Academic literature on the topic 'Non-agriculture income'
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Journal articles on the topic "Non-agriculture income"
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Siami-Namini, Sima. "Agriculture and Non-Agriculture Growth, Inflation and Income Inequality in Developed and Developing Countries." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 11 (2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n11p43.
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The aim of this article is to examine how agriculture and non-agriculture growth and inflation affect income inequality. The multivariate panel data approach is used to examine the application of Kuznets hypothesis between income inequality and agriculture and non-agriculture growth and test the existence of nonlinear relationship between income inequality and inflation rate in a large sample of data collected for developed and developing countries. The Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter is used to separate the cyclical component from the trend component of inflation rate and agriculture and non-agriculture growth. The results demonstrate a significant negative nonlinear relationship between income inequality and the HP filtered inflation rate squared in developed countries. The findings confirm the application of a ‘U-shaped’ of Kuznets curve between income inequality and agriculture growth and between income inequality and non-agriculture growth in developed countries. In addition, the results show Kuznets inverted ‘U-shaped’ curve between agriculture growth and income inequality, and Kuznets ‘U-shaped’ curve between non-agriculture growth and income inequality in developing countries.
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Stolarska, Alicja. "Pozarolnicza działalność gospodarcza rodzin rolniczych." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 55 (March 26, 2005): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2005.55.10.
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The paper describes non-agriculture activity of family farms during the period from 1996 to 2000. Factors determining starting non-agriculture activity and crucial barriers are also presented. The research shows. the level of income achieved from non-agriculture activity as well as a significant increase of the share of non-agriculture activity in personal incomes of the family farms.
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Runowski, Henryk. "THE PROBLEM OF ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF AGRICULTURAL INCOME IN EUROPEAN UNION." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 5 (2017): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6233.
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The aim of the study was to identify the problems of using different methods of measuring agricultural income and the resulting assessments. The system used by the European Union to measure farmers’ incomes is imperfect. The concept of measuring farm incomes is criticized. There are mentioned, among others no statistics on farm incomes, including both farm income and non-farm income. The Common Agricultural Policy strives to ensure an adequate standard of living for the rural population, i.e. the level of disposable income on the farm. The question is, what is the right level? This is largely determined by the level of social labor productivity attained in agriculture and the income derived from agriculture to the income generated outside of it by occupational groups attaining similar labor productivity. Only in this state makes sense to refer to the need to ensure income parity in agriculture and out of this sector.
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Mushtaq, Hifza, and Khalid Zaman. "In Search of Pakistan’s Inclusive Growth: Evidence from Income and Non-Income Dimensions." Social Change 51, no. 2 (2021): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857211013592.
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Inclusive growth (INCL_GRTH) is a process through which economic opportunities are available for all segments of society without any discrimination between rich and poor. The aim of this study is to find how socio-economic factors affect poverty and how we may achieve INCL_GRTH and reduce poverty in a country like Pakistan. The study has used a poverty headcount ratio as a proxy for INCL_GRTH while the number of income and non-income poverty factors, including, per capita GDP, FDI inflows, agriculture value added, health expenditures, income inequality and education expenditures are highlighted as explanatory factors. The results show that poverty is substantially reduced by increasing education expenditures and FDI inflows. The pro-poor growth estimates have confirmed that except agriculture value added, the remaining factors show anti-poor growth in a country, while agriculture value added gives marginal benefits to the poor as compared to the non-poor between the two time periods studied, that is 1980 and 2016.
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ÖNAL, HAYRI. "Effects of income distribution in non-agriculture on agricultural prices and income: The Turkish case." European Review of Agricultural Economics 14, no. 4 (1987): 413–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/14.4.413.
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Mupeta, Mavis, Elias Kuntashula, and Thomson Kalinda. "Impact of Urban Agriculture on Household Income in Zambia: An Economic Analysis." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 10, no. 2 (2020): 550–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.ajard.2020.102.550.562.
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The study aimed to empirically determine the impact of urban agriculture on household income in Zambia. The analysis was based on the 2007/2008 Urban Consumption/ Expenditure secondary data collected in Kitwe and Lusaka districts, with a total sample size of 2,682 urban households. The propensity score matching approach is used to estimate the impact of urban agriculture on household income since the method takes into account the systematic differences in socio-economic characteristics between the urban agriculture practicing and non-practicing households by matching from both groups with similar characteristics. Results indicate that urban agriculture has a significant positive effect on household income. The income of households that practiced urban agriculture increased by 13.7% to 19.1%. It implies that urban agriculture has the potential to improve household livelihood through enhanced income.
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Adams, Jr., Richard H. "Non-farm Income and Inequality in Rural Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 4II (1993): 1187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4iipp.1187-1198.
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In the past many researchers and policy-makers have viewed the rural economy of the Third World as being synonymous with agriculture. According to this view, rural households receive the bulk of their income from the production and sale of crops. Within the past few years this view has begun to change. There is now a growing recognition that the rural non-farm sector-which includes such diverse activities as government, commerce, and services-also plays a vital role in the economies of many rural Third World households. Household budget surveys in developing countries suggest that non-farm income represents between 13 and 67 percent of total rural household income. I According to these surveys, the contribution of non-farm income to total rural income is especially high in those areas where unfavourable labour-to-Iand ratios constrain / income-earning opportunities in agriculture. Despite the growing attention being focused on non-farm income, there is still no general agreement about the impact of this income source on poverty and income distribution. On the one hand, studies by Chinn (1979) and Ho (1979) in Taiwan indicate that non-farm income reduces rural income inequality. On the other hand, studies by Reardon, Delgado and Matlon (1992) in Burkina Faso, and Collier, Radwan and Wangwe (1986) in Tanzania find that non-farm income has a negative impact on rural income distribution.
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Khanal, Uttam, R. C. Khanal, and P. P. Regmi. "Agriculture and emigration: A case study of Manapang Village, Tanahun, Nepal." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 1 (December 9, 2013): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v1i1.36548.
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A study was undertaken to assess the relationship between agriculture and emigration in Manapang Village Development Committee (VDC) of Tanahun District, Nepal. A total of 120 randomly sampled households were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results showed that the average land holding size, irrigated land holding size, livestock holding, income from agriculture, and investment of household income in agriculture were found to be higher in non-migrating households than in migrating households, whereas total household income was higher in migrating households than in non-migrating ones. The marginal value productivity of labor was lower for major crops than that of average wage rate from non-farm work. The size of abandoned land was higher in migrating than non-migrating households. The average share of remittances in household income was 62.50 % in migrating household. Higher share of the remittances was used for consumption purposes, but only 5 % was used in agriculture. Findings revealed that although emigration has a positive effect on the overall economy in the rural households, however, agricultural productivity is suffered.
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Kesek, Mega Putri, Eyverson ,. Ruauw, and Melissa L. G. Tarore. "PERBEDAAN PENDAPATAN PETANI PADI SAWAH ANTARA ETNIS LOKAL DAN NON LOKAL DI DAERAH IRIGASI SANGKUB KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW UTARA." AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 13, no. 1A (2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.13.1a.2017.14954.
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The purpose of this study to look at income differences between ethnic Local and Non Local of paddy rice farmers in Sangkub irrigated areas. This study took places in the village of Sangkub Two and Pangkusa Village, Sub-district of Sangkub, District of North Bolaang Mongondow. The study conducted from September to December 2016. Data collection is Primary and Secondary data. The primary data obtained through interviews using a questionnaire to 40 respondent farmers from two different ethnicities. They are 20 persons of Local ethnic and 20 persons of Non Local ethnic using simple random sampling method. Secondary data were obtained from the agencies concerned, namely the North Bolmong District Agriculture Office. The data collected in the study: (1) The characteristics of farmers, (2) Expenditures of the farmer (IDR), Income (IDR). Analysis of data used Analisys of Farm Income and Analysis of average difference by using t-test. The results showed that the income of farmers of paddy between ethnic Local and Non-Local is different where non-local ethnic incomes have higher incomes than the local ethnic.Key words: income differences, paddy rice farmers, Local and Non-Local Non, Sub-district of Sangkub, North Bolaang Mongondow District
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Batie, Sandra S., and Daniel B. Taylor. "Widespread adoption of non-conventional agriculture: Profitability and impacts." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 4, no. 3-4 (1989): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002952.
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AbstractConventional agriculture is increasingly criticized as being too concentrated in ownership; too reliant on technology, petroleum-based inputs, and credit; too specialized and ecologically unsound; and too dependent on government subsidies. Alternative agriculture is offered by many as an alternative, and we discuss the possible impacts of its widespread adoption on farm income, yields, regions, labor, trade, environmental quality, and farm structure. The profitability of alternative agriculture is also examined - in so doing, a distinction is made between the adoption of low-input practices and a more holistic alternative agricultural system.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Non-agriculture income"
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Hansen, Jairo Jacó. "A pluriatividade dos agricultores no contexto local do município de Princesa - SC." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2011. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/121.
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Previous issue date: 2011-08-05<br>In the present research, the Pluralactivity in the town of Princesa SC, approaches mainly the aspects of the rural families. It s a case study that involved data collect in a part of the rural dwellers of the town, which has as its main goal is to identify the recent aspects of the agriculture and non-agriculture occupations of the dwellers. The methodology applied is based on concepts present in national bibliographies and focused on social spatial formation category, emphasizing occupation aspects, productive farming specialization as well as population migration and micro region urbanization of São Miguel do Oeste, State of Santa Catarina.<br>Nesta pesquisa, estudamos a pluriatividade no município de Princesa/SC, abordando principalmente o aspecto econômico das famílias rurais. Trata-se de um estudo de caso que envolveu a coleta direta de dados em uma parcela da população residente na área rural do município, cujo principal objetivo consistiu em identificar aspectos recentes das ocupações agrícolas e não agrícolas das famílias residentes. A metodologia utilizada considera conceitos presentes em bibliografias nacionais e orienta-se na categoria de formação sócio espacial, enfatizando aspectos de ocupação, especialização produtiva agropecuária e êxodo populacional e urbanização da mesorregião oeste e microrregião de São Miguel do Oeste do estado de Santa Catarina.
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Mtati, Nosiseko. "The relative contribution of non-timber forest products, agriculture and off-farm sources of income to rural households in Koloni and Guquka, Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018193.
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[Partial abstract]: This study was carried out to determine the contribution of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to household total income, other livelihood sectors were also examined simultaneously. The contribution of agriculture involved livestock and crop production. Wages and government grants were other livelihood sectors that were looked into. This study was important in determining the change in livelihood strategies in the last decade and to quantify the NTFPs used at the two sites. It was carried out in Guquka and Koloni, both part of the central Eastern Cape. Information on direct use value of the NTFPs used, the quantities and local price; crop production outputs and inputs and the costs. Data were collected via a questionnaire.
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Persaud, Anthony W. "Mercury use and the socio-economic significance of artisanal and small-scale gold (ASGM) mining in Senegal : a mixed-methods approach to understanding ASGM." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/6454.
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Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) continues to grow in more than 70 countries in the developing world, creating thriving local rural economies but also causing significant environmental contamination and health issues, with one particularly problematic issue involving the use of mercury in the gold extraction process. With the advent of the United Nations Minamata Convention on Mercury in 2009, a legally binding treaty aimed at reducing and where feasible eliminating mercury use, countries with significant ASGM populations require solutions for this sector. In April 2014, a mixed-methods rapid appraisal study was carried out over a three week period in the gold mining region of Kedougou, Senegal. During this time 80 structured interviews, 120 household surveys, physical measurements, observations and numerous informal interviews were utilized in conjunction with a comparative data analysis in order to create a national inventory of the ASGM sector for Senegal, to explore the sector’s socio-economic contribution to rural development in Senegal, and to provide a basis for discussing policy approaches needed to improve the sector. The results of this study show a thriving ASGM sector composed of approximately 67,000 people, producing an estimated 4.5 tonnes of gold per year and releasing approximately 5.2 tonnes of mercury into the environment. The methodologies used to create these estimates also provide in-depth information that illustrates an ASGM sector that is highly inter-connected with customary tenure practices and traditional agrarian livelihoods, and that is important for rural inhabitants in Senegal and other countries. This information can be utilized by the Senegalese and other governments to inform the policies that are being developed for the ASGM sector as they implement the obligations created by the Minimata Convention.<br>Graduate<br>0503<br>0366<br>0617<br>persaud.anthonyw@gmail.com
Books on the topic "Non-agriculture income"
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Aggarwal, V. D. Agricultural income and non-taxable receipts (Sec. 10(1), 10(2), and 10(3) of I.T. Act, 1961). Saraswati Law House, 1992.
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Schumaker, Sarah. Utilization of land prices and income multipliers to evaluate non-agricultural pressures on farmland in Canyon County, Idaho. Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, College of Agriculture, University of Idaho, 2001.
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Bathla, Seema, and Amaresh Dubey. Changing Contours of Indian Agriculture: Investment, Income and Non-farm Employment. Springer, 2017.
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Bathla, Seema, and Amaresh Dubey. Changing Contours of Indian Agriculture: Investment, Income and Non-farm Employment. Springer, 2017.
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Djurfeldt, Agnes Andersson, Fred Mawunyo Dzanku, and Aida Cuthbert Isinika. Agriculture, Diversification, and Gender in Rural Africa: What Lessons Can We Learn? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0011.
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Smallholder-friendly messages, albeit not always translated into action, returned strongly to the development agenda over a decade ago. Smallholders’ livelihoods encompass social and economic realities outside agriculture, however, providing opportunities as well as challenges for the smallholder model. While smallholders continue to straddle the farm and non-farm sectors, the notion of leaving agriculture altogether appears hyperbolic, given the persistently high share of income generated from agriculture noted in the Afrint dataset. Trends over the past fifteen years can be broadly described as increasing dynamism accompanied by rising polarization. Positive trends include increased farm sizes, rising grain production, crop diversification, and increased commercialization, while negative trends include stagnation of yields, persistent yield gaps, gendered landholding inequalities, gendered agricultural asset inequalities, growing gendered commercialization inequalities, and an emerging gender gap in cash income. Regional nuances in trends reinforce the need for spatial contextualization of linkages between the farm and non-farm sectors.
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Vijay, R. Noncultivating Households Owning Land in an Agrarian Economy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792444.003.0009.
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Capitalist transformation in postcolonial societies follows an altogether different path. The resolution to agrarian question no longer seems necessary for capitalism. This leaves a large number of petty commodity producers precariously surviving in agriculture in India. This chapter shows that this class and the area operated by them is increasing, in spite of the fact that their agriculture is essentially unviable. Farmer suicides reflect the distress faced by this class. However, this chapter also shows that this class survives through various strategies, including considerable diversification away from their dependence on farming. As a result, land becomes no longer central to their survival, while the post-colonial state manages their desperate condition through welfare transfers. This chapter provides evidence for the changing profile of rural farm households, land holding structure, farm and non-farm incomes of rural farm households, and welfare transfers. The changing portfolio of rural incomes brings out the shifts in dependence on agriculture for the rural households and their implications for the land question.
Book chapters on the topic "Non-agriculture income"
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Abia, Wilfred A., Comfort A. Onya, Conalius E. Shum, Williette E. Amba, Kareen L. Niba, and Eucharia A. Abia. "Food Security Concerns, Climate Change, and Sea Level Rise in Coastal Cameroon." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_21.
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AbstractFood security is a major public health priority in Cameroon, amidst climate change and sea level rise (CC/SLR), vis-à-vis the ever-increasing population growth with associated challenges. CC/SLR, singly or combine, is well known to have severe impacts on agricultural productivity, food security, socioeconomic activities and ecosystem (environment, plant and animal) health systems in coastal areas. They contribute to natural disasters including erosion, flooding, inundation of coastal lowlands, and saltwater intrusion, altogether reducing agricultural productivity. Additionally, these disasters provoke adverse animal, human, and environmental health implications; reduction in tourism; and potential close of some socioeconomic activities that constitute secondary (after agriculture), or main source of livelihood/income for many coastal indigents. Although there are inadequate reports on the impacts of CC/SLR, preliminary reports point to negative effects on crop production and socioeconomic activities in coastal Cameroon. This chapter highlights the susceptibility of coastal Cameroon agriculture and socioeconomic activities to CC/SLR. Furthermore, it has propose agricultural (CC/SLR and non-climatic) and educational intervention socioeconomic strategies for the mitigation and adaptation to CC/SLR and for sustainable agricultural productivity in coastal Cameroon. The proposed strategies may provide a small contribution toward a wider multi-stakeholder pool of strategies and which, when applied, may enhance food security in coastal Cameroon amidst CC/SLR and promote socioeconomic and touristic activities while reducing negative implications on animal, plant, human, and environmental health.
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Kuiper, Marijke, Gerdien Meijerink, and Derek Eaton. "Rural Livelihoods: Interplay Between Farm Activities, Non-Farm Activities and the Resource Base." In Science for Agriculture and Rural Development in Low-income Countries. Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6617-7_5.
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Narayanamoorthy, A. "Agricultural Market Access and Farm Income Nexus." In Farm Income in India. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190126131.003.0005.
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This chapter provides an explanation as to whether agricultural market access has any relationship with farm income. A plethora of studies confirm that rural infrastructure is a sine qua non for significantly improving agricultural production. Recent literature indicates that in addition to factors like human capital, credit markets, extension services and technology, the presence of reliable infrastructures such as roads and market sites increase the efficiency of both marketing and production by bringing down the transaction costs and ensuring more competitive pricing conditions in marketing than would occur in their absence. Making a departure from earlier studies by taking 235 Indian districts as the unit of analysis, chapter 5 attempts to provide an empirical basis for the perceived nexus between market access, agriculture infrastructure and value of agriculture output (VAO) from the Indian perspective using regression analysis.
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Juttu, Ravinder, Kamalakar Jogula, Subhashree Priyadarshini, et al. "Strategies and Programs for Improved Nutrient Use Efficiency, Doubling Farmer’s Income, and Sustainable Agriculture: Indian Context." In Technology in Agriculture [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98267.
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Since the Green Revolution era, the farming sector exploited the soils for food, fiber, fodder, etc., with high input responsive varieties that excavated vast amounts of chemical fertilizers. The burgeoning population of the country calls for a commensurate increase in food production to satisfy the demands of its inhabitants. Further, due to innovative mechanization in agriculture, specialization, and government policy programs, the productivity of food has soared. Subsequently, it ensued greater productions and minimized food prizes. Regrettably, intensive agricultural operations degraded the soil quality and now reached such a stage where without external inputs, growers unable to achieve their targeted yields. India has lost 68% innate productive capacity of agricultural soils. This plunder of land’s quality continues unabated, further resulting in low nutrient use efficiency and insufficient yields of agroecosystems. Therefore, this is high time to realize the dreadful impacts of intensive crop production on the natural ecosystem. Irrefutably, both soil and its nutrients are the wondrous gifts of nature to humankind; utilizing them sustainably is imperative. The present chapter highlights the impacts of non-judicious nutrient management on soil productivity, nutrient use efficiency, and novel technologies required to promote sustainable agriculture and achieve the target of doubling farmer’s income in India.
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Diao, Xinshen, Peixun Fang, Eduardo Magalhaes, Stefan Pahl, and Jed Silver. "Cities and Rural Transformation." In Youth and Jobs in Rural Africa. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848059.003.0007.
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The chapter focuses on answering four broad questions relevant to economic transformation in Ghana. First, are patterns of rural employment changing with urbanization and do these changes have any spatial patterns that are associated with proximity to cities of different sizes? Secondly, what are the impacts of rural transformation on the youth in the rural areas? Thirdly, what are the impacts of urbanization on agricultural intensification for youth and non-youth? Finally, what are the welfare or income implications of the rural transformation that has created heterogeneous livelihood opportunities? Proximity to cities has a strong effect on the exit of rural households from agriculture, and this trend is stronger with increases in the size of the city. Only when considering youth-headed rural households, do they become more likely to exit agriculture everywhere including in northern districts with small cities. Technological adoption is higher among youth in the more urbanized areas. Rural poverty rates appear consistently lower among non-agricultural households.
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Karanam, Sreekantha Desai, Anantha Padmanabha Achar, and R. V. Kulkarni. "Design of a Digital Kissan Hub Prototype for Farmer Produce Organizations to Empower Agribusiness." In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4849-3.ch012.
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The agriculture sector in India has witnessed significant improvements in the adoption of modern technologies and mechanization to enhance crop yield levels in recent decades. The farmers require timely marketing of their produce to improve their liquidity for meeting their expenses. The lack of digitization and dominance of middlemen, poor market support, lack of knowledge, and inability to store their produce for better prices are core issues to be addressed for the economic prosperity of farmers. Today only 27% consumer price value reaches farmers, thus making agriculture a non-viable activity; hence, farmers are becoming poor, bankrupt, and committing suicide. The real fact is that Indian farmers are poor, but agribusiness is very prosperous. Implementing modern agricultural practices, legal farmer produce organizations (FPO), digital kissan hub (DKH) would promote agriculture and agribusiness. This chapter reviewed the digitization in agribusiness and designed a prototype of a Digital Kissan Hub to empower FPO, to enhance farmers income and ensure food security of the nation.
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Oxfeld, Ellen. "Labor." In Bitter and Sweet. University of California Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520293519.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the work of producing food and preparing meals in Moonshadow Pond. The gendered and generational configurations of agricultural labor changed profoundly from the Old Society through the collective era to the present. With the exodus of youth to non-agricultural employment, the future of agriculture in Moonshadow Pond is unclear. In addition to the production of food through rice cultivation and vegetable gardening, meal preparation is integral to the labor surrounding food in Moonshadow Pond. Thus, both agriculture and cooking are at the center of domestic food production and preparation. These need to be differentiated from production for the market — raising pigs, tending fish ponds, or growing citrus and other fruit trees, all of which are oriented toward earning cash income. Finally, just as cultivating rice (gengtian), is central to peasant identity, so too, cooking rice is at the center of family identity.
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Surayya, Teki. "Microfinance Practices and NWFPs Value Additions for Sustainable Environment: w.r.t. Andhra Pradesh, India." In Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95419.
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A Forest Living Community (FLCs) family in the study area, on an average, required Indian National Rupee (INR) 37533 (US $ 75 approximately) for their survival. Out of this 36.4% amount is sourced from agriculture activities, 20% from NWFPs sale, 23.6%, agriculture labour activities, and about 20% amount is coming from Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) works activities. When FLCs require microfinance for NWFPs value additions and other needs, they can access it from Self-Help Groups (SHGs), moneylender, relatives and friends, banks and governments. FLCs required microfinance for subsistence, health, education, marriage, and pilgrimage purposes. Microfinance plays a key role in Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs) value addition, adopting Eco-Friendly Technology (EFTs), and cost - benefits of such NWFPs value addition to FLCs. The amount of income coming from NWFPs harvest and sale can be increased by way promoting NWFPs value additions using Eco-friendly Technology (EFT).
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Kumar, Sanjeev. "Problems and Prospects of Agricultural Marketing in Hills of Himachal Pradesh." In Agribusiness Development Planning and Management. New Delhi Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30954/ndp.agribusiness.2020.2.
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Agricultural marketing plays a crucial role in accelerating the economic development of hill agriculture. An efficient agriculture marketing system is supposed to add to the welfare of producers as well as consumers. It helps in the optimization of resource use, output management, increase in farm incomes, widening of markets, growth of agro-based industry, addition to national income through value addition and employment creation. India is a country with diverse agro-climatic endowments; conditions under which agriculture in the plains and hills present differing scenario. The mountainous region of the country has tremendous potential or cultivation of many high valued added and rare commodities. Among the 34 million people that inhabit the Himalayan region of the country, a large percentage is of the hill farming communities. The hills of India produces a wide range of goods starting from temperate fruits to subtropical fruits but lacks infrastructure facilities due to which farmers do not get better price for their produce. Traditional agriculture is the major and dominant activity in the hill economy, which confronts multiple risks and uncertainty. The hills of Himachal Pradesh also have lots of inherent constraints related to agricultural marketing in terms of inaccessibility and remoteness, marginality and fragility, scattered land holdings, traditional mode of production, low use of modern inputs, transportation difficulty due to the difficult hilly terrain, non-availability of regulated markets, lack of proper market information and absence of post-harvest infrastructure. As we all know that hilly regions are gradually diversified in favour of fruits and vegetables, different flower plants and forest trees production but, due to scarcity of proper transportation, lack of postharvest infrastructure, under-developed supporting institutions, industries, undulating topography, lack of innovative technologies etc. the growth potential of hill agriculture is still remained unexploited. Therefore, strengthening of markets, innovative marketing techniques and boosting on-line trading can help in a big way for solving the problems of marketing in hills.
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Corbridge, Stuart, John Harriss, and Craig Jeffrey. "‘Lopsided’, ‘Failed’, or ‘Tortuous’: India’s Problematic Transition and its Implications for Labour." In China–India. British Academy, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265673.003.0009.
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The structural transformation of the Indian economy is incomplete. While the share of agriculture in GDP has declined sharply, its share of the labour force has not. The agricultural economy is still characterised by extensive small-scale household production, and only a small minority of farming households can produce an income sufficient for family survival. Employment in agriculture has increasingly stagnated and rural non-agricultural employment not expanded as much as might have been hoped. More than 90 per cent of all jobs are ‘informal’ and the absolute numbers of protected ‘formal sector’ jobs declined between 2000 and 2005. There is evidence of the existence of an inverse relationship between output growth and employment growth, and of the effective exclusion of a large share of the labour force from the dynamic, productive sectors of the economy. In these circumstances the Government of India has been introducing major new programmes offering social protection in order to compensate for the failures of the ‘inclusive growth’ promised in the Eleventh Five Year Plan.
Conference papers on the topic "Non-agriculture income"
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Başaran, Burçin, Zehra Meliha Tengiz, and Yasemin Oraman. "Agricultural Faculty Students' Perspectives on the Future of Agriculture: Tekirdag Case." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02336.
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In spite of technological developments today, agriculture is still among the priority of all countries. The fact that the agricultural areas cannot be increased and the required nutritional needs of the growing population needed to be met, it makes agriculture strategic case for the countries. The continuity of agricultural activities has become dependent on the wishes of future generations to work in this sector in all countries.
 Agricultural Faculties' students do not look positively in the agricultural sector in Turkey. Youths are directed to non-agricultural sectors due to low income in agriculture. However, students should be encouraged and supported in order for agricultural activities can be practiced by conscious and enthusiastic young people. The sustainability of agriculture depends on young's willingness to participate in the sector.
 The aim of the study is to determine perspective of students in Faculty of Agriculture of Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University about future of agriculture. The data was obtained from 175 students in the 3. and the 4. classes. The data were analyzed statistically with SPSS 23.0 in terms of descriptive and inferential statistics. According to the results of the study; a significant difference was observed between girls and boys in terms of evaluating the current state of Turkish agriculture. 67.5% of students expect their future pessimistic and uncertain. The rate of those who expect their future as hopeful and optimistic was found to be 32.5% respectively.
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Santos, Hortense, Rui Dias, Paula Heliodoro, and Paulo Alexandre. "TESTING THE EMPIRICS OF WEAK FORM OF EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS: EVIDENCE FROM LAC REGION MARKETS." In Fourth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.2020.91v.
Full textAbstract:
The new coronavirus disease (Covid-19) evolved quickly from a regional health outbreak to a global collapse, stopping the global economy in a unprecedented way, creating uncertainty and chaos in the financial markets. Based on these events, it is intended in this paper to test the persistence of profitability in the financial markets of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Mexico, in the period between January 2018 to July 2020. In order to perform this analysis where undertaken different approaches in order to analyze if: (i) the financial markets of Latin America are efficient in their weak-form during the global pandemic (Covid-19)? ii) If so, the persistent long memories cause risks between these regional markets? The results suggest that the returns don’t follow the i.i.d. hypothesis, from dimension 2, reinforcing the idea that returns of stock indexes have a non-linear nature or a significant non-linear component, exception made to the Argentina market, which was expected in virtue of the Ljung-Box (with the return squares) test results, and ARCH-LM. Corroborating the exponents Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA), indicate the presence of persistent long memories, namely into the following markets: Colombia (0.72), Chile (0.66), Brazil (0.58) and Peru (0.57). The Argentina market does not reject the random walk hypothesis, while the Mexican market suggests some anti-persistence (0.41). This situation has implications for investors, once that some returns can be expected, creating arbitration opportunities and abnormal income, contrary to the supposed from the random walk hypothesis and information efficiency. The t-test results of the heteroscedasticity form the two samples suggest that there is no risk transmission between these regional markets, with the exception to the BOVESPA / BOLSAA MX markets, that is, the existence of persistent long memories in the returns does not imply the risk transmission between markets. These finds allow the creation of strategies of diversification inefficient portfolios. These conclusions also open space for the market regulators to implement measures that guarantee a better informational information of these regional markets.
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Santos, Hortense, Rui Dias, Paula Heliodoro, and Paulo Alexandre. "TESTING THE EMPIRICS OF WEAK FORM OF EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS: EVIDENCE FROM LAC REGION MARKETS." In Fourth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.2020.91.
Full textAbstract:
The new coronavirus disease (Covid-19) evolved quickly from a regional health outbreak to a global collapse, stopping the global economy in a unprecedented way, creating uncertainty and chaos in the financial markets. Based on these events, it is intended in this paper to test the persistence of profitability in the financial markets of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Mexico, in the period between January 2018 to July 2020. In order to perform this analysis where undertaken different approaches in order to analyze if: (i) the financial markets of Latin America are efficient in their weak-form during the global pandemic (Covid-19)? ii) If so, the persistent long memories cause risks between these regional markets? The results suggest that the returns don’t follow the i.i.d. hypothesis, from dimension 2, reinforcing the idea that returns of stock indexes have a non-linear nature or a significant non-linear component, exception made to the Argentina market, which was expected in virtue of the Ljung-Box (with the return squares) test results, and ARCH-LM. Corroborating the exponents Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA), indicate the presence of persistent long memories, namely into the following markets: Colombia (0.72), Chile (0.66), Brazil (0.58) and Peru (0.57). The Argentina market does not reject the random walk hypothesis, while the Mexican market suggests some anti-persistence (0.41). This situation has implications for investors, once that some returns can be expected, creating arbitration opportunities and abnormal income, contrary to the supposed from the random walk hypothesis and information efficiency. The t-test results of the heteroscedasticity form the two samples suggest that there is no risk transmission between these regional markets, with the exception to the BOVESPA / BOLSAA MX markets, that is, the existence of persistent long memories in the returns does not imply the risk transmission between markets. These finds allow the creation of strategies of diversification inefficient portfolios. These conclusions also open space for the market regulators to implement measures that guarantee a better informational information of these regional markets.
Reports on the topic "Non-agriculture income"
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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.
Full textAbstract:
This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.