Journal articles: 'Non-combustible'

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Gapiński, B., M. Wieczorowski, N. Swojak, and M. Szymański. "Geometrical structure analysis of combustible and non-combustible foams by computed tomography." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1065 (August 2018): 142025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1065/14/142025.

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Omrane, Alaa, Frederik Ossler, and Marcus Aldén. "Temperature measurements of combustible and non-combustible surfaces using laser induced phosphorescence." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 28, no. 7 (2004): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2003.12.003.

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Li, Xiao, Xia Zhang, George Hadjisophocleous, and Cameron McGregor. "Experimental Study of Combustible and Non-combustible Construction in a Natural Fire." Fire Technology 51, no. 6 (2014): 1447–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-014-0407-4.

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Zolkina, I. U., S. A. Radzinsky, T. I. Andreeva, et al. "Non-combustible, optically transparent polycarbonate compositions." Plasticheskie massy, no. 9-10 (November 19, 2020): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2020-9-10-28-30.

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A brief review of the results of research on reducing the flammability of modified materials based on polycarbonate, the effect of flame retardants and additives that reduce dropping, as well as affecting the complex of properties of polycarbonate is presented. The optimal concentrations of modifying additives for obtaining fire-resistant compositions with high optical characteristics have been determined. It is shown that to achieve the maximum flammability category (PV-0 at a thickness of 2 mm) and oxygen index (42.3%) for thin-walled products, it is necessary to use a high- viscosity grade of polycarbonate (MFI 2.5±1.0 g/10 min), alkali metal sulfonates as a fire retardant and an anti-dripping additive.

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Wade, Natasha E., Kelly E. Courtney, Neal Doran, et al. "Young Adult E-Cigarette and Combustible Tobacco Users Attitudes, Substance Use Behaviors, Mental Health, and Neurocognitive Performance." Brain Sciences 12, no. 7 (2022): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12070889.

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Nicotine and tobacco product (NTP) use has escalated, largely due to the advent of e-cigarettes. The NTP administration method (i.e., combustible cigarette, e-cigarette) may be an important differentiator. We assessed young adult substance use history, nicotine attitudes, mental health, and neurocognition by the NTP use method. Emerging adults (16–22 year olds) were divided into combustible NTP users (Combustible+ = 79, had used any combustible NTP in the last 6 months), non-combustible users (E-Cig = 43, had used non-combustible NTP, in the past 6 months), and NTP Naïve (n = 79; had not used NTP in the past 6 months) based on past 6-month NTP use patterns. Participants completed self-report and objective neurocognition measures. Analysis of covariance assessed mental health and neurocognition by group, controlling for confounds and correcting for multiple comparisons. Nicotine groups reported more favorable attitudes toward combustible cigarette and e-cigarette use, with taste as the primary reason for e-cigarette use. Combustible+ reported more nicotine dependence and craving. Substance use differed by group, with Combustible+ using the most NTP, alcohol, and cannabis. Nicotine groups reported higher depression and stress symptoms; male Combustible+ reported higher depression symptoms than other same-gender groups. Groups did not differ on neurocognition, though cannabis use was associated with inaccurate emotional Stroop responses. Overall, research suggests that young adult combustible users are likely qualitatively different from non-combustible users. Understanding the unique characteristics related to NTP product use will help guide intervention and prevention development.

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Tadin, Antonija, Vinka Stazic, Nada Galic, and Davor Zeljezic. "Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects in Buccal Mucosal Cells in Non-Smokers and Users of Traditional Combustible Tobacco Products and Non-Combustible Alternatives." Journal of Xenobiotics 14, no. 1 (2024): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jox14010009.

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Aims/Objectives: The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to investigate cytogenetic damage to the buccal mucosa in non-smokers and consumers of traditional combustible tobacco products and non-combustible alternatives. Methods: A total of 160 participants were divided into four groups according to the type of product used, including non-smokers, users of conventional combustible tobacco (cigarettes), heated tobacco, and electronic, tobacco-free vapor products (e-cigarettes). Buccal mucosa samples were analyzed using the micronucleus cytome assay to assess cytotoxic and genotoxic damage. Results: E-cigarette users showed significantly higher values for all tested parameters in the micronucleus test compared to non-smokers (p < 0.05). Similarly, users of tobacco heating products showed an increase in all parameters (p < 0.05), with the exception of the number of cells with micronuclei. Conventional cigarette smokers showed a notable increase in the number of binucleated cells and cells with karyorrhexis and karyolysis (p ≤ 0.05). When assessing the differences between users of traditional combustible tobacco products and non-combustible alternatives, these did not appear to be significant, except for e-cigarette users, who had significantly more cells with condensed chromatin (p ≤ 0.001), while users of tobacco heating products had more pyknotic cells (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study underscore the heightened occurrence of cytotoxic and genotoxic damage in users of both conventional combustible tobacco products and non-combustible alternatives compared to non-smokers, emphasizing the detrimental impact of these products on the oral mucosa.

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Dawes, Kelsey, Luke Sampson, Rachel Reimer, Shelly Miller, Robert Philibert, and Allan Andersen. "Epigenetic Analyses of Alcohol Consumption in Combustible and Non-Combustible Nicotine Product Users." Epigenomes 5, no. 3 (2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epigenomes5030018.

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Alcohol and tobacco use are highly comorbid and exacerbate the associated morbidity and mortality of either substance alone. However, the relationship of alcohol consumption to the various forms of nicotine-containing products is not well understood. To improve this understanding, we examined the relationship of alcohol consumption to nicotine product use using self-report, cotinine, and two epigenetic biomarkers specific for smoking (cg05575921) and drinking (Alcohol T Scores (ATS)) in n = 424 subjects. Cigarette users had significantly higher ATS values than the other groups (p < 2.2 × 10−16). Using the objective biomarkers, the intensity of nicotine and alcohol consumption was correlated in both the cigarette and smokeless users (R = −0.66, p = 3.1 × 10−14; R2 = 0.61, p = 1.97 × 10−4). Building upon this idea, we used the objective nicotine biomarkers and age to build and test a Balanced Random Forest classification model for heavy alcohol consumption (ATS > 2.35). The model performed well with an AUC of 0.962, 89.3% sensitivity, and 85% specificity. We conclude that those who use non-combustible nicotine products drink significantly less than smokers, and cigarette and smokeless users drink more with heavier nicotine use. These findings further highlight the lack of informativeness of self-reported alcohol consumption and suggest given the public and private health burden of alcoholism, further research into whether using non-combustible nicotine products as a mode of treatment for dual users should be considered.

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Khanagar, Sanjeev B., Ibrahim Aldawas, Salman Khalid Alrusaini, et al. "Association of Electronic Cigarette Usage with the Subsequent Initiation of Combustible Cigarette Smoking among Dental Students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Longitudinal Study." Healthcare 12, no. 11 (2024): 1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12111092.

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The use of electronic cigarettes, or “e-cigarettes”, among youths has sparked worries about the possibility of nicotine dependence as a serious public health issue. Dental practitioners play a critical role in helping their patients quit smoking. Dental schools across the globe have policies encouraging their students to help patients quit smoking. Current research, however, indicates that a significant portion of dental students smoke combustible cigarettes and use e-cigarettes. According to studies, using e-cigarettes has resulted in the subsequent initiation of combustible cigarette smoking among its users. The aim of this study was to determine the association between the use of electronic cigarettes and the subsequent initiation of combustible cigarette smoking among dental students who were not attitudinally susceptible to smoking combustible cigarettes. A longitudinal cohort study was conducted among 121 study participants who were never combustible cigarette users and were attitudinally non-susceptible to smoking at baseline. At baseline, 66 (54.6%) study participants were categorized as e-cigarette users who were attitudinally non-susceptible to combustible cigarette smoking, and 55 (45.4%) study participants were categorized as non-users who were attitudinally non-susceptible to combustible cigarette smoking. The initiation of combustible cigarette smoking was assessed at 6- and 12-month intervals. Binomial regression analysis of the outcome at the end of one-year follow-up, when analyzed with independent variables, revealed a significant influence of e-cigarette use on taking up combustible cigarette smoking [Relative Risk: 9.395; 95% CI: 3.03–29.04]. Chi-squared analysis of independent variables revealed e-cigarette use to be significantly associated with fathers’ education level (p = 0.00), parental cigarette smoking status (p = 0.00), cigarette smoking among friends (p = 0.00), and family income (p = 0.00). E-cigarette users are more likely to believe it to be healthier (p = 0.00) than combustible smoking. In the present study, e-cigarette usage demonstrated a significant influence on taking up combustible cigarette smoking among its users. Educational institutions should implement stringent policies and regulations to prevent health professionals from using these products.

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Klapsa, Wojciech, Daniel Małozięć, and Damian Bąk. "Waste in the Context of Combustibility – Classification Possibilities in Legal Terms." Safety & Fire Technology 57, no. 1 (2021): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12845/sft.57.1.2021.3.

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Purpose: The aim of the article is to review the possibility of classifying waste as non-combustible and combustible on the basis of the applicable Polish legal acts and to discuss the problems related to this area. Introduction: In the last decade, there has been a marked increase in the number of fires in landfills in Poland. Therefore, a legislative initiative has been undertaken to tighten and complete the provisions of the law on fire protection of facilities and places where waste is collected and stored. Methodology: The basic act regulating the issues of waste storage in Poland is the Act of 14 December 2012 on waste materials. The Act divides waste into two categories: non-combustible and combustible. In reference to the act, a Regulation of the Minister of the Interior and Administration of 19 February 2020 on fire protection requirements which need to be met by construction structures or their parts and other places for collecting, storing or processing waste, in which stringent fire safety requirements were defined for fire safety of facilities where combustible waste is stored. Results: During the review and analysis of the legal acts, it was discovered that after the division into combustible and non-combustible waste, the classification rules for these two categories were not strictly defined. As a consequence, there was a problem of interpretation and, thus, discretion in classifying waste. Therefore, there was a need to review the knowledge on the possibility of classifying waste. Conclusions: The review of regulations and the state of knowledge on the principles of considering materials and products as non-combustible or com- bustible presented in the article allows to systematize the knowledge and indicates selected paths of conduct. As waste is not homogeneous materials, the Act leaves the freedom to carry out opinions on whether or not waste is considered combustible. Such an assessment is not simple, hence the need to indicate what are the possible correct ways of proceeding in this action. Keywords: combustible waste, non-combustible waste, waste classification, fire protection, landfills Type of article: review article

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Fujii, Takumi, Kazunori Morishige, Shigeru Hamada, Hiroshi Noguchi, Michiru Sakamoto, and Hidetoshi Ueno. "OS4-5-5 Fatigue Strength Characteristics of Non-combustible Mg Alloy." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2007.6 (2007): _OS4–5–5–1—_OS4–5–5–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2007.6._os4-5-5-1.

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Iegorov, Roman, Timur Valiullin, and Pavel Strizhak. "Combustion of the coal-water slurry doped by combustible and non-combustible micro-particles." Applied Thermal Engineering 113 (February 2017): 1021–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.11.062.

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Kaczorek-Chrobak, Katarzyna, and Jadwiga Fangrat. "Electric Cable Construction Parameter and Its Potential to Foresee the Cable Fire Properties." Materials 16, no. 4 (2023): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041689.

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A cable parameter related to the volume of effective non-combustible content, Ω, is proposed, which depends on the ratio of non-metallic, non-combustible component volume to non-metallic, combustible component volume, and the effective area of heat transfer within the cable during the combustion process. The correctness of the proposed cable parameter for circular cables is confirmed by tests and the determination of Spearman’s correlation. High Spearman’s correlation factors (close to −1) were obtained for total heat release and total smoke production as a function of the Ω cable parameter. The Ω cable parameter might be used in selecting cable samples for large geometric-scale fire testing within the same cable family.

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Arimilli, Subhashini, Brad E. Damratoski, and G. L. Prasad. "Combustible and non-combustible tobacco product preparations differentially regulate human peripheral blood mononuclear cell functions." Toxicology in Vitro 27, no. 6 (2013): 1992–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.015.

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SHIMAZAKI, Hiroaki, Youichirou KITAHARA, Tomoya YABU, Hiroshi NOGUCHI, Michiru SAKAMOTO, and Hidetoshi UENO. "Fatigue Strength Characteristics of Non-Combustible Magnesium Alloy." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2004.57 (2004): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2004.57.7.

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Park, Jong-Kil, Young-Pyo Moon, Byoung-Chul Park, Myung-Jai Song, Kyum-Sup Ko, and Jin-Man Cho. "NON-COMBUSTIBLE WASTE VITRIFICATION WITH PLASMA TORCH MELTER." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 36, no. 5 (2001): 861–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ese-100103766.

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FUJII, Takumi, Kazunori MORISHIGE, Shigeru HAMADA, Hiroshi NOGUCHI, Michiru SAKAMOTO, and Hidetoshi UENO. "Fatigue Strength Characteristics of Non-Combustible Mg Alloy." Journal of Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering 2, no. 6 (2008): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmmp.2.763.

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Mayer, Margaret E., Grace Kong, Jessica L. Barrington-Trimis, Rob McConnell, Adam M. Leventhal, and Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin. "Blunt and Non-Blunt Cannabis Use and Risk of Subsequent Combustible Tobacco Product Use Among Adolescents." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 8 (2019): 1409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz225.

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Abstract Introduction Cannabis—including blunts (cannabis rolled in tobacco-containing cigar casing) —is commonly the first substance used among adolescents and may increase the likelihood of subsequent initiation of combustible tobacco products. Aims and Methods Data were pooled from two prospective studies of adolescents in California and Connecticut (total N = 4594). Logistic regression models assessed the association of baseline ever blunt use and ever non-blunt cannabis use (vs. never cannabis use) with subsequent initiation of any combustible tobacco-only product (ie, cigarettes, cigars, or cigarillos) by 1-year follow-up after adjustment for demographic characteristics and other tobacco product use at baseline. We also assessed whether estimates differed by prior e-cigarette or hookah use at baseline. Results Among never combustible tobacco-only product users (N = 2973), 221 (7.4%) had ever used a blunt and 114 (3.8%) had ever used only non-blunt cannabis at baseline. Blunt use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30 to 3.01) and non-blunt cannabis use (AOR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.41 to 4.00) were independently associated with greater odds of combustible tobacco-only product initiation by follow-up. Among those who had not tried e-cigarettes or who had not tried hookah, blunt use and non-blunt cannabis use were associated with significantly increased odds of combustible tobacco product initiation; among those who had tried e-cigarettes or hookah, the association was not significant. Conclusions We found blunt and non-blunt cannabis use to be associated with subsequent combustible tobacco-only product initiation, particularly among adolescents who had not also tried other products containing nicotine. Implications Adolescent-focused tobacco prevention efforts should consider incorporating cannabis products, including blunts. More research is needed to understand how blunt use and cannabis use more broadly are associated with initiation of tobacco products.

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Larsen, Anna W., Claus Petersen, and Thomas H. Christensen. "Bulky waste quantities and treatment methods in Denmark." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 30, no. 2 (2011): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x11417973.

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Bulky waste is a significant and increasing waste stream in Denmark. However, only little research has been done on its composition and treatment. In the present study, data about collection methods, waste quantities and treatment methods for bulky waste were obtained from two municipalities. In addition a sorting analysis was conducted on combustible waste, which is a major fraction of bulky waste in Denmark. The generation of bulky waste was found to be 150–250 kg capita−1 year−1, and 90% of the waste was collected at recycling centres; the rest through kerbside collection. Twelve main fractions were identified of which ten were recyclable and constituted 50–60% of the total quantity. The others were combustible waste for incineration (30–40%) and non-combustible waste for landfilling (10%). The largest fractions by mass were combustible waste, bricks and tile, concrete, non-combustible waste, wood, and metal scrap, which together made up more than 90% of the total waste amounts. The amount of combustible waste could be significantly reduced through better sorting. Many of the waste fractions consisted of composite products that underwent thorough separation before being recycled. The recyclable materials were in many cases exported to other countries which made it difficult to track their destination and further treatment.

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Woo, Sangsoon, Hong Gao, David Henderson, et al. "AKR1C1 as a Biomarker for Differentiating the Biological Effects of Combustible from Non-Combustible Tobacco Products." Genes 8, no. 5 (2017): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes8050132.

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Zhang, Xia, Jim Mehaffey, and George Hadjisophocleous. "Life risks due to fire in mid- and high-rise, combustible and non-combustible residential buildings." Journal of Building Engineering 8 (December 2016): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2016.11.001.

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Rashidov, Jasur, and Navbakhor Nazarova. "MODERN METHODS OF INCREASING THE FIRE RESISTANCE OF BUILDING MATERIALS." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 07 (2022): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-07-08.

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This research paper expresses opinions on the further deepening of economic reforms and the rapid development of a network in the building materials industry, special attention is paid to the production of new modern building materials, structures and products, modern methods for improving the fire resistance of building materials. Limiting the use of combustible materials reduces the likelihood of fire safety impact on people; from the practice of numerous experiments, it is known that hardly combustible and even non-combustible materials decompose under fire conditions with the release of smoke and toxic products. As the fire intensifies, the combustion of these materials intensifies, the flame spreads over the surface and generates additional heat, that is, the material acquires the properties of "non-combustible" and "slow-burning", and the disadvantages of the traditional standardization system must be justified from an economic or technological point of view.

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Oh, Taekeon, Kihun An, Yen Hai Thi Tran, Hyeongyu Lee, and Seung-Wan Song. "Non-Combustible Electrolyte for Fast Charging Lithium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 2 (2024): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-012363mtgabs.

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Lithium ion batteries (LIBs)-powered electric vehicles have been increasing their share in the market. Currently, the commercially available charging rate is 0.3C, which takes more than 3 hours to fully charge. This is a factor that causes inconvenience to customers. In the case of fast charging, however, lithium dendrites are formed in the battery, which deteriorate battery life and cause battery short circuits leading to fire and explosions. In the event of an electric vehicle fire, the combustible organic solvent in the electrolyte acts as fuel. Although it is evident that safety of transportation should be guaranteed, electric vehicles fires occur frequently and users are concerned about this. Addressing battery safety issue, herein, we report development of a new class of electrolyte that is non-combustible and capable of 10 times faster charging than the commercial one. In this meeting, the effects of non-combustible electrolyte on anode and cathode interfaces under fast charging condition will be discussed. Acknowledgements This research was supported by the National Research Foundation grant funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (RS-2023-00217581, RS-2023-00260261) of Korea.

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KITAHARA, Youichiro, Kensuke IKEDA, Hiroaki SHIMAZAKI, Hiroshi NOGUCHI, Michiru SAKAMOTO, and Hidetoshi UENO. "Fatigue Strength Characteristics of Non-Combustible Mg Alloy (1st Report, Quantitative Comparison among Fatigue Strengths of Three Non-Combustible Mg Alloys)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 72, no. 717 (2006): 661–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.72.661.

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Donskoy, I. G. "MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF WOOD GASIFICATION WITH TARRY PRODUCTS DECOMPOSITION ON ACTIVE MATERIAL PARTICLES." Proceedings of the higher educational institutions. ENERGY SECTOR PROBLEMS 20, no. 11-12 (2019): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2018-20-11-12-107-117.

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The work is devoted to the numerical study of the process of downdraft fixed-bed gasification of woody biomass. Such processes are used to produce combustible gases at lowcapacity power plants. To improve the quality of the produced gas, it is proposed to use a mixture of wood fuel with a non-combustible material that can exhibit catalytic activity in the decomposition of undesired tary products. Adding a non-combustible material leads to lower heat value of fuel mixture, but contributes to a deeper gas purification. The aim of the study is to select the optimal "active material / wood fuel" ratio and to determine the minimum material activity at which its addition to the fuel becomes effective.

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Murugan, Nandhini, Anithakumari Sivathanu, Krithika Vaidyanathan, Anupam Tiwari, and Armaan Varma. "Automated home waste segregation and management system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 4 (2023): 3903. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i4.pp3903-3912.

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Waste management is a massive issue in India, most of the present systems cannot manage waste on a scalable level, thus creating pressure on the ecosystem. Before the elimination of waste, segregation needs to be done to manage individual types of waste. Hence taken the same approach to solving the problem, which most of the present-day systems fail to do. The goal is to segregate the garbage generated in individual households into solid, liquid, biodegradable, non-biodegradable, combustible, and non-combustible, using many subsystems that involve electro pneumatics, compression, and storage. Image processing techniques will further advocate the process. The desired system will further reduce the waste of an in-built pulverizer. After conducting in-depth research on the present solutions for the urban waste processing chain, the level of complexity increases as the waste goes further along the chain and, in the end, the only option left is incineration was figured out. The solution allows endpoints of the chain to process different types of garbage in a more organized fashion. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is solid waste that results from municipal community, commercial, institutional, and recreational activities. This paper aims to segregate the MSW generated by households into biodegradable, non-biodegradable, combustible, and non-combustible.

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Manietta, Luke, William Drake, and Wasantha Jayawardene. "Comparative Analysis of Inflammatory and Heavy Metal Biomarkers in Exclusive E-Cigarette Users, Combustible Tobacco Users, and Non-Users Aged 18–30: A Cross-Sectional NHANES Analysis." Journal of Xenobiotics 15, no. 2 (2025): 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15020053.

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While cigarette smoking has declined, e-cigarette use among young adults has increased in the USA. This cross-sectional study compared complete blood counts, C-reactive protein, and select blood metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, selenium, manganese) among exclusive combustible tobacco users, exclusive e-cigarette users, and non-users using NHANES data from 2013–2023 in the USA. The goal of this study was to compare biomarker data from e-cigarette users and combustible tobacco users to that of non-users. Among 756 participants aged 18–30, 229 reported no tobacco use, 74 used only e-cigarettes, and 453 smoked only combustible tobacco. Survey-weighted analyses adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and body mass index revealed that exclusive combustible use was associated with significantly elevated white blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and higher blood lead and cadmium. E-cigarette-only use showed fewer deviations overall but included higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and lower cadmium, selenium, and methyl mercury relative to non-users. Neither group differed significantly in red blood cell count or C-reactive protein, and inorganic/ethyl mercury and manganese levels were largely unchanged. These findings underscore pronounced hematologic and metal-related alterations in combustible tobacco users and fewer, but not negligible, changes among e-cigarette users. Further research is needed to determine the long-term health implications of exclusive e-cigarette use, including potential impacts on antioxidant micronutrient levels.

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Lange, David, Johan Sjöström, Joachim Schmid, Daniel Brandon, and Juan Hidalgo. "A Comparison of the Conditions in a Fire Resistance Furnace When Testing Combustible and Non-combustible Construction." Fire Technology 56, no. 4 (2020): 1621–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-020-00946-6.

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Yarykin, Daniil I., Oleg P. Gorelkov, Ivan S. Pytskii, Boris V. Spitsyn, and Aleksey K. Buryak. "Determination of non-combustible impurities in detonation nanodiamond powder." Сорбционные и хроматографические процессы 24, no. 1 (2024): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/sorpchrom.2024.24/12021.

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The study of the physicochemical (including adsorption) properties of nanodiamond requires the possibility of reproducible generation of the carbon surface of an individual particle without metal impurities of unknown composition. This kind of surface can be obtained through an additional deep cleaning of a commercially available sample. This article is dedicated to the study of the composition of non-combustible impurities of detonation nanodiamond powder. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, iron and titanium were identified as the main metal components of the unburned residue, and the presence of Cr, Ni, Zr, As, and Sb was qualitatively established. The expected composition of the main molecular ions formed on the surface of the unburned residue in the course of laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry was presented. Based on the results of mass spectrometry analysis, a method of two-stage chemical treatment of detonation nanodiamond powder was proposed, which allowed reducing the mass fraction of non-combustible impurities during annealing in air from 2.0 to 0.1%.

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Yarykin, D. I., O. P. Gorelkov, I. S. Pytskii, B. V. Spitsyn, and A. K. Buryak. "Determination of Non-Combustible Impurities in Detonation Diamond Nanopowder." Journal of Analytical Chemistry 79, no. 11 (2024): 1541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061934824700941.

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Hong, Moon-Hi, In-kyu Kim, and Hye-Jeong Yun. "Effect of Inorganic Filler Addition on Non-Combustible and Mechanical Properties of Color Coated Steel Sheets." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 58, no. 11 (2020): 768–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2020.58.11.768.

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Recent large-scale fires in buildings and logistic warehouses have become a major social issue, involving both property loss and multiple casualties. To make color coated steel sheets non-combustible and/or have anti-fire properties, various ways of optimizing manufacturing parameters have been investigated for outer, inner, roof and ceiling panels. In the present study, the effect of inorganic filler content and size on the non-combustible and mechanical properties of color coated steel sheets has been investigated using samples prepared as pre-painted coating materials. Both salt spray corrosion and chemical resistance tests were also carried out. Filler distribution and size were measured by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and glow discharge spectroscopy, and found to be critical factors affecting non-combustible performance. As the amount of added filler increased, the non-combustible property of the color coated steel sheets improved, while mechanical properties, corrosion resistance by salt spray and chemical resistances deteriorated. During 3t-bending tests, the adhesive strength at the interface between coated layer and hot dip galvanized steel sheets was rather strong, although the filler-added upper coated layer was mostly peeled off. The mechanical properties of 30% filler addition samples were compared to samples with less than 20% filler addition. The main reason for the poorer performance was clarified in terms of filler size and crack propagation in the 3t-bended color coated layer.

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Vogel, Erin A., Jessica L. Barrington-Trimis, Afton Kechter, et al. "Differences in Young Adults’ Perceptions of and Willingness to Use Nicotine Pouches by Tobacco Use Status." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5 (2022): 2685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052685.

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Oral nicotine pouches may appeal to young adult current nicotine/tobacco users interested in alternative forms of nicotine that lack pulmonary exposure, but may also appeal to young adult non-users of nicotine/tobacco products. We used data from a 2020 remote digital survey of an ongoing cohort study of young adults from Southern California (aged 19–23) to examine differences in pouch perceptions and use willingness across nicotine/tobacco use statuses. Participants who had never used nicotine pouches (N = 1167) viewed text/imagery from mass-marketed pouch packaging and advertising, then completed measures of willingness to use nicotine pouches, pouch harm perceptions, and hypothetical choice of cigarettes or e-cigarettes over pouches. Willingness to use pouches was significantly higher among non-combustible only (33.8%), combustible only (29.3%), and dual (43.9%) users than non-users (14.7%). Overall, 49.1% of participants were uncertain whether pouches were less harmful than cigarettes and 52.4% were uncertain whether pouches were less harmful than e-cigarettes. Relative harm perceptions did not significantly differ by tobacco use status. Those using non-combustible products (either alone or as part of dual use with combustible tobacco) had greater odds than non-users of reporting that they would use e-cigarettes over nicotine pouches. By contrast, all tobacco product user groups reported greater odds than non-users that they would use cigarettes over pouches. In sum, a sizable minority of young adults might be willing to try using nicotine pouches, but most are uncertain about the relative harm of pouches.

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Hopkin, Danny, Wojciech Węgrzyński, Michael Spearpoint, et al. "Large-Scale Enclosure Fire Experiments Adopting CLT Slabs with Different Types of Polyurethane Adhesives: Genesis and Preliminary Findings." Fire 5, no. 2 (2022): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5020039.

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This paper provides understanding of the fire performance of exposed cross-laminated-timber (CLT) in large enclosures. An office-type configuration has been represented by a 3.75 by 7.6 by 2.4 m high enclosure constructed of non-combustible blockwork walls, with a large opening on one long face. Three experiments are described in which propane-fuelled burners created a line fire that impinged on different ceiling types. The first experiment had a non-combustible ceiling lining in which the burners were set to provide flames that extended approximately halfway along the underside of the ceiling. Two further experiments used exposed 160 mm thick (40-20-40-20-40 mm) loaded CLT panels with a standard polyurethane adhesive between lamella in one experiment and a modified polyurethane adhesive in the other. Measurements included radiative heat flux to the ceiling and the floor, temperatures within the depth of the CLT and the mass loss of the panels. Results show the initial peak rate of heat release with the exposed CLT was up to three times greater when compared with the non-combustible lining. As char formed, this stabilised at approximately one and a half times that of the non-combustible lining. Premature char fall-off (due to bond-line failure) was observed close to the burners in the CLT using standard polyurethane adhesive. However, both exposed CLT ceiling experiments underwent auto-extinction of flaming combustion once the burners were switched off.

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CIEŚLIK, Wojciech, and Ireneusz PIELECHA. "Analysis of the possibilities to achieve adiabatization process of combustion surrounded by inactive gases in Rapid Compression Machine." Combustion Engines 168, no. 1 (2017): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-104.

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In this work non-combustible gases impact on combustion processes studies is performed. Research was performed in a optically accessible rapid compression machine (RCM) under spark ignition engine conditions. The distribution of the swirl charge in the relation to adopted for analysis sequence of gas delivery to the chamber was varied with regard to the main injection. Authors investigate the influence of these sequence on the combustion and the ignition delay of the main injection and the overall combustion characteristics. The aim of this work is the experimental recognition of possibilities of creating combustible mixtures of light hydrocarbon fuels surrounded by non-combustible gases affecting the function of the inhibitor. Specifying the ability of preparation and combustion of mixtures in such systems enables the scientific analysis of adiabatization of the combustion process of fuel-air mixtures in the operating chambers. Theoretical analysis of the issues indicates possibility of obtaining such a stratification of the charge, that the inactive exhaust gases creating the outer ring surround the combustible mixture inside in such a way as to reduce the amount of heat exchanged between the working medium and the walls of the cylinder.

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Lucero Culi, Mario Jose. "Propuesta de estrategias de gestión de residuos sólidos en la ciudad de Santa Ana, el Salvador." Revista Científica de Ingenierías y Arquitectura 4, no. 1 (2025): 59–72. https://doi.org/10.56643/rcia.v4i1.185.

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According to the population projections, the city of Santa Ana has recorded 398,351 inhabitants in 2023, with a Per-Capita Production of 1.10 Kg. inhabitant/d. By the year 2040, it is estimated that there will be 454,734 inhabitants. with a PCP of 1.3 kg per person/d. Santa Ana´s solid waste management has a waste separation plant, which classifies residues as combustible and non-combustible. The combustible material is destined for an incineration plant to produce cement and the non-combustible material is destined for a sanitary landfill. The Integral Solid Waste Management suggests, in its management hierarchy, that before disposing or treating waste, it must be used for recycling and then treat the excess. By incinerating waste, the recycling potential is reduced, thus generating the allocation of new materials from natural resources. The suggested management strategy establishes that of the 592.41 Ton/d, 201.39 Ton/d must be recycled; 343.54 Ton/d is organic matter that can be treated by anaerobic digestion generating 185.51 Tn/d of residue known as digestate, successively composting can be applied generating 46.38 Tn/d of compost. Anaerobic digestion can generate an average of 36.8 MW of electricity.

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Li, Lin, Ron Borland, K. Michael Cummings, et al. "Patterns of Non-Cigarette Tobacco and Nicotine Use Among Current Cigarette Smokers and Recent Quitters: Findings From the 2020 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 23, no. 9 (2021): 1611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab040.

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Abstract Introduction This study explores patterns of use of non-cigarette tobacco and nicotine products among adult cigarette smokers and recent ex-smokers. Along with cigarette smoking status we explore differences as a function of countries with different product regulations, gender, and age. Methods Data came from the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Wave 3 Survey conducted between February–June 2020. The analytic sample consisted of 9112 current cigarette smokers (at least monthly) and 1184 recent ex-smokers (quit cigarettes ≤ 2 years) from Australia, Canada, England, and the United States. Respondents were asked about their cigarette smoking and current use of the following non-cigarette products: combustible tobacco (cigars, cigarillos, pipe, waterpipe); noncombustible tobacco (smokeless tobacco, and heated tobacco products [HTPs]); and non-tobacco nicotine products (nicotine vaping products [NVPs], nicotine replacement therapy [NRT], and nicotine pouches). Results Overall, NVPs (13.7%) and NRT (10.9%) were the most reported nicotine products used, followed by cigars (5.3%), cigarillos (4.2%), and HTPs (3.5%). More than 21% current and recent ex-smokers of cigarettes reported using a non-tobacco nicotine product and noncombustible product, with respondents in England reporting the highest levels of use (&gt;26%). Males, younger respondents, and current non-daily cigarette smokers were more likely to use non-cigarette nicotine products. Notably, 11.6% of ex-cigarette smokers were using other combustible tobacco. Conclusion Considerable percentages of current cigarette smokers and ex-smokers use non-cigarette nicotine products, and there are unexpectedly high levels of use of other combustible products by those recent ex-smokers of cigarettes which is concerning and has important implications for definitions of smoking cessation. Implications The tobacco product market has evolved to include new products which add to existing non-cigarette tobacco products creating a much more diverse nicotine market. This brief report provides a snapshot of use of various combustible and noncombustible nicotine-containing products among current cigarette smokers and recent ex-smokers in four western countries. Our results indicate that use of non-cigarette tobacco and nicotine products among these cigarette smokers and recent ex-smokers is not low, particularly among males, younger and non-daily cigarette smokers. Use of other combustible tobacco among respondents that recently quit cigarette smoking is concerning and has important implications for definitions of smoking cessation. Increased emphasis on researching non-cigarette nicotine product use is warranted in tobacco control generally and smoking cessation in particular.

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Arimilli, Subhashini, D’Quan Ke’shawn Lamar Cutno, and G. L. Prasad. "Effect of combustible tobacco product preparations on neutrophil-like cells." Journal of Immunology 200, no. 1_Supplement (2018): 42.13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.42.13.

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Abstract Chronic exposure to cigarette smoking causes inflammation and immune suppression, which are known to contribute to smoking-related diseases and increased susceptibility of smokers to microbial infections. Neutrophils play an essential role in innate immune responses to protect against microbial infections. However, there is limited information on how smoking impacts innate immunity, particularly neutrophil functions. The use of neutrophils in research is limited due to their short lived nature. Therefore, alternate sources for neutrophil-like cells have been sought. Treatment with DMSO, results in differentiation of the HL60 cells to neutrophil-like cells, which provides an alternate model for assessment of certain neutrophil functions. In this study, we have differentiated HL60 cells with DMSO to neutrophil-like cell phenotype. The differentiated cells were characterized by the expression of CD11b and phagocytosis, and assessed the effects of exposure to different tobacco products. We assessed the effect of combustible cigarette whole smoke conditioned medium (WS-CM) and smokeless tobacco (ST) extracts, prepared from reference tobacco products, on the neutrophil-like cells on cell migration and phagocytic function. A dose-dependent decrease in the migration and phagocytosis was observed on treatment with WS-CM, but not with ST extracts. These findings suggest that neutrophil-like cells can be utilized to assess the effects of combustible and non-combustible tobacco products. Further, these results show that combustible and non-combustible tobacco products differentially impact neutrophil functions in this model.

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Li, Manman, Rui Hu, Honglin Lu, Yuchen Gao, Qionglin Wang, and Weitao Yang. "Study on the curing process and thermal performance of an RDX-based UV-cured combustible ordnance material." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, no. 3 (2023): 032087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/3/032087.

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Abstract RDX-based combustible ordnance material was prepared using a 3D printer, and the curing process of the UV-curing resin (acrylic resin) was tracked by infrared spectroscopy. The thermal decomposition characteristics of photocurable combustible materials were studied by DSC, and the non-isothermal method was used to study Kinetic parameters. Meanwhile, the delayed ignition time of UV-cured combustible materials at different temperatures were tested using a muffle furnace. Infrared spectroscopy test results show that the C=C bond conversion rate can reach to 81.7% when the acrylate resin is irradiated for 2 s. DSC test results show that the thermal decomposition peak temperature of the UV-curing combustible ordnance material is 235.9°C (at heating rate of 10°C/min), and the activation energy of the reaction is 129.93 kJ/mol. The critical explosion temperature and spontaneous temperature were 466.85K and 469.31K, respectively.

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Van Hove, Louis, Claude Wache, and Maurice Ernotte. "Les contrôles non destructifs dans la fabrication du combustible nucléaire." Revue Générale Nucléaire, no. 2 (March 1990): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rgn/19902134.

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Suzuki, Tomoya, Osamu Kawanami, Itsuro Honda, and Yousuke Kawashima. "4129 Study on High-performance Non-combustible Small Rocket Engine." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2007.5 (2007): 403–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2007.5.0_403.

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Guidez, Joël, and Guillaume Campioni. "Molten Salt Reactor, un RNR à combustible liquide." Revue Générale Nucléaire, no. 5 (September 2019): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rgn/20195020.

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Les Molten Salt Reactors (MSR) représentent un concept original où le combustible est dissous dans un sel fondu. La réaction nucléaire se déroule au sein de ce fluide dans un espace conçu pour que la criticité soit atteinte. Puis, ce fluide combustible passe dans des échangeurs où il échauffe un sel secondaire non radioactif qui passe alors dans des générateurs de vapeur pour alimenter une turbine classique ou pour d’autres utilisations de la chaleur.

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Rapp, Joseph L., Naomi Alpert, Raja M. Flores, and Emanuela Taioli. "Serum cotinine levels and nicotine addiction potential of e-cigarettes: an NHANES analysis." Carcinogenesis 41, no. 10 (2020): 1454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgaa015.

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Abstract This study aims to compare serum cotinine levels in e-cigarette and combustible cigarette smokers, in an attempt to quantify the potential chronic nicotine addiction risk that e-cigarettes pose. We analyzed 428 participants in 2015–2016 NHANES: 379 (87.03%) smoked combustible cigarettes alone and 49 (12.97%) smoked e-cigarettes. Serum cotinine levels were measured by isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometric method with a detection limit of 0.015 ng/ml. Electronic cigarette smokers were younger than combustible cigarette smokers (mean age 36.79 versus 42.69 years, P = 0.03), more likely to be male (64.93% versus 48.32%, P = 0.09) and significantly less likely to live with other smokers (50.17% versus 90.07%, P &lt; 0.01). Serum cotinine levels increased linearly with self-reported days of smoking in both electronic cigarette and combustible cigarette smokers, after accounting for living with a smoker. The analysis of the subgroup who reported daily use show non-statistically significantly higher serum cotinine levels in electronic cigarette smokers versus combustible cigarette smokers (β adj = 52.50, P = 0.10). This analysis of recent US data demonstrates that electronic cigarettes expose users to nicotine levels proportionate to, and potentially higher than combustible cigarettes, and thus pose a serious risk of chronic nicotine addiction. This could be particularly relevant in otherwise tobacco naive individuals; future risk of tobacco-related dependence, addiction and relapse, as well as of tobacco-related cancers in these subjects needs to be investigated.

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Falk, Grace E., Hayrettin Okut, Ph.D., Mohinder R. Vindhyal, M.D., M.Ed., and Elizabeth Ablah, Ph.D., MPH. "Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases among Electronic and Combustible Cigarette Users." Kansas Journal of Medicine 15, no. 2 (2022): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/kjm.vol15.16752.

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Introduction. Combustible cigarette use is associated with an increased risk of several cardiovascular diseases; however, less is known about associations between these cardiovascular conditions and electronic cigarette use. Methods. This study investigated relationships between electronic and/or combustible cigarette use and diagnoses of cardiovascular diseases using the National Health Interview Survey from 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2018. Results. Compared to non-users, dual users of electronic and combustible cigarettes had increased likelihood of having prior diagnoses of hypertension (OR 1.660, 95% CI=1.519-1.814), stroke (OR 2.396, 95% CI=2.011-2.855), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.219, 95% CI=1.108-1.341), coronary artery disease (OR 2.211, 95% CI=1.837-2.660), and myocardial infarction (OR 3.839, 95% CI=3.232-4.560). Exclusive use of electronic cigarettes was associated with an increased likelihood of having hypertension compared to non-users (OR 1.244, 95% CI=1.048-1.477). Conclusions. There was no difference in diagnoses of stroke, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, nor myocardial infarction among exclusive electronic cigarette users compared to non-users; however, these associations could change as young electronic cigarette users with hypertension age, indicating the need for continued research.

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Likhnyovskyi, Ruslan, Alexey Tsapko, Vitalii Kovalenko, and Andrii Onyshchuk. "Application of Intumescent Coating for Increasing Fire-Resistance Values of Cable Products." Key Engineering Materials 927 (July 29, 2022): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2c1e3p.

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The results of experimental studies on the effectiveness of insulation of electrical cables with fire-resistant coating are presented. Analysis of methods of cables products using shows a steady trend of increasing their using during the arrangement of premises. Fires and rapid spread of flame are possible during the exploitation of such structures. Statistics of cable products show a low level of safety due to using of combustible insulation, which is highly sensitive to high temperatures and fire. After the test, it is seen that the specimen of the cable without a fire-resistant coating supports self-combustion for more than 30 s, and the damage to the specimen is more than 100 mm. After testing the specimen with a fire-resistant coating, it is seen that the cable specimen doesn’t support self-combustion, and the damage to the specimen isn’t more than 40 mm. Inhibition of the process of ignition and propagation of flame for such specimen is associated with the decomposition of flame retardants under the action of temperature, which occurs with heat absorption and release of non-combustible gases (nitrogen, carbon dioxide), as well as changing the direction of decomposition towards non-combustible gases and flame retardant coke residue. This leads to an increase of the thickness of the coke layer and inhibition of heat transfer of high-temperature flame to the insulation material, which indicates the possibility of transition of combustible insulation of the cable with a fire-resistant coating to non-flammable materials, which aren’t spread a flame.

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Kolienko, Anatolii, Rasul Ahmednabiev, Oksana Demchenko, Olha Hukasian, and Volodymyr Semko. "Interchangeability of various combustible gases and adaptation of gas-using equipment for their efficient combustion." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1348, no. 1 (2024): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1348/1/012048.

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Abstract The article presents the results of studies, the purpose of which is to substantiate the possibility of using a wide class of different combustible gases in one gas-using equipment and to develop recommendations for changing the design and operational parameters of such gas-using equipment in the event of a transition from one type of non-interchangeable combustible gases to another. The methodology of the work is based on a critical analysis of the available data on the issue of interchangeability of combustible gases, as well as our own theoretical and experimental studies. Dependencies have been obtained that permit to determine the possibility of switching gas-using equipment from one type of gas to another. Recommendations have been developed on the permissible content of hydrogen in a mixture with natural gas, ensuring the efficient, safe and environmentally friendly use of such fuel in household and industrial heating devices. Scientific and practical results of the work permit to carry out a low-cost reconstruction of gas-using equipment from one gas to another, including the transition to combustible gas containing hydrogen.

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Mykhailov, O. V. "Results of Radionuclide Vector Verification to Characterize Solid Radwaste of Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant Sent for Burial." Nuclear Power and the Environment 24, no. 2 (2022): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31717/2311-8253.22.2.5.

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The first radionuclide vector (RV) for characterization of operational solid radioactive wastes (SRW) of Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP) according to the IAEA methodology was established in 2018 and consisted of a set of scaling factors (SF), which have never been refined and updated, as it is recommended to be done from time to time. In this work, verification algorithm of previously established SF values, provided for by RV setting technique, was tested, and their values were updated with taking into account the implementation of a new approach for sorting ChNPP SRW into the streams. It was established that for such nuclides as 90Sr, 94Nb and 241Am, geometric mean values of SF or correlation function (CF) established on the basis of regression analysis of logarithms of nuclide content, can be used. For the other radionuclides (14С, 3Н and 235, 238U), whose activity levels were higher than the minimum detectable activity (MDA), arithmetic mean values of SF only can be used. For uranium isotopes 235, 238U, a high degree of correlation between their content is observed in all SRW materials, regardless of whether they belong to combustible or non-combustible operational waste of the ChNPP. According to the test results (testing for significance of difference under the null hypothesis) using the Student’s t-statistics, it was established that the same SF values can be applied to the waste temporarily stored in the eastern and western compartments of the ChNPP SRW repository. The waste should be separated into non-combustible and combustible materials only. This follows from the fact that combustible solid waste, if they are to be burned as it is planned, must be re-characterized using the SF value already determined for ash and by a different technique. However, until these wastes are burned, the obtained data allow estimating the expected levels of nuclide content in their ash residue.

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Nandhini, Murugan, Sivathanu Anithakumari, Vaidyanathan Krithika, Tiwari Anupam, and Varma Armaan. "Automated home waste segregation and management system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 4 (2023): 3903–12. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i4.pp3903-3912.

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Waste management is a massive issue in India, most of the present systems cannot manage waste on a scalable level, thus creating pressure on the ecosystem. Before the elimination of waste, segregation needs to be done to manage individual types of waste. Hence taken the same approach to solving the problem, which most of the present-day systems fail to do. The goal is to segregate the garbage generated in individual households into solid, liquid, biodegradable, non-biodegradable, combustible, and non-combustible, using many subsystems that involve electro pneumatics, compression, and storage. Image processing techniques will further advocate the process. The desired system will further reduce the waste of an in-built pulverizer. After conducting in-depth research on the present solutions for the urban waste processing chain, the level of complexity increases as the waste goes further along the chain and, in the end, the only option left is incineration was figured out. The solution allows endpoints of the chain to process different types of garbage in a more organized fashion. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is solid waste that results from municipal community, commercial, institutional, and recreational activities. This paper aims to segregate the MSW generated by households into biodegradable, non-biodegradable, combustible, and noncombustible.

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Simeoni, Albert, Pierre Salinesi, and Frédéric Morandini. "Physical modelling of forest fire spreading through heterogeneous fuel beds." International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, no. 5 (2011): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09006.

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Vegetation cover is a heterogeneous medium composed of different kinds of fuels and non-combustible parts. Some properties of real fires arise from this heterogeneity. Creating heterogeneous fuel areas may be useful both in land management and in firefighting by reducing fire intensity and fire rate of spread. The spreading of a fire through a heterogeneous medium was studied with a two-dimensional reaction–diffusion physical model of fire spread. Randomly distributed combustible and non-combustible square elements constituted the heterogeneous fuel. Two main characteristics of the fire were directly computed by the model: the size of the zone influenced by the heat transferred from the fire front and the ignition condition of vegetation. The model was able to provide rate of fire spread, temperature distribution and energy transfers. The influence on the fire properties of the ratio between the amount of combustible elements and the total amount of elements was studied. The results provided the same critical fire behaviour as described in both percolation theory and laboratory experiments but the results were quantitatively different because the neighbourhood computed by the model varied in time and space with the geometry of the fire front. The simulations also qualitatively reproduced fire behaviour for heterogeneous fuel layers as observed in field experiments. This study shows that physical models can be used to study fire spreading through heterogeneous fuels, and some potential applications are proposed about the use of heterogeneity as a complementary tool for fuel management and firefighting.

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Afrinaldi, Angga, Yoshihiko Uematsu, Toshifumi Kakiuchi, and Ren Itoh. "Microstructural Modification of Non-Combustible Magnesium Alloy by Friction Stir Processing." Materials Science Forum 880 (November 2016): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.880.25.

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The microstructure of non-combustible magnesium alloy, AMX602, was modified by friction stir processing (FSP) at the tool rotational speed of 800 rpm and traveling speed of 300 mm/min. In the microstructure of the as-extruded material, some intermetallic compounds (IMCs), Al2Ca and Al-Mn, inhomogeneously distributed in the matrix. The inhomogeneity was dependent on the extruding condition. The largest size of IMCs was a few tens microns. By FSP, large IMCs were broken up, and fine IMCs were uniformly dispersed in the matrix. Furthermore, grain refinement occurred due to dynamic recrystallization.

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Masaki, Kiyotaka, Yasuo Ochi, Toshifumi Kakiuchi, et al. "High Cycle Fatigue Property of Extruded Non-Combustible Mg Alloy AMCa602." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 49, no. 5 (2008): 1148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.mc2007108.

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Lee, Hyun Hwa, Gyeong-Seok Choi, Ju Hyun Song, Woong Chan Kim, and Jae-Sik Kang. "Development of EPS Insulation with Improved Insulating and Non-combustible Performance." Journal of The Korean Society of Living Environmental System 28, no. 3 (2021): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21086/ksles.2021.6.28.3.251.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-combustible'

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