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Jumiati, Wiwiek, David Maurich, Andi Wibowo, and Indra Nurdiana. "The Development of Non-Conventional Oil and Gas in Indonesia." Journal of Earth Energy Engineering 9, no. 1 (April 19, 2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jeee.2020.4074.
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Oil and gas fuel from unconventional types of reservoirs was the development of alternative sources in addition to oil and gas fuels from conventional type reservoirs that can be obtained to meet domestic needs. The development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs has developed rapidly outside Indonesia, such as in North America and Canada. One type of unconventional oil and gas reservoir was obtained from shale rock reservoirs. Hydrocarbon shale produced from shale formations, both source from rock and reservoir. This unconventional hydrocarbon has a big potential to be utilized. In this study, an analysis of the development of unconventional oil and gas from Shale Hydrocarbons carried out in Indonesia. This research included the distribution of shale reservoir basins, the number of unconventional shale reservoir resources, factors affecting the development of unconventional oil and gas in shale reservoirs in Indonesia, efforts made by the government to promote exploration activities, exploitation of shale reservoirs in Indonesia, and existing regulations for non-conventional oil and gas. The development of unconventional oil and gas reservoir shale needed to be developed immediately and will attract investors to meet domestic needs for renewable energy needs. From the geological data obtained, there were 6 basins and 11 formations that analyzed for commercialization. Tanjung and Batu Kelau Formation was a prospect formation from 4 desired data categories. In terms of regulation, it still needed improvement to increase the interest of upstream oil and gas entrepreneurs in the unconventional oil and gas shale reservoir. Research in the field of unconventional oil and gas exploitation technology for hydrocarbon shale needed to be improved.
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Clerici, A., and G. Alimonti. "Oil shale, shale oil, shale gas and non-conventional hydrocarbons." EPJ Web of Conferences 98 (2015): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20159803001.
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Morales González, Jessica, Manuel Pardo-Echarte, and Osvaldo Rodríguez-Morán. "Possible gaso-petroleum occurrence from non-seismic and non-conventional exploration methods in the Central Basin, Cuba." Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, no. 47 (January 1, 2020): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rbct.n47.82641.
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In various geological situations, seismic data provides little information about whether a trap contains hydrocarbons. It is well documented that the generality of hydrocarbon accumulations has predominantly vertical microfiltration. The use of non-seismic and non-conventional exploration methods, integrated with geological and seismic data, enables a better evaluation of prospects and exploration risk; such is the purpose of the investigation. The general objective was to map possible new gaso-petroleum targets that support exploration in the study region. The cartography of the areas of interest would be based on the presence of the indicator anomalies: gravimetric, aeromagnetic and airborne gamma spectrometric. In addition, a 2D model of the potential fields of the Jatibonico oilfield was designed to validate the hypothesis that the magnetic maximums reduced to the pole are the cartographic expression of the continental margin carbonate uplifts. The results indicate that the anomalous complex of the Cristales oilfield is reproduced in the location of La Vigía, which manifests as a preserved occurrence, according to the results of recognition by the Redox Complex.
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Cienfuegos-Suárez, Pablo, Rocío García-Menéndez, Efrén García-Ordiales, and Jorge Enrique Soto-Yen. "Use & Re-Use of Water Resources in the Exploration Non-Conventional Hydrocarbons." Proceedings 2, no. 23 (November 2, 2018): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231405.
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The water cycle in hydraulic fracturing shows five stages that includes, from the water supply, the manufacture of the fracturing fluid, the injection, recovery of the flowback and water produced, and the management of the same. Finally, the case applied in the Asturian coal basin (ACCB) is analyzed for the development of the exploration and production of methane gas from coal layers (CBM).
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Madon, Mazlan. "Exploration And Exploitation Of Non-Living Natural Resources On The Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles: A Status Review." Bulletin Of The Geological Society Of Malaysia 70, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/bgsm70202002.
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Activities by coastal States in relation to the exploration and exploitation of non-living natural resources (namely hydrocarbons and deep-sea minerals) on the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (M) from their territorial sea baselines are reviewed. Geological conditions dictate such that hydrocarbons are likely to occur where there are thick accumulations of sediments (at least 2-3 km is needed for organic matter to generate significant amounts of hydrocarbons), whereas deep-sea minerals are found on or beneath the seabed of the deep oceans, which are generally “starved” of sediment. Thus, in general, sites for hydrocarbon exploration and for deep-sea mineral exploration are unlikely to overlap. On a ‘normal’ geological shelf with an average width of say ~60-100 km, hydrocarbon exploration is carried out generally within the 200 M limit of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the coastal State. Within the last decade, however, necessitated by depleting resources in the shallow waters of the shelf and slope, exploration has gradually moved from the geological shelf (water depth typically < 200 m) further out into deeper waters, and in some cases, beyond the 200 M limit. Thus far, only in a few places is oil and gas exploration being carried out on the continental shelf beyond 200 M. Examples include Australia, New Zealand, Norway, Argentina and Canada. Such activities mainly involve geological and geophysical investigations and assessment of the hydrocarbon potential, while some have resulted in commercial production. Besides the conventional hydrocarbons (oil and gas), continental margin sediments may also host significant accumulations of gas hydrates, which are regarded as a potentially important energy resource of the future. Along non-polar continental margins, gas hydrates are generally found beneath the continental slope and the continental rise, i.e. beyond the continental shelf proper, in water depths typically greater than 500 m but still mainly within 200 M of the territorial sea baselines. Where the continental margin is exceptionally wide, however, gas hydrates may occur in areas beyond the 200 M limit, on the extended continental shelf.
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Trujillo-Rodríguez, María J., Omprakash Nacham, Kevin D. Clark, Verónica Pino, Jared L. Anderson, Juan H. Ayala, and Ana M. Afonso. "Magnetic ionic liquids as non-conventional extraction solvents for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." Analytica Chimica Acta 934 (August 2016): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.014.
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Powell, T. G., C. J. Boreham, D. M. McKirdy, B. H. Michaelsen, and R. E. Summons. "PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE MURTA MEMBER, MOOGA FORMATION, AND ASSOCIATED OILS, EROMANGA BASIN." APPEA Journal 29, no. 1 (1989): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj88015.
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An investigation has been made of the source potential, degree of maturation and hydrocarbon composition of selected oils and sediments in the Murta Member in ATP 267P and the Moomba and Napacoongee- Murteree Blocks (PEL 5 and 6), Eromanga Basin. Shales in the Murta Member contain low amounts (up to 2.5% TOC) of terrestrial oil- prone organic matter (Types II–III) which consists predominantly of sporinite, lipto- detrinite and inertinite with lower amounts of vitrinite, although some samples contain relatively abundant telalginite. Extractable hydrocarbon yields demonstrate that parts of the Murta Member are effective source rocks at present maturation levels, which are at the threshold of the conventional oil window (vitrinite reflectance = 0.5- 0.6% Ro).Oils from Murta reservoirs in ATP 267P (Kihee, Nockatunga and Thungo) all show the characteristics found by previous analyses of many Murta oils, namely paraffinic, low wax, and high pristane- to- phytane ratios. In contrast Murta oils from Limestone Creek and Biala are waxy. All oils show chemical evidence of generation at relatively low maturation levels. Gas chromatograms of the saturate fractions from the best source facies show the same characteristics noted for the low- wax oils. Samples with lower source potential in contrast contain relatively abundant waxy n- alkanes. Methylphenan- threne Indices and biomarker maturation indicators obtained from the oils show the same values as were measured on sediment samples from the Murta. Hence the oils could not have been derived from deeper, more mature source rocks. The distribution of biomarkers in the low- wax oils is also consistent with an origin from the Murta Member. A corresponding source facies for the high- wax oils has not yet been located. However, chemical maturation indices also suggest a source in the Murta Member or in immediately adjacent strata.The unusual circumstances represented by the Murta oils (low maturity, low- wax terrestrial oils) provide evidence for bacterial contribution to the source material for non- marine oils. Both the low- wax oils and the best source facies contain abundant hydrocarbons derived from bacterial precursors. This bacterial organic matter appears to yield hydrocarbons at an earlier stage of maturation than the predominantly terrestrial plant and algal organic matter with which it is associated. In the case of the Murta Member there are sufficient hydrocarbons generated at relatively low maturity to allow migration to occur. Chemical evidence suggests a low contribution from algal organic matter to the generated hydrocarbons.
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Polyakova, T. V. "Prospects for the North America’ shale hydrocarbons development." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(34) (February 28, 2014): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-1-34-97-105.
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An entire generation of American politicians were concerned about the growing U.S. dependence on imported oil and natural gas. However, in the last few years the situation has changed dramatically: there was started the development of not only the resources of shale gas, but shale oil. As a result in political and economic circles they began to talk about it as the most significant breakthrough in the energy resources development since the oil boom in Texas in the late 1920s. How large are these resources? What problems have to be overcome if the available potential will be realized? How will this problems affect the U.S. energy policy? Concerns about the adequacy of regulation, in particular the environmental issues associated with the non-conventional hydrocarbons production, have led to the internal public debate on the impact of unconventional oil and gas resources mining boom. One thing is clear: significant amounts of additional oil and gas supplies in the U.S. will have far-reaching political consequences for the world. The article presents the different points of view on the prospects for oil and gas production in North America, as well as on the political issues related to it.
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Long, Jian, Lin Li, Yueming Jin, Hao Sun, Yunhai Zheng, and Senlin Tian. "Synergistic solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by mixed micelles composed of a photoresponsive surfactant and a conventional non-ionic surfactant." Separation and Purification Technology 160 (February 2016): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.01.010.
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McTaggart-Cowan, G. P., S. N. Rogak, P. G. Hill, S. R. Munshi, and W. K. Bushe. "The effects of fuel dilution in a natural-gas direct-injection engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto705.
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This study reports the effects of fuelling a heavy-duty single-cylinder research engine with pilot-ignited late-cycle direct-injected natural gas diluted with 0, 20, and 40 per cent nitrogen. The combustion duration is unaffected while its intensity is reduced and its stability is increased. Emissions of nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide are all reduced, with no effect on the engine's performance and efficiency. The results indicate the benefits of increased in-cylinder turbulence and are of particular relevance when considering fuel composition variations with non-conventional sources of gaseous fuels.
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Sidiq, Irsyad Nuruzzaman, and Thaqibul Fikri Niyartama. "Porosity Identification of Carbonate Core Reservoir Using Digital Rock Physics Method." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 1 (October 31, 2017): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v1.297.
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Indonesia is an archipelago country so rich with coral reefs that are a major component of the carbonate rock constituents. Where as much as 40% of carbonate rocks in Indonesia is a hydrocarbon reservoir is still rarely done exploration. This is because conventional hydrocarbon exploration technology has not been able to provide detailed information about the physical quantities. Hydrocarbon exploration technologies currently leads on digital technology to know the physical quantities of a reservoir of more detail such as porosity. Porosity which is physical quantities related to the presence of hydrocarbons in the pores of rocks. Digital Rock Physics (DRP) is a digital image-based method as an alternative method to find the physical quantities of rock samples to make it more effective and efficient. This study aims to identify the physical quantity using the method of porosity of the DRP until obtaining porosity of rock core carbonate reservoir by analyzing the binary image of the two rock cores from the same reservoir but has different dimensions to find out the exact core rocks to analyze the value of porosity. Binary image obtained from a scanned image of a projection of rock that has been reconstructed to become the greyscale image and have gone through the process of thresholding. The results of this study showed that the method can identify the physical quantities of DRP porosity and non-damaging rock pore structure (non-destructive). Analysis of the porosity of the rock core with histogram variations performed (by adjustingting the histogram), using the otsu method of thresholding and pixel size of the image has high (5.343750 μm) used to analyze the value of porosity. The porosity values acquired for 18.040 and has precision 96.20%.
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Jang, C., and J. Lee. "Experimental investigation of the effects of various factors on the emission characteristics of low-emission natural gas vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x28286.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various factors on the emission characteristics of dedicated natural gas vehicles (NGVs). A conventional light-duty gasoline engine was modified to run on natural gas (NG) by a gas injection system. Experiments were mainly conducted on the optimization of an oxygen sensor, a catalytic converter, and an electronic control unit (ECU) control strategy affecting the emission characteristics of NGVs. Also presented are the emission results of the NGV as a low-emission vehicle by evaluating non-methane organic gases (NMOG). The experimental results present the optimization of the fuel control and exhaust system in NGV that is needed to meet the more stringent emission regulations. It is also suggested that non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) constitute about 95 per cent of NMOG, and light-end HCs (C2-C5) account for 91 per cent of total NMOG emissions.
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Melcer, Henryk, Hugh Monteith, and Stephen G. Nutt. "Variability of Toxic Trace Contaminants in Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 4-5 (April 1, 1988): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0177.
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The variability of toxic trace contaminants in influents and effluents at three full-scale municipal sewage treatment plants was measured by collecting grab samples of degritted raw wastewater and non-chlorinated secondary effluent at two hour intervals over eight consecutive days. The samples were analyzed for metals, conventional contaminants and a range of organic trace contaminants. The metals and volatile organic compounds were the dominant contaminants found in the influents. In the effluents, organic concentrations were close to detectable levels and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were almost never detected. Some influent metal and organic contaminants varied diurnally while others appeared to fluctuate randomly with periodic spike inputs. The variability of most effluent trace contaminant concentrations was considerably attenuated in comparison to influent concentrations.
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Czaja, Piotr, Paweł Kamiński, Jerzy Klich, and Antoni Tajduś. "Hybrid Technology of Hard Coal Mining from Seams Located at Great Depths." Archives of Mining Sciences 59, no. 3 (October 20, 2014): 575–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2014-0041.
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Abstract Learning to control fire changed the life of man considerably. Learning to convert the energy derived from combustion of coal or hydrocarbons into another type of energy, such as steam pressure or electricity, has put him on the path of scientific and technological revolution, stimulating dynamic development. Since the dawn of time, fossil fuels have been serving as the mankind’s natural reservoir of energy in an increasingly great capacity. A completely incomprehensible refusal to use fossil fuels causes some local populations, who do not possess a comprehensive knowledge of the subject, to protest and even generate social conflicts as an expression of their dislike for the extraction of minerals. Our times are marked by the search for more efficient ways of utilizing fossil fuels by introducing non-conventional technologies of exploiting conventional energy sources. During apartheid, South Africa demonstrated that cheap coal can easily satisfy total demand for liquid and gaseous fuels. In consideration of current high prices of hydrocarbon media (oil and gas), gasification or liquefaction of coal seems to be the innovative technology convergent with contemporary expectations of both energy producers as well as environmentalists. Known mainly from literature reports, underground coal gasification technologies can be brought down to two basic methods: - shaftless method - drilling, in which the gasified seam is uncovered using boreholes drilled from the surface, - shaft method, in which the existing infrastructure of underground mines is used to uncover the seams. This paper presents a hybrid shaft-drilling approach to the acquisition of primary energy carriers (methane and syngas) from coal seams located at great depths. A major advantage of this method is the fact that the use of conventional coal mining technology requires the seams located at great depths to be placed on the off-balance sheet, while the hybrid method of underground gasification enables them to become a source of additional energy for the economy. It should be noted, however, that the shaft-drilling method cannot be considered as an alternative to conventional methods of coal extraction, but rather as a complementary and cheaper way of utilizing resources located almost beyond the technical capabilities of conventional extraction methods due to the associated natural hazards and high costs of combating them. This article presents a completely different approach to the issue of underground coal gasification. Repurposing of the already fully depreciated mining infrastructure for the gasification process may result in a large value added of synthesis gas production and very positive economic effect.
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Schmeling, Nadine, Roman Konietzny, Daniel Sieffert, Patrick Rölling, and Claudia Staudt. "Functionalized copolyimide membranes for the separation of gaseous and liquid mixtures." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 6 (August 12, 2010): 789–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.6.86.
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Functionalized copolyimides continue to attract much attention as membrane materials because they can fulfill the demands for industrial applications. Thus not only good separation characteristics but also high temperature stability and chemical resistance are required. Furthermore, it is very important that membrane materials are resistant to plasticization since it has been shown that this phenomenon leads to a significant increase in permeability with a dramatic loss in selectivity. Plasticization effects occur with most polymer membranes at high CO2 concentrations and pressures, respectively. Plasticization effects are also observed with higher hydrocarbons such as propylene, propane, aromatics or sulfur containing aromatics. Unfortunately, these components are present in mixtures of high commercial relevance and can be separated economically by single membrane units or hybrid processes where conventional separation units are combined with membrane-based processes. In this paper the advantages of carboxy group containing 6FDA (4,4′-hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalic anhydride) -copolyimides are discussed based on the experimental results for non cross-linked, ionically and covalently cross-linked membrane materials with respect to the separation of olefins/paraffins, e.g. propylene/propane, aromatic/aliphatic separation e.g. benzene/cyclohexane as well as high pressure gas separations, e.g. CO2/CH4 mixtures. In addition, opportunities for implementing the membrane units in conventional separation processes are discussed.
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Thomas, Jean-Christophe, Yves St-Pierre, Réjean Beaudet, and Richard Villemur. "Monitoring by laser-flow-cytometry of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degradingSphingomonassp. strain 107 during biotreatment of a contaminated soil." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-008.
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A flow cytometric method (FCM) was used to detect and accurately enumerate a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial strain, Sphingomonas sp. 107, inoculated into a soil sample artificially contaminated with pyrene. To compare the FCM method with colony forming unit (CFU) assays, a rifampicin-resistant Sphingomonas sp. 107 was obtained which could be distinguished from the indigenous microflora, since there was no organism resistant to rifampicin in the soil that could transform indole to indigo (naphthalene dioxygenase activity). By combining light-scattering profiles (i.e., morphological properties), ethidium bromide influx (i.e., cell wall permeability), and fluorescence in situ hybridization against the 16S rRNA (i.e., detection specificity), we could enumerate the bacterial population of interest from the indigenous microflora and soil debris during the biotreatment. The FCM technique revealed that the number of inoculated Sphingomonas cells decreased gradually for 15 days of incubation before reaching a steady level of 7 to 12 × 105cells·g-1of soil. Similar values were obtained with the CFU assay. During this period, pyrene concentration decreased from 632 to 26 mg·kg-1of dry soil. The FCM detection was improved by adding blocking reagent to the hybridization buffer to minimize the non-specific attachment of the fluorescent probe to soil particles. Combined with the improvements in probe technology, FCM detection was shown to be a good alternative to the conventional culture methods for the analysis of bacterial populations in environmental samples. This technique could be potentially useful for the detection of microorganisms that grow poorly in culture.Key words: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Sphingomonas, bioremediation, soil, laser flow cytometry.
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Makoś, Patrycja, Edyta Słupek, Joanna Sobczak, Dawid Zabrocki, Jan Hupka, and Andrzej Rogala. "Dimethyl ether (DME) as potential environmental friendly fuel." E3S Web of Conferences 116 (2019): 00048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911600048.
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In recent years, there has been a growing interest in replacing petroleum fuels with so-called second generation environmental friendly fuels. Compared to traditional petroleum fuels dimethyl ether (DME) could be used as a clean high-efficiency compression ignition fuel with reduced particulate matter (PM), sulfur oxides (SOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) as well as combustion noise. Compared to some of the other leading alternative fuel candidates i.e., methane, methanol, ethanol, compressed natural gas, DME appears to have the largest potential impact on society including well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions, non-petroleum feedstocks, well-to-wheel efficiencies, fuel versatility, infrastructure, availability, economics, and safety and should be considered as the fuel of choice for eliminating the dependency on petroleum. This paper reviews the properties and the DME combustion effects on environmental and they were compared to diesel characteristic as well as the effect of blending DME with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), conventional diesel fuel and biodiesel were discussed.
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Roy, Murari Mohon, Md Shariful Islam, and Md Nur Alam. "Biodiesel from Crude Tall Oil and Its NOx and Aldehydes Emissions in a Diesel Engine Fueled by Biodiesel-Diesel Blends with Water Emulsions." Processes 9, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010126.
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Using biodiesel in diesel engines is beneficial for reducing emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matters (PM). Biodiesel is usually produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. When produced from plant oil or woody plant sources, biodiesel can reduce a significant amount of carbon dioxide on a life cycle basis. The objective of this study is to produce biodiesel from a non-conventional woody plant source that is, crude tall oil, which is a dark brown viscous liquid extracted and processed in wood pulping plants. It contains a high percentage of fatty acids. From raw crude tall oil, tall oil fatty acids were separated and were successfully used for the production of biodiesel in this study. Although biodiesel produces lower CO, HC and PM than petroleum diesel fuel, it produces higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions in diesel engines. Water emulsifications of diesel-biodiesel blends are investigated in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine in this work to understand their potential for NOx reduction. When using 10% water in the emulsions, NOx was reduced by nearly 15%. In aldehyde emissions, B100 showed 35% lower aldehydes and B100 with 10% water emulsion produced nearly 90% lower aldehydes than diesel fuel - a substantial reduction. Therefore, this study accomplished the desired goal of producing biodiesel from a non-conventional source, which satisfies ASTM biodiesel standard and results in lower NOx and aldehydes emissions with water emulsifications of diesel-biodiesel blends in a diesel engine compared to that of diesel fuel.
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Roy, Murari Mohon, Md Shariful Islam, and Md Nur Alam. "Biodiesel from Crude Tall Oil and Its NOx and Aldehydes Emissions in a Diesel Engine Fueled by Biodiesel-Diesel Blends with Water Emulsions." Processes 9, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010126.
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Using biodiesel in diesel engines is beneficial for reducing emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matters (PM). Biodiesel is usually produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. When produced from plant oil or woody plant sources, biodiesel can reduce a significant amount of carbon dioxide on a life cycle basis. The objective of this study is to produce biodiesel from a non-conventional woody plant source that is, crude tall oil, which is a dark brown viscous liquid extracted and processed in wood pulping plants. It contains a high percentage of fatty acids. From raw crude tall oil, tall oil fatty acids were separated and were successfully used for the production of biodiesel in this study. Although biodiesel produces lower CO, HC and PM than petroleum diesel fuel, it produces higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions in diesel engines. Water emulsifications of diesel-biodiesel blends are investigated in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine in this work to understand their potential for NOx reduction. When using 10% water in the emulsions, NOx was reduced by nearly 15%. In aldehyde emissions, B100 showed 35% lower aldehydes and B100 with 10% water emulsion produced nearly 90% lower aldehydes than diesel fuel—a substantial reduction. Therefore, this study accomplished the desired goal of producing biodiesel from a non-conventional source, which satisfies ASTM biodiesel standard and results in lower NOx and aldehydes emissions with water emulsifications of diesel-biodiesel blends in a diesel engine compared to that of diesel fuel.
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Charisteidis, Ioannis, Polykarpos Lazaridis, Apostolos Fotopoulos, Eleni Pachatouridou, Leonidas Matsakas, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, and Konstantinos Triantafyllidis. "Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin Isolated by Hybrid Organosolv—Steam Explosion Pretreatment of Hardwood and Softwood Biomass for the Production of Phenolics and Aromatics." Catalysts 9, no. 11 (November 8, 2019): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9110935.
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Lignin, one of the three main structural biopolymers of lignocellulosic biomass, is the most abundant natural source of aromatics with a great valorization potential towards the production of fuels, chemicals, and polymers. Although kraft lignin and lignosulphonates, as byproducts of the pulp/paper industry, are available in vast amounts, other types of lignins, such as the organosolv or the hydrolysis lignin, are becoming increasingly important, as they are side-streams of new biorefinery processes aiming at the (bio)catalytic valorization of biomass sugars. Within this context, in this work, we studied the thermal (non-catalytic) and catalytic fast pyrolysis of softwood (spruce) and hardwood (birch) lignins, isolated by a hybrid organosolv–steam explosion biomass pretreatment method in order to investigate the effect of lignin origin/composition on product yields and lignin bio-oil composition. The catalysts studied were conventional microporous ZSM-5 (Zeolite Socony Mobil–5) zeolites and hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites with intracrystal mesopores (i.e., 9 and 45 nm) or nano-sized ZSM-5 with a high external surface. All ZSM-5 zeolites were active in converting the initially produced via thermal pyrolysis alkoxy-phenols (i.e., of guaiacyl and syringyl/guaiacyl type for spruce and birch lignin, respectively) towards BTX (benzene, toluene, xylene) aromatics, alkyl-phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, mainly naphthalenes), with the mesoporous ZSM-5 exhibiting higher dealkoxylation reactivity and being significantly more selective towards mono-aromatics compared to the conventional ZSM-5, for both spruce and birch lignin.
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Tamme, Rainer, Reiner Buck, Michael Epstein, Uriyel Fisher, and Chemi Sugarmen. "Solar Upgrading of Fuels for Generation of Electricity." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 123, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1353177.
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This paper presents a novel process comprising solar upgrading of hydrocarbons by steam reforming in solar specific receiver-reactors and utilizing the upgraded, hydrogen-rich fuel in high efficiency conversion systems, such as gas turbines or fuel cells. In comparison to conventionally heated processes about 30% of fuel can be saved with respect to the same specific output. Such processes can be used in small scale as a stand-alone system for off-grid markets as well as in large scale to be operated in connection with conventional combined-cycle plants. The complete reforming process will be demonstrated in the SOLASYS project, supported by the European Commission in the JOULE/THERMIE framework. The project has been started in June 1998. The SOLASYS plant is designed for 300 kWel output, it consists of the solar field, the solar reformer and a gas turbine, adjusted to operate with the reformed gas. The SOLASYS plant will be operated at the experimental solar test facility of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel. Start-up of the pilot plant is scheduled in April 2001. The midterm goal is to replace fossil fuels by renewable or non-conventional feedstock in order to increase the share of renewable energy and to establish processes with only minor or no CO2 emission. Examples might be upgrading of bio-gas from municipal solid waste as well as upgrading of weak gas resources.
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Mohd Sabari, Siti Nurul Umira, Saw Hong Loh, Sazlinda Kamaruzaman, Noorfatimah Yahaya, and Wan Mohd Afiq Wan Mohd Khalik. "Micro-Solid Phase Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water using either C18 or Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Membranes: Analytical Merits and Limitations." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5001-13.
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Sample pre-treatment is often the bottleneck in an analytical process. Due to the drawbacks of conventional sample pre-treatment methods, microextraction utilizing lower amounts of adsorbents and organic solvents are therefore favoured. A micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) technique coupled with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was successfully developed for the analysis of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PA Hs), namely phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene, in environmental water. In this study, μ-SPE techniques using C18 and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) membranes were optimized, validated, and applied to the analysis of selected PA Hs in environmental water samples. The analytical merits were compared, and the two methods were evaluated in terms of linearity, repeatability, and relative recovery. Under the optimal extraction conditions, both μ-SPE techniques using either C18 or MIP membranes as the adsorbents offered comparable ultratrace analysis of the selected PA Hs in the range of 0.003 to 0.01 μg L–1. The extraction strength of C18 membranes was superior to that of MIP membranes for the extraction of low molecular weights PA Hs from water in the presence of humic acid as a matrix factor. The C18membranes overcome the non-covalence interaction between PA Hs and humic acid and thus achieve better recovery.
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Jackson, David. "CO2 SPRAY CLEANING AND OSEE NON-CONTACT INSPECTION FOR WIRE BOND PAD PREPARATION." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 000307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-tp47.
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Surface pad contamination is a major cause of poor performance for wire bonding operations. Examples of the wide range of contaminants that can degrade wire bond pull strength include, for example:Halogens and hydrocarbons: plasma etching, epoxy outgassing (dry processing), photoresist strippers, cleaning solvents.Contaminants from plating operations: thallium, brighteners, lead, iron, chromium, copper, nickel, hydrogen.Sulfur compounds: packing containers, ambient air, cardboard and paper, rubber bands.Miscellaneous organic contaminants: epoxy outgassing, photoresist, general ambient air (poor storage).Miscellaneous inorganic compounds: sodium, chromium, phosphorous, bismuth, cadmium, moisture, glass, vapor, nitride, carbon, silver, copper, tin.Human sources of contamination: skin particles, hair, sweat, spittle, mucus, cosmetics, hand lotions, facial make-up and fibers from clothing. As can be seen, there are many types of surface contaminations that may challenge a wire bonding operation, all of which must be removed to insure reliable and strong bonds. In this regard, conventional precision cleaning processes for high reliability surface pad preparation typically involve multiple steps, chemistries, and equipment to accomplish complete decontamination. Moreover, conventional cleaning methods are sometimes non-selective for the surface contaminants and substrates. For example, conventional vacuum plasma using Ar/O2 is typically used to clean bond pads. Vacuum plasmas are usually performed off-line, taking up to 30 minutes to complete, and are non-selective for the organic contamination. The entire organic substrate (i.e., PCB) is etched away during the plasma cleaning process to remove the bond pad contamination. During treatment, secondary organic surface contaminations (plasma treatment by-products from reacted substrate) are produced which can re-contaminate bonding surfaces. Advanced carbon dioxide (CO2) spray cleaning technology provides various methods for consistently preparing bond pads for critical wire bonding operations. A patented hybrid CO2 particle-plasma spray is presented in this paper that has demonstrated efficacy for selectively treating bond pad surfaces to remove a wide range of challenging surface contaminations. Moreover, a novel non-contact surface inspection technology called Optically Stimulated Electron Emission (OSEE) - developed to address surface cleaning and inspection issues that led to the 1986 Challenger Spacecraft explosion - is used to measure the effectiveness of the new CO2 surface cleaning processes. Statistically significant studies have been performed to determine the effectiveness of the selective CO2 particle-plasma surface treatment process for preparing bond pads for gold ribbon bonding operations. One such study compared and contrasted the performance of this new single-step CO2 surface treatment method with that of a conventional multi-step solvent-plasma method. The two treatment methods were used to prepare the surface of a metalized ceramic wafer that simulated bond pad surfaces and treatment areas representative of an actual high-reliability electronic board. The test results of this evaluation demonstrated that the CO2 particle-plasma surface treatment process is statistically similar to or sometimes better than a solvent-plasma hybrid cleaning process. CO2 spray cleaning was determined to be better for some types of contaminants as well – and in particular more relevant mixed-contaminant challenge tests. The CO2 cleaning process demonstrates a lower defect-per-million (DPM) level and an improved CpK. Finally, in this study OSEE surface quality analysis was performed before and after surface cleaning. OSEE analysis provided a reliable non-contact means of determining the proper level of surface pad preparation.
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Tao, Jia, Jinchuan Zhang, Junlan Liu, Yang Liu, Wei Dang, Haicheng Yu, Zhe Cao, Sheng Wang, and Zhe Dong. "Molecular and Carbon Isotopic Variation during Canister Degassing of Terrestrial Shale: A Case Study from Xiahuayuan Formation in the Xuanhua Basin, North China." Minerals 11, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080843.
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Molecular and carbon isotopic variation during degassing process have been observed in marine shale reservoirs, however, this behavior remains largely unexplored in terrestrial shale reservoirs. Here, we investigate the rock parameters of five terrestrial shale core samples from the Xiahuayuan Formation and the geochemical parameters of thirty natural gas samples collected during field canister degassing experiments. Based on these new data, the gas composition and carbon isotope variation during canister degassing are discussed and, further, the relationship between petrophysics and the carbon isotope variation is explored. The results show that methane content first increases and then decreases, the concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen gas (N2) peak in the early degassing stage, while heavier hydrocarbons gradually increase over time. Shale gas generated from humic source rocks contains more non-hydrocarbon and less heavy hydrocarbon components than that generated from sapropelic source rocks with similar maturity. Time-series sampling presents an upward increase in δ13C1 value during the degassing process with the largest variation up to 5.7‰, while the variation in δ13C3 and δ13C2 is insignificant compared to δ13C1. Moreover, we find that there is only a small variation in δ13C1 in shale samples with high permeability and relatively undeveloped micropores, which is similar to the limited δ13C1 variation in conventional natural gas. For our studied samples, the degree of carbon isotope variation is positively correlated with the TOC content, micropore volume, and micropore surface, suggesting that these three factors may play a significant role in carbon isotope shifts during shale gas degassing. We further propose that the strong 13C1 and C2+depletion of shale gas observed during the early degassing stage may have resulted from the desorption and diffusion effect, which may lead to deviation in the identification of natural gas origin. It is therefore shale gas of the late degassing stage that would be more suitable for study to reduce analytic deviations. In most samples investigated, significant isotopic variation occurred during the degassing stage at room temperature, indicating that the adsorbed gas had already been desorbed at this stage Our results therefore suggest that more parameters may need to be considered when evaluating the lost gas of shales.
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Rodríguez, Lilia, and Geoffrey Viviescas. "Dense suspensions formulations for upgrading processes in heavy and extra heavy crude oil." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 4, no. 3 (May 24, 2011): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.239.
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The present work involved the formulation of solid-liquid suspensions of by-products of heavy and extra heavy crude oil process upgrades, coke and asphaltenes from Delayed coking and Deasphalting processes. This was done by controlling rheological properties and following specifications for pipeline transmission, similar to those of liquid hydrocarbons. The formulated products guarantee the possibility of moving the by products in a fluidized way, minimizing storage, handling, environmental and operational costs in transportation, and providing an attractive alternative as non conventional fuel.
Regarding the formulation of suspensions, it was necessary to establish the effect of formation components such as: surfactants, stabilizers, as well as the type, amount of solids and particle size ratio on the flow properties of the resulting product. The parameters analyzed for rheological properties of pipeline transport were viscosity, particle size distribution, static and dynamic stability.
Laboratory tests were performed in high precision rheometers -TA Instruments RX1500 and Haake RS600- and Mastersizer 2000 particle size analyzer. At pilot scale, we used a closed loop to verify flow parameters, including normal and critical transport scenarios: Sudden shutdowns and extended ones of up to 72 hours, with subsequent pumping re-starts.
Tests performed at the lab and the pilot plant showed better rheological properties in the formulations with bimodal particle size distribution. This allowed higher loads of solid, up to 52%, and an improved mobility, reflected as lower viscosity. A non-Newtonian rheological behavior became evident, characterized by yield stress to ensure pumpability after prolonged inactivity. The pressure drops and calculation of apparent viscosity obtained in the pilot plant were compared and verified with lab results, showing reproducibility.
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Fan, Ming, James McClure, Yanhui Han, Nino Ripepi, Erik Westman, Ming Gu, and Cheng Chen. "Using an Experiment/Simulation-Integrated Approach To Investigate Fracture-Conductivity Evolution and Non-Darcy Flow in a Proppant-Supported Hydraulic Fracture." SPE Journal 24, no. 04 (May 14, 2019): 1912–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/195588-pa.
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Summary Optimizing proppant-pack conductivity in a hydraulic fracture is of critical importance to sustaining effective and economical production of petroleum hydrocarbons. In this study, a hybrid, experiment/simulation-integrated workflow, which combines the discrete element method (DEM) and the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method with laboratory-measured load-embedment correlations, was developed to advance the understanding of fracture-conductivity evolution from partial-monolayer to multilayer concentrations. The influence of compressive stress and proppant-diameter heterogeneity on non-Darcy flow behaviors was also investigated. The DEM method was used to simulate effective-stress increase and the resultant proppant-particle compaction and rearrangement. Proppant-embedment distance was then determined using an empirical correlation obtained by fitting experimental data. The final pore structure of the proppant pack was imported into the LB simulator as interior boundary conditions of fluid-flow modeling in the calculation of time-dependent permeability of the proppant pack. To validate the integrated workflow, proppant-pack conductivity as a function of increasing proppant concentration was simulated and then compared with laboratory data. Good agreement was observed between the workflow-derived and laboratory-measured fracture-conductivity vs. proppant-concentration curves. Furthermore, the role of proppant size, size heterogeneity, and closure pressure on the optimal partial-monolayer proppant concentration was investigated. The optimal partial-monolayer proppant concentration has important engineering implications, because one can achieve a considerable fracture conductivity using a partial-monolayer proppant structure, which has much lower material costs compared with the conventional multilayer proppant structures. To investigate the effect of non-Darcy flow on fracture conductivity, three proppant packs with the same average diameter but different diameter distributions were generated. Specifically, the coefficient of variation (COV) of diameter, defined as the ratio of standard deviation of diameter to mean diameter, was used to characterize the heterogeneity of particle size. The results of this research provide fundamental insights into the multiphysics processes regulating the conductivity evolution of a proppant-supported hydraulic fracture, as well as the role of compressive stress and proppant-size heterogeneity in non-Darcy flows.
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Sahoo, Prakash Chandra, Satyabadi Martha, and Kulamani Parida. "Solar Fuels from CO2 Photoreduction over Nano-Structured Catalysts." Materials Science Forum 855 (May 2016): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.855.1.
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The image of CO2 is turning quickly because there are increasing attempts to consider it as resources for hydrocarbon based fuels rather a green house gas. Owing to the limited amount of non-renewable readily available energy sources, the paradigm of energy supply is changing from conventional energy sources to inexhaustible renewable sources such as sunlight, wind, tidal energy. But the current scientific interest is concentrated in the efficient recycling of CO2 from a waste combustion product into a solar fuel by photo reduction method that can be used within the current energy infrastructure. Solar energy as direct solar irradiations is excessively available and it is imperious to utilize it for solar fuel products. In other words, solar to chemical conversion by photo-reduction process is an effective route. Moreover, fuels from solar energy are complementary to solar to electrical energy conversion, but there is still intense research is needed before its successful commercialization. Solar fuels produced from CO2 in comparison with H2 are analyzed and it is seen that these solar-hydrocarbons fuels involves easy transportation and storage than H2 fuel. Photoreduction of CO2 is considered as one of the scientific challenges and has been carried out by different photocatalysts. But the nanostructured photocatalyst owing to their unique optical and electrical property are gaining much attention. Several nanostructured semiconductor photocatalyst such as: metal oxides, heterojunctions, porous materials, layered materials, materials with hierarchical structure, and nanobiocatalysts are acknowledged as good candidate for CO2 photo reduction. This technology not only provides an alternative way to produce the sustainable fuels, but also convert the waste CO2 into valuable chemicals, which is important for keeping our environment clean and sustainable. However, there are still several limitations present in the process of CO2 photoreduction and various strategies have been developed to overcome them. Numerous efforts are required to improve the competence of the photo reduction reaction by developing the novel and efficient photocatalyst with considerable activity, high reaction selectivity. In this chapter, we have summarized several scientific attempts that lead to the design of efficient nanocatalysts for CO2 photo reduction along with their mechanistic pathways.
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Yue, Zongyu, Randy Hessel, and Rolf D. Reitz. "Investigation of real gas effects on combustion and emissions in internal combustion engines and implications for development of chemical kinetics mechanisms." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 3 (December 13, 2017): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416678111.
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Real gas effects on combustion and emissions in internal combustion engines are investigated using three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics. The Peng–Robinson equation of state is implemented to describe pressure–volume–temperature relationships and to calculate thermodynamic properties and relevant partial derivatives. Four facilities are modeled, including non-reacting compression in a motoring engine, combustion in a conventional diesel combustion engine and in a reactivity controlled compression ignition engine, as well as for a non-reacting reflected wave in a shock tube. It is found that the real gas effects of gas mixtures in practical internal combustion engine operation are sensitive to the operating load and the amount of premixed fuel. Excellent agreement against experiments was found for engine simulations with the Peng–Robinson equation of state in terms of cylinder pressure and apparent heat release rate. However, discrepancies with predictions from the ideal gas law grow with increased load and larger amounts of premixed fuel. In particular, the predicted emissions of soot, NOx, CO and unburnt hydrocarbons show increasing sensitivity to real gas effects as a result of changes in combustion phasing. Fuel condensation is also modeled using a vapor–liquid phase equilibrium solver and significant dependency on the equation of state used is found. Therefore, it is recommended to include real gas effects in internal combustion engine modeling to capture combustion and emissions characteristics accurately. Additionally, the results emphasize the role of real gas effects on reaction rates. Shock tube simulations are used to demonstrate the importance of using the real gas equation of state in the interpretation of chemical kinetic measurements. Significantly different compressed gas temperatures behind the reflected shock are predicted when real gas effects are considered. This needs to be realized when developing chemical kinetic models and rate constants for engine applications from shock tube data.
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Curtis, Thomas. "Synthetic Eelgrass." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 299554. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-299554.1.
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Inundation of biota in coastal waters by heavy smothering deposits of oil requires cleanup to enable ecological recovery within normal time scales. Conventional floating curtain and sorbent oil booms deployed to prevent such inundation have proven only marginally effective. Currents have advected oil under them. Wave have induced snap loadings destroying them, or advected oil over them. The capacity of conventional sorbent booms is limited to their outer surface. Such booms are discarded with the oil they adsorb, because the oil cannot be economically separated from them. To protect coastal wetlands, a new form of floating, sorbent barrier, called synthetic eelgrass (SE), is proposed to interdict and sequester floating oil before it can inundate the coast. Oil so captured can be recovered enabling SE to be reused, repeatedly. The form of this new barrier was suggested by natural sessile life. Zostera marina, common eelgrass, survives in seas by its flexibility and compliance to wave induced forces. Leukonoid sponges, filter feeders that remove nutrients from seawater passing through them, suggest a higher saturation limit to adsorbed oil on a sorbent that is an open-cell foam with a high surface area to volume ratio. Like eelgrass, SE has long, slender, buoyant blades, rising from the seabed to the surface, where it can extend over some surface area. These blades of SE, called filaments, are intrinsically buoyant strips of ethylene methyl acrylate (EMA), an amorphous thermoplastic elastomer, a non-polar material, which is oleophilic and hydroscopic. Besides crude oil, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organic compounds such as lipids, amino acids, fatty acids, fats and soaps can be adsorbed on EMA. SE acts as a sponge. Because EMA's Youngs modulus is small, adsorbed oil can be squeezed out of SE, and SE can be reused, repeatedly. Filaments of SE are attached to a line, anchored at both ends to the seabed. Thousands of filaments, placed side by side, along this line can be deployed and recovered much as demersal longline fishermen do. While recovering or deploying a line of SE, an existing barrier would not be breeched provided two or more parallel lines of SE had been placed in close proximity. Being reusable, synthetic eelgrass provides an economical means of interdicting, sequestering, and recovering oil, and other non-polar chemicals, spilled in water before they can inundate the environment.
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Arroyo, Antonia, Fabián Provoste, Montserrat Rodríguez, and Ana L. Prieto. "A Mechanistic Model to Assess the Fate of Naphthalene and Benzo(a)pyrene in a Chilean WWTP." Processes 9, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081313.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of organic compounds of widespread presence in the environment. They are recalcitrant, ubiquitous, prone to bioaccumulation, and potentially carcinogenic. Effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) constitutes a major source of PAHs into water bodies, and their presence should be closely monitored, especially considering the increasing applications of potable and non-potable reuse of treated wastewater worldwide. Modeling the fate and distribution of PAHs in WWTPs is a valuable tool to overcome the complexity and cost of monitoring and quantifying PAHs. A mechanistic model was built to evaluate the fate of PAHs in both water and sludge lines of a Chilean WWTP. Naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene were used as models of low-MW and high-MW PAHs. As there were no reported experimental data available for the case study, the influent load was determined through a statistical approach based on reported values worldwide. For both naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene, the predominant mechanism in the water line was sorption to sludge, while that in the sludge line was desorption. Compared to other studies in the literature, the model satisfactorily describes the mechanisms involved in the fate and distribution of PAHs in a conventional activated sludge WWTP. Even though there is evidence of the presence of PAHs in urban centers in Chile, local regulatory standards do not consider PAHs in the disposal of WWTP effluents. Monitoring of PAHs in both treated effluents and biosolids is imperative, especially when considering de facto reuse and soil amendment in agricultural activities are currently practiced downstream of the studied WWTP.
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Basker, Dov. "Comparison of taste quality between organically and conventionally grown fruits and vegetables." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 7, no. 3 (September 1992): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300004641.
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AbstractPanels of 40 to 60 “non-expert” consumers attempted to distinguish between the taste of organically and conventionally grown fruits and vegetables. Wherever possible, samples of the two types of produce were obtained by picking them in the growing orchards/fields to avoid any question of authenticity, and cold-stored without treatment under the same conditions, for periods reflecting their shipping time to markets. Some physical, chemical, and instrumental analytical tests were also performed. No consistent preference pattern emerged. For grapefruit, grapes, carrots, spinach, sweet corn and tomatoes, the differences in hedonic ratings and scores between the two types of produce were not significant. For mangoes and orange juice, the conventional type was preferred, while the reverse was true for bananas; in each of these three instances the result could be ascribed to fruit being tasted closer to its optimum maturity.Screening tests were performed to detect any traces, at the parts-per-billion level, of chlorinated hydrocarbons and organophosphorus compounds used as pesticides, or their degradation products. No traces were detected in any of the samples examined (bananas, grapes, carrots, spinach, sweet corn or tomatoes), whether organically or conventionally grown. In those samples examined (bananas, grapes, carrots, spinach, sweet corn and tomatoes) by quantitative tests for the three major fertilizer elements used conventionally (NPK), nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were not consistently greater, while potassium concentrations were either equal or greater, than in the organically grown samples. Among the anion analyses performed on orange juice, grapefruit juice, carrots, spinach and tomatoes, nitrates and particularly nitrites either were not detected, or occurred at negligible concentrations in all samples. Phosphates were found at higher concentrations, but not significantly so, in four of the five organic products tested; no phosphates were detected in either type of tomatoes.
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Singh, M., T. Durali, and A. J. Cowieson. "Use of n-alkanes for determination of Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) intake in free-range broilers." Animal Production Science 56, no. 7 (2016): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14778.
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N-alkanes, long-chained saturated hydrocarbons occurring in plant cuticles, were used for estimating grass intake in fast-growing, free-range broilers. A total of 1440 as hatched mixed sex Cobb 500 broilers were equally divided between one of four experimental treatments in a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement involving conventional (barn) or free-range (barn and range access) production systems and diets (crude protein: 21%, metabolisable energy: 13 MJ/K) with or without in-feed antibiotic (Zinc Bacitracin: Albac® G 150 antibiotic feed premix, Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia). Day-old chicks were randomly allocated to 48 pens (12 replicates/treatment) with 30 birds in each pen. Chicks were assigned to treatment diets on Day 1 while free-range access was available to birds from Day 21 onwards. Alkane concentrations in litter were measured and compared with alkane profiles of the intake components (grass, diet pellets and woodchip). Correction for incomplete recovery followed by estimation using a non-negative least square procedure resulted in calculation of total grass intake from the range area. Kikuyu grass consumption was estimated to be 13.5–14.7% of total ‘as-fed’ intake, equating to 6.34–6.78 g of grass per bird per hour of range access in this study. Taking into account grass consumption, this resulted in a significant increase in feed intake by 8.7–8.9% (P < 0.01) and feed conversion ratio from 2.30 to 2.54 points (P < 0.01). It can be concluded that broilers reared under free-range conditions eat a substantial quantity of grass. However, the nutrient profile of grass is not complementary to the formulated ration and its consumption is likely to lead to an array of nutritional changes for the bird, thus affecting performance.
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Hasan, Syed Zaheer, M. A. Rasheed, and T. Harinarayana. "Shale gas: A non-conventional hydrocarbon as future energy resource of India." Journal of the Geological Society of India 85, no. 3 (March 2015): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-015-0221-8.
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DEVYANIN, SERGEY N., VLADIMIR A. MARKOV, ALEKSANDR G. LEVSHIN, TAMARA P. KOBOZEVA, and ALEKSEI YU ALIPICHEV. "USE OF NORTHERN ECOTYPE SOYBEANS FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION." AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, no. 6 (2020): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2020-6-22-30.
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The paper presents the results of long-term research on the oil productivity and chemical composition of soybean oil of the Northern ecotype varieties in the Central Non-Black Earth Region. The authors consider its possible use for biodiesel production. Experiments on growing soybeans were carried out on the experimental fi eld of Russian State Agrarian University –Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (2008-2019) on recognized ultra-early ripening varieties of the Northern ecotype Mageva, Svetlaya, Okskaya (ripeness group 000). Tests were set and the research results were analyzed using standard approved methods. It has been shown that in conditions of high latitudes (57°N), limited thermal resources of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia (the sum of active temperatures of the growing season not exceeding 2000°С), the yield and productivity of soybeans depend on the variety and moisture supply. Over the years, the average yield of soybeans amounted to 1.94 … 2.62 t/ha, oil productivity – 388 … 544 kg/ha, oil content – 19…20%, the content of oleic and linoleic fatty acids in oil – 60%, and their output from seeds harvested – 300 kg/ha. It has been established that as soybean oil and diesel fuel have similar properties,they can be mixed by conventional methods in any proportions and form stable blends that can be stored for a long time. Experimental studies on the use of soybean oil for biodiesel production were carried out on a D-245 diesel engine (4 ChN11/12.5). The concentrations of toxic components (CO, CHx, and NOx) in the diesel exhaust gases were determined using the SAE-7532 gas analyzer. The smoke content of the exhaust gases was measured with an MK-3 Hartridge opacimeter. It has been experimentally established that the transfer of a diesel engine from diesel fuel to a blend of 80% diesel fuel and 20% lubrication oil leads to a change in the integral emissions per test cycle: nitrogen oxides in 0.81 times, carbon monoxide in 0.89 times and unburned hydrocarbons in 0.91 times, i.e. when biodiesel as used as a motor fuel in a serial diesel engine, emissions of all gaseous toxic components are reduced. The study has confi rmed the expediency of using soybeans of the Northern ecotype for biofuel production.
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MUKHERJEE, BAPPA, and P. N. S. ROY. "CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL AND NON-POTENTIAL ZONES USING WAVELET-BASED FRACTAL ANALYSIS." Fractals 26, no. 01 (February 2018): 1850001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x18500019.
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The identification of prospective and dry zone is of major importance from well log data. Truthfulness in the identification of potential zone is a very crucial issue in hydrocarbon exploration. In this line, the problem has received considerable attention and many conventional techniques have been proposed. The purpose of this study is to recognize the hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon bearing portion within a reservoir by using the non-conventional technique. The wavelet based fractal analysis (WBFA) has been applied on the wire-line log data in order to obtain the pre-defined hydrocarbon (HC) and non-hydrocarbon (NHC) zones by their self-affine signal nature is demonstrated in this paper. The feasibility of the proposed technique is tested with the help of most commonly used logs, like self-potential, gamma ray, resistivity and porosity log responses. These logs are obtained from the industry to make out several HC and NHC zones of all wells in the study region belonging to the upper Assam basin. The results obtained in this study for a particular log response, where in the case of HC bearing zones, it is found that they are mainly situated in a variety of sandstones lithology which leads to the higher Hurst exponent. Further, the NHC zones found to be analogous to lithology with higher shale content having lower Hurst exponent. The above proposed technique can overcome the chance of miss interpretation in conventional reservoir characterization.
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Sanchez, FJ, and OS Al-Abri. "Tube Expansion Under Various Down-Hole End Conditions." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol10iss1pp25-40.
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Fossil hydrocarbons are indispensables commodities that motorize the global economy, and oil and gas are two of those conventional fuels that have been extracted and processed for over a century. During last decade, operators face challenges discovering and developing reservoirs commonly found up to several kilometers underground, for which advanced technologies are developed through different research programs. In order to optimize the current processes to drill and construct oil/gas wells, a large number of mechanical technologies discovered centuries ago by diverse sectors are implemented by well engineers. In petroleum industry, the ancient tube forming manufacturing process founds an application once well engineers intend to produce from reservoirs that cannot be reached unless previous and shallower troublesome formations are isolated. Solid expandable tubular is, for instance, one of those technologies developed to mitigate drilling problems and optimize the well delivery process. It consists of in-situ expansion of a steel-based tube that is attained by pushing/pulling a solid mandrel, which permanently enlarge its diameters. This non-linear expansion process is strongly affected by the material properties of the tubular, its geometry, and the pipe/mandrel contact surface. The anticipated force required to deform long sections of the pipe in an uncontrollable expansion environment, might jeopardize mechanical properties of the pipe and the well structural integrity. Scientific-based solutions, that depend on sound theoretical formulation and are validated through experiments, will help to understand possible tubular failure mechanisms during its operational life. This work is aimed to study the effect of different loading/boundary conditions on mechanical/physical properties of the pipe after expansion. First, full-scale experiments were conducted to evaluate the geometrical and behavioral changes. Second, simulation of deformation process was done using finite element method and validated against experimental results to assess the effects on the post-expansion tubular properties. Finally, the authors bring a comparison study where in a semi-analytical model is used to predict the force required for expansion.
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Li, Haiyan, Matthieu Riva, Pekka Rantala, Liine Heikkinen, Kaspar Daellenbach, Jordan E. Krechmer, Pierre-Marie Flaud, et al. "Terpenes and their oxidation products in the French Landes forest: insights from Vocus PTR-TOF measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 4 (February 21, 2020): 1941–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1941-2020.
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Abstract. The capabilities of the recently developed Vocus proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF) are reported for the first time based on ambient measurements. With the deployment of the Vocus PTR-TOF, we present an overview of the observed gas-phase (oxygenated) molecules in the French Landes forest during summertime 2018 and gain insights into the atmospheric oxidation of terpenes, which are emitted in large quantities in the atmosphere and play important roles in secondary organic aerosol production. Due to the greatly improved detection efficiency compared to conventional PTR instruments, the Vocus PTR-TOF identifies a large number of gas-phase signals with elemental composition categories including CH, CHO, CHN, CHS, CHON, CHOS, and others. Multiple hydrocarbons are detected, with carbon numbers up to 20. Particularly, we report the first direct observations of low-volatility diterpenes in the ambient air. The diurnal cycle of diterpenes is similar to that of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes but contrary to that of isoprene. Various types of terpene reaction products and intermediates are also characterized. Generally, the more oxidized products from terpene oxidations show a broad peak in the day due to the strong photochemical effects, while the less oxygenated products peak in the early morning and/or in the evening. To evaluate the importance of different formation pathways in terpene chemistry, the reaction rates of terpenes with main oxidants (i.e., hydroxyl radical, OH; ozone, O3; and nitrate radical, NO3) are calculated. For the less oxidized non-nitrate monoterpene oxidation products, their morning and evening peaks have contributions from both O3- and OH-initiated monoterpene oxidation. For the monoterpene-derived organic nitrates, oxidations by O3, OH, and NO3 radicals all contribute to their formation, with their relative roles varying considerably over the course of the day. Through a detailed analysis of terpene chemistry, this study demonstrates the capability of the Vocus PTR-TOF in the detection of a wide range of oxidized reaction products in ambient and remote conditions, which highlights its importance in investigating atmospheric oxidation processes.
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Quadri, Syed Azam Pasha, Girish Srivatsa Rentala, and Raghavendra Sarap. "Performance, combustion and exhaust emissions analysis of HCNG fuelled single cylinder diesel engine at different injection opening pressures." World Journal of Engineering 15, no. 6 (December 3, 2018): 710–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-03-2017-0054.
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Purpose Over past decades, the fossil fuel reserves in the world have been decreasing at an alarming rate and a lack of crude oil is expected in the early decades of this century. Also, the eco-neutral pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrigen (NOx) and unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC) are also increasing. This calls for innovative research in non-conventional fuels to replace fossil fuels. Hydrogen is one such fuel which has an exceptional combustion property and appears to be proving itself as the best transportation fuel of the future. On the other hand, compressed natural gas(CNG) has already been credited as a remarkable fuel for its better emission characteristics and has been implemented as a transportation fuel in metros. Therefore, the use of hydrogen blended with natural gas seems to be a viable alternative to pure fossil fuels because of the expected reduction of the total pollutants and increase of efficiency. This paper aims to investigate this issue. Design/methodology/approach In the present experimental investigation, 10 and 20 per cent of hydrogen–CNG mixture(HCNG) by mass of fuel is inducted into the combustion chamber in conjunction with air in HCNG–diesel dual fuel mode. The variation in injection opening pressure is assessed to optimize the performance and emission characteristics. Findings Experiments were conducted at three different injection opening pressures, i.e. 200, 220 and 240 bar, at full-load condition and the performance characteristics were calculated. The effect of injection operating pressure(IOP) on emissions were measured and compared with pure diesel mode. Originality/value Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was increased by 1.2 per cent at 220 bar. Minimum BSFC of 0.2302 kg/kWh, 0.2114 kg/kWh was noticed for 220 bar with a changing ratio of 20 per cent of HCNG. It was noticed that CO and UHC decreased with variation in IOP and HCNG content in the blend. However, there was an increase in NOx emissions.
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E. O, Kalu,, Okeke O. C, Amadi, C. C, Akudike, J. C, Dozie, O. T, Sunday, E. U, and Okonkwo, S. I. "A Review on the Geologic Occurrence, Development and Associated Environmental Problems of Unconventional Hydrocarbon Energy Resources." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, no. 8 (September 11, 2020): 1411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug809.
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Unconventional hydrocarbon energy resources are non renewable energy resources whose major constituents are hydrogen and carbon. They have indistinct source rock- reservoir rocks-trap rocks characteristics/boundaries and unique exploitation technologies including mining and processing (surface and underground production using retorts for exploitation of oil shale and coking units for exploitation of bitumen; in-situ treatment and recovery (underground production using thermal treatment, chemical flooding and gas injection for exploitation of heavy oils in particular); and well production /underground production using vertical drilling, horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Only well production technology is applicable to conventional hydrocarbon energy resources, that is petroleum and natural gas exploitation. There are five classes of unconventional hydrocarbon energy resources including: coal bed methane (CBM), oil shale, shale gas/shale oil, heavy oil/bitumen, and natural gas hydrates. Worldwide, the recoverable methane from coal bed methane resources is about 2625 tcf. Similarly, the recoverable billions of barrels of oil from shale oil, heavy oil and bitumen, resources worldwide are 28626,443 and 651, respectively. Over 90% of these, that is, shale oil, heavy oil and bitumen are found in USA Venezuela and Canada respectively. The environmental problems associated with development of unconventional hydrocarbon energy resources include: surface/groundwater pollution; water depletion; air pollution and hazards of solid wastes from oil shale and bitumen mining/ processing. However, energy produced from unconventional hydrocarbon energy resources are similar to those produced from other (conventional) energy resources and can be equally used for various purposes including industrial, residential, transportation and commercial.
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Davies, D. K., R. K. Vessell, and J. B. Auman. "Improved Prediction of Reservoir Behavior Through Integration of Quantitative Geological and Petrophysical Data." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 2, no. 02 (April 1, 1999): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/55881-pa.
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Summary This paper presents a cost effective, quantitative methodology for reservoir characterization that results in improved prediction of permeability, production and injection behavior during primary and enhanced recovery operations. The method is based fundamentally on the identification of rock types (intervals of rock with unique pore geometry). This approach uses image analysis of core material to quantitatively identify various pore geometries. When combined with more traditional petrophysical measurements, such as porosity, permeability and capillary pressure, intervals of rock with various pore geometries (rock types) can be recognized from conventional wireline logs in noncored wells or intervals. This allows for calculation of rock type and improved estimation of permeability and saturation. Based on geological input, the reservoirs can then be divided into flow units (hydrodynamically continuous layers) and grid blocks for simulation. Results are presented of detailed studies in two, distinctly different, complex reservoirs: a low porosity carbonate reservoir and a high porosity sandstone reservoir. When combined with production data, the improved characterization and predictability of performance obtained using this unique technique have provided a means of targeting the highest quality development drilling locations, improving pattern design, rapidly recognizing conformance and formation damage problems, identifying bypassed pay intervals, and improving assessments of present and future value. Introduction This paper presents a technique for improved prediction of permeability and flow unit distribution that can be used in reservoirs of widely differing lithologies and differing porosity characteristics. The technique focuses on the use and integration of pore geometrical data and wireline log data to predict permeability and define hydraulic flow units in complex reservoirs. The two studies presented here include a low porosity, complex carbonate reservoir and a high porosity, heterogeneous sandstone reservoir. These reservoir classes represent end-members in the spectrum of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Additionally, these reservoirs are often difficult to characterize (due to their geological complexity) and frequently contain significant volumes of remaining reserves.1 The two reservoir studies are funded by the U.S. Department of Energy as part of the Class II and Class III Oil Programs for shallow shelf carbonate (SSC) reservoirs and slope/basin clastic (SBC) reservoirs. The technique described in this paper has also been used to characterize a wide range of other carbonate and sandstone reservoirs including tight gas sands (Wilcox, Vicksburg, and Cotton Valley Formations, Texas), moderate porosity sandstones (Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia and San Jorge Basin, Argentina), and high porosity reservoirs (Offshore Gulf Coast and Middle East). The techniques used for reservoir description in this paper meet three basic requirements that are important in mature, heterogeneous fields.The reservoir descriptions are log-based. Flow units are identified using wireline logs because few wells have cores. Integration of data from analysis of cores is an essential component of the log models.Accurate values of permeability are derived from logs. In complex reservoirs, values of porosity and saturation derived from routine log analysis often do not accurately identify productivity. It is therefore necessary to develop a log model that will allow the prediction of another producibility parameter. In these studies we have derived foot-by-foot values of permeability for cored and non-cored intervals in all wells with suitable wireline logs.Use only the existing databases. No new wells will be drilled to aid reservoir description. Methodology Techniques of reservoir description used in these studies are based on the identification of rock types (intervals of rock with unique petrophysical properties). Rock types are identified on the basis of measured pore geometrical characteristics, principally pore body size (average diameter), pore body shape, aspect ratio (size of pore body: size of pore throat) and coordination number (number of throats per pore). This involves the detailed analysis of small rock samples taken from existing cores (conventional cores and sidewall cores). The rock type information is used to develop the vertical layering profile in cored intervals. Integration of rock type data with wireline log data allows field-wide extrapolation of the reservoir model from cored to non-cored wells. Emphasis is placed on measurement of pore geometrical characteristics using a scanning electron microscope specially equipped for automated image analysis procedures.2–4 A knowledge of pore geometrical characteristics is of fundamental importance to reservoir characterization because the displacement of hydrocarbons is controlled at the pore level; the petrophysical properties of rocks are controlled by the pore geometry.5–8 The specific procedure includes the following steps.Routine measurement of porosity and permeability.Detailed macroscopic core description to identify vertical changes in texture and lithology for all cores.Detailed thin section and scanning electron microscope analyses (secondary electron imaging mode) of 100 to 150 small rock samples taken from the same locations as the plugs used in routine core analysis. In the SBC reservoir, x-ray diffraction analysis is also used. The combination of thin section and x-ray analyses provides direct measurement of the shale volume, clay volume, grain size, sorting and mineral composition for the core samples analyzed.Rock types are identified for each rock sample using measured data on pore body size, pore throat size and pore interconnectivity (coordination number and pore arrangement).
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KHOUKHI, AMAR, MUNIRUDEEN OLOSO, MOSTAFA ELSHAFEI, ABDULAZEEZ ABDULRAHEEM, and ABDULAZIZ AL-MAJED. "SUPPORT VECTOR REGRESSION AND FUNCTIONAL NETWORKS FOR VISCOSITY AND GAS/OIL RATIO CURVES ESTIMATION." International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications 10, no. 03 (September 2011): 269–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1469026811003100.
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In oil and gas industry, prior prediction of certain properties is needed ahead of exploration and facility design. Viscosity and gas/oil ratio (GOR) are among those properties described through curves with their values varying over a specific range of reservoir pressures. However, the usual single point prediction approach could result into curves that are inconsistent, exhibiting scattered behavior as compared to the real curves. Support Vector Regressors and Functional Networks are explored in this paper to solve this problem. Inputs into the developed models include hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon crude oil compositions and other strongly correlating reservoir parameters. Graphical plots and statistical error measures, including root mean square error and average absolute percent relative error, have been used to evaluate the performance of the models. A comparative study is performed between the two techniques and with the conventional feed forward artificial neural networks. Most importantly, the predicted curves are consistent with the shapes of the physical curves of the mentioned oil properties, preserving the need of such curves for interpolation and ensuring conformity of the predicted curves with the conventional properties.
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Rodriguez, Gloria P., Jorge Simao, and Gemma Herranz. "Surface Alloying of AISI H13 Steel during Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)." Defect and Diffusion Forum 289-292 (April 2009): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.289-292.119.
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Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is one of the most widely used non-conventional machining processes for the production of moulds/dies, cutting tools and aero-engine parts, such as turbine/compressor blades. The paper details experimental research on the surface alloying/modification of chromium martensitic hot-work tool steel components (AISI H13, 55HRC) during EDM die-sinking operations using powder metallurgy (PM) tool electrodes, as a means of achieving enhanced workpiece wear resistance without resorting to a subsequent coating operation. Tool electrode performance of partially sintered WC/Co electrodes operating in a common hydrocarbon oil dielectric was assessed and subsequently compared with that of conventional electrode materials, such as Cu and Graphite. Surface/subsurface observations by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a recast solidified layer of ~ 8 µm when using WC/Co electrodes. Performed XRD and SEM-EDX analysis indicated that WC and Co contained in the PM tool electrodes, together with C decomposed from the hydrocarbon oil during sparking, were transferred and alloyed to the steel substrate surfaces. EDM surface alloyed layers were hardened over 1200 HK0.025. This hardening is related both to the formation of tungsten carbides with different stoichiometries and to the non-equilibrium microstructure evolution. Thickness of the hardened zone was shown to be dependent on EDM operating parameters, in particular peak-current (A) and pulse on-time (s).
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Worthington, Paul F. "Identifying the Potential Upside of Hydrocarbon Saturation from Electric Logs." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 12, no. 01 (February 26, 2009): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/103075-pa.
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Summary Validated electrical type curves, which collectively describe a continuum of conductivity behavior of fluid-saturated rocks, allow the petrophysical evaluation of hydrocarbon saturation to be set within a generic reference framework. As part of this process, the type curves permit pre-existing data from other reservoirs to be examined as potential analogs. Through the type curves, a reservoir rock can be classified in terms of its electrical character, specifically adherence to, or departures from, classical clean-sand (Archie) conditions and, by corollary, the degree of any shale (non-Archie) effects. The classification guides the approach to future core-data acquisition and to well-log analysis. In particular, in non-Archie reservoirs the type curves indicate whether the formation-water salinity is sufficiently high for the application of shaly-sand equations for the evaluation of hydrocarbon saturation or whether recourse should be made to a (customized) pseudo-Archie approach. Thus, the type curves are used to ensure that interpretative algorithms are appropriate to the petrophysical task at hand. The application of the type curves, using initializing log data from seven shaly hydrocarbon reservoirs containing relatively fresh formation waters, has illustrated how petrophysical interpretations away from the key intervals can be screened with minimal supporting information through a pseudo-Archie approach. Comparisons of best estimates of hydrocarbon-filled porosity with previously reported values have indicated a potential volumetric upside in all cases, with hydrocarbon saturations being up to 30 saturation units higher for these complex reservoirs. This outcome is attributed to the generic nature of the screening process, which takes account of the electrical character of a reservoir without any of the procedural constraints that are associated with conventional well-log analysis. To reduce further the risk of underestimating hydrocarbon volumes, a set of equivalence charts has been constructed using basic petrophysical properties. The equivalence charts allow a quick-look recognition of any departures from Archie conditions and thence whether the type curves are likely to be required. The screening process has been synthesized into pragmatic workflows, whose adoption should impart additional quality assurance to the petrophysical evaluation of hydrocarbon volumes.
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Wen, Ji Wei, Chen Chen, and Fang Qian. "Research on the Drilling Technique of Coal Bed Methane." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.555.
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Coal bed Methane(CBM) is commonly known as “gas”，of which the main component is methane. It mainly exists in the coal seam in the adsorption state, not only different from petroleum which is also fluid but in the liquid state, but also different from the conventional natural gas which exists in the formation in the free state. In the present, the drilling technique of coal bed methane is mainly based on the drilling technique of petroleum. But as the coal bed methane is attached to the coal seam and different from the conventional hydrocarbon reservoir in the physical and mechanical properties and in the storage, it determines the particularity of the drilling techniques. This paper mainly discusses the drilling technique of coal-bed methane in order to provide some useful reference. Coal bed methane is an important type of non-conventional natural gas which has great potential for exploration.
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Narendranathan, S. K., and K. Sudhagar. "Study on Performance & Emission Characteristic of CI Engine Using Biodiesel." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.885.
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Biodiesel are extracted from transesterification process of edible and non-edible oil of vegetable and animal fat. It can be used in the diesel engine either in the form of neat oil or as a mixture of diesel fuel in the form of blend. The properties of oil are compared with the characteristic required for the fuel of internal combustion engine and the properties fuel are compared with conventional diesel fuel. Use of bio-diesel in a conventional diesel engine results in substantial reduction in unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matters (PM) emission and oxide of nitrogen. The blends of biodiesel with small content in place of petroleum diesel can help in controlling air pollution and easing the pressure on scarce resources without significantly sacrificing engine power and economy.
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Mahyuddin, Azzafeerah, Abd Khamim Ismail, Muhammad Firdaus Omar, and Ainul Hakimah Karim. "Recent Progress on CVD Growth of Graphene from a Liquid Carbon Precursor." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, no. 3 (June 29, 2021): 262–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n3.2080.
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Graphene has become a remarkable highlight of advanced material research because of its far superior properties compared to other materials. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has emerged as an essential method for scalable production and large area graphene for various applications. Various carbon precursors have been reported for graphene production as they can dramatically impact the graphene growth yield. In the early years of graphene CVD growth, hydrocarbon gases such as methane and acetylene have become favorable carbon precursors because of their stability at elevated temperature and controllable growth. However, hydrocarbon gases are known as explosives and toxic, therefore require a growth system with a high degree of safety and handling precautions. With the limitations mentioned above, liquid carbon source may change the graphene growth landscape as it is relatively inexpensive, non-explosive compared to the conventional gaseous precursor. This article aims to review a detailed synthesis of large-area graphene using liquid carbon precursors via the CVD technique. Challenges and future perspectives are highlights.
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Romeo, Melissa J., Michael J. Adams, Andrew R. Hind, Suresh K. Bhargava, and Stephen C. Grocott. "Near Infrared Prediction of Oil Yield from Oil Shale." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 10, no. 3 (June 2002): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.339.
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Fifty-three oil shale samples from the Stuart Deposit in Central Queensland were analysed spectroscopically for hydrocarbon (kerogen) content. Near infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance spectra of the shale samples exhibited sloping baselines due to particulate scattering and instrumental drift. Multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and derivative spectroscopy were investigated as means of removing the effects of scattering and non-linear baselines. Partial least squares (PLS) calibration models have been developed, utilising both the entire spectral region as well as narrower chemometrically determined spectral bands. Compared with conventional chemical analysis techniques, NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can provide an efficient, complementary method for the prediction of oil yield from oil shale.
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Kolawole, Oladoyin, and Ion Ispas. "Evaluation of rock mechanical properties via scratch testing and its impact on energy production: comprehensive review." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020503005.
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The scratch test is a non-destructive method made up of pushing a tool across the surface of a weaker rock at a given penetration depth. The uniaxial rock strength (UCS), fracture toughness (KIC), and other geomechanical parameters influences how fracture nucleates, but fracture sizes and geometry adopted in hydraulic fracture design and modeling are most often overestimated. Although several researchers have attempted to evaluate UCS, KIC and other geomechanical properties in conventional and unconventional formations through scratch testing method, but there remain differing opinions on the fundamental approach and principles to be adopted in estimating those properties. Therefore, the evaluation of geomechanical parameters and their effect on hydrocarbon exploration, energy storage, and hydrocarbon exploitation remain an important issue for energy industry. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the methods of approach, applications, and the mechanics of rock scratching. We show the merits of scratch test over other methods of estimating rock mechanical properties. Our review focuses on over 50 previous experimental studies using scratch tests in the past few decades to investigate UCS, KIC and other geomechanical properties, including their impact on rock failure, fracture initiation and propagation. Finally, we highlight the fundamental research questions that are yet to be addressed. We envisage that advancement in our knowledge will improve optimization of hydrocarbon exploitation, energy storage, and field-scale modeling for energy production operations.
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Muslimov, R. Kh. "Enhancing the role of non-conventional hydrocarbon deposits for long-term sustainable economic development (on the example of the Republic of Tatarstan)." Georesursy 54, no. 4 (2013): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.54.4.7.
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Singh, Mandeep, Surjit Kumar Gandhi, Sunil Kumar Mahla, and Sarbjot Singh Sandhu. "Experimental investigations on performance and emission characteristics of variable speed multi-cylinder compression ignition engine using Diesel/Argemone biodiesel blends." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 36, no. 3 (November 7, 2017): 535–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598717738573.
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The present work explores the use of argemone mexicana (non-edible and adulterer to mustard oil) biodiesel in multicylinder compression ignition, indirect injection engine. Argemone Mexicana biodiesel was produced by transesterification process and the important physico-chemical properties of various blends were investigated. Blends of diesel/biodiesel (AB10, AB20, AB30 and AB40) were prepared and used for analysing the engine performance and emission characteristics at varying loads (0, 25, 50 and 75%) and speeds (2500–4000 r/min). The results show improvement in indicated thermal efficiency and indicated specific fuel consumption with increased proportion of biodiesel in diesel, when compared to conventional diesel. In addition, exhaust emissions such as carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbon and smoke opacity were significantly reduced by AOME/diesel blends. The improvement in engine performance and exhaust emissions were observed up to 30% blending of AOME/diesel. Beyond that, higher blend (AB40) showed deterioration in performance characteristics in contrast to AB30 but still better as compared to conventional diesel.