Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Noms géographiques – Bases de données'
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Vachey, Françoise. "Les suffixes toponymiques français : atlas et base de données." Nancy 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN21036.
Full textGirres, Jean-François. "Modèle d'estimation de l'imprécision des mesures géométriques de données géographiques." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1080/document.
Full textMany GIS applications are based on length and area measurements computed from the geometry of the objects of a geographic database (such as route planning or maps of population density, for example). However, no information concerning the imprecision of these measurements is now communicated to the final user. Indeed, most of the indicators on geometric quality focuses on positioning errors, but not on measurement errors, which are very frequent. In this context, this thesis seeks to develop methods for estimating the imprecision of geometric measurements of length and area, in order to inform a user for decision support. To achieve this objective, we propose a model to estimate the impacts of representation rules (cartographic projection, terrain, polygonal approximation of curves) and production processes (digitizing error, cartographic generalisation) on geometric measurements of length and area, according to the characteristics and the spatial context of the evaluated objects. Methods for acquiring knowledge about the evaluated data are also proposed to facilitate the parameterization of the model by the user. The combination of impacts to produce a global estimation of the imprecision of measurement is a complex problem, and we propose approaches to approximate the cumulated error bounds. The proposed model is implemented in the EstIM prototype (Estimation of the Imprecision of Measurements)
Notter, Jean-Cyrille. "Toponymie des îles créoles de l’océan Indien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0020/document.
Full textFrench territories in the late eighteenth century, the archipelagos of Mascarene, Seychelles and Chagos experienced a different political destiny. All of these islands except Reunion became English-speaking. Yet today, we make an essential observation, paradoxical in appearance: these islands still have a mostly French-speaking toponymy. This ascertainment is at the origin of this research supported by a thematic and georeferenced database of about 6600 place names. Thanks to this tool, an analyse has been carried according to several criteria such as the languages, the semantic values, the natures and importance of designated elements and the spatial distribution. The question about appropriation and evolution of place names is also examined and analysed. This work constitutes a base, open and evolutive, for further works
Voisard, Agnès. "Bases de données géographiques : du modèle de données à l'interface utilisateur." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112354.
Full textZelasco, José Francisco. "Gestion des données : contrôle de qualité des modèles numériques des bases de données géographiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20232.
Full textA Digital Surface Model (DSM) is a numerical surface model which is formed by a set of points, arranged as a grid, to study some physical surface, Digital Elevation Models (DEM), or other possible applications, such as a face, or some anatomical organ, etc. The study of the precision of these models, which is of particular interest for DEMs, has been the object of several studies in the last decades. The measurement of the precision of a DSM model, in relation to another model of the same physical surface, consists in estimating the expectancy of the squares of differences between pairs of points, called homologous points, one in each model which corresponds to the same feature of the physical surface. But these pairs are not easily discernable, the grids may not be coincident, and the differences between the homologous points, corresponding to benchmarks in the physical surface, might be subject to special conditions such as more careful measurements than on ordinary points, which imply a different precision. The generally used procedure to avoid these inconveniences has been to use the squares of vertical distances between the models, which only address the vertical component of the error, thus giving a biased estimate when the surface is not horizontal. The Perpendicular Distance Evaluation Method (PDEM) which avoids this bias, provides estimates for vertical and horizontal components of errors, and is thus a useful tool for detection of discrepancies in Digital Surface Models (DSM) like DEMs. The solution includes a special reference to the simplification which arises when the error does not vary in all horizontal directions. The PDEM is also assessed with DEM's obtained by means of the Interferometry SAR Technique
De, La Losa Arnaud. "Modélisation de la troisième dimension dans les bases de données géographiques." Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MARN0069.
Full textSaint-Joan, Denis. "Données géographiques et raisonnement : le système GEODES." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30179.
Full textDamier, Christophe. "Omega : un SGBD multimedia orienté objet pour les applications géographiques." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00333131.
Full textBazin, Cyril. "Tatouage de données géographiques et généralisation aux données devant préserver des contraintes." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2006.
Full textDigital watermaking is a fundamental process for intellectual property protection. It consists in inserting a mark into a digital document by slightly modifications. The presence of this mark allows the owner of a document to prove the priority of his rights. The originality of our work is twofold. In one hand, we use a local approach to ensure a priori that the quality of constrained documents is preserved during the watermark insertion. On the other hand, we propose a generic watermarking scheme. The manuscript is divided in three parts. Firstly, we introduce the basic concepts of digital watermarking for constrainted data and the state of the art of geographical data watermarking. Secondly, we present our watermarking scheme for digital vectorial maps often used in geographic information systems. This scheme preserves some topological and metric qualities of the document. The watermark is robust, it is resilient against geometric transformations and cropping. We give an efficient implementation that is validated by many experiments. Finally, we propose a generalization of the scheme for constrainted data. This generic scheme will facilitate the design of watermarking schemes for new data type. We give a particular example of application of a generic schema for relational databases. In order to prove that it is possible to work directly on the generic scheme, we propose two detection protocols straightly applicable on any implementation of generic scheme
Attia, Youssef. "Interfaçage de bases de données photographiques et géographiques par appariement de lignes." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00944135.
Full textHamaina, Rachid. "Enrichissement des référentiels géographiques pour la caractérisation morphologique des tissus urbains." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ECDN0030.
Full textThe growing availability of geographic databases makes them a great public product for which the uses are extended to cover most of spatial issues. These databases are generic and are usually not suitable for all potential uses. Furthermore, these are semantically poor. Semantic enrichment and knowledge extraction from these data can be very useful for thematic applications. We are interested here by the exploration of geographic databases to extract some useful knowledge for urban morphology characterization. A very simple city model for urban environment can be extracted from geographic databases. This is formed by a 1D street network layer and a (2D or 2. 5D) buildings footprints layer. Morphology characterization consist of the urban spatial macro-structure exploration from street network and urban spatial micro-structure analysis from buildings footprints. The city macro-structure analysis is based on geometric patterns detection. These can be associated to some urban fabric types. This can be done independently of any urban context and history. The spatial micro-structure analysis is based on: First, the construction of a hierarchic and multi-level urban model. This is suitable for morphologic issues. Second, morphologic properties are formalized and traduced to a set of indicators which is used into a clustering process to delineate some morphologically homogeneous urban areas. Finally, the hierarchic model is used to develop a new aware neighborhood density characterization since density is the most used morphologic property in urban design and analysis. These methods of urban morphology characterization are developed in a GIS environment and can be used on huge data. These use poor semantic data, are reproducible independently of urban context and allow improving classic characterizations mainly descriptive and not easily objective
Badard, Thierry. "Propagation des mises à jour dans les bases de données géographiques multi-représentations par analyse des changements géographiques." Marne-la-Vallée, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MARN0141.
Full textChampion, Nicolas. "Détection de changement 2D à partir d'imagerie satellitaire : Application à la mise à jour des bases de données géographiques." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05S005.
Full textIn the past few years, 2D topographic databases have been completed in most industrialised countries. Most efforts in National Mapping Agencies are now devoted to the update of such databases. Because it is generally carried out manually, by visual inspection of orthophotos, the updating process is time-consuming and expensive. As a consequence, there is a growing need to automate it i. E. To develop semi-automatic tools that are able to detect the changes in a database from recent remotely-sensed data and to present them to a human operator for verification. In this PhD work, we tackle the particular issue of detecting changes in a 2D building database starting from more recent satellite (Pleiades-HR) images. In addition to input multiscopic satellite images, our method is based on a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and a Digital Terrain Model (DTM). The workflow is divided into 2 steps: the verification of the database (Step I) and the detection of new buildings (Step II). The first step is based on robust primitives, correponding to an nDEM (defined as the difference between the DEM and the DTM) or correponding to 2D and 3D linear primitives, extracted from input DEM and satellite images. Two dissimilarity scores (the first score is related to the nDEM; the second one to linear primitives) are then computed and assigned to each building. In the end, the a contrario paradigm is used to detect unchanged buildings: the buildings to be considered changed are inferred from this first set by taking its complementary in the database. Similary to the other methods based on the idea that new buidings correspond to above-ground objects that neither correspond to a building (already described in the database) nor a tree (described in the vegetation mask). This detection is carried out by performing a morphological comparison between the above-ground mask, derived from the nDEM and an initial above-ground mask, derived from the partially updated (Step I) vector database and a vegetation mask, derived from input images. The method was applied to many test areas, very different regarding land use and topography. It was also assessed through the evaluation criteria, introduced and justified during the PhD work. Eventually, sensitivity studies were carried out and highlight the limiting factors to be considered in the future in order to build an operational system for change detection and map updating
Maya, Vincent. "Accès aux bases de données géographiques en langage naturel : application aux descriptions d'itinéraire." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112323.
Full textThe aim of these studies is to allow to use the information of the geographical databases in order to process the route descriptions in Natural Language, i. E. In order to understand them and to retrieve the equivalent objects in the database, and, conversely to product descriptions from routes processed by Geographical Information Systems. Correlating information contained by the database and by texts in Natural Language is difficult mainly because of the numerous possibilities of nature of the information. Indeed, while, in a database, the information is organized according to a predefined format and with a numerical representation, it is represented by linguistic constituents, varying according to their choice, their designation, and their organization for one subject to another. After studies of several works about route descriptions, we present ontology associated to route descriptions within several environments. From the formal framework furnished by these ontologies, we defined a pivot system, allowing to mask the geographical database organization, by expressing it with attributes and relations defined in the domain ontology. This system allows to translate a concept representing a landmark to the set of the database objects which can represent it, and conversely, from an object to the landmark that it represents. When interpreting the description, this system is used as a base for the reasoning model which must not only identify used landmarks, but also the prescribed actions, taking into account the context, i. E. The current position of the agent, the perceptual limitations, human imprecisions and ambiguities. We also describe application examples, by retailing in particular the syntactic and semantic analysis and tools necessary to them
Lopez, Guillen Karla Ivon. "Contributions aux résumés visuels des bases de données géographiques basés sur les chorèmes." Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAL0055.
Full text[When dealing with complex situations, as in political, economic and demographic trends, use of visual metaphors ls a very effective approach to help users discover relationships and new knowledge. The traditional cartography is an essential tool to describe the facts and relations in the territory. The geographic concepts are associated with graphic symbols that help readers get an immediate understanding of the data represented. From a geographic database, il is common to extract multiple maps (cartographic restitution of ali data). My thesis ls an international research project whose objective ls to study an innovative mapping solution thal can represent both the existing situation, dynamics, movement and change in order to extract visual resumes synthetic of geographic data bases. The proposed solution is based on the concept of chorem defined by Brunet as a mapping of a territory. This represents a methodological tool instant snapshot of relevant information and gives expert users an overview of objects and phenomena. Based on preliminary, first, we provide a formal definition and classification of chorems in terms of structure and meaning to standardize both the construction and use of these chorems. Then a phase of data mining is launched to extract the most significant patterns, which will be the basis of chorems. Then, a system to general chorématique maps from available data sets is described and an XML-based language, called ChorML specified, allowing communication between the modules of the system (data mining to extract chorems, visualization of chorems Level 0 of the language corresponds to the content of the database by GML standard, then the level1 is the one who will describe the patterns extracted and chorems, and finally level 2 ls the visualisation by the SVG standard. In addition, Level integrals information such as external information (eg, names of seas and surrounding countries) and topological constraints to meet in the display: eg. ]
Claramunt, Christophe. "Un modèle de vue spatiale pour une représentation flexible de données géographiques." Dijon, 1998. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01275819.
Full textSpéry, Laurent. "Historique et mise à jour de données géographiques : application au cadastre français." Avignon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AVIG1020.
Full textDevogele, Thomas. "Processus d'intégration et d'appariement de bases de données géographiques : application à une base de données routières multi-échelles." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 1997. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00085113.
Full textKadri-Dahmani, Hakima. "Mise à jour incrémentale des bases de données géographiques et maintien de leur cohérence." Paris 13, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA132046.
Full textUbéda, Thierry. "Contrôle de la qualité spatiale des bases de données géographiques : cohérence topologique et corrections d'erreurs." Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/1997ISAL0116/these.pdf.
Full textThis work concerns spatial data quality checking in geographical data sets, and especially existing geographical vector databases. Methods developed in this work are not dedicated to a particular data model, but can be adapted to all database fulfilling the two criteria previously given. Concerning the issue of data quality enrichment, this study concerns two complementary levels, namely the conceptual and the semantic level. For each level, processes are developed :- At the conceptual level, geometric properties applicable to geographical data types depending on the dimension of the shape that represents them (0, 1 or 2) are defined. This approach is only based on the objects that compose the database and not on the data model itself. It can then be adapted to every vector geographical data set. - At the semantic level, spatial relation among objects of the database are taken into account by means of topological integrity constraints. They allow to define topological situation that should or should not happen
Pierkot, Christelle. "Gestion de la Mise à Jour de Données Géographiques Répliquées." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00366442.
Full textL'institution militaire utilise elle aussi les données spatiales comme soutien et aide à la décision. A chaque étape d'une mission, des informations géographiques de tous types sont employées (données numériques, cartes papiers, photographies aériennes...) pour aider les unités dans leurs choix stratégiques. Par ailleurs, l'utilisation de réseaux de communication favorise le partage et l'échange des données spatiales entre producteurs et utilisateurs situés à des endroits différents. L'information n'est pas centralisée, les données sont répliquées sur chaque site et les utilisateurs peuvent ponctuellement être déconnectés du réseau, par exemple lorsqu'une unité mobile va faire des mesures sur le terrain.
La problématique principale concerne donc la gestion dans un contexte militaire, d'une application collaborative permettant la mise à jour asynchrone et symétrique de données géographiques répliquées selon un protocole à cohérence faible optimiste. Cela nécessite de définir un modèle de cohérence approprié au contexte militaire, un mécanisme de détection des mises à jour conflictuelles lié au type de données manipulées et des procédures de réconciliation des écritures divergentes adaptées aux besoins des unités participant à la mission.
L'analyse des travaux montre que plusieurs protocoles ont été définis dans les communautés systèmes (Cederqvist :2001 ; Kermarrec :2001) et bases de données (Oracle :2003 ; Seshadri :2000) pour gérer la réplication des données. Cependant, les solutions apportées sont souvent fonctions du besoin spécifique de l'application et ne sont donc pas réutilisables dans un contexte différent, ou supposent l'existence d'un serveur de référence centralisant les données. Les mécanismes employés en information géographique pour gérer les données et les mises à jour ne sont pas non plus appropriés à notre étude car ils supposent que les données soient verrouillées aux autres utilisateurs jusqu'à ce que les mises à jour aient été intégrée (approche check in-check out (ESRI :2004), ou utilisent un serveur centralisé contenant les données de référence (versionnement : Cellary :1990).
Notre objectif est donc de proposer des solutions permettant l'intégration cohérente et autant que possible automatique, des mises à jour de données spatiales dans un environnement de réplication optimiste, multimaître et asynchrone.
Nous proposons une stratégie globale d'intégration des mises à jour spatiales basée sur une vérification de la cohérence couplé à des sessions de mises à jour. L'originalité de cette stratégie réside dans le fait qu'elle s'appuie sur des métadonnées pour fournir des solutions de réconciliation adaptées au contexte particulier d'une mission militaire.
La contribution de cette thèse est double. Premièrement, elle s'inscrit dans le domaine de la gestion de la mise à jour des données spatiales, domaine toujours très actif du fait de la complexité et de l'hétérogénéité des données (Nous limitons néanmoins notre étude aux données géographiques vectorielles) et de la relative «jeunesse » des travaux sur le sujet. Deuxièmement, elle s'inscrit dans le domaine de la gestion de la cohérence des données répliquées selon un protocole optimiste, en spécifiant en particulier, de nouveaux algorithmes pour la détection et la réconciliation de données conflictuelles, dans le domaine applicatif de l'information géographique.
Gesbert, Nils. "Étude de la formalisation des spécifications de bases de données géographiques en vue de leur intégration." Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MARN0261.
Full textIntegrating them into a federated database system, by describing the precise data meaning in a way both homogeneous between databases and as formal as possible. This precise data meaning is contained in the databases’ content specifications (surveying rules). Method : The general organization of the present specifications follows that of the databases’ schemata, but these schemas are heterogeneous and influenced by implementation problems. To overcome this problem, we suppose that it will be possible to find, in the specifications’ text, a number of common terms referring to shared geographical concepts. All these concepts would constitute what is called a domain ontology. Our idea is not to create a complete ontology but rather a partial, ad hoc one, which would be extended to take new concepts into account as needed. The specifications would then be represented as a bundle of what we call representation procedures, which describe how, given a geographic entity (instance of some geographical concept), one or more representations of this entity are built up into the different databases depending on the nature and the properties of the entity. Thus these procedures describe the links between the ontology and the schemata of the databases. Results : For the example of hydrography in two different IGN databases, BDCarto and BDTopo, our hypothesis seems confirmed : a common ontology could rather easily be defined. Concerning the representation procedures, we were able to establish the main kinds of elementary rules from which they can be constructed. To describe formally these procedures, we then defined a formal language whose grammar has been described in BNF and is based on these elementary rules. Finally, we have made a software prototype, containing a parser for this language, for entering, saving and handling the formal specifications
Follin, Jean-Michel. "Gestion incrémentale de données multi-résolutions dans un système mobile de visualisation d'informations géographiques." La Rochelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LAROS131.
Full textWe propose a solution for presentation and management of vector multiresolution geodata by taking into account constraints related to mobile context (limitations of storage, displaying capacities and transfer rate). Our solution provides users with the LoD ("Level of Detail") in adequation with scale by respecting the well-known "principle of constant density of data". The amount of data exchanged between client and server is minimized in our system by reusing already locally available data when possible. Increment corresponds to an operation sequence allowing reconstruction of LoD of an object from an available LoD of the same object on the client side. Transferring only increment appears more interesting than downloading an "entire" LoD object. We present models of multi-resolution data and transfer, and principles allowing an incremental management of data in a mobile geodata visualization system. Then we prove interest of our multi-resolution strategy in relation to mono-resolution one
Boulier, Joël. "Méthodologie et construction d'une base de données géographiques forestières : application à l'Inventaire Forestier National." Rouen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1996ROUEL244.
Full textWe are proposing a method to extrapolate ponctual descriptives datas to a geographical space, according to one-cells grid. For this extrapolation, remote sensing data are used simultaneously with interpretation of aerial imagery and a set of descriptives datas relate to sample aeras of the french forest inventory (IFN). The result of this extrapolation is a geographical forestry database, on one-hectare grid cells, to improve the forest inventory
Monaco, Marina. "La reconstitution d'un paysage antique : l'"Ager Campanus" : Application des méthodologies des systèmes d'information géographiques." Besançon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BESA1014.
Full textThe aim of the thesis is the reconstruction - by means of geographical information systems (GIS) -of the ancient landscape in the "Ager Campanus". After studying this land as a whole, a test zone has been located by means of the analysis of historical sources and the study of the big north-south centuriation. Such zone is identified as the southern part of "Ager Campanus", which extends from south of the path of Regi Lagni (ancient "Clanius") towards the northern sorrounding of the metropolitan area of Naples. A big lot of information has been gathered into the GIS data base, representing both archaeological and environmental data. The correlation analysis of the above data, by means of the spatial analysis of GIS, enabled the global understanding of the landscape, allowing to face some complex questions of rural history and to propose a novel reconstruction of the organization and occupation of the land through time
Plazanet, Corinne. "Enrichissement des bases de données géographiques : analyse de la géométrie des objets linéaires pour la généralisation cartographique (application aux routes)." Marne-la-Vallée, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MARN0001.
Full textDevogele, Thomas. "Processus d'intégration et d'appariement de Bases de Données Géographiques; Application à une base de donnéesroutières multi-échelles." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00085113.
Full textA l'issue de celle-ci, plusieurs représentations de phénomènes du monde réel sont disponibles selon des points de vue différents et des échelles distinctes. Ces représentations multiples sont nécessaires pour des applications très diverses : cartographie électronique multi-échelle, propagation des mises à jour, aide à la navigation.
L'objectif de cette thèse consiste donc à définir un processus d'intégration de BDG sur un seul site, le processus étant limité aux données en mode vecteur à deux dimensions. Il propose l'extension d'un processus d'intégration classique à trois phases [Spaccapietra et al. 92] (pré-intégration, déclaration des correspondances, intégration). L'extension est fondée sur une taxonomie des conflits d'intégration entre BDG et sur l'ajout d'un processus d'appariement géométrique et topologique. Ce processus a été mis en œuvre sur les trois principales bases de données de l'IGN (BD TOPO®, BD CARTO® et GEOROUTE®) pour le thème routier dans la région de Lagny (environ 900 km de tronçons routiers).
Etant donnée la complexité des phénomènes géographiques, plusieurs interprétations et donc plusieurs modélisations des phénomènes peuvent être définies. La taxonomie des conflits d'intégration de BDG effectue une structuration de ces différences : conflits de définition de classe (conflits de classification, conflits de fragmentation, conflits de spécification), conflits d'hétérogénéité, conflit de description,...Six catégories de conflits ont été traitées dans le processus d'intégration.
Certains conflits sont pris en compte dans la phase de pré-intégration. D'autres font l'objet d'un traitement spécifique : extension du langage de déclaration des correspondances, ajout d'opérations de résolution de ce conflit. De plus, la phase d'intégration doit suivre une stratégie. Cette stratégie détermine le choix des opérations et fixe l'objectif de l'intégration. Au vu de nos bases d'expérimentations, deux stratégies d'intégration (et leurs opérations d'intégration associées) sont présentées.
Le processus d'appariement consiste à identifier les données représentant le même phénomène du monde réel et permet le regroupement d'informations. Cette étape est précieuse car elle enrichit les BDG d'opérations inter-représentations, opérations nécessaires aux applications multi-représentations.
Un processus d'appariement a été développé pour les données de types routières à différentes échelles. Les résultats obtenus font apparaître un taux de correspondance de l'ordre de 90 %. Un processus générique en a été déduit afin de guider la conception des processus d'appariement concernant d'autres types de données.
Cette thèse apporte donc un cadre général et détaillé pour les intégrations de BDG et contribue ainsi à l'essor d'applications multi-représentations et de l'interopérabilité entre les BDG en adaptant ces processus à des BDG réparties sur un réseau.
Laucius, Salvijus. "Visualisation dynamique d'informations géographiques pour un utilisateur mobile." La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS234.
Full textIn this thesis, we study the principles for managing and indexing spatial data located on a client in a client-server architecture, as well as downloading data on the client by anticipating the next move of the user. The system has been designed for assisting the user when moving and getting around in an urban area. The client downloads parts of the digital maps while he moves. In order not to download spatial objects at every move, they are kept in the client's cache memory. For the purpose of speeding up the search for spatial objects in the cache memory, we propose to create an index on the client. In order to decide which type of index to use, we have studied several indexing techniques. This study has allowed us to compare their performance and see how relevant these techniques were for the development and use of our system. The choice of indexing mechanisms has led to the definition of a model for assessing the cost of using them when processing spatial queries and updating them as well in the framework of our system. This theoretical study has confirmed the interest of using an index on the client. In order to reduce the cost of updating the index on the client, we have studied the incremental transfer of the index to the client. The application of techniques for releasing the cache has been studied for avoiding the saturation of the cache when travelling on long runs. The objective of moves anticipation is to adapt data loading to the user's moves. The query area on the client is distorted (the expanse being unchanged) depending on the direction of the user's moves. Then, the query area may be reduced in order to reduce the data loading time. We propose various strategies for determining when to send queries to the server, with each move or at the estimated best time. On the client, the visualization system is a Java application running on a PDA equipped with a GPS that gives the position of the user and a cellular phone allowing to connect to a distant server
Soumri, Khalfi Besma. "Modélisation et construction des bases de données géographiques floues et maintien de la cohérence de modèles pour les SGBD SQL et NoSQL." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080027/document.
Full textToday, research on the storage and the integration of spatial data is an important element that revitalizes the research on data quality. Taking into account the imperfection of geographic data particularly the imprecision adds a real complexity. Along with the increase in the quality requirements centered on data (accuracy, completeness, topicality), the need for intelligible information (logically consistent) is constantly increasing. From this point of view, we are interested in Imprecise Geographic Databases (IGDBs) and their logical coherence. This work proposes solutions to build consistent IGDBs for SQL and NoSQL database systems.The design methods proposed to imprecise geographic data modeling do not satisfactorily meet the modeling needs of the real world. We present an extension to the F-Perceptory approach for IGDBs design. To generate a coherent definition of the imprecise geographic objects and built the IGDB into relational system, we present a set of rules for automatic models transformation. Based on these rules, we develop a process to generate the physical model from the fuzzy conceptual model. We implement these solutions as a prototype called FPMDSG.For NoSQL document oriented databases, we present a logical model called Fuzzy GeoJSON to better express the structure of imprecise geographic data. In addition, these systems lack relevance for data consistency; therefore, we present a validation methodology for consistent storage. The proposed solutions are implemented as a schema driven pipeline based on Fuzzy GeoJSON schema and semantic constraints
Vasseur, Bérengère. "Modélisation de l'information de qualité dans les applications géographiques." Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX11038.
Full textLedreux, Christophe. "Bases de données géographiques réactives : le prototype SAPRISTI II (Système d'Aide à la PRédiction Intelligente des Sols par Traitements Informatiques)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX11028.
Full textGhazal, Moultazem. "Contribution à la gestion des données géographiques : Modélisation et interrogation par croquis." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00504944.
Full textOlteanu, Ana-Maria. "Fusion de connaissances imparfaites pour l'appariement de données géographiques : proposition d'une approche s'appuyant sur la théorie des fonctions de croyance." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00469407.
Full textLambert, de Cambray Béatrix. "Etude de la modélisation de la manipulation et de la représentation de l'information spatiale tridimensionnelle dans les bases de données géographiques." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066518.
Full textDelenne, Carole. "Extraction et caractérisation des vignes à partir de données de télédétection à très haute résolution spatiale : application en Languedoc-Roussillon pour la constitution de bases de données géographiques." Paris, ENGREF, 2006. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00130407.
Full textThis work aims to meet the vineyard managers' needs for information, using very high spatial resolution aerial images. Three methods have been developed and compared for vine plot detection. They are based on oriented and periodical texture recognition using either a cooccurrence analysis (Haralick's contrast index) or a frequency analysis (Fourier transform and Gabor's filters). The Fourier transform calculation on a sliding window provides the best results with plot segmentation in polygons as well as a precise estimation of row orientation and interrow distance. These characteristics enable the extraction and detailed study of each vine row, designed to: 1) improve definition of plots contours, 2) detect missing vine plants and 3) characterize inter-rows. Most of the users' needs have been met during this PhD study thanks to the implementation of a semi-automatic tool for vine plot detection, segmentation and characterization
Salgado, Ana Carolina. "Ingénierie des données: problèmes de modélisation et d'intégration." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00324525.
Full textAbadie, Nathalie. "Formalisation, acquisition et mise en œuvre de connaissances pour l'intégration virtuelle de bases de données géographiques : les spécifications au cœur du processus d'intégration." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00794395.
Full textAbadie, Nathalie. "Formalisation, acquisition et mise en œuvre de connaissances pour l’intégration virtuelle de bases de données géographiques : les spécifications au cœur du processus d’intégration." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1054/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis deals with topographic databases integration. This process aims at facilitating the use of several heterogeneous databases by making the relationships between them explicit. To automatically achieve databases integration, several aspects of data heterogeneity must be detected and solved. Identifying heterogeneities between topographic databases implies comparing some knowledge about their respective contents. Therefore, we propose to formalise and acquire this knowledge and to use it for topographic databases integration. Our work focuses on the specific problem of topographic databases schema matching, as a first step in an integration application. To reach this goal, we propose to use a specific knowledge source, namely the databases specifications, which describe the data implementing rules. Firstly, they are used as the main resource for the knowledge acquisition process in an ontology learning application. As a first approach for schema matching, the domain ontology created from the texts of IGN's databases specifications is used as a background knowledge source in a schema matching application based on terminological and structural matching techniques. In a second approach, this ontology is used to support the representation, in the OWL 2 language, of topographic entities selection and geometry capture rules described in the databases specifications. This knowledge is then used by a reasoner in a semantic-based schema matching application
Bonin, Olivier. "Modèle d'erreurs dans une base de données géographiques et grandes déviations pour des sommes pondérées : application à l'estimation d'erreurs sur un temps de parcours." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066045.
Full textSaby, Nicolas. "Distribution à l'échelle nationale des charactéristiques des sols et détection des changements. : Apport des bases de données géographiques, des techniques d’analyse spatiale et de la modélisation." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSARB026.
Full textThe aim of this work is to assess the potential of spatial databases to monitor soil quality at a national level. Data were collected in the framework of French National Programmes. To adress this issue we show that the spatio-temporal statistical analyses must be adapted to the sampling design and to the nature of the information studied. Among the set of the possible soil variables, this work focused on some of those having a high environmental impact : the organic carbon content and the content of same trace elements. Our results show the possiblity to map soil properties at national scale, to reveal strong spatial structures and, to attribute them to different natural and artifcial processes. Large temporal trends could also be detected and explained. I discuss the limitation of the present designs and of the statistical analyses we conducted and i propose further research developpements for monitoring of soil quality
Zaghar, Halima. "Mise à jour de bases de données géographiques par fusion de sources à l'aide de transformations correctives élastiques sous contraintes : raboutement de cartes et insertion de portion dans un fond." Lyon, INSA, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ISAL0014.
Full text[However if updating a conventional database (e. G. Changing the delive1y address in a custom file) can be done by means of a SQL-type language or via a form interface, in the domain of geographic databases, updating means different things and cannot be performed easily. The essential reason is because updating information is not only elementary, but rather coming from different sources such as new/y made measures, aerial photos, scanned maps and so on. In this work, we will give an overview of two problems of updating. The first updating is extension of the coverage; in other words. When we have to fusion maps of two neighbouring zones whose boundaries do not meet, if is necessary ta select control points and to perform rubber-sheeting at the vicinity of the boundary based on those control points. The second updating consist in integration of a new portion in database. For this, we based on position of control points and Finite Element Method. ]
Rougier, Simon. "Apport des images satellites à très haute résolution spatiale couplées à des données géographiques multi-sources pour l’analyse des espaces urbains." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAH019/document.
Full textClimate change presents cities with significant environmental challenges. Urban planners need decision-making tools and a better knowledge of their territory. One objective is to better understand the link between the grey and the green infrastructures in order to analyse and represent them. The second objective is to propose a methodology to map the urban structure at urban fabric scale taking into account the grey and green infrastructures. In current databases, vegetation is not mapped in an exhaustive way. Therefore the first step is to extract tree and grass vegetation using Pléiades satellite images using an object-based image analysis and an active learning classification. Based on those classifications and multi-sources data, an approach based on knowledge discovery in databases is proposed. It is focused on set of indicators mostly coming from urbanism and landscape ecology. The methodology is built on Strasbourg and applied on Rennes to validate and check its reproducibility
Girault, Thomas. "Apprentissage incrémental pour la construction de bases lexicales évolutives : application en désambiguïsation d'entités nommées." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00867236.
Full textDahmani, Narimène. "La valeur économique de l'information géographique sur le territoire." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAB023.
Full textThis thesis aims at developing a method of analysis and tools adapted to the French territory to assess the value and the economic impact of geographic information, both from a qualitative and quantitative point of view. In Chapter 1, we highlight the diversity of Regional Geographic Information Policies (RGIP), which must be taken into account when measuring the economic impact of geographic information. The objectives of Chapter 2 are to develop an ecosystem of geographic information and to assess the initial economic impact of geographic information on the private sector. It presents several indicators measuring the value of geographical data used by the firms. Chapter 3 identifies existing links between RGIPs and the private sector, highlighting the difficulties of using regional schemes by firms. It also draws recommendations to the Regions to strengthen the link between private and public actors in order to overcome the underutilization by the private sector of the geographic information available on regional platforms
Jolivet, Laurence. "Modélisation des déplacements d'animaux dans un espace géographique : analyse et simulation." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010524/document.
Full textFinding compromises between human development and wildlife protection is one concern of society.Taking into account animal movements in planning projects requires some knowledge on species behaviours and on what determines their localizations and their habitat places. Our goal is to be able to represent animal movements on an accurate geographical space in order to simulate and to evaluate the consequences of planning decisions. We first analysed how the features of the landscape influence movements from collected localizations on animals, for example GPS tracks (studies of ELIZ, ANSES, ONCFS, INRA) and from data describing spacesuch as BD TOPO®. The studied cases are about several types of environment and three species: red fox,roe deer and red deer. We found some results that confirm the role played by the spatial features,depending on the studied cases. For instance in a periurban environment, foxes seem to be more inwooded patches and in places with few human activities during some parts of the day (squares, areas with industrial or commercial activities, sides of railways). In a forested environment, deers are more likely to be influenced by slope and forest stands. Thanks to knowledge from data analyses and to literature, we defined a simulation model for animalmovements. We implemented it in the GeOxygene platform. The trajectories are built with an agent approach by taking into account the spatial behaviour of the species and the influence of elements that favour or hinder movements. We proposed a critical view of the modelling choices and some improvements from the comparison with observations and experts advices. Then, scenarios within frastructures are defined so that to identify their impact and their efficiency
Richard-Schott, Florence. "L’irrigation dans le bassin du Rhône : gestion de l’information géographique sur les ressources en eau et leurs usages." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO20080.
Full textOver the last thirty years of the twentieth century, irrigation in the French basin of the Rhône river has undergone substantial change. The implementation of a Geographic Information System on the Rhône basin (SIR) demonstrates the existence of four main irrigation systems individualized within several “irrigation regions.” These reveal in turn a series of contrasted dynamics, putting into question the idea that irrigation expansion had been both continuous and homogeneous, even though the total surface area irrigated actually increased. These spatial dynamics can be accounted for by the deep transformations due to a modernised practice that relies on techniques ever more sparing with water. This is in fact the second lesson one can draw from this study : the general increase in irrigated surface areas did not lead to an increase in water demand. On the contrary, water demand has tended to diminish, in the order of 30% over thirty years. Driven by management, the cultivators’ use of water resources is more and more reasoned, so that in the long run irrigation is surely no global threat to environmental balance. The thesis includes a system for managing geographic information as well as an electronic atlas
Damier, Christophe. "OMEGA : un SGBD multimedia oriente objet pour les applications geographiques." Phd thesis, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00333131.
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