. Estes são verbos gerais aplicados às . Não obstante as intersecções entre eles, cada verbo tem particularidades em relação aos outros. Recolhemos um corpus de 1320 entradas repartidas em 1257 nomes predicativos e 63 casos de expressões idiomáticas. O verbo sá foi o mais usado com 41, 8% seguido de tá com 25, 3%, em seguida sála com 17% e por fim vem vánga com 15, 8%. Com efeito, os nomes predicativos apresentam restrições quanto ao número na medida em que alguns têm um uso massivo y outros um uso comensurável. Não há restricção quanto à determinação nominal.
In this work, we analyzed nominalizations in kìkôngò. The objective was to see if nominalizations exist in kìkôngò and how it works. We studied the verb to do/make as light-verb. It appears from this study that the kìkôngò nominalizations exist with two main types: lexical and syntactic nominalizations. Likewise, the verb to do/make plays ordinarily its role of light-verb. However, in kìkôngò, we met four equivalents of the verb to do/make that are the Vsup sá, tá, sála and vánga . These are general verbs applied to . Notwithstanding the intersections between these verbs, each has specific features with respect to the other. We collected a corpus of 1320 entries with 1257 predicative nouns and 63 cases of idiomatic expressions. The verb sá includes the greatest number of entries with 41, 8 %, followed by tá with 25,3%, then sála with 17% and the verb vánga comes in last place with 15, 8%. Indeed, predicative nouns presented restrictions about their number because some of them have massive employment and other have countable employment. There are no restrictions for the noun determination.

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Oliveira, Nubiacira Fernandes de. "Abordagem cognitiva da constru??o deverbal x-dor: contribui??es para o ensino do portugu?s." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16325.

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This work analyzes deverbal nominalizations with the sufix dor in Brazilian Portuguese, under the perspective of Cognitive Linguistics, more specifically, the Construction Grammar. The aim is to determine the general features of interpretation that characterize this deverbal construction and its use in formal writing. Based on the cognitive assumption that grammatical structure is motivated, explained, and determined by the structure of cognitive patterns, created from our experience in the world, and by the communicative function of language, the dor deverbal is treated as a polysemic grammatical construction. In the composition of V+dor, the relation rootsuffix is focused, through a characterization of the syntactic-semantic nature of the verb and the values of the suffix. Among the different values conventionally related to the XDOR construction, the agentive is considered as the prototypical sense. The relation between the other values and the prototype is explained by cognitive abilities and discourse motivations. The deverbal construction X-DOR is also interpreted as a valency noun that, like an action nominal, retains the argument structure of the deriving predicate. It is also intended to demonstrate the textual function of this deverbal construction, as a device of information condensing and anaphoric recovery. The data were taken from Veja magazine and the approach is qualitative (explicative), with quantitative support
Neste trabalho, analisam-se nominaliza??es deverbais com o sufixo dor em portugu?s, sob o enfoque da Ling??stica Cognitiva, mais especificamente, da Gram?tica de Constru??es. O objetivo da pesquisa ? estabelecer os tra?os gerais de interpreta??o caracterizadores dessa constru??o deverbal e de seu uso na escrita formal. Com base no pressuposto cognitivista de que a estrutura gramatical ? motivada, explicada, determinada pela estrutura de modelos cognitivos, criados a partir da experi?ncia com o mundo, e pela fun??o comunicativa da linguagem, os deverbais em dor s?o tratados como uma constru??o gramatical poliss?mica. Focaliza-se, na composi??o de V+dor, a rela??o base-sufixo, caracterizando a natureza sint?tico-sem?ntica do verbo e os valores do sufixo. Dos diferentes valores convencionalmente estabelecidos da constru??o XDOR, considera-se o agentivo como o sentido protot?pico. A rela??o entre os demais valores e o prot?tipo ? explicada por habilidades cognitivas e por motiva??es discursivas. A constru??o deverbal X-DOR ? tamb?m interpretada como um nome valencial que, semelhante a um nominal de a??o, preserva a estrutura argumental do predicado derivante. Procura-se, ainda, demonstrar a fun??o textual dessa constru??o deverbal como recurso de condensa??o de informa??o e de retomada anaf?rica. Os dados analisados s?o da revista Veja e a abordagem ? de natureza qualitativa (explicativa), com suporte quantitativo

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Silveira, Luciana Morales da. "O emprego de -ção e -mento no português falado no sul do Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/130785.

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Neste trabalho, investiga-se a distribuição dos sufixos -ção e -mento nos dialetos de Porto Alegre, Florianópolis e Curitiba. A partir de estudos anteriores sobre tais afixos, analisaram-se fatores de natureza linguística, como tonicidade (oxítona, paroxítona e proparoxítona), número de sílabas, tipos de verbos (de estado, de ação, de processo e de ação-processo), características da base (se com alomorfia ou sem, por exemplo), prefixação, sufixação, terminações, entre outros. Analisaram-se, também, fatores de natureza extralinguística, como escolaridade (primário e secundário), sexo (feminino e masculino), faixa etária (mais de 50 anos e menos de 50 anos) e localidade (Porto Alegre, Florianópolis e Curitiba). Para a investigação, fez-se uso de dados de fala extraídos de 46 entrevistas do projeto Variação Linguística na Região Sul do Brasil – VARSUL e de um teste de produtividade baseado em pseudopalavras propostas pela pesquisadora, aplicado a 31 informantes. Para a análise quantitativa dos resultados, foram utilizados os programas que compõem o pacote VARBRUL 2S, a fim de se levantarem as frequências de uso de cada um dos afixos envolvidos. A análise dos resultados mostrou que, de forma geral, -ção é o sufixo preferido na alternância de uso entre -ção e -mento. Além disso, observou-se que fatores como tipo de verbo, conjugação, algumas terminações, assim como a iteratividade ou o número de sílabas podem influenciar o falante em sua escolha pelo uso de um sufixo e não de outro. Os achados dessa pesquisa confirmam grande parte de nossas questões e permitem que se observe em que medida esse dialeto se iguala ou não a outros já estudados. Para tanto, usamos como fonte, especialmente, Aronoff (1976), Basilio (1980, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2011), Villalva (1986), Sandmann (1996), Rocha (1999, 2008), Monteiro (2002), Maroneze (2005), Bastos (2006, 2012), Grodt (2009) e Souza (2010).
In this paper, the distribution of the suffixes “-ção” and “mento” are investigate, considering the dialects used in Porto Alegre, Florianópolis and Curitiba. As of previous studies about such suffixes, linguistic nature factors were analyzed, such as tonicity (oxytone, paroxytone and proparoxytone), number of syllables, typos of verbs (stative verbs, action verbs, process verbs and action-process verbs), characteristics of bases (with allomorph or without it, for instance), prefix and suffix word formation, termination, among others. Factors of extralinguistic nature were also analyzed, such as schooling (primary and secondary), sex (feminine and masculine), age-group (older than 50 and younger than 50) and locality (Porto Alegre, Florianópolis and Curitiba). For the investigation, speaking data extracted from 46 interviews of the project called Linguistic Variation in the South Region of Brasil – VARSUL – were used, as well as a test of productivity based on pseudo words proposed by the researcher, applied to 31 informants. For the quantitative analyses of the results, the programs which form the VARBRUL 2S package were used, in order to obtain the frequencies of usage of each affix involved. The analysis of the results has shown that, in general, “-ção” is the favorite suffix in the alternance of usage between “-ção” and “-mento”. Besides, factors like type of verb, conjugation, some terminations were verified, as well as the iteration or the number of syllables which can influence the speakers in their choice for the usage of a suffix over others. The findings of this research confirm a large part of our hypotheses and allow us to observe in what extent this dialect equalizes or not to others already studied. For this purpose, we especially used, as our bibliographic source, Aronoff (1976), Basilio (1980, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2011), Rocha (1999, 2008), Villalva (1986), Sandmann (1996), Monteiro (2002), Maroneze (2005), Bastos (2006,2012), Grodt (2009) and Souza (2010).

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Narin, Matilda. "Kinesiskans påverkan på hmu vid användning av genitiv och nominalisering." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-94309.

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Kinesiska och miao-språket hmu har nära kontakt med varandra och påverkan från kinesiskan har iakttagits i hmu på lexikal och fonologisk nivå. Denna studie undersöker hur påverkan från kinesiskan ser ut även på syntaktisk nivå i fråga om användningen av genitiv och nominalisering. På kinesiska uttrycks detta med en och samma partikel, vilken har en motsvarighet i hmu. Studien delades upp i två delar: en korpusundersökning och en meningsanalys över två olika upplagor av Nya testamentet på hmu. I den tidigare upplagan användes den partikel flitigt som på hmu sägs uttrycka genitiv och nominalisering och korpusundersökningen visade en minskad användning av denna partikel i den senare upplagan av Nya testamentet. Meningsanalysen visade att kinesisk påverkan finns på användningen av genitiv men inte på nominalisering i hmu. Med detta har vi fått en klarare bild av hur kinesisk påverkan ser ut på just dessa syntaktiska funktioner i hmu.
The Chinese language and the Miao Language Hmu live in close contact with each other. The influence from Chinese has been noted in the language of Hmu in both lexicon and phonology. This research examines what the influence from the Chinese language looks like in the syntax of Hmu when it comes to genitive and nominalization. In Chinese this is expressed with one single particle, which has an equivalent in Hmu. The research is divided into two parts: a corpus study and an analysis of sentences based on two different editions of the New Testament in Hmu. In the earliest edition the Hmu particle, which is said to express genitive and nominalization, is used frequently and the corpus study showed a decreased usage of this particle in the later edition of the New Testament. The analysis of sentences showed that there is a Chinese influence on the usage of genitive but not on the nominalization. The picture of what Chinese influence looks like on these particular syntactic functions in Hmu is now clearer.

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Oliveira, Gabriela Maria de [UNESP]. "Acessibilidade semântica nas construções relativas em línguas indígenas brasileiras: um estudo tipológico-funcional." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86564.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a atuação de restrições de ordem semântica ao lado das de ordem sintática para a determinação do processo de formação de orações relativas, em busca de evidências que confirmem a revisão da Hierarquia de Acessibilidade (HA) de Keenan e Comrie (1977) proposta por Dik (1997). As críticas à HA de Keenan e Comrie (1977) dizem respeito tanto a razões empíricas – pelo fato de que em algumas línguas não há nenhuma forma de se construir orações relativas; quanto a razões teóricas – pelo fato de as funções sintáticas não serem relevantes para todas as línguas do mundo. O corpus deste trabalho é composto por 30 línguas indígenas brasileiras e conta com descrições previamente feitas, como gramáticas, teses e outros tipos de manuais descritivos. Os dados coletados por este trabalho confirmam a hipótese de que é necessária uma revisão da HA. As lacunas na HA dizem respeito, principalmente, à função de Objeto Indireto. Para várias das línguas investigadas, essa função sintática não está acessível à relativização, mas outras funções, mais baixas na hierarquia do que essa, podem ser relativizadas, contrariando a HA de Keenan e Comrie (1977). Ao se analisarem as funções semânticas relativizadas, concluiu-se que as funções de Recipiente, Locativo e Tempo têm o mesmo estatuto nas línguas, hipótese confirmada pela teoria da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional. Em consequência disso, propomos neste trabalho uma outra hierarquia, baseada em critérios sintáticos e semânticos. Além disso, a nominalização desponta, neste trabalho, como a estratégia de relativização mais recorrente, apesar de não ser aceita como estratégia legítima para alguns autores de orientação formalista
This study aims at investigating the role of semantic and syntactic constraints to determine the process of relative clauses formation, in search of evidence that confirms the revision of the Accessibility Hierarchy (AH), by Keenan and Comrie (1977), proposed by Dik (1997). The criticism to the HA, by Keenan and Comrie (1977), concern both empirical reasons (the fact that there are languages that do not have any type of relative construction) and theoretical reasons (the fact that the authors take syntactic categories as universal without mentioning any theory that defines them and without taking into account that there are languages for which these functions are not relevant). The corpus of this work consists of 30 Brazilian indigenous languages and includes descriptions made previously, such as grammar books, theses and other types of descriptive manuals. Data collected by this study confirm the hypothesis that a review is needed for AH. Gaps in the AH relate mainly to the function of Indirect Object. For many languages, such function is not accessible to relativization, but other functions, lower in the hierarchy, can be relativized. When analyzing the relativized semantic functions, it was concluded that the semantic functions of Recipient, Locative and Time have the same status in the languages, a hypothesis that is also confirmed by the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar. In addition, in this study, nominalization happens to be the most recurrent strategy of relativization, although it is not accepted as a legitimate strategy for some more formalistic authors

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Білоус, Б. С. "Лінгвістичні та перекладацькі аспекти конверсії в сучасному інтернет-дискурсі." Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81247.

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В нашій роботі йдеться про сучасну класифікацію конверсії, її поширення та роль в перекладі та зокрема в сучасному інтернет-дискурсі. В ході дослідження було встановлено різноманітність поняття «конверсія», її трактування та тлумачення в сучасній лінгвістиці, найбільш активні способи утворення конверсії та неологізмів. Наша робота показала основні принципи утворення конверсійних неологізмів в інтернет-дискурсі, способи їх поширення і виникнення в абсолютно різних сферах та джерелах. Складність теми полягає в різному сприйнятті різними віковими групами, адже сучасна конверсія дещо відрізняється від тої, про яку ми знали раніше. Порівнюючи конверсію в художній літературі та сучасному інтернет-дискурсі, нам вдалося знайти та проаналізувати головні схожості та відмінності цього поняття. Конверсія безумовно показала свій майбутній потенціал в розвитку словотвору та показала негативні та позитивні сторони її поширення в англійській мові та особливо в інтернет-дискурсі. В нашій роботі нам вдалося проаналізувати та прослідкувати майбутню тенденцію утворення конверсії в інтернеті та визначити методику для успішного сприйняття цього поняття та конверсійного вокабуляру студентами чи учнями.
В нашей работе речь идет о современной классификации конверсии, ее распространение и роль в переводе и в частности в современном интернет-дискурсе. В ходе исследования было установлено разнообразие понятия «конверсия», ее трактовки и толкования в современной лингвистике, наиболее активные способы образования конверсии и неологизмов. Наша работа показала основные принципы образования конверсионных неологизмов в интернет-дискурсе, способы их распространения и возникновения в совершенно разных сферах и источниках. Сложность темы заключается в разном восприятии различными возрастными группами, ведь современная конверсия несколько отличается от той, о которой мы знали раньше. Сравнивая конверсию в художественной литературе и современном интернет-дискурсе, нам удалось найти и проанализировать главные сходства и отличия этого понятия. Конверсия безусловно показала свой будущий потенциал в развитии словообразования и показала отрицательные и положительные стороны ее распространение в английском языке и особенно в интернет-дискурсе. В нашей работе нам удалось проанализировать и проследить будущую тенденцию образования конверсии в интернете и определить методику для успешного восприятия этого понятия и конверсионного вокабуляра студентами или учащимися.
Our work deals with the modern classification of conversion, its distribution and role in translation and in particular in modern Internet discourse. The study established the diversity of the concept of "conversion", its interpretation in modern linguistics, the most active ways of forming conversions and neologisms. Our work has shown the basic principles of formation of conversion neologisms in Internet discourse, ways of their distribution and emergence in completely different areas and sources. The complexity of the topic lies in the different perceptions of different age groups, because the modern conversion is somewhat different from the one we knew before. Comparing conversion in literature and modern Internet discourse, we have found out and analyzed the main similarities and differences of this concept. The conversion certainly showed its future potential in the development of word formation and showed the negative and positive aspects of its spread in English and especially in Internet discourse. In our work, we have analyzed and tried to show the future trend of conversion in the Internet and determine the methodology for successful perception of this concept and conversion vocabulary by students or pupils.

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Neveux, Julie. "L’expression linguistique du concret chez John Donne : le sentiment dans la langue." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040063.

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Cette thèse travaille sur l’élucidation du sens poétique à l’aide d’outils linguistiques ; elle propose une définition cognitive, phénoménologique et énonciative de la distinction abstrait/concret à partir de statistiques établies sur l’œuvre de John Donne (1572-1631), Meditations upon Emergent Occasions et The Complete English Poems. Le concret résulterait d’une forme de lyrisme indirect, c’est-à-dire non sémiotisé, implicite, auquel le poète aurait recours lorsqu’il serait impliqué affectivement dans une situation de discours. L’expressivité du sujet parlant repose sur une décatégorisation momentanée de catégories disponibles en langue, décatégorisation qui lui permet de dénoncer (implicitement) l’insuffisance des cadres abstraits prévus pour tous pour désigner la singularité de son expérience sentimentale. Les noms en –ness constituent une métaphore grammaticale car ils résultent d’une décatégorisation grammaticale, tandis que les métaphores traditionnelles mettent en jeu une décatégorisation lexicale. La métaphore porte l’empreinte affective du sujet parlant, qui se réapproprie ainsi le langage. La poésie métaphysique de John Donne, oscillant entre métaphores et comparaisons, entre le concret et l’abstrait, apparaît alors comme l’expression d’un travail du sentiment, sentiment d’autant plus travaillé qu’il est religieux, et se construit en l’absence de l’être aimé
This dissertation studies poetic meaning using linguistic tools. It offers a cognitive, phenomenological and enunciative definition of the distinction between the abstract and the concrete, based on statistics carried out on work of the metaphysical poet, John Donne (1572-1631): Meditations upon Emergent Occasions and The Complete English Poems. I argue that the “concrete” is the result of indirect – implied, unsemiotized – lyricism, a form of lyricism used by the poet when s/he is emotionally implicated in a speech situation. The speaker’s expressivity relies on a temporal decategorization enabling him to (implicitly) claim that generalized (abstract) terms are insufficient to articulate the specificity of his own sentimental experience. Words in –ness – grammatical metaphors – result from a grammatical decategorization, while traditional metaphors derive from a lexical decategorization. Metaphors reflect the affect of the incarnate speaker, who thus repossesses language. Lastly, I understand John Donne’s poetry – hinging on metaphors and comparisons, concrete and abstract elements – as expressing a working of feelings, which is the strongest when the feeling is religious and needs to make up for the absence of the beloved

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Lopez, Cédric. "Titrage automatique de documents textuels." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20071/document.

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Au cours du premier millénaire avant notre ère, les bibliothèques, qui apparaissent avec le besoin d'organiser la conservation des textes, sont immédiatement confrontées aux difficultés de l'indexation. Le titre apparaît alors comme une première solution, permettant d'identifier rapidement chaque type d'ouvrage et éventuellement de discerner des ouvrages thématiquement proches.Alors que dans la Grèce Antique, les titres ont une fonction peu informative, mais ont toujours pour objectif d'identifier le document, l'invention de l'imprimerie à caractères mobiles (Gutenberg, XVème siècle) a entraîné une forte augmentation du nombre de documents, offrant désormais une diffusion à grande échelle. Avec la recrudescence des textes imprimés, le titre acquiert peu à peu de nouvelles fonctions, conduisant très souvent à des enjeux d'influence socioculturelle ou politique (notamment dans le cas des articles journalistiques).Aujourd'hui, que le document soit sous forme électronique ou papier, la présence d'un ou de plusieurs titres est très souvent constatée, permettant de créer un premier lien entre le lecteur et le sujet abordé dans le document. Mais comment quelques mots peuvent-ils avoir une si grande influence ? Quelles fonctions les titres doivent-ils remplir en ce début du XXIème siècle ? Comment générer automatiquement des titres respectant ces fonctions ?Le titrage automatique de documents textuels est avant tout un des domaines clés de l'accessibilité des pages Web (standards W3C) tel que défini par la norme proposée par les associations sur le handicap. Côté lecteur, l'objectif est d'augmenter la lisibilité des pages obtenues à partir d'une recherche sur mot-clé(s) et dont la pertinence est souvent faible, décourageant les lecteurs devant fournir de grands efforts cognitifs. Côté producteur de site Web, l'objectif est d'améliorer l'indexation des pages pour une recherche plus pertinente. D'autres intérêts motivent cette étude (titrage de pages Web commerciales, titrage pour la génération automatique de sommaires, titrage pour fournir des éléments d'appui pour la tâche de résumé automatique,).Afin de traiter à grande échelle le titrage automatique de documents textuels, nous employons dans cette étude des méthodes et systèmes de TALN (Traitement Automatique du Langage Naturel). Alors que de nombreux travaux ont été publiés à propos de l'indexation et du résumé automatique, le titrage automatique demeurait jusqu'alors discret et connaissait quelques difficultés quant à son positionnement dans le domaine du TALN. Nous soutenons dans cette étude que le titrage automatique doit pourtant être considéré comme une tâche à part entière.Après avoir défini les problématiques liées au titrage automatique, et après avoir positionné cette tâche parmi les tâches déjà existantes, nous proposons une série de méthodes permettant de produire des titres syntaxiquement corrects selon plusieurs objectifs. En particulier, nous nous intéressons à la production de titres informatifs, et, pour la première fois dans l'histoire du titrage automatique, de titres accrocheurs. Notre système TIT', constitué de trois méthodes (POSTIT, NOMIT et CATIT), permet de produire des ensembles de titres informatifs dans 81% des cas et accrocheurs dans 78% des cas
During the first millennium BC, the already existing libraries needed to organize texts preservation, and were thus immediately confronted with the difficulties of indexation. The use of a title occurred then as a first solution, enabling a quick indentification of every work, and in most of the cases, helping to discern works thematically close to a given one. While in Ancient Greece, titles have had a little informative function, although still performing an indentification function, the invention of the printing office with mobile characters (Gutenberg, XVth century AD) dramatically increased the number of documents, which are today spread on a large-scale. The title acquired little by little new functions, leaning very often to sociocultural or political influence (in particular in journalistic articles).Today, for both electronic and paper documents, the presence of one or several titles is very often noticed. It helps creating a first link between the reader and the subject of the document. But how some words can have a so big influence? What functions do the titles have to perform at this beginning of the XXIth century? How can one automatically generate titles respecting these functions? The automatic titling of textual documents is one of the key domains of Web pages accessibility (W3C standards) such as defined in a standard given by associations about the disabled. For a given reader, the goal is to increase the readability of pages obtained from a search, since usual searches are often disheartening readers who must supply big cognitive efforts. For a Website designer, the aim is to improve the indexation of pages for a more relevant search. Other interests motivate this study (titling of commercial Web pages, titling in order to automatically generate contents, titling to bring elements to enhance automatic summarization).In this study, we use NLP (Natural Language Processing) methods and systems. While numerous works were published about indexation and automatic summarization, automatic titling remained discreet and knew some difficulties as for its positioning in NLP. We support in this study that the automatic titling must be nevertheless considered as a full task.Having defined problems connected to automatic titling, and having positioned this task among the already existing tasks, we provide a series of methods enabling syntactically correct titles production, according to several objectives. In particular, we are interested in the generation of informative titles, and, for the first time in the history of automatic titling, we introduce the concept of catchiness.Our TIT' system consists of three methods (POSTIT, NOMIT, and CATIT), that enables to produce sets of informative titles in 81% of the cases and catchy titles in 78% of the cases

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Oliveira, Gabriela. "Acessibilidade semântica nas construções relativas em línguas indígenas brasileiras : um estudo tipológico-funcional /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86564.

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Orientador: Roberto Gomes Camacho
Banca: Angel Humberto Cobera Mori
Banca: Giseli Cássia de Sousa
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a atuação de restrições de ordem semântica ao lado das de ordem sintática para a determinação do processo de formação de orações relativas, em busca de evidências que confirmem a revisão da Hierarquia de Acessibilidade (HA) de Keenan e Comrie (1977) proposta por Dik (1997). As críticas à HA de Keenan e Comrie (1977) dizem respeito tanto a razões empíricas - pelo fato de que em algumas línguas não há nenhuma forma de se construir orações relativas; quanto a razões teóricas - pelo fato de as funções sintáticas não serem relevantes para todas as línguas do mundo. O corpus deste trabalho é composto por 30 línguas indígenas brasileiras e conta com descrições previamente feitas, como gramáticas, teses e outros tipos de manuais descritivos. Os dados coletados por este trabalho confirmam a hipótese de que é necessária uma revisão da HA. As lacunas na HA dizem respeito, principalmente, à função de Objeto Indireto. Para várias das línguas investigadas, essa função sintática não está acessível à relativização, mas outras funções, mais baixas na hierarquia do que essa, podem ser relativizadas, contrariando a HA de Keenan e Comrie (1977). Ao se analisarem as funções semânticas relativizadas, concluiu-se que as funções de Recipiente, Locativo e Tempo têm o mesmo estatuto nas línguas, hipótese confirmada pela teoria da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional. Em consequência disso, propomos neste trabalho uma outra hierarquia, baseada em critérios sintáticos e semânticos. Além disso, a nominalização desponta, neste trabalho, como a estratégia de relativização mais recorrente, apesar de não ser aceita como estratégia legítima para alguns autores de orientação formalista
Abstract: This study aims at investigating the role of semantic and syntactic constraints to determine the process of relative clauses formation, in search of evidence that confirms the revision of the Accessibility Hierarchy (AH), by Keenan and Comrie (1977), proposed by Dik (1997). The criticism to the HA, by Keenan and Comrie (1977), concern both empirical reasons (the fact that there are languages that do not have any type of relative construction) and theoretical reasons (the fact that the authors take syntactic categories as universal without mentioning any theory that defines them and without taking into account that there are languages for which these functions are not relevant). The corpus of this work consists of 30 Brazilian indigenous languages and includes descriptions made previously, such as grammar books, theses and other types of descriptive manuals. Data collected by this study confirm the hypothesis that a review is needed for AH. Gaps in the AH relate mainly to the function of Indirect Object. For many languages, such function is not accessible to relativization, but other functions, lower in the hierarchy, can be relativized. When analyzing the relativized semantic functions, it was concluded that the semantic functions of Recipient, Locative and Time have the same status in the languages, a hypothesis that is also confirmed by the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar. In addition, in this study, nominalization happens to be the most recurrent strategy of relativization, although it is not accepted as a legitimate strategy for some more formalistic authors
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42

Arrieta, Kutz M. C. "Nominalizations in Basque : a case in language attrition /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487951214939833.

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D'Alarme, Gimenez Amanda [UNESP]. "Estratégias de relativização e classe de palavra: um estudo tipológico-funcional." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86545.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho estuda a relação entre a modificação sintática mediante o uso de orações relativas e de adjetivos e a organização morfossintática das línguas da amostra no que se refere às classes de palavras, com o intuito de conduzir a uma generalização tipológica. A hipótese que se investiga é a da possível correlação entre ausência de adjetivo como classe de palavra e ausência de oração relativa como construção a serviço da modificação nominal. A principal consequência dessa correspondência é a de o nome assumir a função modificadora do adjetivo e a construção nominalizada, a função modificadora da oração relativa. Assim, duas situações alternativas são investigadas nesta pesquisa, já que parece tanto improvável que uma língua empregue uma estratégia de relativização diferente de nominalização quando ela não dispõe de adjetivos enquanto classe morfológica como provável a situação inversa, em que a ausência de adjetivos é suprida por uma oração relativa no papel de modificador nominal. Para a realização deste trabalho, adota-se o enfoque funcional, essencialmente empírico, e os dados coletados são analisados por meio de comparação translinguística. O levantamento dos dados foi realizado em duas etapas: a primeira se refere à descrição da oração relativa em cada língua indígena, destacando a estratégia de relativização empregada por ela; e a segunda, à descrição das classes de palavra nessas línguas, especialmente a dos adjetivos e a dos advérbios, posições sintaticamente mais complexas. Por se tratar de uma investigação de cunho tipológico, o corpus de análise deve ser representativo, ou seja, as línguas que o compõem devem ser distantes genética, geográfica e tipologicamente. O corpus deste trabalho é composto por 30 línguas indígenas, previamente descritas em gramáticas, teses ou em outros...
This paper studies both the relationship between syntactic modification through the use of relative clauses and adjectives and the morphosyntactic organization of the sample languages with respect to parts of speech, in order to lead to a typological generalization. In this sense, the hypothesis under investigation is the possible correlation between the absence of the adjective as a word class and the absence of relative clauses as a construction for the nominal modification. The main consequence of this correspondence is that the noun assumes the modifier function of the adjective and that the nominalized construction assumes the modifier function of the relative clause. Thus, two alternative scenarios are investigated in this research, since it seems unlikely that a language employs a strategy of relativization different from the nominalization one when it does not have adjectives as a morphological class as likely the reverse situation, in which the absence of adjectives is supplied by a relative clause on the role of a nominal modifier. For this work, we adopt the functional approach, essentially empirical, in which data is collected by means of translingual comparison. The data collection was conducted in two stages: the first refers to the description of the relative clause in every Indian language, highlighting the strategy of relativization employed by it; and the second refers to the description of word classes in these languages, especially adjectives and adverbs, which take positions that are syntactically more complex. Because this is a typological investigation, the corpus of analysis must be representative, i.e. the languages under investigation must be genetically, geographically and typologically distant. The corpus of this work consists of 30 indigenous languages, previously described in grammar books, theses or in other descriptive materials such as manuals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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D'Alarme, Gimenez Amanda. "Estratégias de relativização e classe de palavra : um estudo tipológico-funcional /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86545.

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Orientador: Roberto Gomes Camacho
Banca: Angel Humberto Corbera Mori
Banca: Sandra Denise Gasparini Bastos
Resumo: Este trabalho estuda a relação entre a modificação sintática mediante o uso de orações relativas e de adjetivos e a organização morfossintática das línguas da amostra no que se refere às classes de palavras, com o intuito de conduzir a uma generalização tipológica. A hipótese que se investiga é a da possível correlação entre ausência de adjetivo como classe de palavra e ausência de oração relativa como construção a serviço da modificação nominal. A principal consequência dessa correspondência é a de o nome assumir a função modificadora do adjetivo e a construção nominalizada, a função modificadora da oração relativa. Assim, duas situações alternativas são investigadas nesta pesquisa, já que parece tanto improvável que uma língua empregue uma estratégia de relativização diferente de nominalização quando ela não dispõe de adjetivos enquanto classe morfológica como provável a situação inversa, em que a ausência de adjetivos é suprida por uma oração relativa no papel de modificador nominal. Para a realização deste trabalho, adota-se o enfoque funcional, essencialmente empírico, e os dados coletados são analisados por meio de comparação translinguística. O levantamento dos dados foi realizado em duas etapas: a primeira se refere à descrição da oração relativa em cada língua indígena, destacando a estratégia de relativização empregada por ela; e a segunda, à descrição das classes de palavra nessas línguas, especialmente a dos adjetivos e a dos advérbios, posições sintaticamente mais complexas. Por se tratar de uma investigação de cunho tipológico, o corpus de análise deve ser representativo, ou seja, as línguas que o compõem devem ser distantes genética, geográfica e tipologicamente. O corpus deste trabalho é composto por 30 línguas indígenas, previamente descritas em gramáticas, teses ou em outros... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This paper studies both the relationship between syntactic modification through the use of relative clauses and adjectives and the morphosyntactic organization of the sample languages with respect to parts of speech, in order to lead to a typological generalization. In this sense, the hypothesis under investigation is the possible correlation between the absence of the adjective as a word class and the absence of relative clauses as a construction for the nominal modification. The main consequence of this correspondence is that the noun assumes the modifier function of the adjective and that the nominalized construction assumes the modifier function of the relative clause. Thus, two alternative scenarios are investigated in this research, since it seems unlikely that a language employs a strategy of relativization different from the nominalization one when it does not have adjectives as a morphological class as likely the reverse situation, in which the absence of adjectives is supplied by a relative clause on the role of a nominal modifier. For this work, we adopt the functional approach, essentially empirical, in which data is collected by means of translingual comparison. The data collection was conducted in two stages: the first refers to the description of the relative clause in every Indian language, highlighting the strategy of relativization employed by it; and the second refers to the description of word classes in these languages, especially adjectives and adverbs, which take positions that are syntactically more complex. Because this is a typological investigation, the corpus of analysis must be representative, i.e. the languages under investigation must be genetically, geographically and typologically distant. The corpus of this work consists of 30 indigenous languages, previously described in grammar books, theses or in other descriptive materials such as manuals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Varvara, Rossella. "Verbs as nouns: empirical investigations on event-denoting nominalizations." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1175499.

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In this thesis, I study the differences in form and interpretation presented by event-denoting nominalizations. Frequently, languages have more than one type of event nominalization, such as deverbal nouns derived by means of suxes (Italian mutamento / mutazione, ‘change’, ‘mutation’, or English assignment, explosion) and their corresponding verbal nouns, e.g. infinitives (il mutare, ‘the changing’) or gerunds (exploding). These are usually perceived as alternatives, since their semantic difference is not clearly understood by neither native speakers nor linguists. The aim of this work is to understand the rationale that leads us to choose one form instead of the other and to define the linguistic features involved. The hypothesis underlying the whole thesis is that different forms are never true synonyms and, thus, present some differences in use, distribution or meaning. In a first study, I explore the role of the base verb in the nominalization selection. I investigate if the various nominalizations are formed from different types of base verbs and which characteristics define their domain of application. By means of statistical modeling, I highlight how the transitivity of the base verb partially determines which nominalization is preferred. Moreover, I show that NIs are not used to make up for the lack of a corresponding EDN, refuting previous claims. Then, I move forward analyzing the cases in which both forms are derived from the same base and I try to understand if they differ in meaning. In the second study presented, I use collocation analysis to observe their semantic dissimilarities. With focus on a single syntactic pattern, I find out that nominal infinitives and deverbal nouns inherit only part of the base verb senses. The former usually prefer metaphorical and abstract senses, whereas the latter select more concrete and literal ones. Lastly, I use distributional semantic models to observe quantitatively the semantic shift of the two processes. I confirm the hypothesis that nominal infinitives are more transparent and more semantically regular than deverbal nouns, given their inflectional nature. The studies presented have been conducted on Italian and German; however, the findings are relevant for the general treatment of nominalizations and may be replicated for further languages. Overall, my work shows how quantitative analyses of corpus data can help us investigate problems that are hardly addressed by linguists introspection. Moreover, it includes in the study of nominalizations nominal infinitives, non-finite verbal forms which, contrary to English gerunds, have not received the attention they deserve.

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Varvara, Rossella. "Verbs as nouns: empirical investigations on event-denoting nominalizations." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/367689.

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In this thesis, I study the differences in form and interpretation presented by event-denoting nominalizations. Frequently, languages have more than one type of event nominalization, such as deverbal nouns derived by means of suffixes (Italian mutamento / mutazione, â€˜changeâ€™, â€˜mutationâ€™, or English assignment, explosion) and their corresponding verbal nouns, e.g. infinitives (il mutare, â€˜the changingâ€™) or gerunds (exploding). These are usually perceived as alternatives, since their semantic difference is not clearly understood by neither native speakers nor linguists. The aim of this work is to understand the rationale that leads us to choose one form instead of the other and to define the linguistic features involved. The hypothesis underlying the whole thesis is that different forms are never true synonyms and, thus, present some differences in use, distribution or meaning. In a first study, I explore the role of the base verb in the nominalization selection. I investigate if the various nominalizations are formed from different types of base verbs and which characteristics define their domain of application. By means of statistical modeling, I highlight how the transitivity of the base verb partially determines which nominalization is preferred. Moreover, I show that NIs are not used to make up for the lack of a corresponding EDN, refuting previous claims. Then, I move forward analyzing the cases in which both forms are derived from the same base and I try to understand if they differ in meaning. In the second study presented, I use collocation analysis to observe their semantic dissimilarities. With focus on a single syntactic pattern, I find out that nominal infinitives and deverbal nouns inherit only part of the base verb senses. The former usually prefer metaphorical and abstract senses, whereas the latter select more concrete and literal ones. Lastly, I use distributional semantic models to observe quantitatively the semantic shift of the two processes. I confirm the hypothesis that nominal infinitives are more transparent and more semantically regular than deverbal nouns, given their inflectional nature. The studies presented have been conducted on Italian and German; however, the findings are relevant for the general treatment of nominalizations and may be replicated for further languages. Overall, my work shows how quantitative analyses of corpus data can help us investigate problems that are hardly addressed by linguists introspection. Moreover, it includes in the study of nominalizations nominal infinitives, non-finite verbal forms which, contrary to English gerunds, have not received the attention they deserve.

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VALERIO, RUBIANE GUILHERME. "THE OHESIVE FUNCTION OF NOMINALIZATIONS IN STUDENTS’ WRITTEN PRODUCTION: A SYSTEMIC-FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=22462@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
FUNDAÇÃO DE APOIO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar a função coesiva desempenhada pelas nominalizações em redações de alunos do terceiro ano do Ensino Médio. Para tanto, esta pesquisa baseia-se nos pressupostos da Linguística Sistêmico- Funcional, que compreende a língua como um sistema sociossemiótico em função dos contextos situacionais e culturais em que ela é utilizada (Halliday, 1994). O estudo das nominalizações é também relacionado ao fenômeno da metáfora gramatical ideacional, uma das características da escrita acadêmica (Simon- Vandenbergen et al, 2003, Banks, 2003). O corpus de estudo consiste em 45 redações de instituições de três segmentos escolares – federal, estadual e particular – e perfaz um total aproximado de 9800 palavras. A análise foi conduzida em duas etapas: uma quantitativa, com apoio de ferramentas computacionais (Scott, 2004), em que se buscou a frequência de uso das nominalizações nos textos analisados, assim como a variação desse uso entre os textos das diferentes escolas; e outra qualitativa, que teve por objetivo descrever os tipos de elos coesivos estabelecidos pelas formas nominalizadas nas redações selecionadas para esta pesquisa. Os resultados mostram que os alunos usam as nominalizações como elemento coesivo e que há considerável variação desse uso em função das diferentes escolas em que esses textos foram produzidos, fazendo com que os textos apresentem diferentes níveis de adequação ao contexto escolar. Mais especificamente, através da análise dos resultados pode-se identificar e classificar diferentes tipos de elos coesivos constituídos pelas nominalizações, os quais apresentam alguns padrões de realização distintos dos já revelados por estudos anteriores sobre a coesão (Halliday e Hasan, 1989, Fávero, 1991, Koch, 1993), incluindo a realização de laços coesivos entre nominalizações como núcleo de um sintagma nominal e outros sintagmas de maior complexidade lexical e semântica. A partir desses resultados, espera-se que este estudo não só contribua para uma descrição mais apurada de alguns padrões de uso da língua portuguesa, mas também para o ensino da escrita no contexto escolar, já que também são brevemente discutidas neste trabalho algumas implicações pedagógicas quanto à função coesiva das nominalizações, as quais podem levar a uma maior conscientização sobre os padrões linguísticos e textuais considerados como adequados especialmente aos gêneros do contexto pedagógico.
The objective of this study is to investigate the cohesive function of nominalizations in the written production of secondary school students. For this purpose, this research is based on theoretical assumptions from Systemic- Functional Linguistics, which considers language as a socio-semiotic system, related to the situational and cultural contexts in which language is used (Halliday, 1994). The study of nominalizations can also be associated to the phenomenon of ideational grammatical metaphor, which is viewed as one of the characteristics of academic writing (Vandenbergen-Simon et al, 2003, Banks, 2003). The corpus of study consists of 45 essays of three educational institutions - federal, state and private – totalizing approximately 9800 words. The analysis was conducted in two stages: a quantitative corpus-based approach, with the support of computational tools (Scott, 2004), to calculate the frequency of nominalizations in the analyzed texts, as well as their variation of use in the texts from different schools; and a qualitative approach, which aimed at the description of the types of cohesive ties established by nominalized forms in the selected essays. Results show that students use nominalizations as a cohesive element and there is considerable variation concerning this use, according to the different schools where texts were produced. This variation makes student texts present different levels of appropriateness to the school context. More specifically, through data analysis, it was possible to identify and classify different types of cohesive ties, constituted by nominalizations, which present linguistic patterns that differ from those that were previously revealed in other cohesion studies (Halliday and Hasan, 1989, Fávero, 1991 Koch, 1993), including the realization of cohesive ties between nominalizations as the head of a noun phrase and other phrases that are lexically and semantically more complex. In addition, this study is expected to contribute not only to a more accurate description of nominalizations, but also to the teaching of writing at school level, since it briefly discusses some pedagogical implications of the cohesive function of this linguistic feature, which can lead to a greater awareness of textual standards considered adequate to genres in several pedagogical contexts.

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Cremades, i. Cortiella Elga. "L'estructura argumental dels noms en català." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/306271.

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L’objectiu principal de la tesi que presentem és determinar i sistematitzar les propietats sintàctiques de l’estructura argumental dels noms en català. Partim de la idea que alguns noms, igual que els verbs, projecten estructura argumental. Concebem el sintagma nominal com una estructura paral·lela al sintagma verbal, amb uns complements exigits lèxicament i regits sintàcticament pels noms que en constitueixen el nucli. Des del punt de vista de la teoria generativa, sembla que els paral·lelismes són evidents: la projecció d’aquestes categories lèxiques està vinculada a un nucli funcional (que és la flexió en el cas sintagma verbal i els determinants en el cas del sintagma nominal), i el moviment del nucli lèxic al funcional és molt semblant en tots dos casos. Amb aquest treball, doncs, intentem justificar per què podem considerar que hi ha noms que tenen complements argumentals i determinarem quins noms en presenten i quins són els complements que podem considerar arguments del nom. En definitiva, tractarem de donar resposta a la pregunta següent: «Com es manifesten sintàcticament els arguments dels noms en català?». Això comporta, bàsicament, haver de resoldre tres preguntes secundàries: 1. Quins noms admeten arguments en català? 2. Quina és la forma dels complements argumentals dels noms? De què depèn? 3. Quin ordre tenen els complements argumentals dels noms quan n’apareix més d’un? Per fer-ho, ens servirem de les dades que hem pogut obtenir de més de 200 noms gràcies al Corpus textual informatitzat de la llengua catalana (CTILC).
La tesis que presentamos tiene como principal objetivo determinar y sistematizar las propiedades sintácticas de la estructura argumental de los nombres en catalán. Nos basamos en el supuesto que algunos nombres, como los verbos, proyectan estructura argumental, y concebimos el sintagma nominal como una estructura paralela a la del sintagma verbal, con unos complementos exigidos léxicamente y regidos sintácticamente por nombres que constituyen su núcleo. Los paralelismos se hacen evidentes si observamos este hecho desde la perspectiva de la teoría generativa, pues la proyección de estas categorías léxicas está, en ambos casos, vinculada a un núcleo funcional (la flexión en el sintagma verbal y los determinantes en el sintagma nominal). Además, el movimiento del núcleo léxico al funcional que encontramos en el nombre se asemeja claramente con el del verbo. Con este trabajo intentaremos justificar las razones por las que podemos considerar que hay nombres que admiten complementos argumentales, y vamos a determinar cuáles son estos sustantivos y qué complementos podemos considerar argumentos nominales. En resumen, trataremos de dar respuesta a la siguiente pregunta, que es la pregunta principal que nos formulamos en esta tesis: «¿Cómo se manifiestan sintácticamente los argumentos de los nombres en catalán?». Esto implica, a su vez, resolver tres preguntas clave: a) ¿Qué nombres admiten argumentos en catalán? b) ¿Qué forma presentan los argumentos nominales en catalán? ¿De qué depende? c) ¿Cuál es el orden de los complementos argumentales de los nombres cuando encontramos más de uno en un mismo sintagma? Para llevar a cabo el análisis que permitirá responder estas preguntas utilizaremos datos de más de 200 nombres obtenidos del Corpus textual informatitzat de la llengua catalana (CTILC).
he main purpose of this thesis is to determine and systematize the syntactic properties and characteristics of argument structure of Nouns in Catalan. We will consider that Nouns, like Verbs, project an Argument Structure. We thus conceive Noun Phrase as parallel to Verb Phrase, i.e. containing required arguments. From the generative point of view, the similarities seem obvious —the projection of both these lexical categories is liked to a functional head, which is Flex for Verbs and Det for Nouns. Moreover, movement from lexical head to functional head is similar in both cases. In this thesis we will put forward some reasons why some Nouns can be considered to have Argument Structure, and we will try to find out which these Nouns are and which kind of complements they accept. In summary, we will answer the following: “How does the argument structure of NP syntactically manifest in Catalan?”. Three secondary questions follow from this one: 1. Which nouns do admit arguments in Catalan? 2. How do nominal arguments realize in Catalan? What do different realizations depend on? 3. Which is the basic order of nominal arguments when they co-occur in the same phrase? In order to give an answer to all this, we will be using data of more than 200 nouns, which we have extracted from the Corpus textual informatitzat de la llengua catalana (CTILC).

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Lingle, William Alan. "Nominalizations, agentless passives and social actor mystification : newspaper editorials on the Greek financial crisis." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8316/.

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Nominalization and agentless passives have attracted sustained attention in critical linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), where, it is argued, they 'mystify', i.e., reduce reader comprehension of, the role of social actors in depictions of events, particularly in news media discourse. Yet the capacity of readers to generate inferences automatically from textual cues and background information has not been adequately reflected in CDA accounts of reader cognition. The question of whether particular instances of nominalization or agentless passives actually reduce reader comprehension of social actors' agentive roles was put to an empirical test by asking volunteer readers to identify social actors deleted from newspaper editorials by the addition ofnominalization and agentless passives. While readers accurately inferred the missing actors in a majority of cases, textual constraints and background knowledge appeared to affect inference accuracy in ways generally consistent with the predictions of the idealized reader (IR) framework presented in O'Halloran (2003). It is argued that robust models of reader cognition should be incorporated more widely into CDA studies to prevent researchers from overestimating the capacity of textual features to mystify social actors to readers.

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Cowie, Claire Susan. "Diachronic word-formation : a corpus-based study of derived nominalizations in the history of English." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251674.

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This dissertation investigates the history of derived nominalizations in English from 1500 to the present day, with special reference to the deverbal nominalizing suffix -(t)ion and the deadjectival nominalizing suffixes, -ness and -ity. The data are drawn from two historical corpora of English texts: The Early Modern section of HCET (Helsinki Corpus of English Texts, 1500-1700), and ARCHER (A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers, 1650-1990). The case studies are situated within an integrated theoretical framework of change in derivational morphology which addresses neologising, productivity, variation, lexicalization and semantic change. Morphological productivity, a topic typically treated in synchronic morphology, is placed at the centre of this framework. The rationale for this approach is that the measurement of productivity provides a way to observe change in progress in derivational morphology. The chief task then, is to develop procedures for measuring productivity in historical corpora. The history of the suffixes will be investigated quantitatively by measuring their productivity across temporal periods and across text-type/register, and qualitatively by analysing derived nominalizations in discourse contexts to understand the effect of register and/or text type on nominalization. The result is a socio-historical account of derived nominalization, which demonstrates the ways in which neologising (and thus productivity) can be driven by contextual factors, discourse processes and stylistic considerations.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Nominalization'

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