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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Non-Emergence'
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Adams, Scott, and scott@tcl net au. "Time and Emergence: Designing the non-instant landscape." RMIT University. Architecture and Design, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080123.091331.
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The aim of this research is to re-consider the discipline of landscape architecture that I practice and know. To consider an aspect of design method or process that is new to my way of working. THrough the critical reflection of past projects, the notion of time, emergence, and the non-instant landscape, has become the focus of this research. How to design for something that can't appear instant or complete at its inception. What approach is taken to respond to the potential changes of the landscape over time? What strategies can be developed to design on very large sites within limited budgets? The Canberra Arboretum project has become the virtualtesting ground for this design research. Exploring ways to design and develop forests the 205-hectare site that anticipate and respond to the emergent effects of time.
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Albert, Steven P. "Supportive Community Housing: Addressing the Emergence of Non-Traditional Households." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1112140212.
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Thesis (Master of Architecture)--University of Cincinnati, 2005.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on April 26, 2007). Keywords: supportive community housing; housing for non-traditional families; non-traditional households; multi-family housing; housing design; housing Includes bibliographical references.
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Van, Zyl Jandre. "Leadership behaviour that facilitate shared leadership emergence in internationally dispersed non-formal teams." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79673.
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Globalisation and the increased complexity of organisations creates the need for alternative leadership approaches that can harness the collective intellectual capital that exists within the dispersed employees of organisations. As dispersion of teams increase, some traditional leadership approaches become less effective. Shared leadership however, has greater effects on team performance when team dispersion increases. Studies into shared leadership increased over the past decade, however the antecedents that facilitate shared leadership are still not exhaustive, and the majority of studies have been in co-located and formal teams.
This study explored how shared leadership can be facilitated in internationally dispersed non-formal teams through increased team connectedness, leader humility, empowering leadership, participative leadership, and quality leader-member exchanges. This qualitative study inductively explored the perspectives of twelve purposively sampled internationally dispersed team members, who represented three different functional non-formal teams. Semi-structured in depth interviews were conducted, after which the data was analysed using categorical aggregation and thematic analysis.
The study offers a theoretical framework of leadership in internationally dispersed non-formal teams, which serve as a basic for future empirical research. It provides leaders of teams and organisations, as well as human resource practitioners with guidance on how to achieve the benefits of shared leadership of teams in this context.
This study was limited to one large multi-national organisation (Hilti Corporation), which operates in the global construction and industrial sectors. Participants represented nine nationalities, dispersed across eight countries, on four continents.<br>Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2020.<br>pt2021<br>Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)<br>MBA<br>Unrestricted
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Liao, Carol. "For-profit, non-profit, and hybrid : the global emergence of legally 'good' corporations and the Canadian experiment." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59549.
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There are mounting expectations for corporations to play a role in overcoming barriers to sustainability and socio-economic development. The explosion of social enterprises in the last decade has spawned a new generation of alternative corporations. Legislators across the world are crafting new laws to meet growing demands from social entrepreneurs seeking legal infrastructure to house their social businesses. “Hybrid” corporations blend for-profit and non-profit legal characteristics in their design, enabling and, at times, requiring businesses to pursue dual economic and social mandates. Some hybrids have been met with relative success in their home nations, others have not. The emergence of hybrid corporations challenges the foundational principles of corporate law and shareholder wealth maximization, as well as the nature of the non-profit organization. Corporate hybridity has received little scrutiny in scholarship to date as it is a relatively new institutional phenomenon. This dissertation situates hybrids within the broader context of neoclassical corporate legal theory. The underlying hypothesis is to test whether the creation of hybrids will contribute to the advancement of the social economy to a greater extent than if such entities did not exist. Part One provides historical background on the development and evolution of the shareholder primacy model of governance, both in theory and in practice, and whether there has been global convergence of this model. It explores some of the leading critiques and counter-hegemonic discourses to shareholder primacy and limitations to its reform, as well as the challenges facing the non-profit sector and resulting global emergence of hybrid legal structures. Part Two shifts the focus to Canada, a unique country to study corporate hybridity as some international hybrid forms have been adopted or are being considered. This critical juncture in Canadian corporate history serves as a live experiment on the utility of hybrids. Using qualitative empirical data, this dissertation positions a Canadian model of corporate governance within the international dialogue, and provides early lessons on whether hybrids can serve as catalysts in growing the social economy. Implementation strategies are provided for both domestic and international legislators who are interested in creating new laws to support burgeoning social enterprises.<br>Law, Peter A. Allard School of<br>Graduate
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Li, Shuang. "Molecular mechanisms leading to the emergence of mouse regulatory T lymphocytes specific to non-inherited maternal antigens." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/327043.
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[EN]It is well illustrated that the generation of Tregs is the main mechanism responsible for maintaining immune tolerance during developmental exposure to non-inherited maternal antigen (NIMA). Moreover, the presence of NIMA-specific Tregs in the uterus of pregnant mice promote reproductive fitness by enforcing maternal tolerance to overlapping paternal antigens expressed by the fetus during next-generation pregnancies. However, the reason why perinatal T cell lineage is biased towards immune tolerance is poorly understood. Due to the fact that terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) is not expressed in neonatal T cells in the mouse, neonatal T cells have a less diverse TCR repertoire. This is known to limit their specificity and to increase their affinity for MHC/peptide complexes. At the start of the present work, we postulated that expressing high affinity TCR might be the reason that forces the development of antigen-specific Tregs in neonates. We undertook our study with the aim to investigate the mechanisms underlying mouse NIMA-specific Treg development in the perinatal period. Using 2W1S-OVA+ heterozygous mouse model in which 2W1S antigen was transformed into surrogate NIMA for half of the offspring, we observed an increased frequency of 2W1S-specific Tregs in NIMA-2W1S-exposed animals. Moreover, we also observed that periphery-derived NIMA-2W1S Tregs had a less diverse TCR repertoire and were phenotypically distinct from thymus-derived SELF-2W1S-specific Tregs. In order to investigate whether the lack of diversity was responsible for the development of neonatal NIMA-specific Tregs, we generated transgenic mice where TdT expression was enforced in T cells before birth. We found that transgenic TdT added clonal TCR diversity but did not prevent the development of T cell clones with neonatal type TCR repertoire and did not modify the frequency of neonatal NIMA-specific Tregs. On the contrary, TdT expression increased significantly generation of SELF-specific Tregs to levels similar to that of NIMA-specific Tregs. Taken together, our data indicate that the developmental pathways of NIMA- and SELF-specific Treg repertoire are different in terms of inducing and maintaining neonatal tolerance.<br>[FR]Il est bien illustré que la génération périnatal de Treg est le principal mécanisme responsable du maintien de la tolérance immunitaire fœtale qui se développe suite à l'exposition aux antigènes maternels non-hérités (NIMA). De plus, la présence de Tregs spécifiques des NIMA dans l'utérus des femmes enceintes favorise la capacité de reproduction en renforçant la tolérance maternelle aux mêmes antigènes paternels exprimés par le fœtus pendant les grossesses de prochaine génération. Cependant, la raison pour laquelle la lignée des cellules T fœtales est biaisée en faveur de la tolérance immunitaire est mal comprise. Chez la souris, en raison du manque d'expression de la désoxynucléotidyl transférase terminale (TdT), les cellules T néonatales ont un répertoire de TCR moins diversifié. Ceci est connu pour limiter leur spécificité et augmenter leur affinité pour les complexes CMH / peptide. Au début du présent travail, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que l'expression de TCRs de haute affinité pourrait être la raison qui force le développement de Treg spécifiques chez les nouveau-nés. Nous avons plus particulièrement entrepris notre étude dans le but d'étudier les mécanismes sous-jacents au développement de Tregs spécifiques des NIMA chez la souris pendant la période périnatale. En utilisant le modèle de souris hétérozygotes pour 2W1S-OVA+ dans lequel l'antigène 2W1S a été transformé en NIMA pour la moitié de la progéniture, nous avons observé une fréquence accrue de Tregs spécifiques de 2W1S chez les animaux exposés au NIMA. De plus, nous avons également observé que les Treg NIMA-2W1S dérivés de la périphérie avaient un répertoire de TCRs moins diversifié et étaient phénotypiquement distincts des Tregs spécifiques de SELF-2W1S dérivés du thymus. Afin de déterminer si le manque de diversité était responsable du développement de Tregs néonataux spécifiques de NIMA, nous avons généré des souris transgéniques où l'expression de TdT était appliquée dans les cellules T avant la naissance. Nous avons constaté que le TdT transgénique ajoutait une diversité de TCR clonale, mais n'empêchait pas le développement de clones de cellules T avec un répertoire TCR de type néonatal et ne modifiait pas la fréquence des Treg néonataux spécifiques du NIMA. Au contraire, l'expression de TdT a augmenté de manière significative la génération de Tregs spécifiques de SELF-2W1S à des niveaux similaires à ceux des Treg spécifiques de NIMA-2W1S. Prises ensembles, nos données indiquent que les voies de développement du répertoire des Tregs néonataux spécifiques de NIMA et SELF sont différentes en termes d'induction et de maintien de la tolérance néonatale.<br>Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Hind, Colene. "Organisational practices and individual innovation behaviour: a non-linear approach to modelling the emergence of corporate entrepreneurship." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29870.
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Background: Successful corporate entrepreneurship is credited with various positive organisational outcomes and achievements. At the wellspring of corporate entrepreneurship is the individual member of the organisation tasked with innovative behaviour. Corporate entrepreneurship emerges within the interface between innovative individuals and the organisational system they function in. Classical theorising that follows reductionist approaches in the pursuit of pure causality has failed to explain the emergence of corporate entrepreneurship within the dynamic and non-linear processes that constitute the complexity embedded in organisations.
Research statement: Corporate entrepreneurship as an emergent process within an organisation comprises various elements that when studied through classical theories and methods fail to explain the process as a whole. An alternative theory and method is needed if corporate entrepreneurship is to be understood as a complex, dynamic and non-linear phenomenon.
Method of analysis: A two-phase sequential explanatory mixed method of analysis is employed. Quantitative data, that was gathered using existing measuring instruments, includes variables related to human capital and organisational practices and individual innovative behaviour. The data is presented to the Self-Organising Maps software, which utilises the principles of Artificial neural networks to cluster it. Phase 2 comprises a qualitative exploration with subject matter experts, of outlying cluster patterns produced by the quantitative results.
Findings and conclusions: Theoretically, the study describes the relevant concepts of corporate entrepreneurship and organisational practices and complex adaptive systems theory as they pertain to the study. Empirically, the study maps the emergence of innovative behaviour in a manner that explores an alternative to mainstream purist causality. The study produces a conceptual framework that can be contextually adapted and applied in practice to gain understanding into the emergence of corporate entrepreneurship. The study concludes that our understanding of the emergence of corporate entrepreneurship can be enhanced through the use of methods that allow for the non-linear and dynamic nature of the phenomenon, rather than methods that attempt to reduce it.
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Ahuka, Mundeke Steve. "Identification et caractérisation moléculaires des rétrovirus simiens et évaluation du risque de transmission à l'homme en Afrique Centrale." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON1T002.
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De nombreux primates d'Afrique sont infectés par les SIV et SLTV en particulier par ceux reconnus comme les ancêtres du VIH et HTLV à l'origine de graves épidémies chez l'homme. Des humains en Afrique continuent d'être exposés à ces virus lors des activités liées à la chasse. Ainsi le risque de transmissions inter-espèces des rétrovirus des primates aux humains persiste toujours dans cette région. Nous avons montré que le mangabey agile est infecté par un SIVagi phylogénétiquement très proche du SIVrcm infectant le mangabey à collier blanc au Cameroun. Nous avons montré aussi que les SIVdeb infectant les cercopithèques de Brazza se regroupent phylogénétiquement selon leurs régions géographiques d'origine non seulement à travers l'Afrique Equatoriale mais aussi à l'intérieur même du Cameroun. Nous avons adapté et validé un outil sérologique (Luminex) qui permet de tester près de 34 antigènes SIV/HIV simultanément. Cet outil et d'autres nous ont permis ensuite de documenter une prévalence globale élevée d'infection SIV et STLV chez les singes chassés pour la viande de brousse en RDC, particulièrement chez les espèces les plus consommées. De nouvelles lignées de SIV et STLV ont aussi été décrites. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré pour la première fois que les fécès peuvent être utilisés pour la détection des STLV chez les bonobos qui sont naturellemnt infectés par les STLV-2 et 3. En revanche, aucune évidence d'infection SIV chez les bonobos n'a été observée. Les travaux de cette thèse contribuent à l'amélioration des connaissances sur les infections rétrovirales chez les primates non humains au Cameroun et en RDC, complètent les informations disponibles sur les réservoirs du VIH-1 et HTLV et enfin fournissent des éléments d'appréciation du risque de transmission de ces virus à l'homme en RDC et au Cameroun<br>SIVs and SLTVs infecting apes and monkeys in Africa are the progenitors of HIV and HTLV. Numerous African non-human primates are infected with SIV and STLV and humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling of primate bushmeat. Therefore the risk of cross-species transmissions from primates to humans is still persistent. We showed that SIVagi infecting captive agile mangabey is most closely related to SIVrcm from a wild-caught red capped mangabey from Cameroon. We observed also phylogeographic clustering among SIVdeb strains from Cameroon, DRC and Uganda, but also among distinct areas in Cameroon. We adapted and evaluated a novel high troughput immune assay that included 34 different HIV and SIV antigens in a single well. Using this tool and others, we found a high SIV and STLV prevalence especially among the most hunted monkeys in DRC. We identified also new SIV and STLV lineages. On the other hand, we did not find any evidence of SIV infection in bonobos. However, we showed, for the first time, that fecal samples could be used to detect STLV infection in bonobos that are naturally infected with STLV-2 and 3. The results obtained during this thesis contribute to the improvement of our knowledge on retroviral infections in nonhuman primates from Central Africa, complete information on HIV and HTLV reservoirs and provide background information on human transmission risk of these infections in central Africa especially in DRC
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Strange, Heather. "Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis and testing : perspectives on the emergence and translation of a new prenatal testing technology." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/90887/.
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This thesis presents findings from a qualitative study of the emergence and early clinical translation of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) in the UK. Drawing from interviews with a range of experts and users I track the enrolment and translation of this new prenatal testing technology across a variety of clinical and social spaces. I show how encounters with NIPD prompt deep critical examination of the moral, social and political implications - not only of the technology - but of the established clinical practices (routine and specialised prenatal testing) and specific policy contexts (prenatal screening programmes) within which NIPD has begun to sediment. I explore how, as NIPD advances at a rapid pace and emerges within a culturally and politically complex context, the technology both aligns with and disrupts routine practices of prenatal screening and diagnosis. I show how, as the technology divides into two major strands - NIPD and NIPT - at an early stage of development, and before becoming naturalised/normalised within the clinic, scientists, clinicians and policy makers attempt to pin down, define and ‘fix’ the technology, drawing upon and engaging in substantive practices of division, categorisation and classification. I explore ambiguities present within such accounts, highlighting dissenting voices and moments of problematisation, and following this, I show how the ‘troubling’ of boundaries prompts much examination of ethical and social concerns. As a location within which interviewees explored more contentious issues, I show how abortion emerged as central to the discussion of NIPD. I proceed to show how institutionalised, professionalised bioethical debate dominates mainstream discourse, and I explain how a particular construction of the informed, individual choice-maker is mobilised in order to locate moral and political responsibility for testing in the hands of individuals, and to distance political/organisational structures from entanglement with problematic concerns. I explore how clinicians and patients respond to this positioning in multiple ways, both assimilating and questioning the mainstream discourse of ‘informed choice’. In conclusion, I highlight the broader (bio)political aspects of NIPD’s emergence and translation within prenatal screening and diagnosis.
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Awasthi, Smita. "Emergence of vocalization in non vocal children with a diagnosis of autism : building an evidence base for interventions." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2017. https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/emergence-of-vocalization-in-non-vocal-children-with-a-diagnosis-of-autism-building-an-evidence-base-for-interventions(e0005530-9415-4229-88fd-6dce404962a1).html.
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The current study spanning 6 years 8 months reviewed technologies developed for emergence of speech in non-vocal children with autism. A total 144 children were selected of whom 126 met the inclusion criteria and completed the study. Non-vocal children between ages 1.4-13.5 years participated in four experiments that used delayed multiple baseline design across subjects. Mastery criteria for vocalization for each participant was n=7 first instances of speech. Experiment 1 studied the role of stimulus-stimulus pairing (SSP) during sign-mand training on vocal emergence in 58 participants of whom 83% acquired vocal status. Experiment 2 studied the effect of prompt-delays during sign-mand training on 3 children who failed to acquire vocals one xperiment 1 for 9-33 weeks. Introduction of prompt-delays were effective in inducing vocals in all three children. Experiment 3 studied the additive effect of intraverbal training with paired auditory stimulus on 46 children who failed to acquire vocals after 12-40 weeks of sign-mand training and SSP. Results showed 80% children emerged with vocals after the introduction of intraverbal training. In Experiment 4 sign-mand training and intraverbal training with SSP were introduced together in 19 children. Results suggested 89% children emerged with vocals. Of the total 126 children across all experiments 105 emerged with vocals meeting the mastery criteria with permanent effects. Across all experiments mean IOA of the study was 89% (range 83%-94%) and treatment integrity 86% (range 57%-100%) . Retrospective data analysis suggested age of children was not a determinant for vocal acquisition and first instances of speech emerged across various verbal operants such as mands, echoic mands, echoics and intraverbals. Motivating operations accounted for 65% of initial vocals however 27% first vocals also emerged as intraverbal fill-ins. Time to vocalization, type of vocal emergence and relative successes of the technologies used are explored in this study.
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Stillpass, Zoe. "Vers le non-humain : quelques sujets émergents de l'art récent (1987-2018)." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH109.
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Ces dernières années, l'autorité de l'exceptionnalisme humain a de plus en plus été remise en question par un certain nombre d'artistes contemporains. Leurs œuvres non-anthropocentriques reconnaissent le rôle fondamental que jouent les acteurs non-humains dans la production artistique. Pour eux, le non-humain inclut des entités biologiques et non biologiques, corporelles et incorporelles. Cette thèse examine plusieurs pratiques artistiques qui, depuis les années 1990, attirent l'attention sur l’agentivité [agency] non-humaine. À cette fin, elles sont analysées à travers certaines théories interdisciplinaires correspondantes qui se sont développées de manière concomitante. Elles sont en outre comparées à des approches théoriques influentes qui réduisent l’art à des constructions sociales. Cette étude se déploie en trois parties inspirées par la thèse de Donna Haraway sur l’effacement de trois frontières à la fin du XXe siècle : la frontière entre les humains et les animaux, entre les organismes et les machines ainsi qu'entre le matériel et l’immatériel. Avec la dissolution de ces frontières et avec la capacité d’action qui est accordée aux entités non-humaines, le monde de l’art commence à englober des assemblages plus complexes et variés. Par conséquent, cette étude tente de décrire les nouvelles formes et les sens qui en émergent à mesure que des artistes adoptent un point de vue non-anthropocentrique<br>In recent years, the authority of human exceptionalism has increasingly come into question by a number of contemporary artists. Their non-anthropocentric works acknowledge the fundamental role that non-human actors play in artistic production. For them, the non-human includes both biological and non-biological, corporeal and incorporeal entities. This dissertation examines several artistic practices that, in various ways since the 1990s, draw attention to non-human agency. To this end, I analyze these works in the context of corresponding cross-disciplinary theories which developed concurrently with these practices. In addition, I contrast them with influential theoretical approaches that reduce art to social constructions. This dissertation is divided into three parts, each matching the three boundaries that Donna Haraway identified as dissolving at the end of the 20th century: the boundary between humans and animals, between organisms and machines, and between the material and the immaterial. With the dissolution of these boundaries and the granting of agency to non-human entities, the art world begins to encompass more complex and multifarious assemblages. Accordingly, this paper attempts to show the novel forms and meaning that emerge as artists adopt a non-anthropocentric point of view
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Al-Sabah, Shamayel Ahmad Khaled. "Designing emergent business process : the case of the foreign procurement process of Kuwait Ministry of Defence." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/11625.
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Business processes can be divided into standardisable and non-standardisable processes. Such processes are characterised by their activities, events, states and time-points. The conditions in which process activities, events, states and time-points occur determines how they are observed, recorded and acted upon. Under predictable and stable conditions an observer can record them by predetermining them and this can be done using existing process design approaches and methodologies. Such processes are termed standardisable processes; for example a process for manufacturing cars. However, under unpredictable and unstable conditions an observer cannot record them by predetermining all the possible events, because uncertainty leads to unpredictable events occurring. Such processes are termed non-standardisable processes and in this thesis as emergent processes; for example special engineering projects like building the Channel Tunnel. Therefore, a new approach is required for designing non-standardisable processes. Process events are significant because the observer notices and records them. Significantly, the observer of events also has to act on them. Whether process events occur in predictable and stable conditions or unpredictable and unstable conditions, makes a difference to how an observer notices, records and acts on them. This is highly significant for this thesis argument, because as non-standardisable process events can be unexpected and unpredictable or emergent a new approach is required to design them. This thesis advances knowledge of designing non-standardisable processes by conceptualising them as emergent business processes (EBP) and contributing a new approach for designing them using action research and the deferred design approach as a process design methodology. Uncertain and unpredictable conditions is characterised here as emergence. The observer cannot predetermine all the possible process events for processes that operate in emergent conditions and cannot determine how to act upon unpredictable process events, because some events will be predictable and others unpredictable. The pragmatist research methodology was used to research to identify and resolve the problem with EBP in the Foreign Procurement Division (FPD) of the Kuwait Ministry of Defence. It was also used an approach for designing EBP. The research contributes the new understanding of non-standardisable processes as emergent business processes. This is a significant contribution because it is conceptualisation that is not found in the literature. This conceptualisation recognises the need to find new approaches for designing and implementing EBP. Therefore, the research also contributes a new approach for designing EBP using the action research methodology as a process design methodology.
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KARRAR, ELFADIL. "Traditions, modernisation et emergence des conflits ethniques : desuetude des theories dualistes face aux societes non-capitalistes etude d'un cas du kordofan(soudan)." Lille 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LIL12001.
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Cette etude s'attache a analyser les consequences socio-economiques de la politique de modernisation du secteur traditionnel (en 1969) et reveler quelques-uns des rapports de causalite existant entre, d'une part les programmes de developpement economique et d'autre part la stagnation du secteur moderne, la deterioration du secteur traditionnel et l'emergence de conflits ethniques. En outre, l'etude du cas particulier du kordofan meridional (au soudan) nous a permis non seulement de rejeter le dualisme destheoriciens du sous-developpement, comme boeke et ses disciples, dualisme qui est a la base de tous les programmes du developpement economique du soudan, mais egalement de critiquer leurs adversaires<br>This study is mainly concerned by the analyses of the socio-economic consequences followed the sudanese policy of the modernization of the traditional sector(in 1969) showing us the relationship of causality exists between the programmes of economic development on one hand and the stagnation of the modern sector and the emergence of the ethnic conflicts on the other hand. The case study of southern kordofan(western sudan) giving us the permision not only to reject the dualisme of the development scientists, like boeke and his scolars-dualisme which was taken as the theoretical reference of the economic development programmes-but also to citisize their opponants
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Voorsluijs, Valérie. "Emergent properties of nonlinear compartmentalised dynamics." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/273993.
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Systems chemistry aims at studying and developing "smart" materials displaying reactivity to external stimuli, metabolism, self-repair abilities and self-replication properties. These features constitute the principal characteristics of living systems that smart materials tend to mimic. The synthesis strategies of these materials are still in their infancy, and identifying the mechanisms underlying emergent phenomena could lead to a better control and use of these behaviours in the synthesis of new materials. The complex dynamics of biological systems usually arises from the coupling of compartmentalised units in which nonlinear chemical reactions take place. In this thesis, we are interested in the complex dynamics emerging from such compartmentalisation of a reactive system. First, we analyse the impact of fluctuations of concentration on the dynamics of a chemical oscillatory reaction, namely the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. We show that oscillations are more robust against fluctuations than other behaviours generated by the reaction (birhythmicity, chaos, ) and highlight different mechanisms by which oscillations can arise from fluctuations. Then, we study a model for chemical chaos, the so-called Willamowsky-Rössler model, in which we incorporate fluctuations and crowding effects. Fluctuations have a destructive effect on chaotic dynamics but when the reaction takes place on a surface where the different species can diffuse and react, a synergy develops between fluctuations, crowding effects and the mobility of the particles. This synergy enhances the re-emergence of chaos and the development of new behaviours. Finally, we show throughout different modelling approaches that compartmentalisation effects play a central role in the intracellular calcium dynamics and emphasise how microscopic properties of the system shape the global behaviour of this system. Compartmentalised nonlinear dynamics thus offer a wide range of future prospects for the synthesis of smart materials and fosters the development of nanoreactors based on these properties.<br>Doctorat en Sciences<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Ismail, Suzianah Nhazzla. "Understanding the emergence, development and trajectories of new social movements (NSMs) in industrial countries & non-post-materialist societies : the case of animal protection movement in Malaysia." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18405/.
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Anders, Nils H. "Norms and non-governmental advocacy on conventional arms control : dynamics and governance." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4449.
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Clear changes occurred in the field of conventional arms control in the last two decades. States adopted a multitude of norms on especially small arms control in various multilateral control instruments. In addition, non-governmental advocacy actors often established themselves as active participants in control debates with governments. The changes are surprising because they took place in the security sphere and therewith in an area traditionally understood to be the exclusive domain of governments. This research project investigates the significance of the changes for the traditional understanding of security governance. Specifically, it investigates the emergence of control norms and the role and policy impact of non-governmental actors in the promotion of the norms. It asks whether the normative changes and significance of nongovernmental actors therein challenge the understanding of security governance that underpins many established approaches to international relations theory.
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Binauld, Cédric. "Tentative de renouveau d'un écosystème : les processus individuels et collectifs à la base de la non-émergence d'un écosystème d'innovation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILA018.
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Le concept d'écosystème importé par Moore (1993) en stratégie est de plus en plus mobilisé par les praticiens et exploré par les chercheurs sur le plan théorique comme empirique. Conçu dans ce travail comme « a community of hierarchically independent, yet interdependent heterogeneous participants who collectively generate an ecosystem output », les organisations impliquées font face à des enjeux stratégiques spécifiques, e.g. positionnement dans la structure, management des goulots d'étranglement. Lors de la phase de renouveau, les organisations tentent par exemple de définir la Proposition de Valeur et de capter la valeur générée par l'innovation introduite. Notre revue de littérature montre que la phase de renouveau est peu investiguée empiriquement et que de façon générale, les enjeux stratégiques sont abordés selon une approche fonctionnaliste ou selon une approche volontariste centrée sur une organisation focale. Afin de tenir compte de la dynamique relationnelle, nous posons la question suivante : « Quels sont les processus individuels et les processus collectifs organisationnels mis en œuvre lors d'une tentative de renouvellement d'un écosystème ? ». Nous répondons à cette question par une étude de cas unique longitudinal avec encastrement d'unités. Notre observons l'échec d'un projet de tentative de renouveau d'un Écosystème d'innovation (ESI ci-après). Les données sont collectées en continu pendant plus de trois ans à l'aide de la tactique d'intervention et de celle de l'observation. L'analyse est réalisée au moyen d'un codage thématique à partir d'une adaptation de la méthode Gioia. Les résultats montrent que les organisations impliquées cherchent à limiter les changements dans leur propres Business Models (BM ci-après) et, au regard du besoin d'appariement des BM, cherchent également à minimiser les changements dans le BM des partenaires. Le modèle économique se révèle ainsi structurant pour le renouveau de l'écosystème. L'écosystème que nous étudions fait l'objet d'un monopole légal pour l'activité gestion du réseau de distribution. Nous observons que cette situation confère un important pouvoir à l'organisation qui en bénéficie alors même qu'elle n'est pas propriétaire de ce réseau. Nous contribuons à la littérature sur les écosystèmes en montrant que le renouveau d'un écosystème ne peut avoir lieu en l'absence d'accord sur sa nouvelle structure. Nous montrons l'enjeu pour les membres de maîtriser la définition de la PV et la gouvernance de l'écosystème. Nous montrons la présence d'une stratégie de création de goulot d'étranglement qui ne concerne pas uniquement les aspects techniques. Nous rapprochons la littérature des écosystèmes de celle des BM. Le BM donne sens aux comportements organisationnels et inter organisationnels et précise les parties de l'environnement avec lesquelles une organisation entre en relation. Nous observons que sans appariement des BM concernés, l'innovation ne peut être introduite et l'écosystème se renouveler. Nous concluons également que l'activité de Business Model Innovation (BMI ci-après) est une activité business. Sur le plan managérial, nous soulignons la nécessaire réévaluation par l'État de la structuration légale d'un écosystème au regard de nouveaux objectifs. Nous mettons également à disposition des managers un outil et une démarche pour leur permettre de décider en univers écosystémique<br>The concept of ecosystem imported by Moore (1993) in strategy is increasingly used by practitioners and explored by researchers both theoretically and empirically. Conceived in this work as "a community of hierarchically independent, yet interdependent, heterogeneous participants who collectively generate an ecosystem outcome", the organizations involved face specific strategic issues, e.g. positioning in the structure, management of bottlenecks. During the renewal phase, organizations try, for example, to define the Value Proposition and to capture the value activated by the resulting innovation. Our literature review shows that the renewal phase is little investigated empirically and that, in general, the strategic issues are approached according to a functionalist approach or according to a voluntarist approach centered on a focal organization. In order to take relational dynamics into account, we ask the following question: “What are the individual processes and the collective organizational processes implemented during an attempt to renew an ecosystem? ". We answer this question with a single longitudinal case study with embedded units. We observe the failure of an attempted renewal project of an ESI. Data is collected continuously for more than three years using intervention and observation tactics. The analysis is carried out by means of a thematic coding based on an adaptation of the Gioia method. The results show that the organizations involved seek to limit changes in their own Business Models (BM hereafter) and, with regard to the need for BM matching, also seek to minimize changes in the partners' BM. The economic model thus proves to be structuring for the renewal of the ecosystem. The ecosystem we are studying is subject to a legal monopoly for the distribution network management activity. We observe that this situation gives significant power to the organization that benefits from it even though it does not own this network. We contribute to the literature on ecosystems by showing that the renewal of an ecosystem cannot take place in the absence of agreement on its new structure. We show the challenge for members to master the definition of PV and the governance of the ecosystem. We show the presence of a bottleneck creation strategy that does not only concern the technical aspects. We bring together the literature of ecosystems with that of BMs. The BM gives meaning to organizational and inter-organizational behaviors and specifies the parts of the environment with which an organization enters into a relationship. We observe that without pairing the BMs concerned, innovation cannot be introduced and the ecosystem cannot be renewed. We also conclude that the activity of Business Model Innovation (BMI hereafter) is a business activity. On the managerial level, we underline the necessary reassessment by the State of the legal structuring of an ecosystem with regard to new goals. We also provide managers with a tool and an approach to enable them to decide in an ecosystemic universe
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Gillard, Tristan. "Auto-organisation multi-échelle pour l’émergence de comportements sensorimoteurs coordonnés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0353.
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Les apprentissages non-associatifs sont largement observés à travers la phylogénie et apparaissent fondamentaux pour l'adaptation et, ainsi, la survie des organismes vivants. Cet travail de thèse explore des mécanismes d'adaptation inspirés de ces apprentissages non-associatifs. Nous proposons trois modèles computationnels de l'habituation, trois modèles de la sensibilisation spécifique au site et un modèle de pseudo-conditionnement. Nous développons ces modèles dans le cadre du milieu sensorimoteur déformable itératif ("Iterant Deformable Sensorimotor Medium", IDSM), un modèle abstrait récemment développé de la formation du comportement sensorimoteur. Les caractéristiques des modèles présentés sont étudiées et analysées à la lumière de notre objectif à long terme, qui est d'étudier de nouveaux mécanismes d'apprentissage non supervisés pour des agents artificiels autonomes<br>Non-associative learning is widely observed throughout phylogeny and appears to be fundamental for the adaptation and, thus, the survival of living organisms. This thesis explores adaptation mechanisms inspired by these non-associative learnings. We propose three computational models of habituation, three models of site-specific sensitization and one model of pseudo-conditioning. We develop these models within the framework of the Iterant Deformable Sensorimotor Medium (IDSM), a recently developed abstract model of sensorimotor behavior formation. The characteristics of the presented models are studied and analyzed in light of our long-term goal of investigating new unsupervised learning mechanisms for autonomous artificial agents
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Kagi, Reinaldo Kenji. "Fragmentos de complexidade aplicados ao mercado financeiro." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11518.
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Submitted by Reinaldo Kagi (reinaldo.kagi@gmail.com) on 2014-03-07T16:23:26Z
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KAGI, Reinaldo Kenji. (2014) - Fragmentos da Complexidade Aplicados ao Mercado Financeiro.pdf: 976757 bytes, checksum: 053f1bfa52560a1fc533f8c2860a3caa (MD5)<br>Rejected by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br), reason: prezado Reinaldo, boa tarde
A numerações das paginas não podem ficar visíveis antes da introdução, existem paginas em branco que devem ser retiradas e o titulo não está de acordo com o titulo apresentado na Ata de Dissertação conforme segue abaixo:
Fragmentos DE complexidade aplicados ao mercado financeiro
Fragmentos DA complexidade aplicados ao mercado financeiro
Por gentileza fazer os ajustes listados acima. on 2014-03-07T18:20:57Z (GMT)<br>Submitted by Reinaldo Kagi (reinaldo.kagi@gmail.com) on 2014-03-07T19:05:43Z
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KAGI, Reinaldo Kenji. (2014) - Fragmentos de Complexidade Aplicados ao Mercado Financeiro.pdf: 953573 bytes, checksum: d484fb79cf4de8d48c79d7b72dd959a0 (MD5)<br>Rejected by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Reinaldo, boa tarde.
Tem um único ponto a ser ajustado,
na folha de assinatura a data está errada, o correto seria 07/02/2014 (data de sua apresentação de dissertação.
por gentileza ajustar. on 2014-03-07T19:25:51Z (GMT)<br>Submitted by Reinaldo Kagi (reinaldo.kagi@gmail.com) on 2014-03-07T19:31:16Z
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KAGI, Reinaldo Kenji. (2014) - Fragmentos de Complexidade Aplicados ao Mercado Financeiro.pdf: 975473 bytes, checksum: 955bb2b02ccec9d2b6a97da997eb9af3 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2014-03-07T19:32:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1
KAGI, Reinaldo Kenji. (2014) - Fragmentos de Complexidade Aplicados ao Mercado Financeiro.pdf: 975473 bytes, checksum: 955bb2b02ccec9d2b6a97da997eb9af3 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-03-07T19:50:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
KAGI, Reinaldo Kenji. (2014) - Fragmentos de Complexidade Aplicados ao Mercado Financeiro.pdf: 975473 bytes, checksum: 955bb2b02ccec9d2b6a97da997eb9af3 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2014-03-10<br>The rise of complexity in financial markets has been reported by Rajan (2005), Gorton (2008) and e Haldane & May (2011) as one of the main features that led to the increase of systemic risk, which climaxed in the financial crisis of 2007/08. The Bank for International Settlements (2013) covers the matters of complexity in the context of banking regulation and discusses the comparability of capital adequacy among banks and jurisdictions. Nonetheless, definitions for concepts such as complexity and complex adaptive systems are omitted from the major discussions. This paper elucidates some concepts related to the Theories of Complexity, how this phenomenon arises, how they may be applied to financial markets. We discuss the use of two tools in the context of complex adaptive systems: Agent Based Models (ABMs) and entropy. We come to the conclusion that although the complexity research agenda still leaves us some gaps, it most definitely contributes to the economic research in understanding the mechanisms that trigger systemic risks, as well as adding tools that allows us model interacting heterogeneous agents, which leads to the rise of emergent phenomena in the system. Some research hypotheses are suggested for later development.<br>O aumento da complexidade do mercado financeiro tem sido relatado por Rajan (2005), Gorton (2008) e Haldane e May (2011) como um dos principais fatores responsáveis pelo incremento do risco sistêmico que culminou na crise financeira de 2007/08. O Bank for International Settlements (2013) aborda a questão da complexidade no contexto da regulação bancária e discute a comparabilidade da adequação de capital entre os bancos e entre jurisdições. No entanto, as definições dos conceitos de complexidade e de sistemas adaptativos complexos são suprimidas das principais discussões. Este artigo esclarece alguns conceitos relacionados às teorias da Complexidade, como se dá a emergência deste fenômeno, como os conceitos podem ser aplicados ao mercado financeiro. São discutidas duas ferramentas que podem ser utilizadas no contexto de sistemas adaptativos complexos: Agent Based Models (ABMs) e entropia e comparadas com ferramentas tradicionais. Concluímos que ainda que a linha de pesquisa da complexidade deixe lacunas, certamente esta contribui com a agenda de pesquisa econômica para se compreender os mecanismos que desencadeiam riscos sistêmicos, bem como adiciona ferramentas que possibilitam modelar agentes heterogêneos que interagem, de forma a permitir o surgimento de fenômenos emergentes no sistema. Hipóteses de pesquisa são sugeridas para aprofundamento posterior.
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Drouin, Annie. "Input and Language Acquisition : A Comparison of Native and Non-Native Signers." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40440.
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The emergence of a language is rarely directly observed in a natural environment. Similar to a phenomenon previously observed in Nicaragua, deaf Dominican children appear to have created a rudimentary form of manual communication in absence of comprehensible linguistic input. The evolution of this communication system over the course of five years (2007-2012) is documented as part of a cross-cultural and cross-generational study in which sign complexity is analyzed. The role of innate and environmental components of language creation and acquisition are discussed using data from hearing children and parents, including the parents of the deaf Dominican children cited above.
Results confirm that a new communication system is indeed slowly emerging in the Dominican Republic, and that this system shows signs of evolution in the period extending from 2007 to 2012. Signs produced by the deaf Dominican children meet the minimal requirements for a communicative symbol, show signs of mutual intelligibility, and differ from the signs of the other implemented Sign Languages in the Dominican Republic. Two cohorts of manual communicators appear to be present, and younger signers seem to have more advanced linguistic competencies in comparison to older signers within the community. The signs that are part of the observed Dominican manual communication system also appear to differ in complexity from those produced by hearing adults and children, supporting the presence of innate abilities for language creation. Specifically, the deaf Dominican children are generally found to have more diversified sign repertoires and to display faster signing rates over time, in comparison to hearing adults and children. Qualitative data and quantitative trends further support a more complex understanding by deaf children of the use of signs as an independent communication system from speech.
Analyses looking at the impact of input on language creation provides some support for the existence of infant-directed signing in a way similar to what is observed with infant-directed speech. The use of repetitions by hearing adults using infant-directed silent gestures could provide support for usage-based theories of language development. That being said, young hearing children with no prior exposure to Sign Language and with minimal relative linguistic experience were found to produce signs equivalent in complexity to those of hearing adults, therefore potentially providing further support for an innate understanding of complex linguistic rules. Deaf Dominican children were further found to surpass the input received by hearing adults over time. In all, this research is consistent with previous studies attesting for children’s natural ability for language creation and development.
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Geneston, Elvis L. "Emergence of Complexity from Synchronization and Cooperation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc6107/.
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The dynamical origin of complexity is an object of intense debate and, up to moment of writing this manuscript, no unified approach exists as to how it should be properly addressed. This research work adopts the perspective of complexity as characterized by the emergence of non-Poisson renewal processes. In particular I introduce two new complex system models, namely the two-state stochastic clocks and the integrate-and-fire stochastic neurons, and investigate its coupled dynamics in different network topologies. Based on the foundations of renewal theory, I show how complexity, as manifested by the occurrence of non-exponential distribution of events, emerges from the interaction of the units of the system. Conclusion is made on the work's applicability to explaining the dynamics of blinking nanocrystals, neuron interaction in the human brain, and synchronization processes in complex networks.
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Chen, Chongjian. "Emergence of novel noncoding elements in eukaryotic genomes." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112310.
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Il apparaît aujourd'hui que les éléments ARN non-codants jouent un rôle indispensable dans les systèmes biologiques. Bien que notre capacité d'identifier et de comprendre la fonction et l'évolution des ARN codants se soit considérablement renforcée ces dernières années, nos connaissances sur ces molécules demeurent très superficielles, la majorité des génomes étant encore non annotée. Dans cette thèse, je tente par différents moyens d'améliorer les connaissances sur ces régions non codantes en identifiant de nouveaux éléments et en étudiant leur émergence et leur évolution. Dans les deux premiers projets, j'ai utilisé des programmes connus de détection de snoRNA, combinés avec des filtres exploitant des caractéristiques spécifiques de séquence et de structure, pour analyser les snoRNA des génomes de C. Elegans et de Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. L'émergence et l'évolution des ces snoRNA sont largement discutés. Dans le troisième projet, je me suis intéressé à l'émergence des sites de polyadenylation (polyA) via l'exaptation d'éléments transposables. J'ai confirmé l'exaptation de sites polyA localisés dans des séquences de type Alu et j'ai proposé des scenarios probables pour ces évènements. Dans le quatrième projet, j'ai présenté une nouvelle approche pour l'identification d'éléments ARN non-codants issus de duplications dans les génomes végétaux. En tout, ≈ 4000 éléments ARN non-codants sont prédits dans le génome du riz. Enfin, dans le dernier projet, j'ai tenté d'analyser l'émergence des petits ARN chez le riz. J'ai développé une stratégie pour identifier les miRNAs dans les données de séquençage massif de transcrits (RNA-seq). Dans deux jeux de données RNA-seq de cal de riz, j'ai identifié 24 nouveaux miRNAS et isolé des fragments spécifiques issus des extrémités 3' et 5' des ARNt<br>It is appearent that noncoding RNAs/elements play indispensible roles in biological systems. Our knowledge about the identification, function and evolution of noncoding RNAs/elements has greatly accumulated, however it seems that we are just at the gate of the hidden noncoding world since majority of genome sequences hitherto have not been annotated. Ln this dissertation, to better understrand the unannoated regions of sequenced genomes, I have made different attempts on the identification of noncoding RNAs/elements and elucidation of emergence and evolution of noncoding RNAs/elements. Ln the first two projects, I have utilized known snoRNA programs combined with specially designed filter based on the additional sequence and structural features to have comprehensive analyses of snoRNAs in C. Elegans and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii genome. The emergence and evolution of snoRNAs have been widely discussed. Ln the third project, I have addressed the emergence of polyadenylation (polyA) sites via the exaptation of transposable elements. I have confirmed the exaptation events in Alu-borne polyA sites and proposed the probable emergence models for polyA sites. Ln the fourth project, I have presented a novel approach to identify noncoding RNAs/elements emerged from duplications. Ln total, ≈ 4000 noncoding RNAs/elements have been predicted. Ln the last project, I have attempted to investigate the emergence of small RNAs. I have developed a new strategy to identify miRNAs in deep sequence pools. Ln two deep sequencing pools of rice calli, I have identified 24 novel miRNAs and also isolated specific small RNA fragments derived from 5' and 3' termini of tRNAs
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Yarrison, Fritz William. "A Theoretical and Methodological Advancement of Identity Theory: The Emergence of Context Specific Salience." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1510401466933009.
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Hadji, Moradlou Sara. "Early child grammars." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/HADJI_MORADLOU_Sara_va2.pdf.
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Cette thèse combine le travail sur corpus, la spécification formelle et l'investigation expérimentale, pour caractériser les étapes initiales de l'apprentissage des langues - l'étape mono-mot. Dans la première moitié de cette thèse, nous développons une taxonomie des énoncés d'un mot en nous inspirant de travaux sur les Énoncés non phrastiques des adultes et d'études antérieures sur la pragmatique du langage des jeunes enfants. Nous fournissons des descriptions formelles pour les types de notre taxonomie qui permettent de représenter le contenu sémantique des énoncés d'un seul mot en utilisant les mêmes outils que ceux utilisés dans les grammaires pour adultes. Comme dans les énoncés non phrastiques de l'adulte, la signification des énoncés d'un seul mot de l'enfant repose fortement sur des éléments contextuels. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous examinons de plus près les interactions questions--réponses. Nous décrivons la structure dialogique de ces interactions parent-enfant et donnons une théorie sur la façon dont le sens des questions peut être appris de façon interactive. Nous comparons ensuite l'émergence des réponses aux questions partielles (wh-questions en anglais: où, quoi, qui, etc.) et questions totales (polar questions en anglais, les questions dont la réponse est oui ou non), à l'aide d'études de corpus et d'expériences de lecture de livres partagés en allemand et en mandarin. Nous montrons qu'une sous-catégorie de questions partielles émerge (en tant que réponses) avant les questions totales, et discutons des facteurs contribuant à cette conclusion contre-intuitive, à la lumière de nos propositions antérieures fortement dépendantes du contexte sur la façon dont les significations des questions sont acquises<br>This thesis combines corpus work, formal specification, and experimental investigation, to characterize the beginning stages of language learning---the single-word stage. In the first half of this thesis, we develop a taxonomy of one word utterances drawing inspiration from work on adult non-sentential utterances, and previous studies of early child language pragmatics. We provide formal descriptions for the types in our taxonomy that allow representation of semantic content of single-word utterances using the same tools employed in adult grammars. As in adult non-sentential utterances, meaning in children's one-word utterances relies heavily on contextual elements. In the second half of the thesis, we take a closer look at question--answer interactions. We describe the dialogical structure of such parent--child interactions, and provide a theory of how question meanings might be learned interactively. We then compare emergence of answers to wh- and polar questions, using corpus studies, and shared book reading experiments in German and Mandarin. We show that a subclass of wh-questions emerge (as answerable) before polar questions, and discuss factors contributing to this counter-intuitive finding, in light of our earlier heavily context-dependent proposals for how question meanings are acquired
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Grose, Robert. "The emergence of the documentary real within relational and post-relational political aesthetics." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/311131.
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The aim of this thesis is to conduct a post-relational reading of the programme of relational art and its influence upon current aesthetics. ‘Post’ is not used in the indicative sense here: it does not simply denote the passing of the high water mark of relational art’s critical reception. Rather, it seeks to identify what remains symptomatically unresolved in relational art through a reading of its texts together with its critique. Amongst these unresolved problems certain questions endure. The question of this art’s claim to autonomy and its problematic mode of appearance and materialism remain at large. Ironically it shares the same fate as the avant-garde it sought to distance itself from; the failure to unite art with the everyday. But it has nevertheless redefined the parameters of artistic production: this is its success. I argue that this is because relational art was internally riven from its outset by a contradiction between its micropolitical structures and the need to find a mode of representation that did not transgress its self-imposed taboo upon visual representation. I identify a number of strategies that relational art has used to address this problem: for example its transitive ethics and its separation of ‘the visual’ from formal representations of public space and of a liminal counter-public sphere. Above all, I argue that its principle of the productive mimesis and translation of social relations through art is the guarantor of this art’s autonomy. My thesis is premised upon the notion that one can learn much about new forms of critical art from the precepts and suppositions that informed relational aesthetics and its critical reception. Relational aesthetics, in fact, establishes the terms of engagement that inform new critical art. Above all, this is because the question of the ‘relation of non-relation’ is bigger than relational aesthetics. The ‘relation of non-relation’ does not denote the impossibility of relation between subjects. Rather, it is a category that identifies non-relation as the very source of productive relations. This can be applied to those liminal points of separation that 6 delineate the territory of critical art prior to relational aesthetics. For example, these instances of ‘non-relation’ appear in the separation of art from non-art; of representation from micropolitics and of the anti-relational opposition of the philosophical categories of the general and the particular. Overall, I seek to reclaim Bourriaud as instrumental to the re-thinking of these categories and as essential to a reading of current critical art discourse. I identify a number of misreadings of relational aesthetics that result from a misrecognition or unwillingness to engage with Nicolas Bourriaud’s direct influences: Serge Daney, Michel de Certeau, Gilles Deleuze and Louis Althusser are often overlooked in this respect. I argue that Bourriaud’s critics tend to bring their own agendas to bear on his work, often seeking to remediate what is problematic. These critiques introduce existing aesthetic and political paradigms into his work in order to claim him as their own. So for example we encounter antagonistic relational aesthetics as the reinstatement of the avant-garde. Also, relational aesthetics as an immanent critique of the commodity form within a selective reading of Theodor Adorno. Also, we encounter dissensual relational aesthetics as ‘communities of sense’ that adopt site-specific methodologies whose mode of inhabitation of the socius is a reaction to relational aesthetics and is premised upon separatism. This diversification of relational art’s critique does not address, however, its fundamental problems of autonomy and representation. Rather, in different ways, they sidestep these issues and duplicate their non-relationality in the form of an impasse. My reading seeks to read the relational programme as a whole and to reclaim that which is symptomatically post-relational within it. I think that this is important because the critique of Bourriaud is presently unduly weighted towards the analysis of Relational Aesthetics (Nicolas Bourriaud, Relational Aesthetics, trans. by S. Pleasance and F. Woods, (Dijon: Les presses du réel, 2002)), thus important developments within Postproduction (2002) and The Radicant(2009) have gone overlooked. Specifically, Bourriaud’s increased emphasis upon a topology of forms and an Althusserian ‘aleatory materialism’ demand that we ask whether relationality in art is ontological or epistemological in form. It also demands that we re-consider its claims to materialism and critical realism on its own terms. Bourriaud’s later works are important not simply because they set out how relational art might inhabit networks of electronic communication but because they begin to develop a more coherent thinking of new modes of relational representation. Bourriaud begins to address the aporia of micropolitics and representation in his later works. His notion of representation becomes increasingly a matter of spatio-temporal relation and the representational act becomes increasingly identified with the motility of the relational act as a performative presentation. In the light of these developments, I argue that the thinking of relation that has thus far dictated the philosophical analysis of relationality and political aesthetics results in an acute anti-relationality or a ‘relational anarchism’. This is why the philosophy of Jacques Rancière and Alain Badiou respectively, are inadequate to the demands of current aesthetics. In fact they hinder its development. On this basis I turn to Rodolphe Gashé’s re-thinking of relation. His thinking grants relation a minimal ontology that in fact excludes it from philosophy, but at the same time, plays a key role in the construction of singularities as new epistemological categories. Gashé suggests a unique epistemological value for relations and recognizes what is evental within them. These singularities find their modes of appearance within various forms of the encounter. Gashé’s thought is helpful in that it identifies the non-relational of relation with its event. Also, I argue that a theory of post-relational representation is necessary to address the ‘weak manifestations of relational art’, although not in a transgressive or messianistic form; also, that this thinking of representation, when combined with aleatory materialism, produces a 8 broad constituency of representational forms with which to construct a more robust critical art. This includes the documentary form. In order to address the objections of micropolitics I therefore advance Philip Auslander’s notion of the performativity of the document as essential to relational aesthetics because it is an art form that in fact requires mediation by the visual. My argument is premised upon the ineliminability of representation from the aesthetic and moreover, that the artwork is constituted within a broad nexus of operations and acts of signification. This fragmentary construction is the source of the objectivity or critical realism of these practices. I argue that ‘visual’ documentation functions as a tool for presencing and connecting relations of exchange but is merely one of the forms of representation available to visual artists.
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Serra, Lopes Francisco. "De mystica sive obscenum. Hermenèutica negativa com a procés de compresió de la poesia de Fernando Echeverría i com a via d'autoconeixement del lector." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7452.
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Davant de l'obra del poeta portuguès Fernando Echevarría (1927), hi ha l'intent de llegir fenomenològicament. Observant els límits de la fenomenologia de lectura, i mitjançant l'atenció a la relació lectoral establerta, es procedeix al discerniment de les qualitats més capaces de descriure i comprendre aquell discurs poètic: intensió, emergència, lloança i bé sense intermitència. Aquestes qualitats, confirmades per un apropament filosòfic que s'hi acomoda com a raó intuïtiva, manifesten la possibilitat d'identificar el discurs echevarrià com a poesia mística. Es replanteja el lloc del lector com a negativitat i es descriu, a la llum dels usos de l'expressió 'hermenèutica negativa', en què es diferencia i quines conseqüències pot tenir aquesta disposició hermenèutica per a la vida de la comunitat de lectors.<br>Before the work of Portuguese poet Fernando Echevarría (born 1927), a phenomenological reading is intended. Observing the limits of such phenomenology, and paying attention to the lectural relation that develops, I proceed discerning which qualities may be more capable of describing and understanding that poetic discourse: intension, emergence, praise and good without intermittence. These qualities, confirmed by a philosophic approach that gets closer to them in the form of intuitive reason, manifest the possibility of identifying the Echevarrian discourse as mystical poetry. The place of the reader is reconsidered as negativity while the uses of the expression 'negative hermeneutics' allow for a description of both its distinctiveness and the consequences this hermeneutic disposition may have for the life of a community of readers.
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Elliott, Julie R. "The Role of Faith-Based Congregations during Disaster Response and Recovery: A Case Study of Katy, Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1752353/.
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When governments are unable or unwilling to provide necessary relief to communities, local faith-based congregations (FBCs) step in and fill the gap. Though shown to provide for so many needs following disaster, FBCs have largely been left out of the institutional emergency management cycle. The aim of this study was to explore the role of FBCs in the disaster response and recovery process and investigate how recovery impacts FBCs. The primary objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of FBCs and how to better integrate them into the formal emergency management process.The main questions were as follows: First, what is the role of FBCs during the disaster recovery process? Second, how do FBCs change (temporarily and permanently) during disaster recovery, and what factors may promote or inhibit change? To answer these questions, qualitative semistructured interviews were held to develop a case study of Katy, Texas and its recovery from Hurricane Harvey of 2017. The applied and conceptual implications resulting from this study, which apply to FBCs, researchers, emergency managers, and policy makers, highlight the opportunity to better incorporate FBCs formally into emergency management practices.
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Jansen, Christopher Paul. "Leadership development through appreciative inquiry : complexity thinking in the non-government (NGO) sector." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Educational Studies and Leadership, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9885.
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“much of what we know about leadership is today redundant because it is literally
designed for a different operating model, a different context, a different time”
(Pascale, Sternin, & Sternin, p. 4).
This thesis describes a project that was designed with a focus on exploring ways to enhance leadership capacity in non-government organisations operating in Christchurch, New Zealand. It included 20 CEOs, directors and managers from organisations that cover a range of settings, including education, recreation, and residential and community therapeutic support; all working with adolescents.
The project involved the creation of a peer-supported professional learning community that operated for 14 months; the design and facilitation of which was informed by the Appreciative Inquiry principles of positive focus and collaboration. At the completion of the research project in February 2010, the leaders decided to continue their collective processes as a self-managing and sustaining professional network that has grown and in 2014 is still flourishing under the title LYNGO (Leaders of Youth focussed NGOs).
Two compelling findings emerged from this research project. The first of these relates to efficacy of a complexity thinking framework to inform the actions of these leaders. The leaders in this project described the complexity thinking framework as the most relevant, resonant and dynamic approach that they encountered throughout the research project. As such this thesis explores this complexity thinking informed leadership in detail as the leaders participating in this project believed it offers an opportune alternative to more traditional forms of positional leadership and organisational approaches. This exploration is more than simply a rationale for complexity thinking but an iterative in-depth exploration of ‘complexity leadership in action’ which in Chapter 6 elaborates on detailed leadership tools and frameworks for creating the conditions for self-organisation and emergence.
The second compelling finding relates to efficacy of Appreciative Inquiry as an emergent research and development process for leadership learning. In particular the adoption of two key principles; positive focus and inclusivity were beneficial in guiding the responsive leadership learning process that resulted in a professional learning community that exhibited high engagement and sustainability. Additionally, the findings suggest that complexity thinking not only acts as a contemporary framework for adaptive leadership of organisations as stated above; but that complexity thinking has much to offer as a framework for understanding leadership development processes through the application of Appreciative Inquiry (AI)-based principles. A consideration of the components associated with complexity thinking has promise for innovation and creativity in the development of leaders and also in the creation of networks of learning.
This thesis concludes by suggesting that leaders focus on creating hybrid organisations, ones which leverage the strengths (and minimise the limitations) of self-organising complexity-informed organisational processes, while at the same time retaining many of the strengths of more traditional organisational management structures. This approach is applied anecdotally to the place where this study was situated: the post-earthquake recovery of Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Nottale, Matthieu. "Ancrage d'un lexique partagé entre robots autonomes dans un environnement non-contraint." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004260.
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Les Talking Heads sont une expérience de robotique développementale menée par Luc Steels et Frédéric Kaplan en 1995. Dans cette expérience, des agents apprennent un lexique de mots associés à des propriétés visuelles d'objets extraits de leurs perceptions. Cet apprentissage est réalisé par le biais de jeux de langage dans lesquels les agents s'échangent des symboles. L'interaction entre les agents est conçue de manière à ancrer ces symboles dans leur perception. Cette expérience apporte un début de réponse au problème de la sémantique des systèmes symboliques illustré par l'expérience de pensée de la chambre chinoise. Les Talking Heads sont capables de faire converger un lexique de mots partagés au seins d'une population de plusieurs milliers d'agents de manière non supervisée, réalisant ainsi un début de solution au problème de l'émergence du langage. Cette expérience a déjà été étendue dans plusieurs directions, par exemple en rajoutant une grammaire au lexique des agents et en étendant les perceptions des agents à des scènes montrant des objets en mouvement. Mais les restrictions que les expériences actuelles dérivant des Talking Heads posent sur l'environnement limitent certaines pistes de développement intéressantes. Cette thèse a pour objectif de reproduire les Talking Heads en utilisant des robots autonomes et en se plaçant dans un environnement visuel non contraint: le laboratoire. L'intérêt de cette démarche est de confirmer dans un premier temps que le modèle des Talking Heads reste valide face à une perception plus complexe, pour pouvoir par la suite tester des modèles cognitifs plus complexes, donnant plus d'autonomie aux robots et qui n'auraient de sens que dans cet environnement suffisamment riche. Nous nous intéressons dans un premier temps aux nouveaux problèmes introduits par la mobilité des robots : détection d'un autre robot, positionnement à ses côtés et pointage d'un élément de l'environnement. Puis nous proposons un premier modèle de perception très proche des Talking Heads, utilisant des algorithmes de segmentation d'images. Ce modèle ne permet pas d'aboutir à la convergence des lexiques des agents dans ce cadre. Nous analysons les raisons de son échec, et proposons un second modèle basé sur les récentes avancées dans le domaine de la reconnaissance d'objets, utilisant des algorithmes de détection de points caractéristiques. Ce modèle est tout d'abord testé sur une base de donnée d'images, pour vérifier sa capacité à catégoriser de manière supervisée, puis appliqué aux jeux de langage des Talking Heads. Les résultats montrent que les agents sont capables d'échanger des symboles représentant des zones de leur environnement, même si le taux de succès des jeux de langage reste encore faible.
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Gunduz, Burcu. "Contest In The Boundaries Of Corporate Social Responsibility: Emergence Of Nongovernmental Systems Of Labour Regulation In The Textile And Apparel Industry." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611347/index.pdf.
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The thesis investigates the reasons behind the proliferation of non-governmental systems of labour regulation in the textile and apparel industry in the USA, European Union and Turkey. The aim of the study is to identify the main structural factors, strategies and agencies which drive the process for the emergence of these systems within the confines of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) discourse and assess their effectiveness and sustainability as a form of regulation. The thesis concludes that the incapability of the traditional institutions to regulate and equalize labour standards throughout the buyer-driven apparel value chains played a key role in the search for new regulatory mechanisms. Among many alternatives, the contests and compromises between different strategies constrained by the current structural factors resulted in the dominance of non-governmental systems of regulation resting on the extension of regulatory authority from the public to the private institutions. However, whilst filling some gaps between the organization of production and existing regulatory institutions through transforming into more collective forms, these systems tend to supplement the traditional institutions of regulation in a period of crisis rather than replacing them, since their scope fall short for solving the problems of standardization, equalization and generalization of the labour standards and their associated costs.
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Rouchier, Juliette. "La confiance à travers l'échange. Accès aux pâturages au Nord-Cameroun et échanges non-marchands : des simulations dans des systèmes multi-agents." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00349010.
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La thèse décrit deux systèmes multi-agents (SMA) qui développent des processus d'apparition de la confiance dans les échanges. La réflexion repose sur l'exemple des modes d'accès aux pâturages des éleveurs transhumants à l'Extrême-Nord du Cameroun. L'analyse économique insiste autant sur les échanges que sur le sens donné à ces interactions par les acteurs. Trois mécanismes permettent la confiance : la familiarité, la réputation, la présentation de soi. Les SMA, utilisés pour créer une intelligence artificielle collective, ont des problématiques proches et sciences sociales et offrent un cadre de modélisation. Dans le premier modèle, des agents-transhumants échangent des biens contre des accès aux ressources. Dans les simulations, deux représentations sont utilisées : l'agent cherche le moindre coût ou privilégie la familiarité. Dans les deux cas, une régularité apparaît dans les relations mais la ressource est très dégradés si la représentation repose sur les coûts. Le travail de terrain permet de redéfinir la construction de la confiance sur la base des processus sociaux (réputation et surveillance). Le second modèle décrit une société où la réalisation d'échanges non-marchands permet à chacun d'acquérir une certaine réputation. Les agents ont une motivation pour le prestige et une estime de soi qui leur permet de faire des choix d'action. Une grande diversité de simulations montrent que les histoires individuelles, même complexes, sont toujours dépendantes des caractéristiques de l'ensemble du groupe. En conclusion, il semble que la coordination par des institutions rend l'usage des ressources renouvelables plus soutenable que les incitations par les coûts. Une analyse de l'apparition de la confiance est alors un bon angle pour mettre en avant les cadres sociaux des échanges interindividuels. La simulation multi-agents permet de représenter les processus et le contexte et se révèle un bon outil pour traiter des questions d'usage des ressources par différents acteurs.
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Ouellet, Paul. "Évaluation d'une perfusion d'algosédation guidée soit par l'échelle de Ramsay soit par la technologie BIS sur le temps d'émergence et sur la synchronie patient-ventilateur auprès d'adultes non communicatifs durant la phase aiguë de ventilation mécanique en soins critiques." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6249.
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Résumé : Cette thèse s’intéresse au temps d’émergence et aux asynchronies patient-ventilateur à l’origine de lésions pulmonaires chez des patients en soins critiques sous algosédation durant la phase aiguë de la ventilation mécanique. L’originalité de cette recherche consiste à comparer un protocole d’algosédation guidé par l’échelle de Ramsay (le standard) à celui guidé par la technologie BIS. Méthodologie. Suivant un devis mixte inter groupe et intrasujets, cette recherche comporte deux groupes de patients adultes et se déroule sur une période de quatre ans. Le premier groupe comprend 23 patients dont le protocole d’algosédation est guidé par l’échelle de Ramsay. Le second groupe compte 18 patients soumis à la même stratégie de ventilation et au même protocole d’algosédation mais guidé cette fois-ci par la technologie BIS. Mesures. Le temps d ’émergence pour un retour à la ventilation spontanée soutenue (TEVSS) suivant l’arrêt de la perfusion de l’algosédation et les interactions patient-ventilateur (synchronies et asynchronies) durant la phase aiguë de ventilation constituent les variables dépendantes. Résultats. Le groupe bénéficiant de la technologie BIS présente un TEVSS médian de 3,1 heures comparé à 22,5 heures pour le groupe guidé par l’échelle de Ramsay (valeur p=0,001). De plus, le groupe bénéficiant de la technologie BIS présente 11% de moins d’asynchronies patient-ventilateur que celui guidé par l’échelle de Ramsay (valeur p<0,001). En outre, parmi les paramètres de la technologie BIS, l’électromyogramme (EMG) s’avère l’élément le plus robuste à prédire l’asynchronie patient-ventilateur. Conclusion. La réduction du TEVSS ainsi que la diminution des asynchronies patient-ventilateur démontrent un avantage considérable à utiliser la technologie BIS en soins critiques chez les patients adultes non communicatifs durant la phase aiguë de ventilation mécanique. De plus, l’EMG de la technologie BIS permettrait vraisemblablement de déceler de façon précoce l’expression préclinique de la douleur. Enfin, cette thèse propose un algorithme de contrôle de l’algosédation en soins critiques en référence à la technologie BIS. // Abstract : This thesis focuses on emergence time from algosédation (for which a prolongation increases complex investigations and costs) and on patient-ventilator interaction (related to lung injuries) in critical care patients undergoing mechanical ventilation with algosedation perfusion during the acute phase of ventilator support. More specifically, the originality of this research stems from the simultaneous comparison of the emergence time for a retum of sustained spontaneous breathing and the presence of asynchronies, by eomparing algosedation guided by the Ramsay scale (gold standard) in a first group and by the BIS technology in a second group. Methodology. Following a mixed design of an inter group, intra subject, this research is performed in two groups of adults over a period of four years. The first group consists of 23 patients where algosedation is guided with the Ramsay scale whereas the second group consists of 18 patients with the same ventilation strategy and same algosédation protocol but guided using the BIS technology. This research evaluates the effectiveness of both instruments to guide algosedation during the acute phase of ventilation. Measures. Dependent variables consist of the emergence time for a sustained spontaneous breathing following cessation o f algosedation and patient-ventilator interaction (asynchronies) during the acute phase of ventilatory support. Results. The group guided with BIS technology has a median emergence time for a sustained spontaneous breathing of 3.1 hours compared to 22.5 hours for the Ramsay scale guided group (p value=0.001). Furthermore, patients benefiting from the BIS technology presented 11% less asynchrony than those with the Ramsay scale (p value <0.001). More specifically, among BIS technology parameters, electromyography (EMG) appeared the best indicator to predict patient-ventilator asynchrony in both groups. Conclusion. In the second group, the reduction in the emergence time for a sustained spontaneous breathing and the decrease of patient-ventilator asynchronies mandates the use o f BIS technology in critical care to guidee algosedation among non-communicative adults during the acute phase of ventilatory support. EMG from the BIS technology might be able to detect pre-clinical pain expression. This thesis also favors the implementation of a décision algorithm in the control of algosedation in critical care.
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Phelan, Daniel Patrick. "Cobaltites : emergence of magnetism and metallicity from a non-magnetic, insulating state /." 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3283295.
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Ramos, Ana Patrícia Parracho Filipe 1988. "Understanding emergence and cell cycle dynamics of non-apical progenitors in the zebrafish retina." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/7580.
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Tese de mestrado. Biologia (Biologia Evolutiva e do Desenvolvimento). Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2012<br>A retina, como parte do sistema nervoso central, é formada a partir do tubo neural. O neuroepitélio que dá origem à retina, apresenta muitas similaridades com o neuroepitélio que origina o cérebro. Desta forma, o estudo da neurogenese na retina tem permitido a compreensão dos processos envolvidos durante o desenvolvimento do restante sistema nervoso central. O neuroepitélio é constituído por apenas uma camada de células neuroepiteliais. Estas estão ligadas à superfície apical e, no extremo oposto, à superfície basal. Por sua vez, o núcleo destas células, migra ao longo de todo o eixo apical-basal, de uma forma que está dependente do ciclo celular. A esta migração nuclear deu-se o nome de migração inter nuclear (Interkinetic nuclear migration ou IKNM). O facto de os núcleos migrarem dentro das células e adquirirem diferentes posições ao longo do tempo, faz com que o neuroepitélio adquira uma estrutura pseudoestratificada. A característica mais particular da IKNM é o facto de as células dividirem-se apenas quando o núcleo se encontra junto da superfície apical. Para tal, este migra activamente em direcção à superfície apical durante a fase G2 do ciclo celular. A retina é composta por cinco tipos de neurónios, três dos quais são excitatórios - foto-receptores, células bipolares e células ganglionares – e dois tipos de interneurónios – células amácrinas e células horizontais. Estes neurónios estão distribuídos por três camadas nucleares distintas. Os foto-receptores constituem a camada mais externa (outer nuclear layer ou ONL) , junto à superfície apical; enquanto que células horizontais, bipolar e amácrinas distribuem-se pela camada interna (inner nuclear layer ou INL). Células ganglionares compõem a camada ganglionar (ganglion cell layer ou GCL), a camada mais basal da retina. Todas os neurónios na retina provêm do mesmo grupo de células neuroepiteliais. Estas células estão sujeitas a IKNM e por isso dividem-se exclusivamente na superficie apical. Até há pouco tempo pensava-se que todos os neurónios eram formados na superfície apical após a divisão de uma célula neuroepithelial. Esta divisão seria procedida pela migração da célula pós-mitótica para a camada final onde se iria diferenciar. No entanto, foi descoberto que em peixe-zebra (Danio rerio) a camada de células horizontais é totalmente formada a partir da divisão de progenitors em posições não apicais, no local onde a futura camada destas células se vai formar. Para além das células horizontais, trabalhos recentes no nosso laboratório conduziram à descoberta de que a camada de células bipolares também é formada parcialmente pela divisão de progenitores não apicais. Tanto os progenitores que dão origem às células horizontais como aqueles que originam as células bipolares são unipotentes e expressam marcadores específicos da linhagem que vão originar. Progenitores não apicais das células horizontais expressam o factor de transcrição Ptf1a e o marcador celular Cx55.5; progenitores não apicais das células bipolares expressam o factor de transcrição Vsx1. A retina do peixe-zebra desenvolve-se num curto espaço de tempo e às 72 horas após a fertilização (hpf) a neurogenese está praticamente completa. Por isso mesmo, os progenitores têm de proliferar e formar neurónios rapidamente. Além disso, a diferenciação dos diferentes tipos de neurónios ocorre em períodos de tempo que se sobrepõem, isto leva a que numa determinada janela temporal, várias camadas de células estejam a ser formadas ao mesmo tempo. A junção destes factores pode levar ao aparecimento de constrangimentos dentro do tecido podendo influenciar a proliferação celular, neurogeneses e migração. Foi com base nestes pressupostos que neste trabalho quisemos perceber se as características do tecido poderiam ter influência no aparecimento dos progenitores não apicais. Os resultados previamente obtidos no laboratório apontavam para o facto de que os primeiros progenitores não apicais das células bipolares, surgirem ao mesmo tempo que o desenvolvimento da camada de células foto-receptoras Esta camada de células localiza-se justaposta à superfície apical, o que poderá limitar o seu acesso por parte dos progenitores. Tentou-se então perceber se o desenvolvimento da camada de células foto-receptoras poderia estar na base do surgimento dos progenitores de células bipolares não apicais. Para tal pretendeu-se eliminar a camada de células foto-receptoras e verificar se o numero deste tipo de progenitores poderia ser alterado. Para além de limitações no acesso à superfície apical, outros factores dentro do tecido podem influenciar o surgimento de progenitores não apicais. Aquando da ablação genética de determinados tipos de células, a retina mantém a sua estrutura e compensa as células perdidas produzindo um maior número de células de outro tipo. Por exemplo, quando as células ganglionares são eliminadas, estas são substituídas por células que expressam Ptf1a, um factor de transcrição essencial para a diferenciação dos progenitores em células horizontais e amacrinas. Por outro lado, quando células horizontais e amácrinas são eliminadas, a INL é totalmente ocupada por células bipolares que são produzidas em maior número. Com este projecto tentou-se perceber onde é que este número supérfluo de células era originado (se na superfície apical ou noutro local da retina). Para tal, as células ganglionares e interneurónios foram eliminadas recorrendo a dois morfolinos que inibem a expressão dos factores de transcrição essenciais para a produção destes dois tipos celulares: Ath5 (essencial para o desenvolvimento de células ganglionares) e Ptf1a (essencial para o desenvolvimento de interneurónios). Para percebermos onde é que as células se dividiam, as retinas dos embriões onde estes neurónios foram eliminados, foram marcadas com um anticorpo especifico para células que estão na fase mitótica e analisados em diversos estadios do desenvolvimento. A análise dos embriões trouxe resultados surpreendentes. Aquando da eliminação das células ganglionares, vários conjuntos de células foram observados a dividirem-se perto da superfície basal. Algumas destas divisões ocorrem após o estabelecimento da GCL, isto é, após a grande parte dos neurónios desta camada já estarar diferenciada e com sinapses estabelecidas. Divisões celulares em posições tão basais nunca foram descritas antes. Na análise dos embriões onde os interneurónios foram eliminados, observou-se que a frequência de progenitores não apicais que expressam Vsx1 diminuiu. Este facto é bastante intrigante uma vez que são as células positivas para Vsx1 que originam a maior parte das células bipolares. No entanto observou-se também que existe um aumento no número de progenitores não apicais que não expressam Vsx1. Estes resultados para além de intrigantes deixam muitas questões em aberto. No caso em que as células ganglionares são eliminadas, ficamos por descobrir porque é que estas células se dividem tão basalmente. Específicamente será importante perceber se se tratam de células diferenciadas ou de progenitores indiferenciados. Depois será também preciso clarificar o porquê destas células se dividirem nesta região. Tendo em conta que a GCL está a ser preenchida por um tipo de células que normalmente não a compõem é indicativo que a ausência desta camada tem influência no comportamento das células. Na situação em que as células horizontais e amácrinas foram eliminadas também será importante saber o que vão originar os progenitores não apicais observados, que não expressam Vsx1. Os resultados aqui apresentados apontam para a existência de factores externos, nomeadamente factores ligados à estrutura celular do tecido que influenciam o aparecimento de progenitores não apicais. Uma futura exploração mais detalhada destas observações irá tornar possível o esclarecimento de como é que a estrutura e morfologia de um tecido poderão influenciar a proliferação celular.<br>Until recently it was thought that all the neurons in the retina were formed by the division of multipotent progenitors at the apical surface, followed by migration of the post-mitotic cell to the prospective neuronal layer. However, it was recently shown that, in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) retina the layer of horizontal cells (HCs) is formed solely by committed precursors that divide in non-apical positions. This finding was further expanded to the formation of the bipolar cell (BC) layer, by the discovery that BCs precursors can also divide at non-apical positions. Both pools of non-apical precursors are unipotent and express markers of the cell lineage that they will give rise to: Ptf1a and Cx55.5 in the case of HC precursors; Vsx1 in the case of BCs precursors. The rapid proliferation and neurogenesis upon the development of the zebrafish retina might lead to the emergence of tissue constraints, specifically space constraints. In this work we set out to understand the occurrence of non-apical progenitors in the retina taking tissue architecture into account. Upon elimination of the most basal layer in the retina (the ganglion cell layer) we found that subset of cell can divide in regions close to the basal lamina. Divisions at such basal positions were never described. Furthermore we found that, upon ablation of the interneurons, a pool of non-apical cells, negative for the expression of Vsx1 emerges. The results shown in these works point towards the existence of external factors, like the cellular structure of the tissue, that play a role in the emergence of non-apical progenitors. A further exploration of these observations will allow understanding how the structure and morphology of the tissue can influence cellular proliferation.
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Streckfuss, David. "Creating "The Thai" the emergence of indigenous nationalism in non-colonial Siam 1850-1980 /." 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/16402614.html.
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Weinshenker, Allan. "The emergence of new strategies and alliances among community-based non-profit organizations in a gentrifying inner-city neighbourhood : a case study of non-profit organizations in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/21543.
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Mendonça, Catarina Ribeiro. "Epidemiological survey of the pattern of colonization and infection caused by species of the Candida genus in Hospitals of the Lisbon area: emphasis on azole resistance and emergence of non-conventional species." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/43456.
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Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2019<br>Até hoje já foram conduzidos em Portugal alguns estudos epidemiológicos focados na caracterização da candidemia invasiva, no entanto, pouco se sabe sobre qual o padrão de colonização das espécies do género Candida em nichos considerados não estéreis onde estas espécies podem existir como comensais. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado o papel importante que as populações comensais podem desenvolver enquanto focos de infeção invasiva. Nesse sentido, neste trabalho foi analisada a frequência de isolamentos de Candida spp. em mais de 1000 isolados recolhidos de amostras estéreis e não estéreis em 5 grandes centros hospitalares e num conjunto de Postos de Recolha da área de Lisboa. Para além da caracterização da frequência dos isolados das espécies nos diferentes produtos, foi analisada a suscetibilidade de um conjunto alargado destes isolados a 3 antifúngicos com relevância na prática clínica, anfotericina B, fluconazol e voriconazol. No geral, os resultados obtidos confirmam a elevada prevalência de C. albicans enquanto espécie colonizadora de amostras estéreis e não estéreis. Apesar disso, uma percentagem significativa de isolados (26 %) pertencentes a espécies Candida não-albicans foi observada, com ênfase para as espécies C. glabrata (14 %), C. parapsilosis (5 %) e C. tropicalis (4 %). Esta distribuição é consistente com os resultados reportados em estudos epidemiológicos desenvolvidos anteriormente em Portugal e ao redor do mundo. A prevalência de resistência aos antifúngicos observada foi baixa em todas as espécies (0,36 %) tendo sido possível identificar pelo menos 1 isolado de C. glabrata, recolhido de exsudado vaginal, resistente a fluconazol e voriconazol. Tentou-se verificar se este fenótipo de resistência estaria subjacente à existência de mutações de ganho de função na sequência do regulador transcricional CgPdr1 tendo-se identificado 3 mutações, nomeadamente, V91I, L98S e D243N.<br>To date, some epidemiological studies focused on cases of invasive candidemia have been conducted in Portugal, however, little is known about what the pattern of colonization of species of the genus Candida in niches considered non-sterile where this species can exist as commensals. Recent studies have shown the important role that commensal population can develop as foci of invasive infections. In this sense, in this work it was examined the frequency of isolation of Candida spp. in more than 1000 isolates collected from sterile and non-sterile samples in 5 major hospital centers and in a set of Collection stations of the Lisbon area. Besides the characterization of the frequency of species isolates in the different products, it was also tested the susceptibility to 3 antifungals with relevance in the clinical practice, amphotericin B, fluconazol and voriconazol. In general, the results obtained confirmed the high prevalence of C. albicans while colonizer species in sterile and non-sterile samples. Nevertheless, a significant percentage of isolates (26 %) belonging to non-Candida albicans Candida species was also observed with emphasis on C. glabrata (14 %), C. parapsilosis (5 %) and C. tropicalis (4 %). This distribution is consistent with the results reported in other epidemiological surveys undertaken in Portugal and worldwide. The incidence of resistance to antifungals observed was low in every species (0,36 %) and it was possible to identify at least 1 C. glabrata isolate, from a vaginal niche, resistant to fluconazol and voriconazol. It was attempted to verify if this phenotype of resistance would be underlying the existence of gain of functions mutations in the transcriptional regulator CgPDR1 sequence and 3 mutations were identified, namely, V91I, L98S e D243N.<br>Instituto Superior Técnico da Universidade de Lisboa; Farmácia Ibéria
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Louro, Joao Manuel Trigueiro. "Susceptibility of influenza a viruses to antiviral drugs : Targeting the NS1 dealer as a new anti-influenza virus strategy." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/26845.
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Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2014<br>The global circulation of adamantane-resistant virus variants has led to the use of neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) as the anti-influenza agents of choice. However, the virus may develop resistance to NAIs drugs and the widespread use of antivirals raises a growing concern about the potential emergence of resistance. In addition to NAIs and combination therapies, new agents targeting other viral elements must be investigated since antivirals are the only treatment method for influenza. In this context, this review aims to identify promising targets for influenza and elucidate virus-host interactions during the course of infection, in order to further the study of the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza virus as a putative emerging antiviral target. The high sequence conservation in some RNA-binding domain and effector domain (ED) sections overlaps with potential binding sites rendering the nonstructural protein an excellent drug-target for small-molecule antiviral drug discovery. Targeting the binding pocket critical for CPSF30 (cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 30) binding and ED dimerization, the NS1-p85ß interaction or potential binding sites near the RNA binding region emerge as valuable promising strategies for antiviral design. Here, it is worth highlighting the NS1-p85ß interaction, that plays an important role in critical steps and essential functions required for proper replication of influenza A virus. This review may contribute as a starting point for the development of new research projects under the specific exploration for new antiviral targets, where NS1 protein plays a central role.
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Reimann, Kim DoHyang. "Late developers in global civil society domestic barriers, international socialization and the emergence of international NGOs in Japan /." 2001. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/51853070.html.
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Greissler, Elisabeth. "Contraintes et conditions d’émergence de l’engagement des jeunes en situation de marginalité." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10524.
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Cette recherche doctorale vise à comprendre et interpréter les conditions d’émergence d’un engagement chez des jeunes en situation de marginalité. Des études ont montré que cette situation peut-être un frein important à l’engagement, en raison d’un manque de ressources personnelles, organisationnelles, ou culturelles. Généralement, on a tendance à insister sur le fait que « les jeunes » ne veulent plus militer. Pourtant, d’importantes actions collectives (mouvements étudiants ou communautaires) ou initiatives citoyennes personnelles (écriture de blogues ou signature de pétitions) viennent contredire cette affirmation. En fait, certaines prises de position, dans la sphère privée notamment, échappent à toute analyse classique et sont prises pour un non-engagement, de l’individualisme voire de l’apathie.
À partir d’une approche qualitative, exploratoire et interprétative, le dispositif méthodologique de cette thèse privilégie l’observation participante et les entretiens de groupe afin de recueillir le point de vue des jeunes et d’observer un certain nombre d’actions collectives. C’est par le truchement d’organismes communautaires de jeunesse (OCJ) montréalais qu’une centaine de jeunes ont été rencontrés, de septembre 2010 à décembre 2011. L’analyse itérative du corpus de données s’est inspirée des principes de la théorisation ancrée (grounded theory). Un premier niveau d’analyse descriptive a permis de mettre en exergue les contraintes et les conditions d’émergence de l’engagement ainsi que les performances des jeunes en situation de marginalité. Les différentes formes d’engagement ont ensuite été explorées puis mises en perspective dans différents espaces : « original », « intermédiaire » et « négatif ».
L’espace original correspond, dans cette thèse, aux moyens d’actions traditionnels (vote, militantisme politique). Nos résultats montrent que le positionnement des jeunes dans ce cadre est très tranché. En fait, non seulement ces modes d’actions émergent rarement mais, s’ils existent, sont le plus souvent soutenus par des intervenants. Dans un autre espace, les jeunes développent parfois des postures particulières, plus radicales ou, au contraire, des postures de retrait, de non-engagement. Cela se rapporte à ce qu’il conviendrait d’appeler l’espace négatif. Dans ce cas, les contraintes de la situation de marginalité poussent certains jeunes à mettre à distance l’engagement et à se situer aux marges des espaces de participation. L’opposition à toutes formes traditionnelles d’engagement amène des jeunes à envisager des moyens d’action plus radicaux que l’on peut également circonscrire dans cet espace négatif. On trouve au final une tout autre dynamique selon laquelle des jeunes prennent position au sein de ce que l’on a appelé l’espace intermédiaire. Les territoires et les modes d’action sont alors aussi éclectiques que la rue, l’entourage personnel, ou la création artistique underground.
Si les rapports à l’engagement des jeunes rencontrés sont complexes, parfois ambivalents, ils révèlent toutefois la recherche d’une alternative, la construction de modes d’action particuliers. Une analyse dynamique des contraintes et des conditions d’émergence de l’engagement des jeunes en difficulté montre que leurs prises de position dépassent la simple dialectique engagement/non-engagement. Ainsi, ce que l’on pourrait appeler un « alter-engagement » se dessine à travers les prises de position de ces jeunes, particulièrement au sein de l’espace intermédiaire. Ce concept est développé pour mettre en évidence les formes d’engagement plus intimes, plus communautaires ou plus artistiques. L’alter-engagement se définit alors comme une forme de prise de position critique, impolitique, en réaction à la fois à l’engagement traditionnel, à une posture de retrait et à une posture plus radicale.<br>This doctoral research attempts to outline the understanding and interpretation of the conditions leading to the emergence of engagement of young people on the fringe of society. Studies have shown that being on the fringe is a serious obstacle to engagement, due to a lack of personal, organizational and cultural resources. The general tendency is to emphasize the fact that young people do not want to be activists, when in fact, significant collective actions (student or community movements) or initiatives led by individual citizens (blogging or signing petitions) contradict these assertions. In fact, in some cases, taking a standpoint, particularly within the private sphere, elude all analyses and are mistaken for non-involvement, individualism or even apathy.
Based on a qualitative, exploratory and interpretative approach, the methodological process of this research favors participative observation and focus groups in order to collect the point of view of young people on the subject of their engagement or non-engagement, as well as observing a certain number of collective actions. Through the intervention of community organizations for young people (OCJ) in Montreal, we were able to meet with about hundred young people between September 2010 and December 2011. The iterative data analysis is based on the principles of Grounded Theory. The first level of descriptive analysis allowed us to highlight the constraints and conditions of the emergence of involvement, as well as performances of youths on the fringe of society. Various forms of engagement have been explored, then put in perspective of the following spaces: “original”, “intermediary” and “negative”.
The “original” space corresponds, in this research, to traditional means of action (voting, political activism). Our results show that the positioning of young people within this frame is much divided. In fact, not only do these modes of action rarely emerge, but when they do, they are mostly supported by social worker. In another space, young people sometimes develop particular, more radical positions or, on the contrary, positions of withdrawing and non-involvement. This reflects what could be called a negative space. In that case, constraints inherent to their marginal situation push some young people to distance themselves from engagement and to position themselves at the margin of the spaces of involvement. Opposition to all traditional forms of engagement leads some young people to consider more radical forms of action that may also be included in that negative space. Finally, one finds totally different dynamics as to how some young people position themselves within what we have called the intermediary space. The scope and preferred means of action are as eclectic as the street itself, the personal social circle or the underground creative production.
More complex and sometimes ambivalent, the positioning of the young people we have met towards engagement demonstrates a search for an alternative: the elaboration of particular means of action. The dynamic analysis of the constraints and conditions of emergence of engagement of young people shows that their positioning youths go beyond the simple dialectics of involvement vs. noninvolvement. Thus, what could be called “alter-engagement” emerges through the positioning of these young people, particularly within the intermediary space. This concept is developed to outline forms of engagement that are more intimate, more linked to the community or to artistic forms of expression. Alter-engagement therefore defines itself as a critical, a-political standpoint, in reaction at the same time towards traditional engagement, positions of withdrawing and more radical positions.
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Boyle, Bettina Helth Arnum. "Online Tables & Tablecloths: Facilitating Space for Online Learning & Collaboration." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/18115.
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This thesis describes the researcher’s journey as an online facilitator and reflective organization development (OD) practitioner as she explores how to nurture and cultivate space for learning and collaboration in an online community of practice. The research setting is a small group of mostly volunteers in a national health charity. The researcher adopts a reflective practitioner research approach engaging in a continuous process of story-telling throughout the thesis. She struggles with questions such as her own dynamic role as an outside facilitator, the role of technology, dilemmas of emergence versus design and discovery of purpose. Rather than arriving at a to-do-list for potential online facilitators, she discovers that hosting café style conversations, setting the online tables and enabling space for learning, collaboration and aliveness is more a matter of the facilitator’s capacity to listen, to be authentically present and to relinquish control.
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Carrier, Allison Mary. "The emergence of democratic educational and experiential educational philosophies in the practice of outdoor education." 2004. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=95274&T=F.
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Paley, Valerie. "Founders and Funders: Institutional Expansion and the Emergence of the American Cultural Capital, 1840-1940." Thesis, 2011. https://doi.org/10.7916/D82F8VCF.
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The pattern of American institution building through private funding began in metropolises of all sizes soon after the nation's founding. But by 1840, Manhattan's geographical location and great natural harbor had made it America's preeminent commercial and communications center and the undisputed capital of finance. Thus, as the largest and richest city in the United States, unsurprisingly, some of the most ambitious cultural institutions would rise there, and would lead the way in the creation of a distinctly American model of high culture.
This dissertation describes New York City's cultural transformation between 1840 and 1940, and focuses on three of its enduring monuments, the New York Public Library, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Metropolitan Opera. It seeks to demonstrate how trustees and financial supporters drove the foundational ideas, day-to-day operations, and self-conceptions of the organizations, even as their institutional agendas enhanced and galvanized the inherently boosterish spirit of the Empire City. Many board members were animated by the dual impulses of charity and obligation, and by their own lofty edifying ambitions for their philanthropies, their metropolis, and their country. Others also combined their cultural interests with more vain desires for social status.
Although cohesive, often overlapping social groups founded and led most elite institutions, important moments of change in leadership in the twentieth century often were precipitated by the breakdown of a social order once restricted to Protestant white males. By the 1920s and 1930s, the old culture of exclusion--of Jews, of women, of ethnic minorities in general--was no longer an accepted assumption, nor was it necessarily good business. In general, institutions that embraced the notion of diversity and adapted to forces of historical change tended to thrive. Those that held fast to the paradigms of the past did not.
Typically, when we consider the history and development of such major institutions, the focus often has been on the personalities and plans of the paid directors and curatorial programs. This study, however, redirects some of the attention towards those who created the institutions and hired and fired the leaders. While a common view is that membership on a board was coveted for social status, many persons who led these efforts had little abiding interest in Manhattan's social scene. Rather, they demanded more of their boards and expected their fellow-trustees to participate in more ways than financially. As the twentieth century beckoned, rising diversity in the population mirrored the emerging multiplicity in thought and culture; boards of trustees were hardly exempt from this progression.
This dissertation also examines the subtle interplay of the multi-valenced definition of "public" along with the contrasting notion of "private." In the early 1800s, a public institution was not typically government funded, and more often functioned independent of the state, supported by private individuals. "Public," instead, meant for the people. Long before the income tax and charitable deductions for donations, there was a full range of voluntary organizations supported by private contributions in the United States. This dissertation argues that in a privatist spirit, New York elites seized a leadership role, both individually and collectively, to become cultural arbiters for the city and the nation.
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Magrath, Bronwen. "Advocacy as Political Strategy: The Emergence of an “Education for All” Campaign at ActionAid International and the Asia South Pacific Association for Basic and Adult Education." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/43657.
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This dissertation explores why and how political advocacy emerged as a dominant organizational strategy for NGOs in the international development education field. In order to answer this central question, I adopt a comparative case-study approach, examining the evolution of policy advocacy positions at two leading NGOs in the field: ActionAid International and the Asia South Pacific Association for Basic and Adult Education (ASPBAE). Although these organizations differ in significant ways, both place political advocacy at the centre of their mandates, and both have secured prominent positions in global educational governance. Through comparative analysis, I shed light on why these organizations have assumed leadership roles in a global advocacy movement.
I focus on how the shift to policy advocacy reflects the internal environment of each organization as well as broader trends in the international development field. Ideas of structure and agency are thus central to my analysis. I test the applicability of two structural theories of social change: world polity theory and political opportunity theory; as well as two constructivist approaches: strategic issue framing and international norm dynamics. I offer some thoughts on establishing a more dynamic relationship between structure and agency, drawing on Fligstein and McAdam’s concept of strategic action fields.
In order to test the utility of these theoretical frameworks, the study begins with a historical account of how ActionAid and ASPBAE have shifted from service- and practice- oriented organizations into political advocates. These histories are woven into a broader story of normative change in the international development field. I then examine the development of a number of key advocacy strategies at each organization, tracing how decisions are made and implemented as well as how they are influenced by the broader environment. I find that while it is essential to understand how global trends and norms enable and constrain organizational strategy, the internal decision-making processes of each organization largely shape how strategies are crafted and implemented. These findings offer insight into the pursuit of advocacy as a political strategy and the role of NGOs in global social change.
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Kadio, Kadidiatou. "Politique publique de protection sociale au Burkina Faso : vers une compréhension des logiques des acteurs de la mise en forme et de la mise en œuvre." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22604.
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La réalisation des politiques de protection sociale en Afrique soulève des questions complexes, notamment leur raison d’être et le choix des contenus (Merrien, 2013). L’originalité de cette thèse tient au fait qu’elle soit la première du genre à analyser l’élaboration des politiques de protection sociale au Burkina Faso autre que celles dans le domaine de la santé.
À travers une analyse de la politique nationale de protection sociale et programme pilote de protection sociale en santé des personnes démunies, la thèse répond aux questions suivantes : pourquoi et comment la protection sociale est devenue une priorité gouvernementale et quels sont les facteurs qui ont influencé la mise en forme de ces deux politiques publiques et la mise en œuvre du programme de solidarité ?
À partir de cadres d’analyse issue de diverses perspectives disciplinaires (science politique, sociologie, anthropologie), la réalisation des politiques publiques de protection sociale est considérée comme le fruit de l’interaction d’une multitude d’acteurs et de leurs intérêts divers : organisations internationales, coopération bilatérale, structure étatique, associations et ONG locales. La méthodologie est essentiellement qualitative. L’entrevue semi-dirigée approfondie, l’analyse documentaire et l’entrevue informelle ont été utilisées pour collecter les données.
Les résultats sont structurés en cinq articles scientifiques. La décision de formuler ces deux politiques était principalement motivée par la recherche d’une cohésion sociale pour maintenir la paix et l’ordre social (article 1 et 4). Le processus de la formulation n’a pas permis de conduire une réflexion sur le problème à résoudre, d’identifier les besoins spécifiques des bénéficiaires, d’évaluer la capacité des solutions pour choisir celles appropriées. Les logiques des acteurs nationaux étaient de maintenir leurs acquis financiers et de mobiliser des ressources supplémentaires. Les acteurs internationaux ont été guidés par la logique de promotion d’instrument de protection sociale en adéquation avec leurs valeurs, leurs idées, leurs missions, et ce pour la mise en œuvre de leur mandat institutionnel. Cela a donné lieu au constat empirique de « non-design » ou de non-formulation (article 2 et 4), a révélé l’influence des idées et des intérêts des acteurs dans le choix des solutions, mais a aussi montré qu’une volonté politique est importante pour que les choix puissent répondre aux besoins des populations pauvres et vulnérables. Par ailleurs, les connaissances issues de la recherche scientifique ont été très peu utilisées pour éclairer les choix comparativement aux connaissances issues de la littérature grise (article 3). Les gains politiques, c’est-à-dire la perception des conséquences sociales et politiques associées à une recommandation fondée sur des connaissances scientifiques, influencent la prise en compte de cette dernière. L’analyse de la mise en œuvre montre que des lacunes de formulation influencent l’efficacité d’une politique. Aussi, la mise en œuvre offre des circonstances opportunes d’adaptation et de reformulation pour intégrer les spécificités du contexte et les besoins des bénéficiaires en vue d’améliorer l’efficacité (article5).<br>The development of social protection policies in Africa raises complex issues, including its rationale and choice of content (Merrien, 2013). This thesis is the first of its kind to analyze the development of social protection policies in Burkina Faso other than those in the field of health.
Through an analysis of the National Social Protection Policy and pilot program of Social Protection in the Health of the Poor, this thesis answers the following questions: why and how social protection has become a government priority; and what factors have influenced the shaping of these two public policies and the implementation of the solidarity program?
Based on analytical frameworks from various disciplinary perspectives (political science, sociology, anthropology), the process of developing public social protection policies is the result of the interaction of a multitude of actors and their diverse interests: international organizations, bilateral cooperation, state structure, associations, and local NGOs. The methodology is essentially qualitative. This thesis collects data thorough semi-structured interviews, literature review, and informal interviews.
The results are structured in five scientific articles. The desire for social cohesion to maintain peace and social order motivated the decision to formulate these two policies (Articles 1 and 4). The formulation process did not lead to a reflection on the problem to be solved, to identify the specific needs of the beneficiaries, to evaluate the capacity of the solutions to choose the appropriate ones. The motive of the national actors was to maintain their financial assets and to mobilize additional resources. International actors have been guided by the logic of promoting a social protection instrument in line with their values, their ideas, and their missions, for the implementation of their institutional mandate. This implementation gave rise to the empirical observation of "non-design" or non-formulation (Article 2 and 4), revealed the influence of the ideas and interests of the actors in the choice of solutions, but also showed that it is important for choices to meet the needs of the poor and vulnerable. In addition, knowledge derived from research data was used very little compared to knowledge from gray literature (Article 3). Political gains, that is, the perception of social and political consequences associated with a recommendation based on scientific knowledge, influence the latter's consideration. The
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analysis of the implementation of the solidarity program shows that formulation gaps influence the effectiveness of a policy. Thus, the implementation offers opportune circumstances for adaptations and reformulations to integrate the specificities of the context and the needs of the beneficiaries with an aim of improving efficiency (Article 5). However, these opportunities have not been utilized by program implementers, helping to keep those who are impoverished excluded from health services.
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Hardy, Nicholas James. "Reconciling the Discursive and the Material Dimensions of Social Stability and Social Change: A Critical Retheorisation and Non-syncretic Synthesis of Bhaskar, Foucault, and Althusser." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7528.
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Sociological explanations for human conduct usually place major ontological and epistemological emphasis upon either discursive or material relations without ever establishing or adequately specifying the validity of this dichotomy. Early texts by the Critical Realist philosopher Roy Bhaskar address this forced separation by creating an integrated ontological and epistemological field that provides a more detailed and precise theoretical ordering to agents, objects, and entities. Undertaking a developmental critique of Bhaskar’s arguments, this thesis extends Critical Realism’s role as theoretical ‘underlabourer’ and creates an expanded theoretical framework that balances discursive and material accounts. Utilising the sophisticated analyses of the structure and operation of discourses found in the work of Michel Foucault alongside the innovative arguments for aleatory materialism developed by Louis Althusser, a critique is established that shows discursive, material, and social relations to be complex, immanent, and, importantly, mutually constitutive. In each theory three core concepts of events, emergence, and the extra-discursive are shown to not only be present but also to operate as the main means of explaining social change. The result of integrating Critical Realism, Foucault, and Althusser in this sympathetic but non-syncretic form is the generation of a non-reductionist materialism combined with discursive relations. On this basis, social change is shown to be the result of restructured discursive and material relations of which human agents are only one part. The thesis provides an illustration of the theoretical argument with an empirical component which examines the formation and decline of the British nuclear industry between its inception in the early 1950s to the year 2000. The conclusion is that the form taken by nuclear energy is not entirely determined by any single one of political, economic, or scientific forces but is, instead, the product of multiple and complex interactions of immanent discursive and material relations that are, importantly, mutually reinforcing.<br>Thesis (Ph.D, Sociology) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-27 12:38:25.909