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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-discrimination on grounds of age'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Peres, Catarina Vieira. "EU Case Law Developments on Age Discrimination." Market and Competition Law Review 2, no. 2 (2018): 151–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7559/mclawreview.2018.328.

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The principle of non-discrimination on grounds of age has been declared an autonomous EU law principle by the European Court of Justice. This principle has been specified in a Directive, but its scope of application is currently limited to employment and occupational activities. The Directive protects both younger and older workers from being directly or indirectly discriminated due to their age. However, given the specificity of age as a factor of discrimination, the Directive allows the Member States to apply some derogations to this principle if, within the context of national law, they are

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2

Adamson, Louise. "Age Discrimination – the New Regime." Legal Information Management 6, no. 4 (2006): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669606000946.

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Louise Adamson, a Professional Support Lawyer in the Employment Team at Maclay Murray & Spens LLP, explores new regulations which tackle discrimination on the grounds of age, highlighting the main provisions and potential legal challenges to the regulations themselves.

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Vickers, Lucy. "IS ALL HARASSMENT EQUAL? THE CASE OF RELIGIOUS HARASSMENT." Cambridge Law Journal 65, no. 3 (2006): 579–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197306007239.

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IN 2000 the Employment Directive was enacted by the European Community, creating a framework for combating discrimination in employment on grounds not previously covered by Community law, namely religion or belief, disability, age and sexual orientation. To a large extent the definitions of discrimination are uniform in relation to the different grounds of discrimination. In accordance with the Directive, new Regulations have been introduced in the UK prohibiting discrimination on grounds of religion or belief (the Religion and Belief Regulations) and sexual orientation, and amendments have be

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McGlynn, Clare. "EC Legislation Prohibiting Age Discrimination: “Towards a Europe for All Ages”?" Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 3 (2000): 279–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802859051.

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In 2000 the European Community adopted the General Framework Directive aimed at combating discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation as regards employment and occupation. This important measure followed closely on the heels of the Race Discrimination Directive adopted earlier in the year. The adoption of these measures was made possible after the Treaty of Amsterdam inserted a new Article 13 into the EC Treaty which empowered the Community to adopt measures to combat discrimination on the above grounds, as well as in the fields of sex, race and e

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McGlynn, Clare. "EC Legislation Prohibiting Age Discrimination: “Towards a Europe for All Ages”?" Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 3 (2000): 279–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000003815.

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In 2000 the European Community adopted the General Framework Directive aimed at combating discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation as regards employment and occupation. This important measure followed closely on the heels of the Race Discrimination Directive adopted earlier in the year. The adoption of these measures was made possible after the Treaty of Amsterdam inserted a new Article 13 into the EC Treaty which empowered the Community to adopt measures to combat discrimination on the above grounds, as well as in the fields of sex, race and e

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6

Howard, Erica. "EU anti-discrimination law." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 18, no. 2-3 (2018): 60–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358229118788454.

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This article analyses the protection which two European Union (EU) Directives, adopted in 2000, provide against discrimination on the grounds of racial and ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age and sexual orientation. This protection is not the same for all these grounds, and this has led to what is often referred to in the literature as a hierarchy of discrimination grounds. The article examines these differences in protection against discrimination and the reasons for them and includes an analysis of the influence of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJ

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Meenan, Helen. "Age Equality after the Employment Directive." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 10, no. 1 (2003): 9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x0301000102.

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This article examines the Employment Directive from the age perspective and endorses a life course approach to ageing. It explores the permitted exclusions on grounds of age and especially the exceptional justification for direct age discrimination, contained in Article 6. In the end, EU Member States may find it more difficult to successfully transpose Article 6 than they imagine. The article reveals special challenges for age and refers to age laws in Ireland and the USA, in particular. It also refers to preparations for transposition in a number of Member States, including the United Kingdo

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Meenan, Helen. "Age Discrimination: Law-Making Possibilities Explored." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 4, no. 3 (2000): 247–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135822910000400303.

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Is there a sound model for the United Kingdom (UK) to adopt should it decide to legislate against age discrimination in employment? In this article the writer attempts to answer this question first, by outlining existing UK sex and race discrimination laws and then progressing to an examination of long-standing American legislation and caselaw in this area. Finally, it explores the Irish Employment Equality Act, 1998, a composite and comprehensive act which prohibits discrimination in employment based on ‘age’ and eight other grounds. The strengths and weaknesses of each of these laws are exam

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Belavusau, Uladzislau, and Kristin Henrard. "A Bird’s Eye View on EU Anti-Discrimination Law: The Impact of the 2000 Equality Directives." German Law Journal 20, no. 05 (2019): 614–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.53.

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AbstractThe year 2000 marked the birth of EU anti-discrimination law as a field in its own right, with the adoption of two major Equality Directives. They extended the prohibition of discrimination with five additional grounds and expanded the material scope of equality regulation. Having reached its eighteenth birthday in the year 2018, EU anti-discrimination law can now celebrate its adulthood and deserves a bird’s eye exploration of its achievements, failures, and prospects. The present Article provides this exploration by zooming in on these twin Directives, as well as on the “new” grounds

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Nygård, Mikael, and Fredrik Snellman. "The (non)politicisation of age discrimination in Finland and Sweden." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34, no. 9/10 (2014): 694–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-06-2013-0066.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the politicisation of age discrimination in relation to the enactment of anti-discrimination legislation in Finland and Sweden in the early-2000s. By showing how politicians constructed the meaning of age discrimination, it seeks to highlight the drivers of country variation in terms of the implementation of directives from the European Union (EU). Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a comparative design based on content analyses of parliamentary documents. Theoretically, it uses discursive institutionalism as a starting point but it a

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Wiesbrock, Anja. "Case Note – Case C-555/07, Kücükdeveci v. Swedex, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 19 January 2010." German Law Journal 11, no. 5 (2010): 539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200018691.

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On 19 January 2010 the European Court of Justice (ECJ) was asked to rule on the application and scope of the general principle of non-discrimination under Community law. In Kücükdeveci the Court had the opportunity to clarify a number of questions concerning the principle of non-discrimination and the application of Directive 2000/78 that had remained unanswered after the famous Mangold judgment and subsequent case law. The case was particularly apt to clarify the scope of Mangold, as it concerned a similar factual situation, albeit after the implementation period of Directive 2000/78 had expi

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Schiek, Dagmar. "On uses, mis-uses and non-uses of intersectionality before the Court of Justice (EU)." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 18, no. 2-3 (2018): 82–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358229118799232.

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Intersectionality, frequently used by political scientists, sociologists and anthropologists as a highly abstract concept, originated as the socio-legal critique, by Kimberlé Crenshaw, of US courts’ ignorance of discrimination against Black Women specifically. That ignorance emerged in cases such as DeGraffenreid, in which the claimants challenged a collective redundancy scheme resulting in dismissing all Black Women on grounds of indirect discrimination. The court refused to recognise Black Women as a category of relevance and did not find any discrimination because the scheme did not impact

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Viirsalu, Mari-Liis. "Die Umsetzung der Gleichbehandlungsrichtlinien in Estland." osteuropa recht 66, no. 4 (2020): 496–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0030-6444-2020-4-496.

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Following its accession to the EU in 2004, Estonia has committed to implementing EU anti-discrimination legislation. This article briefly outlines the legal framework for equal treatment in Estonia with regard to its evolution and its characteristic features. Secondly, it analyzes how legal protection against discrimination in Estonia is structured. Thirdly, the current developments regarding the chosen grounds of discrimination will be discussed, drawing on the jurisdiction in discrimination cases. In this article, only the most common grounds of discrimination such as gender, sexual orientat

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Carroll, P. S., and P. D. G. Tompkins. "Retirement Age and Equalization of Pension Benefits." Journal of the Staple Inn Actuarial Society 33, no. 1 (1993): 37–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2049929900010539.

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In the past three decades there have been many efforts at removing discrimination between people on grounds of sex, both in legislation and in practice. It has come to be accepted that, apart from certain excluded areas, men and women should have equal opportunities and equal rights in equivalent circumstances. This ‘principle of equal treatment’ of the sexes means, amongst other things, that there must be equal rewards for the same work.Legal effect to these concepts was given by the Equal Pay Act 1970 and the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, both of which excluded from their ambit provision in r

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Ziętek-Capiga, Aleksandra. "Ustanie stosunku pracy pilotów statków powietrznych w wieku 60 lat a dyskryminacja ze względu na wiek." Praca i Zabezpieczenie Społeczne 2020, no. 2 (2020): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33226/0032-6186.2020.2.6.

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Bamforth, Nicholas. "Prohibited Grounds of Discrimination under EU Law and the European Convention on Human Rights: Problems of Contrast and Overlap." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 9 (2007): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802746920.

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Both EU law and the European Convention on Human Rights contain protections against invidious forms of discrimination. EU law has long been concerned to combat discrimination on the grounds of sex and nationality, and has more recently begun to tackle discrimination on the bases of race, sexual orientation, age, religion or belief and disability. Article 14 of the Convention is also concerned with these grounds—some explicitly, some through judicial interpretation—as well as others such as birth status. However, at a level of detail the two bodies of law differ in many ways: for example, in th

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Bamforth, Nicholas. "Prohibited Grounds of Discrimination under EU Law and the European Convention on Human Rights: Problems of Contrast and Overlap." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 9 (2007): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000002743.

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Both EU law and the European Convention on Human Rights contain protections against invidious forms of discrimination. EU law has long been concerned to combat discrimination on the grounds of sex and nationality, and has more recently begun to tackle discrimination on the bases of race, sexual orientation, age, religion or belief and disability. Article 14 of the Convention is also concerned with these grounds—some explicitly, some through judicial interpretation—as well as others such as birth status. However, at a level of detail the two bodies of law differ in many ways: for example, in th

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Villanueva-Flores, Mercedes, Ramón Valle-Cabrera, and Mar Bornay-Barrachina. "Career development and individuals with physical disabilities." Career Development International 19, no. 2 (2014): 222–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cdi-02-2013-0022.

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Purpose – Few studies have focussed on the situation of employees with physical disabilities from the perspective of human resources management – in particular on the career development expectations of this group. The purpose of this paper is to meet this need by focussing on individuals with physical disabilities in Andalusia (Spain). It analyzes three key aspects: whether the perception of discrimination is related to the perception of inequity due to their disabilities, with this relationship being moderated by gender; whether these perceptions of inequality and discrimination lead to feeli

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Виниченко, М., M. Vinichenko, Петер Караксони, Peter Karaksoni, С. Макушкин, and S. Makushkin. "Negotiation of Discrimination of Talents As a Factor of Reducing the Competitiveness of Modern Organizations." Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 8, no. 4 (2019): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5d7b8d1050d0e5.97415304.

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The article deals with the problem of discrimination of talents in an organization from the position of reducing the potential of an organization in the competitive struggle in the market of goods and services and the labor market. In the conditions of economic instability, the leadership of various states and organizations is looking for additional opportunities to increase competitiveness. The most important of these is human potential. However, its implementation, especially among talented employees, is hampered for a number of objective and subjective reasons. Identifying the causes and id

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Cela-Conde, Camilo J., Gisèle Marty, Enric Munar, Marcos Nadal, and Lucrecia Burges. "The “Style Scheme” Grounds Perception of Paintings." Perceptual and Motor Skills 95, no. 1 (2002): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.95.1.91.

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We studied the formation of style scheme (identification of the style that characterizes an artist) presenting 100 participants aesthetic visual stimuli. Participants were Spanish university students who volunteered: 72 women, 28 men of mean age 22.8 yr. Among those 50 were enrolled in History of Art and 50 students in Psychology. Stimuli belonged to different categories—High Art (pictures of well-known artists, like Van Gogh)/Popular Art (decorative pictures like Christmas postcards) and Representational (pictures with explicit meaning content, like a landscape)/Abstract (pictures without exp

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Robinson, Richard, Erica Makin, and Robert Wheeler. "Consent for Non-Therapeutic Male Circumcision on Religious Grounds." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 91, no. 2 (2009): 152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588409x359394.

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INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess whether surgeons are conforming to guidance laid down by professional organisations and the courts in obtaining dual parental consent for non-therapeutic circumcision. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective case-note review over a 12-month period (April 2005 to April 2006) of circumcisions in boys under the age of 16 years in a tertiary paediatric surgical unit was undertaken. RESULTS A total of 62 boys aged 1–14 years (median age, 4 years) underwent non-therapeutic circumcision. Written consent from both parents was obtained in only 4 cases (6.4%

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Mosakova, E. A., and K. Kizilova. "Labor market in the UK in digital era: The gender dimension." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 3 (2021): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-3-512-519.

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The article considers gender discrimination in the field of labor relations in the United Kingdom (UK) in the pre-covid period. In the past decades, the Western European countries have made the most significant progress in achieving gender equality in various fields, including labor relations, and became the world leader in this area. However, despite all the efforts of the international community, no country has achieved a full gender equality, and Great Britain is no exception. The authors argue that the British anti-discrimination legislation (before leaving the European Union) was based on

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Guščinskienė, Jūratė, and Jadvyga Čiburienė. "LABOUR MARKET IN LITHUANIA: GENDER SITUATION." Business, Management and Education 8, no. 1 (2010): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bme.2010.19.

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The article analyses the situation of men and women in the labour market in the globalization and economic integration into the European Union conditions and demonstrates that gender equality under the current conditions and social life, politics and economy is becoming a political priority. The aim of the paper is: to analyze the situation of men and women in the labour market and its regulation; to study the respondents’ view on the situation of men and women in the labour market. Empirical study showed that 42% of women and 26% of men have never lost their jobs and the people who have, have

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Nordström, Birgitta. "Signatures of heating processes in the Galactic thin disk." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S258 (2008): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921309031688.

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AbstractThe term “heating” is used loosely to refer to a range of processes that result in an increase in velocity dispersion with age for subgroups of disk stars. We briefly summarise the observational basis for studies of disk heating and show that qualitative differences exist between the evolution of the in-plane and vertical motions. Ways to discriminate between various heating scenarios are discussed; the most recent galaxy merger simulations may in fact suggest that discrimination on purely kinematic grounds might be unfeasible, even with large samples of stars with excellent ages.

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MacDermott, Therese. "Older Workers and Requests for Flexibility: A Weak Right in the Face of Entrenched Age Discrimination." Federal Law Review 44, no. 3 (2016): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x1604400305.

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In 2013, the right to request flexible work arrangements was extended to include employees who are 55 years or older, with a refusal by an employer of such a request in theory available only on the basis of ‘reasonable business grounds.’ This expansion of the right to request is one of a number of different strategies implemented with a view to enhancing the workforce participation of older Australians. This paper examines the scope of the right to request and how it operates with respect to older workers as part of the National Employment Standards in the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth). The paper a

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Dębska, Monika Magdalena, and Maciej Dębski. "Sytuacja prawna pracowników powyżej pięćdziesiątego roku życia." Prawo Kanoniczne 54, no. 3-4 (2011): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/pk.2011.54.3-4.14.

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Non-discrimination of treatment – also on the grounds of age – is a fundamental rule of Polish labour legislation. That rule is expressed in art. 32(2) of the Polish Constitution, art. 1 of Directive 2000/78/EC and art. 113 of the Polish Labour Code. According to art. 6 of Directive 2000/78/EC, art. 183b § 2 of the Polish Labour Code and ECJ case law, exceptions from that rule are permissible if they are justified by a legitimate aim and if the means of achieving that aim are appropriate and necessary. These exceptions include the legitimacy of termination of employment relationships with work

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Olsen, Céline Brassart. "When mandatory exercise at work meets employees’ rights to privacy and non-discrimination: a comparative and European perspective." European Labour Law Journal 12, no. 3 (2021): 338–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952521994302.

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In 2017, the municipality of Copenhagen made exercise mandatory for social workers performing physical tasks, such as lifting patients, cooking and cleaning. Private Danish companies have also started to impose exercise on their employees, including sedentary employees. Rationale behind mandatory exercise in the workplace is that it makes employees healthier and more productive, which is a win-win for employees and employers. However, mandatory exercise can put employees in a vulnerable position as employers potentially interfere with some of the fundamental rights of employees, namely their b

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Moore, Sian. "‘No matter what I did I would still end up in the same position’." Work, Employment and Society 23, no. 4 (2009): 655–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017009344871.

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This article explores age as a factor defining the labour market experience of older women. Drawing upon work histories it argues that discrimination on the grounds of age is bound up with gender, race and class. Older women described how all three categories had structured their working lives, with occupational and sectoral segregation underpinning a legacy of disadvantage. Intersectionality provides a tool to explore the interaction of social divisions over the life course, in preference to those privileging the instability and diversity of social identities. Although the testimonies of olde

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Fuley, Tetiana. "Discrimination as a consequence of the influence of gender stereotypes on the reasoning of a court decision." Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, no. 2(31) (July 30, 2020): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2020-2(31)-2.

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The article shows the seriousness of the impact of gender stereotypes on the court’s perception of the position of a party to the trial depending on its sex and age, as well as on the formation of reasons that the court is guided by when evaluating evidence and making decisions. On the example of the decision of the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Carvalho Pinto de Sousa Morais v. Portugal has demonstrated how gender stereotypes can lead to biased and, as a result, discriminatory judgments, which can lead to a breach of the State’s obligations under the Conve

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Marinova, Mila, and Bert Reynvoet. "Can you trust your number sense: Distinct processing of numbers and quantities in elementary school children." Journal of Numerical Cognition 6, no. 3 (2020): 304–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.v6i3.292.

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Theories of number development have traditionally argued that the acquisition and discrimination of symbolic numbers (i.e., number words and digits) are grounded in and are continuously supported by the Approximate Number System (ANS)—an evolutionarily ancient system for number. In the current study, we challenge this claim by investigating whether the ANS continues to support the symbolic number processing throughout development. To this end, we tested 87 first- (Age M = 6.54 years, SD = 0.58), third- (Age M = 8.55 years, SD = 0.60) and fifth-graders (Age M = 10.63 years, SD = 0.67) on four a

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Downie, Margaret. "Preferential pay protection: Does UK law provide poorer protection to those discriminated against on grounds of protected characteristics other than gender?" International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 19, no. 1 (2019): 4–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358229118817163.

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UK law treats equal pay claims based on gender (brought under the equal pay provisions of Part 5 Chapter 3 of the Equality Act 2010) differently from equal pay claims based on other protected characteristics of age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, and sexual orientation (brought under the general discrimination provisions in Chapter 2 of that Act). This article considers the impact of the differences on each group of claimants. It concludes that the separate system of equal pay for the protected characteristic

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Bender, Ina. "Diskriminierung am Arbeitsplatz und Gleichbehandlung." Der Betriebswirt 55, no. 3 (2014): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/dbw.55.3.32.

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Vor einigen Jahren ist das allgemeine Gleichbehandlungsgesetz in Kraft getreten und bildete zugleich den vorläufigen Höhepunkt in der Diskussion um die Rechte von Minderheiten und benachteiligten Bevölkerungsgruppen. Dabei nehmen die arbeitsrechtlichen Vorschriften einen großen Teil ein, um Diskriminierung aufgrund der Rasse, der ethnischen Herkunft, des Geschlechts, des Alters, der Religion oder Weltanschauung, Behinderung oder der sexuellen Identität zu bekämpfen. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es jedem Arbeitgeber dringend zu empfehlen, sich für dieses Thema zu sensibilisieren und einen Überbli

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Abd Rahman, Mohd Harimi. "Visual Perceptual Skills (non-motor) among Adults in Selangor of Malaysia." Medicine & Health 15, no. 2 (2020): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/mh.2020.1502.06.

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Visual perceptual skills are important skills for an adult to carry out their daily activities such as reading, writing and driving, successfully. This study was conducted to determine the visual perceptual skills (non-motor) of a group of adults in Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 120 subjects from Selangor with the age ranging from 20 to 59 years were randomly recruited in this cross-sectional study. This study involved distance and near visual acuity measurements using Snellen chart and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) near vision chart, cognitive screening tests using the Mini Mental Sta

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Muir, Elise. "The Essence of the Fundamental Right to Equal Treatment: Back to the Origins." German Law Journal 20, no. 6 (2019): 817–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.64.

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AbstractThe principle of equal treatment is essential to the process of European integration. It is one of the main principles – if not the main principle – driving this process forward. Equal treatment between States and the prohibition to discriminate on grounds of nationality are indeed cornerstones of the European project. Furthermore, the principle of equal treatment is a fundamental right according to which comparable situations must not be treated differently, and that different situations must not be treated in the same way unless such treatment is objectively justified. This fundament

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Berón, María Paula, Germán O. García, Tomás Luppi, and Marco Favero. "Age-related prey selectivity and foraging efficiency of Olrog's Gulls (Larus atlanticus) feeding on crabs in their non-breeding grounds." Emu - Austral Ornithology 111, no. 2 (2011): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu10053.

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Lappin, Richard. "THE RIGHT TO VOTE FOR NON-RESIDENT CITIZENS IN EUROPE." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 65, no. 4 (2016): 859–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589316000336.

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AbstractThe right to vote is the most important political right in international human rights law. Framed within the broader right of political participation, it is the only right in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights not guaranteed as a universal human right but rather as a citizen's right. While limitations on the right to vote are permissible in respect of citizenship and age, residency-based restrictions are not explicitly provided. However, recent judgments of the European Court of Human Rights endorse a view that voting rights may be conditioned on residency on the

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BAKHSHIEV, I. I., and E. V. KAMALEEV. "FINDINGS ON THE COMPOSITION OF NON-FERROUS METAL OBTAINED FROM THE BURIAL GROUNDS OF THE BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTH URALS (TAVLYKAEVO 1-2, STARO-YABALAKLY)." Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2020-0-4-79-85.

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The article presents the results of elemental analysis of the composition of metal objects obtained from the burial grounds dating back to the Srubna culture of the South Urals. The data were received through analyzing the most common category of jewelry - bronze bracelets. The prevailing shapes are open grooved bracelets with rounded ends, as well as bracelets made of rods and twisted wires with semicircular and triangular sections. The main purpose of this work is to give a general description of the oldest metal composition and compare the series of findings from the Cis-Urals and Trans-Ura

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McNiven, Ian J., Joe Crouch, Jim M. Bowler, et al. "The Moyjil site, south-west Victoria, Australia: excavation of a Last Interglacial charcoal and and burnt stone feature — is it a hearth?" Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 130, no. 2 (2018): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs18008.

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Claims for a human presence in Australia beyond 60,000 years ago must have a strong evidence base associated with rigorous methodology and intense scrutiny. In this light we present excavation results for Charcoal and Burnt Stone Feature #1 (CBS1) located within coastal dune sediments at Moyjil (Point Ritchie), Warrnambool, that independent geomorphic and OSL dating indicates is of Last Interglacial age (~120,000 years ago). While on plausibility grounds the cultural status of a feature of such great antiquity in Australia is unlikely, a cultural origin for CBS1 is less easily dismissed if ass

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O’Connell, Karen. "Can Law Address Intersectional Sexual Harassment? The Case of Claimants with Personality Disorders." Laws 8, no. 4 (2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws8040034.

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Sexual harassment across multiple grounds, including race, disability, sexuality and age, remains an entrenched problem that is poorly dealt with in law. Prevalence rates for intersectional sexual harassment are higher for certain groups, while legal redress is low. This paper examines case law on sexual harassment in Australia where there are intersectional factors and asks whether the “intersectionality” section inserted into the federal Sex Discrimination Act in 2011 has impacted legal practice and decision-making. In particular, it considers the situation of sexual harassment claimants wit

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Sagandykov, Michail, and Galia Shafikova. "The Potential of Criminal Law in Protecting Labor Rights of Citizens (Using the Example of Article 136 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)." Всероссийский криминологический журнал 12, no. 6 (2018): 836–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2018.12(6).836-844.

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The relevance of the study is based, on the one hand, on high public danger of crimes in the sphere of labor relations and, on the other hand, on a very low interest of law enforcement, control and supervision bodies in these crimes. The authors show that modern criminal legislation in the sphere of protecting labor rights has a high potential in comparison with both Soviet and foreign criminal law norms. At the same time, this potential, primarily expressed in Chapter 19 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, remains untapped. Many norms, including Art. 136 of the Criminal Code of th

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Hussain, M. Iftikhar, Ali El-Keblawy, and François Mitterand Tsombou. "Leaf Age, Canopy Position, and Habitat Affect the Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Water-Use Efficiency in Three C3 Leguminous Prosopis Species from a Hyper-Arid Climate." Plants 8, no. 10 (2019): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8100402.

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The present study involved measurements of the stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) of three C3 leguminous Prosopis spp. (P. juliflora, P. cineraria, and P. pallida) foliage at different canopy positions (east and west) from saline (SLH) and non-saline habitats (NSH). Integrated measurements of the stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of plant tissue were broadly used to study iWUE, taking into consideration the effect of leaf age and canopy position on C isotope discrimination. Mature foliage of P. pallida from an SLH with a west canopy positi

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ZALASIEWICZ, JAN A., ALEX PAGE, R. BARRIE RICKARDS, et al. "Polymorphic organization in a planktonic graptoloid (Hemichordata: Pterobranchia) colony of Late Ordovician age." Geological Magazine 150, no. 1 (2012): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756812000349.

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AbstractGraptolites are common fossils in Early Palaeozoic strata, but little is known of their soft-part anatomy. However, we report a long-overlooked specimen ofDicranograptusaff.ramosusfrom Late Ordovician strata of southern Scotland that preserves a strongly polymorphic, recalcitrant, organic-walled network hitherto unseen in graptoloid graptolites. This network displays three morphologies: proximally, a strap-like pattern, likely of flattened tubes; these transform distally into isolated, hourglass-shaped structures; then, yet more distally, revert to a (simpler) strap-like pattern. The n

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Valuitseva, I. I., and M. O. Krukovskaia. "Political correctness: back then and now." Issues of applied linguistics 40 (December 30, 2020): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25076/vpl.40.01.

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ork Age, Atlanta Voice, The Atlantic and others. Materials from early newspapers were taken from the New York Times official archives. The presented research aims, among other things, to identify the social factors that affect certain politically taboo vocabulary units in relation to the black population in America, how the environment and social events have influenced the politically correct language. The following analysis has identified the most frequently tabooed lexical units for a given period of time and the frequency of their occurrence in American public opinion at different time inte

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Valuitseva, I. I., and M. O. Krukovskaia. "Political correctness: back then and now." Issues of applied linguistics 40 (December 30, 2020): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25076/vpl.40.01.

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ork Age, Atlanta Voice, The Atlantic and others. Materials from early newspapers were taken from the New York Times official archives. The presented research aims, among other things, to identify the social factors that affect certain politically taboo vocabulary units in relation to the black population in America, how the environment and social events have influenced the politically correct language. The following analysis has identified the most frequently tabooed lexical units for a given period of time and the frequency of their occurrence in American public opinion at different time inte

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COPELLO, SOFÍA, NICOLÁS SUÁREZ, PABLO YORIO, et al. "Distribution of Olrog’s Gull Larus atlanticus from Bahía San Blas during the non-breeding period: signals of partial migration." Bird Conservation International 30, no. 4 (2020): 661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270920000234.

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SummaryThe Olrog’s Gull Larus atlanticus is an endemic and threatened species of the south-western Atlantic. Little is known about its movements during the non-breeding period. The objective of this study was to analyse the migration of the species by tracking adults from Bahía San Blas (Buenos Aires province, Argentina) with geolocators and using information of sightings of ringed gulls. Differences between males and females were evaluated using tracking data and ringed data were used to determine age differences. A single core area (kernel 50%) from 21 tracked birds was identified. This area

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Mozhechuk, Lyusya, and Andriy Samotuha. "Role of the European Court of Human Rights in realization of social security right." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 2, no. 2 (2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-2-55-63.

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The article deals with the role of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in protecting the right to social security. There is the analysis of the case law of the ECtHR on the violation of the right to social security, namely the right to receive a pension, which the ECtHR classifies as property rights. The authors have outlined the ways to improve the practice of the ECtHR in this area in modern national and world socio-economic conditions. According to available estimates, around 50 per cent of the global population has access to some form of social security, while only 20 per cent enjoy

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Thornton, Christina M., Kelli L. Cain, Terry L. Conway, et al. "Relation of Adolescents’ Physical Activity to After-School Recreation Environment." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 14, no. 5 (2017): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0365.

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Background:The after-school period provides an opportune context for adolescent physical activity. This study examined how characteristics of after-school recreation environments related to adolescent physical activity.Methods:Participants were 889 adolescents aged 12 to 17 (mean = 14.1, SD = 1.4) from 2 US regions. Adolescents reported on whether their school offered after-school supervised physical activity, access to play areas/fields, and presence of sports facilities. Outcomes were accelerometer-measured after-school physical activity, reported physical activity on school grounds during n

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Shevchenko, Zoia. "THE DESTINY OF SUBJECTIVITY IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF POSTFEMINISM." Politology bulletin, no. 85 (2020): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2020.85.55-65.

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The article examines the relationship between the development of feminist ideas in the positioning of the subject in feminist theory (Simone de Beauvoir) and postfeminism (Judith Butler) in a dynamic relationship with social practices of modern society, their impact on public attitudes and on observance of equality between its representatives according to the different identities they could take: not only gender, but also racial, age, economic, political, etc. Philosophy of postmodernism is the theoretical basis of this research. This means the non-logocentric, non-fallocentric and non-textoce

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Armstrong, M. J., H. D. Gerritsen, M. Allen, W. J. McCurdy, and J. A. D. Peel. "Variability in maturity and growth in a heavily exploited stock: cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the Irish Sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 61, no. 1 (2004): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2003.10.005.

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Abstract Maturity, sex ratio (proportion female by number) and length-at-age of cod in the Irish Sea were examined using data collected during groundfish surveys in spring 1992–2002. Skewed sex ratios with a predominance of males were observed in the survey catches of 2- and 3-year-old cod taken on the spawning grounds. In contrast, commercial midwater trawl catches of cod in the same area had consistently higher sex ratios, suggesting that mature males and females have different vertical migration behaviour. Estimates of proportion mature were not affected by method of capture. In a GLM analy

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Campana, Steven E., Anthony J. Fowler, and Cynthia M. Jones. "Otolith Elemental Fingerprinting for Stock Identification of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Using Laser Ablation ICPMS." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 9 (1994): 1942–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-196.

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Trace element incorporation into fish otoliths varies among samples collected at different sites. If otolith elemental composition (the elemental "fingerprint") somehow reflects the characteristics of the ambient water, the elemental fingerprint of the otolith nucleus could serve as a natural marker of fish hatched at different sites. To test this hypothesis, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) otoliths collected from five spawning grounds in the northwest Atlantic were tested for differences in elemental and isotopic composition. Laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (LA-ICPMS

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