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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Non-energy applications'
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1
Paradza, Masimba Welligton. "Applications of extensive and non-extensive statistics to high energy physics." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33930.
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Heavy ion collisions produce nuclear matter at high temperatures and densities, to gain insights into this nuclear matter, we make use of statistical and thermal models to analyse the matter in the final state. A significant number of recent publications have shown that fits based on the Tsallis distribution give a good description of transverse momentum distributions measured at the Large Hadron Collider in p − p collisions. We set out to determine systematic behaviour of the parameters obtained and to gain theoretical insight in these. A detailed analysis is presented of the precise values of the Tsallis parameters obtained in p − p collisions for identified particles, pions, kaons and protons at the LHC at three beam energies √ s = 0.9, 2.76 and 7 TeV. Interpolated data at √ s = 5.02 TeV have also been included. It is shown that the Tsallis formula provides reasonably good fits to the pT distributions in p − p collisions at the LHC using three parameters dN/dy, T0 and q. However, the parameters T0 and q depend on the particle species and are different for pions, kaons and protons. As a consequence there is no mT scaling and also no universality of the parameters for different particle species. The thermodynamic parameters like energy density, pressure, entropy density, temperature and particle density are determined from the transverse momentum distributions of charged particles in Pb-Pb and Xe-Xe collisions at the LHC. The results show a clear increase with the centrality and the beam energy in all parameters. It is determined that in the final freeze-out stage the energy density reaches a value of about 0.039 GeV/fm3 for the most central collisions at √ sNN = 5.02 TeV. This is less than that at chemical freeze-out where the energy density is about 0.36 GeV/fm3 . This decrease approximately follows a T 4 law. The results for the pressure and entropy density are presented for each centrality class at √ sNN = 2.76 and 5.02 TeV for Pb-Pb collisions as well as at √ sNN = 5.44 TeV for Xe-Xe collisions. An analysis is made of the particle composition (hadrochemistry) of the final state in proton-proton p − p, proton-lead p−Pb and lead-lead Pb-Pb collisions as a function of the charged particle multiplicity (dNch/dη). The thermal model is used to determine the chemical freeze-out temperature as well as the radius and strangeness saturation factor γs . Abstract Three different ensembles are used in the analysis namely, the grand canonical ensemble, the canonical ensemble with exact strangeness conservation and the canonical ensemble with exact baryon number, strangeness and electric charge conservation. It is shown that for high multiplicities (at least 20 charged hadrons in the mid-rapidity interval considered) the three ensembles lead to the same results. Finally, most of the results discussed in this thesis have been published before in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], in addition, results on Xe-Xe and chemical potential analysis are new in this thesis. I read and reviewed over 200 articles of which 130 made it into the final thesis. This extensive literature review allowed me to gain a broad overview of the basics of high energy physics, extensive and non-extensive statistics together with their applications in this field. I also became well-informed of the current research and this helped me to conceptualise and formulate the various research questions in his thesis. I searched for data using the references from the various articles and came up with a large data set covering as much scope as possible, representative enough to adequately address the questions I have raised. From the literature, I developed several macros to fit the data. To derive insights and to make a meaningful analysis of the data, I developed a methodology to systematically organize the data in pursuit of the research objectives, and to plot the relevant graphs from this large sample of data. From this, I prepared results tables together with the many relevant graphs presented in this thesis. I analysed the results in the tables and the figures and critically reflected on their meaning and finally derived the conclusions. After conducting the analysis, interpreting the results, I prepared the text for the draft manuscripts for all articles published. This thesis is written in a traditional way, so that I can expand on the details than in the articles. In the publications, I included tables and graphs depending on what I needed to highlight, and this thesis brings everything together. All this work was achieved under the guidance of my supervisors. The names on the articles do not appear in alphabetical order.
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Moeltner, Klaus. "Applications of non-standard maximum likelihood techniques in energy and resource economics /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7405.
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Eckert, Zakari Sebastian. "Energy Transfer in Non-Equilibrium Reacting Gas Flows: Applications in Plasma Assisted Combustion and Chemical Gas Lasers." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1515099058664013.
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Vysotskyi, Bogdan. "Récupérateur d'énergie vibratoire MEMS électrostatique à large bande pour applications biomédicales." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS278/document.
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Ce travail de recherche porte sur le développement et la mise au point d'un récupérateur d'énergie vibratoire MEMS à transduction capacitive dédié aux applications biomédicales et plus particulièrement aux stimulateurs cardiaques sans sondes autonomes. Cette application impose une miniaturisation poussée (volume inférieur à 1 cm³), une puissance de sortie dans la gamme allant de 1 à 10 µW et une compatibilité vis-à-vis des systèmes d'Imagerie à Résonance Magnétique (IRM). Ces contraintes ainsi que l'effet de la gravité ont été pris en compte sur tout le flot de conception afin d'obtenir un dispositif innovant en technologie MEMS silicium capable de fournir une puissance de sortie suffisante quelle que soit son orientation une fois implanté. Afin de convertir efficacement les battements cardiaques ayant un spectre étendu (de 1 à 50 Hz) pour une amplitude d'accélération faible (inférieure à 1 g), le système emploie des bras de suspension ayant une raideur non-linéaire ce qui permet d'étendre notablement la bande passante effective du système. Cette non-linéarité est ici induite de manière originale en faisant en sorte que la forme initiale des bras de suspension soit une combinaison linéaire des modes de déformée propre d'une poutre doublement encastrée. Un soin particulier a été apporté afin de modéliser ceci dans le but de prédire la réponse mécanique du système quels que soient les stimuli imposés. Afin de réaliser les différents dispositifs de test, une technologie MEMS de type SOG (Silicon-On-Glass) a été développée. Cette technologie permet d'obtenir des structures en silicium monocristallin avec un fort rapport d'aspect tout en limitant le budget thermique et se montre donc compatible avec une éventuelle industrialisation. Ceci a été prouvé via la réalisation de multiples véhicules de test qui se sont montrés totalement fonctionnels. Ainsi la pertinence des modèles théoriques permettant de prédire le comportement non-linéaire des ressorts employés a été prouvée de manière expérimentale. De même, les récupérateurs d'énergie réalisés ont été testés en régime harmonique mais également via des stimuli cardiaques et ont montré une large bande passante avec une puissance de sortie équivalente à celle donnée dans l'état de l'art et ce, quelle que soit leur orientation par rapport à la gravitéPresent work addresses question of MEMS capacitive vibrational energy harvesting for biomedical applications, and notably for powering an autonomous leadless pacemaker system. Such an application imposes several critical requirements upon the energy harvesting system, notably the sufficient miniaturization (<1cm³), power output in range of 1-10 µW, compatibility with Magnetic Resonant Imaging (MRI). This work addresses a problematic of MEMS energy harvester design, simulation, fabrication and characterization fulfilling such a requirement. Moreover, a gravity effect is studied and taken into account in the conception of the device to ensure the power output at various orientations of the harvester. To attain a heartbeat frequencies (1-50 Hz) and acceleration amplitudes (<1g), the use of nonlinear springs is proposed. A nonlinear stiffness is implemented in original way of introducing a natural bending mode shapes in the initial beam form. A mechanical description of bending mode coupling along with its impact on a reaction force of the suspension springs is presented. An innovative clean room technology based on silicon-on-glass (SOG) wafers is developed for the fabrication of the innovative energy harvesters with high width-to-depth aspect ratio. A straightforward and rapid low-temperature process with the possibility of future industrialization is validated by multiple experimental realizations of miniaturized MEMS energy harvesters. Fabricated microsystems are tested mechanically and electrically. Proposed theoretical model of the curved beam is validated with reactive force measurements of the MEMS springs. Energy harvesting experiments are performed for both harmonic and heartbeat mechanical excitations, which demonstrate the large bandwidth in low frequencies domain and a sufficiently large state-of-the-art power output for envisaged application under different orientations with respect to the gravity
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Nguyen, Tran Anh-Tu. "Outils de commande avancés pour les applications automobiles." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VALE0037/document.
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Cette thèse est consacrée au développement de techniques de commande avancées pour des classes de systèmes non linéaires en général et pour des applications automobiles en particulier.Pour répondre au besoin du contrôle moteur, la première partie propose des nouveaux résultats théoriques sur la technique de commande non linéaire à base de modèles de type Takagi-Sugeno soumis à la saturation de la commande. La saturation de la commande est traitée en utilisant sa représentation polytopique ou une stratégie anti-windup.La deuxième partie porte sur la commande du système d'air d'un moteur turbocompressé à allumage commandé. Deux approches originales sont proposées. Dans la première, l'outil théorique concernant les modèles Takagi-Sugeno à commutation développé dans la première partie est directement appliqué. La seconde approche est basée sur une commande linéarisante robuste. L'originalité de ces approches multivariables consiste dans sa simplicité de mise en œuvre et son efficacité par rapport à celles qui existent dans la littérature.La dernière partie vise à développer des stratégies pour la gestion énergétique des systèmes électriques d'un véhicule obtenues en se basant sur le Principe du Minimum de Pontryagin. À cet effet, deux approches sont considérées : l'approche hors ligne d'optimisation utilisant les informations du futur concernant les conditions de roulage et l'approche en ligne qui est adaptée de la précédente. Ensuite, ces deux approches sont implémentées et évaluées dans un simulateur avancéThis thesis addresses the development of some advanced control design tools for a class of nonlinear systems in general and for automotive systems in particular.Motivated by automotive applications, Part I proposes some novel theoretical results on control design for nonlinear systems under Takagi-Sugeno form subject to the control input saturation. The input saturation is dealt with by using its polytopic representation or an anti-windup strategy.Part II deals with our automotive application concerning the control of a turbocharged air system of a spark ignition engine. To this end, two novel control approaches are proposed in this part. For the first one, the theoretical design tool on switching Takagi-Sugeno controller developed in Part I is directly applied. The second one is based on a robust feedback linearization control technique. The originality of these MIMO approaches consist in their simplicity and effectiveness compared to other ones existing in the literature.Part III aims at developing the strategies, which are based on the Pontryagin's Minimum Principle in optimal control theory, for the energy management of the vehicular electric power systems in a hybrid engine configuration. To this end, both offline optimization approach using the future information of driving conditions and online implementable one have been developed and evaluated in an advanced simulator
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Majzlíková, Petra. "Neenergetické aplikace lignitu." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233410.
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This thesis deals with various physical-chemical aspects of agricultural and environmental applications of the South Moravian lignite. The main attention was paid to the behavior of lignite in an aqueous environment and the application potential of lignite as a cheap, effective and universal sorbent. In the experimental part of the thesis, aqueous extracts of lignite were characterized in detail (by measurement of pH, conductivity, and by the qualitative and quantitative determination of inorganic constituents). The high sorption affinity towards polar (cationic dyes) and nonpolar compounds (petroleum products) was confirmed experimentally. At last, simple methods of the laboratory preparation of lignite granules was designed and optimized. The main aim of this part was to combine the unusual sorption properties of lignite with an improvement of the end-use properties of the product (user-friendly handling, controlled release of the lignite into the aqueous environment, etc.). The thesis represents a complex compilation of the results of pilot experiments which represent the starting point of detailed future works focused on the non-energetic application of this valuable natural material.
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Muehlemann, Anton. "Variational models in martensitic phase transformations with applications to steels." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bb7f4ff4-0911-4dad-bb23-ada904839d73.
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This thesis concerns the mathematical modelling of phase transformations with a special emphasis on martensitic phase transformations and their application to the modelling of steels. In Chapter 1, we develop a framework that determines the optimal transformation strain between any two Bravais lattices and use it to give a rigorous proof of a conjecture by E.C. Bain in 1924 on the optimality of the so-called Bain strain. In Chapter 2, we review the Ball-James model and related concepts. We present some simplification of existing results. In Chapter 3, we pose a conjecture for the explicit form of the quasiconvex hull of the three tetragonal wells, known as the three-well problem. We present a new approach to finding inner and outer bounds. In Chapter 4, we focus on highly compatible, so called self-accommodating, martensitic structures and present new results on their fine properties such as estimates on their minimum complexity and bounds on the relative proportion of each martensitic variant in them. In Chapter 5, we investigate the contrary situation when self-accommodating microstructures do not exist. We determine, whether in this situation, it is still energetically favourable to nucleate martensite within austenite. By constructing different types of inclusions, we find that the optimal shape of an inclusion is flat and thin which is in agreement with experimental observation. In Chapter 6, we introduce a mechanism that identifies transformation strains with orientation relationships. This mechanism allows us to develop a simpler, strain-based approach to phase transformation models in steels. One novelty of this approach is the derivation of an explicit dependence of the orientation relationships on the ratio of tetragonality of the product phase. In Chapter 7, we establish a correspondence between common phenomenological models for steels and the Ball-James model. This correspondence is then used to develop a new theory for the (5 5 7) lath transformation in low-carbon steels. Compared to existing theories, this new approach requires a significantly smaller number of input parameters. Furthermore, it predicts a microstructure morphology which differs from what is conventionally believed.
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Just, Guillaume. "Caractérisation et modélisation des mémoires Flash embarquées destinées aux applications faible consommation et à forte contrainte de fiabilité." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4716/document.
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De nombreuses applications industrielles spécifiques dans les secteurs tels que l'automobile, le médical et le spatial, requièrent un très haut niveau de fiabilité. Ce type d'applications fonctionnant sous des contraintes sévères (haute température, corrosion, vibration, radiations,…) impose aux industriels des spécifications particulières en termes de fiabilité et de consommation d'énergie. Dans ce contexte, les travaux menés ont pour objectif d'étudier la fiabilité des mémoires Flash embarquées pour des applications faible consommation et à forte contrainte de fiabilité. Après une introduction orientée sur les deux volets d'étude que sont la caractérisation électrique et le test de mémoires non volatiles, un modèle physique capable de modéliser le courant de SILC a été développé. Cet outil permet de répondre à la problématique de perturbations en lecture (read disturb) et donne aux designers et technologues un moyen d'estimer le taux de défaillance de cellules mémoires en fonction de paramètres physiques, géométriques et électriques ainsi que des moyens d'action afin de minimiser ce phénomène indésirable. La fiabilité (oxyde tunnel, endurance) et les performances (consommation énergétique) de la cellule Flash sont ensuite étudiées en explorant les variations de paramètres du procédé de fabrication et des conditions électriques de fonctionnement. Enfin, une étude originale menée en temps réel sur plus de 15 mois est consacrée à la fiabilité en rétention des mémoires Flash soumises aux effets des particules radiatives présentes dans l'environnement naturel terrestreMany specific applications used in automotive, medical and spatial activity domains, require a very high level of reliability. These kinds of applications, working under severe constraints (high temperature, corrosion, vibration, radiations…) challenge memory manufacturers and impose them particular specifications in terms of reliability and energy consumption. In this context, work presented in this thesis aim at studying embedded Flash memories reliability for low power and high reliability applications. After an introduction oriented on areas of electrical characterizations and Test of non-volatile memories, a physical model of SILC leakage current is developed. This tool is used to answer to disturbs problematic and gives to designers and technologists a way to estimate the failure rate of memory cells according to physical, geometrical and electrical parameters, giving leads to minimize this unwanted phenomenon. Reliability (tunnel oxide, cell endurance) and performances (energy consumption) of Flash memory cell are then studied exploring process parameters variations and electrical conditions optimizations. Finally, an original real-time experiment over more than 15 months is focused on Flash memories retention reliability due to irradiative particles effects of natural terrestrial environment
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Henry, Aurélien. "Cellulose shaped metal oxides and ionosilicas for energy applications." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT192/document.
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Cette thèse, à visée exploratoire, a pour objet de développer l'utilisation de polysaccharides dans la synthèse de matériaux. Les applications dans le domaine de l'énergie sont privilégiées et ont guidé les choix effectués.Deux axes d'études sont explorés :1) la minéralisation de la cellulose par des chlorures métalliques, conduisant à l'obtention d'oxydes métalliques. Nous avons démontré la versatilité du procédé en développant la synthèse de divers oxydes métalliques (TiO2, Nb2O5, V2O5, Fe2O5, WO3) ou l’utilisation de différentes sources de cellulose (papier filtre, cellulose micro-fibrillée et cellulose bactérienne). Ces synthèses et des expériences complémentaires nous ont permis d’affiner notre compréhension du mécanisme de synthèse.2) la synthèse de composites polysaccharides-ionosilices, qui devait conduire à l’obtention de polyélectrolytes solides. Les essais effectués ont été infructueux, et sont brièvement décritsThis exploratory thesis is oriented to the exploration of the use of polysaccharides for materials synthesis. Energy applications are preferred, and have lead our choices.Two main axis are studied :1) The mineralization of cellulose by metal chlorides, leading to metal oxides. We have demonstrated the versatility of the process by developing the synthesis of some metal oxides ( TiO2, Nb2O5, V2O5, Fe2O5, WO3) or the use of different cellulose sources (filter paper, micro-fibrillated cellulose and bacterial cellulose). These synthesis and complementaries experiments allowed us to improve our comprehension of the synthesis mechanism.2) The synthesis of polysaccharides-ionosilicas composites, which was expected to lead to solid polyelectrolytes. The experiments were unsuccessful, and are briefly described
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Beaude, Laurence. "Simulation numérique d'écoulements diphasiques compositionnels thermiques en milieux poreux et ses applications à la géothermie haute énergie." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4107/document.
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La compréhension des écoulements souterrains est importante pour de nombreuses applications comme l’énergie ou le stockage des déchets nucléaires. Cette thèse, effectuée en collaboration avec le Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), est dédiée à la simulation des écoulements diphasiques compositionnels thermiques en milieux poreux et ses applications à la géothermie haute énergie et plus particulièrement au champ géothermique de Bouillante (Guadeloupe). Tout d’abord, deux formulations à variables persistantes sont comparées en termes d’implémentation et de convergence numérique. Dans ces deux formulations, les fractions molaires d’une phase absente sont étendues par celles à l’équilibre thermodynamique avec la phase présente. Il en résulte que l’ensemble des variables principales et des équations ne dépend pas de l’ensemble de phases présentes. De plus, l’équilibre thermodynamique est exprimé par une contrainte de complémentarité pour chacune des phases, ce qui permet l’utilisation de méthodes de type semi-smooth Newton pour résoudre les systèmes non-linéaires. D’autre part, cette thèse présente une nouvelle méthodologie combinant des discrétisations centrées aux noeuds (le schéma Vertex Approximate Gradient - VAG) et aux faces (le schéma Hybrid Finite Volume - HFV) sur une partition arbitraire des ensembles de mailles ou de faces, dans le but d’adapter le choix du schéma aux différentes parties du maillage. En effet, les maillages hybrides composés de différents types de mailles sont plus adaptés à la discrétisation de la géologie et de la géométrie des différents domaines d’un système géothermique. Ainsi le schéma peut être choisi localement en fonction de la géométrie de la maille et des propriétés pétrophysiques. L’analyse de convergence est effectuée dans le cadre des discrétisations Gradient pour des problèmes de diffusion du second ordre et la convergence est confirmée numériquement sur différents types de maillages hybrides 3D. Ensuite la discrétisation VAG-HFV est étendue au cas des écoulements de Darcy diphasiques non-isothermes compositionnels et est appliquée au cas test 2D représentant le plan de faille vertical du réservoir géothermique de Bouillante. Un autre aspect important de la modélisation des flux géothermiques consiste à prendre en compte les interactions entre le flux dans le milieu poreux et l’atmosphère. Puisque le couplage entre le modèle poreux et un modèle 2D surfacique ou 3D atmosphérique n’est pas réaliste en terme de coût de calcul aux échelles spatiale et temporelle géologiques, l’interaction sol-atmosphère est modélisée grâce à une condition limite prenant en compte l’équilibre de matière et d’énergie à l’interface. Ce modèle considère une couche limite atmosphérique avec transfert convectif molaire et thermique (en supposant l’évaporation de la phase liquide), une condition de débordement liquide aux surfaces d’infiltration, ainsi que le rayonnement thermique et la recharge en eau douce due aux précipitations. Cette condition limite est évaluée à l’aide d’une solution de référence couplant les écoulements non-isothermes liquide-gaz en milieu poreux et le gaz dans le milieu libre. Elle est ensuite étudiée numériquement en terme de convergence et de solution sur des cas tests géothermiques, dont le plan de faille vertical du réservoir géothermique de Bouillante. En complément est présenté le travail issu d’une collaboration lors de l’école d’été du CEMRACS 2016. Le projet consistait à ajouter un modèle de puits multi-branche thermique au code ComPASS, un nouveau simulateur géothermique parallèle basé sur des maillages non-structurés avec la possibilité de représenter des fracturesThe study of the subsurface flows is important for various applications such as energy or nuclear waste storage. This thesis, performed in collaboration with the French Geological Survey (BRGM), is dedicated to the simulation of non-isothermal compositional two-phase flows in porous media and its applications to high-energy geothermal fields and more precisely to the Bouillante field (Guadeloupe, French West Indies). First of all, two persistent variable formulations are compared in terms of implementation and numerical convergence. In these two formulations, the choice of the principal variables is based on with the extension of the phase molar fractions by the one at thermodynamic equilibrium with the present phase. It results that the set of principal variables and equations does not depend on the set of present phases. It also has the advantage to express the thermodynamic equilibrium as complementarity constraints, which allows the use of semi-smooth Newton methods to solve the non-linear systems. Moreover, this thesis presents a new methodology to combine a node-centered discretization (the Vertex Approximate Gradient scheme - VAG) and a face-centered discretization (the Hybrid Finite Volume scheme - HFV) on arbitrary subsets of cells or faces in order to choose the best-suited scheme in different parts of the mesh. Indeed, hybrid meshes composed of different types of cells are best suited to discretize the geology and geometry of the different parts of the geothermal system. Then, the scheme is adapted locally to the type of mesh/ cells and to petrophysical properties. The convergence analysis is performed in the gradient discretization framework over second order diffusion problems and the convergence is checked numerically on various types of hybrid three-dimensional meshes. Then, the VAG-HFV discretization is extended to non-isothermal compositional liquid-gas Darcy flows and is applied on the two dimensional cross-section of the Bouillante high temperature geothermal reservoir. Another important aspect of the geothermal flows modelling consists in considering the interactions between the porous medium and the atmosphere. Since the coupling between the porous medium and the 2D surface of 3D atmospheric flows is not computationally realistic at the space and time scales of a geothermal flow, the soil-atmosphere interaction is modelled using an advanced boundary condition accounting for the matter (mole) and energy balance at the interface. The model considers an atmospheric boundary layer with convective molar and energy transfers (assuming the vaporization of the liquid phase in the atmosphere), a liquid outflow condition at seepage surfaces, as well as the heat radiation and the precipitation influx. This boundary condition is assessed using a reference solution coupling the Darcy flow to a full-dimensional gas free flow. Then, it is studied numerically in terms of solution and convergence of the Newton-min non-linear solvers on several geothermal test cases including two-dimensional simulations of the Bouillante geothermal field. In addition is presented the collaborative project which took place during the CEMRACS summer school 2016. The project consisted in adding a multibranch thermal well model into the ComPASS code, a new geothermal simulator based on unstructured meshes and adapted to parallel distributed architectures with the ability to represent fractures
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Beldjoudi, Guillaume Nordine. "Approche multi-énergies associée à un détecteur spectrométrique rayons X pour l’identification de matériaux." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAL0082/document.
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Le développement des détecteurs de rayons X en comptage à base de semiconducteurs est en plein essor depuis une dizaine d’années, et des applications aussi bien dans le domaine médical que dans le domaine du contrôle non destructif sont envisagées. Ces détecteurs permettent en effet de réaliser des mesures à des énergies multiples en une seule acquisition, et ce avec une excellente séparation énergétique. Depuis les années 2008-2009, il semble qu’une véritable course se soit lancée pour le développement de détecteur permettant des mesures multi-énergies sur un nombre toujours plus nombreux de bandes d’énergies. Cependant, à ce jour, parmi l’ensemble des travaux qui ont été réalisés, l’intérêt de réaliser des mesures sur un grand nombre d’énergies n’a pas été démontré pour l’identification de matériaux. Dans le cadre d’une étude en sécurité, nous avons évalué l’intérêt lié à l’utilisation de détecteurs de rayons X en comptage permettant la réalisation de mesures sur plusieurs bandes d’énergies. Le domaine applicatif étudié concerne l’identification de matériaux dans les bagages des voyageurs. Nous avons tout d’abord développé une méthode originale d’identification de matériaux homogènes applicable à tout type de détecteur multi-énergies. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié, en simulation, l’évolution des performances d’identification de matériaux avec l’augmentation du nombre de bandes d’énergies de comptage. Un processus d’optimisation a été réalisé dans le but de déterminer, pour certaines configurations, une géométrie optimale des bandes d’énergies de comptage. Dans un second temps, les conséquences résultant de la prise en compte de la fonction de réponse du détecteur ont été quantifiées par la simulation de différents effets détecteurs (partage de charge, résolution en énergie). Une validation expérimentale a enfin pu être effectuée en utilisant un détecteur spectrométrique en comptage. À partir des mesures réalisées avec un tel détecteur, un regroupement des données nous a permis d’évaluer les performances d’identification de détecteurs possédant un nombre de bandes d’énergies de comptage différent. Enfin, nous avons mené une étude préliminaire sur la transposition à la tomographie multi-énergies de la méthode d’identification de matériaux homogènes développée initialement en radiographie. Cette modalité d’imagerie permet alors l’identification de matériaux superposésThe development of X-ray photon counting detectors based on semiconductors has grown up over the last ten years, and applications in medicine, in security and in nondestructive testing are under study. These detectors make it possible to perform measurements at multiple energies in a single acquisition, with an excellent energetic separation. Since the years 2008-2009, it seems that a real race started for the development of detectors performing multi-energetic measurements on an increasing number of energy bands. However, today, within the works already done, the interest of performing measurements on a large number of energies has not been demonstrated for material identification. As part of a study in homeland security, we assessed the interest of using Xray counting detectors that perform measurements on multiple energy bands. The considered field of interest is material identification in the luggage of travelers. We first developed an original method for identifying single materials. This method is applicable to any type of multi-energy detector. In a first time, we studied in simulation the evolution of the performance for identifying materials with the increasing number of energy bands. An optimization process was carried out to determine, for certain configurations, an optimal geometry of the energy bands.In a second step, the consequences of taking into account the detector response function were quantified by simulating different sensors effects (charge sharing, energy resolution). An experimental validation has been performed by using a counting spectrometric detector. From the measurements experimentally obtained with such a detector, combining the data allowed us to evaluate the identification performance that would have detectors possessing a different number of energy bands. Finally, we conducted a preliminary study on the transposition of the identification method initially developed for radiography to the multi-energy computed tomography. This imaging modality allows to identify superimposed materials
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Benzerbadj, Ali. "Approche inter-couches pour l'économie d'énergie et la fiabilité dans les Réseaux de Capteurs Sans Fil dédiés aux Applications Critiques de Surveillance." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0034/document.
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Les Réseaux de Capteurs Sans Fil (RCSFs) constituent une classe particulière des réseaux Ad hoc, faisant l'objet de recherches intensives. Ils sont considérés comme un outil très puissant pour connecter le monde physique et le monde numérique. Ils se composent d'un grand nombre de noeuds capteurs dotés de ressources limitées en termes d'énergie, de portée de capture et de communication, de vitesse de traitement et de capacité de stockage. Ils sont déployés dans un environnement intérieur ou extérieur, et ce dans de nombreux domaines d'application tels que l'armée, l'environnement, la santé, la maison et l'agriculture. La rareté des ressources des noeuds capteurs et la non fiabilité des liaisons sans fil motivent la plupart des problématiques dans le domaine des RCSFs, à savoir l'énergie, la couverture, la connectivité, le routage, la tolérance aux pannes et la sécurité. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer un protocole de surveillance inter-couches, à efficacité énergétique et fiable, pour la surveillance des zones sensibles clôturées, tel qu'un site pétrolier ou nucléaire, utilisant les réseaux de capteurs sans fil avec un cycle d'activité, et avec prise en compte des liens asymétriques dus au phénomène de l'irrégularité de la radio. Initialement, le protocole proposé identifie les noeuds de bordure du RCSF pour les utiliser comme nœuds sentinelles, c.-à-d., des noeuds qui sont toujours dans un état actif. Les noeuds restants sont utilisés en tant que noeuds relais avec un cycle d'activité, pendant la phase de routage des alertes vers le noeud puits. Le processus d'identification des noeuds de bordure ainsi que le routage des alertes, sont assurés par le protocole Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing through Symmetrical Links (GPSR-SL) qui est une version améliorée du protocole GPSR, reposant sur un graphe de connectivité représenté sous forme de disques non-unité (N-UDG). Le protocole de surveillance inter-couches proposé a été implémenté et ses performances ont été évaluées en utilisant l'environnement de simulation OMNeT++/Castalia. Les résultats de performance montrent que ce protocole permet d'obtenir un ratio de livraison de paquets plus élevé d'environ 3.63%, une efficacité énergétique et une latence satisfaisante par rapport au même protocole basé sur le GPSR originalWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a special class of Ad hoc networks, which are under intensive research.They are considered as a very powerful tool to connect the physical and the digital worlds. They consist of a largenumber of sensor nodes that are characterized with limited resources in terms of energy, range of sensing and communication, processing speed and storage capacity.They are deployed in an indoor or outdoor environment in many application domains such as army, environment, health, home and agriculture. The scarcity of sensor node resources and the unreliability of wireless links drive most of the research issues in the field of WSNs, namely energy, coverage, connectivity, routing, fault tolerance and security. The aim of this thesis is to propose an energyefficient and reliable cross-layer surveillance protocol for sensitive fenced areas, such as oil or nuclear sites, using duty-cycled WSNs with asymmetrical links due to the radio irregularity phenomenon. Initially, the proposed protocol identifies the boundary nodes of the deployedWSN, to be used as sentinel nodes, i.e., nodes that are always in an active state. The remaining nodes are usedas duty-cycled relay nodes during the routing phase to relay alerts towards the sink. The boundary nodes identification process and alert routing are both performed using an enhanced version of the Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) protocol, referred to as GPSR over Symmetrical Links (GPSR-SL) and which relies on a Non Unit Disk Graph (N-UDG). The proposed cross-layer surveillance protocol has been implemented and its performance has been evaluated under the OMNeT++/Castalia simulation environment. Performance results show that this protocol achieves higher Packet Delivery Ratio by up to 3.63%, energy .efficiency and satisfactory latency when compared to the same protocol based on the original GPSR
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Uprety, Prakash. "Non-Contacting Optical Probe of Electrical Transport Properties: Applications for Photovoltaics." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1564764505426444.
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OLIVEIRA, JOANA GOMES AZARA DE. "RISK ANALYSIS OF NON-LINEAR PORTFOLIOS: AN APPLICATION TO THE OIL AND ENERGY MARKET." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=22811@1.
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Houve um salto de conhecimento na área de derivativos nos anos 70, com destaque para a divulgação das pesquisas de Fisher Black, Myron Scholes e Robert Merton sobre o apreçamento de opções. Desde então, várias pesquisas têm sido realizadas no intuito de encontrar uma métrica de risco adequada às carteiras não lineares, dado que ainda não há um consenso sobre a métrica ideal para estas carteiras, cuja aceitação possa ser comparada à do VaR para carteiras lineares, surgido nos anos 90. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo comparar a eficiência de algumas métricas de risco na mensuração de risco em carteiras de opções de WTI (West Texas Intermediate). Para tal, calcula-se o valor em risco utilizando diversas metolodogias apresentadas no meio acadêmico e compara-se sua eficácia em relação à à avaliação plena, realizada através do método full Monte Carlo.In the 70’s, the market saw a big change in the knowledge about derivatives. From this period the researches of Fisher Black, Myron Scholes and Robert Merton on the pricing of options are noteworthy. Since then, many researches have been done aiming to find the ideal metrics for risk assessment of non-linear portfolios, as there is no consensus of an ideal metrics for these portfolios which could be compared to the worldwide acceptance of the 90’s VAR for linear portfolios. This work aims to compare the efficiency of some methodologies for risk assessment in portfolios containing WTI (West Texas Intermediate) options. The risk is calculated using different methodologies presented at academic studies and the result of each of them is compared to the assessment using the Full Monte Carlo method in order to define their efficiency.
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Weil, Jacques-Arthur. "Méthodes effectives en théorie de Galois différentielle et applications à l'intégrabilité de systèmes dynamiques." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Limoges, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00933064.
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Mes recherches portent essentiellement sur l''elaboration de m'ethodes de calcul formel pour l''etude constructive des 'equations diff'erentielles lin'eaires, plus particuli'erement autour de la th'eorie de Galois diff'erentielle. Celles-ci vont du d'eveloppement de la th'eorie sous-jacente aux algorithmes, en incluant leur implantation en Maple. Ces travaux ont en commun une approche exp'erimentale des math'ematiques o'u l'on met l'accent sur l'examen d'exemples les plus pertinents possibles. L''etude d'etaill'ee de cas provenant de la m'ecanique rationnelle ou de la physique th'eorique nourrit en retour le d'eveloppement de th'eories math'ematiques idoines. Mes travaux s'articulent suivant trois grands th'emes interd'ependants : la th'eorie de Galois diff'erentielle effective, ses applications 'a l'int'egrabilit'e de syst'emes hamiltoniens et des applications en physique th'eorique.
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Boury, Samuel. "Energy and Buoyancy Transport by Inertia-Gravity Waves in Non-Linear Stratifications. Application to the Ocean." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN014.
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Les ondes gravito-inertielles contribuent au transport global d’énergie et d’impulsion dans les océans, et elles jouent un rôle crucial dans le mélange stratifié par des processus non-linéaires transférant l'énergie d'une échelle à l'autre, comme la génération de super-harmoniques ou l'instabilité résonante triadique. Ces ondes sont d'une importance capitale pour l'océan Arctique, et plus particulièrement le transport d'énergie par les ondes internes créées par des tempêtes à la surface de l'océan. En raison de la fonte croissante des glaces au cours des dernières décennies, la surface de l'océan Arctique est plus exposée que jamais aux vents et aux tempêtes et ce pendant une plus longue période de l'année. Les couches très stratifiées de l'océan peuvent maintenant être perturbées par des événements atmosphériques et, par conséquent, la nouvelle dynamique du transport de l'énergie peut jouer un rôle crucial dans les changements climatiques. Une meilleure compréhension de la façon dont l'énergie des tempêtes peut être transférée à l'océan et de la façon dont elle peut se propager est ainsi une question très pertinente aujourd’hui. Sur la base de ces considérations, cette thèse explore l'impact de la géométrie sur la propagation des ondes internes dans les milieux stratifiés et en rotation, tant dans la théorie linéaire que non-linéaire. Différents phénomènes tels que les modes, le résonateur d'ondes, la transmission au niveau d’une interface en flottabilité, l'effet tunnel, la génération de super-harmoniques et l'instabilité résonante triadique, les attracteurs d'ondes, sont abordés. La théorie est validée par des expériences, grâce à l'utilisation d'un générateur d’ondes axisymétriques créant des ondes gravito-inertielles analogues à un forçage de type tempête dans des fluides stratifiés et en rotation, en géométries cylindriques confinées et non confinées. Des applications à des mesures in-situ sont également proposées avec des comparaisons aux ondesInertia-gravity waves contribute to the worldwide transport of energy and momentum in the oceans, and theyplay a crucial role in stratified mixing through non-linear processes transferring energy from scales to scalessuch as super-harmonic generation or triadic resonant instability.Of primary relevance are these waves to the Arctic Ocean, and more particularly energy transport by internalwaves created by storms at the surface of the ocean. Due to increasing ice melting in the last decades, thesurface of the Arctic Ocean is more exposed to winds and storms than ever and for a longer durationthroughout the year. The very stratified layers of the ocean can now be disturbed by atmospheric events and,in return, the modified dynamics of energy transport plays a crucial role in climate changes. A betterunderstanding of how storm energy can be transferred to the ocean, and of how it can propagate through, isa very relevant issue.Based on these considerations, this thesis explores the impact of the geometry on internal wave propagationin stratified and rotating media, both in the linear and non-linear theory. Different phenomena such as modes,wave resonator, transmission though buoyancy interface, tunnelling effect, super-harmonic generation andtriadic resonant instability, wave attractors, are discussed. Theory is validated by experiments, through the useof a storm-like axisymmetric wave generator creating inertia-gravity waves in stratified and rotating fluids, inconfined and unconfined cylindrical geometries. Applications to in-situ measurements are also proposed withcomparisons to internal waves in real world stratifications
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He, Dawei. "An advanced non-intrusive load monitoring technique and its application in smart grid building energy management systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54951.
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The objective of the proposed research is to develop an intelligent load modeling, identification, and prediction technology to provide granular load energy consumption and performance details and drive building energy reduction, demand reduction, and proactive equipment maintenance. Electricity consumption in commercial and residential sectors accounts for about 70% of the total electricity generation in United States. Buildings are the most important consumers, and contribute to over 80% of the consumptions in these two sectors. To reduce electrical energy spending and carbon emission, several studies from Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL) and National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) prove that if equipped with the proper technologies, a commercial or a residential building can potentially improve energy savings of buildings by up to about 10% to 30% of their usage. However, the market acceptance of these new technologies today is still not sufficient, and the reason is generally acknowledged to be the lack of solution to quantify the contributions of these new technologies to the energy savings, and the invisibility of the loads in buildings. A non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) system is proposed in this dissertation, which can identify every individual load in buildings and record the energy consumption, time-of-day variations and other relevant statistics of the identified load, with no access to the individual component. The challenge of such a non-intrusive load monitoring is to find features that are unique for a particular load and then to match a measured feature of an unknown load against a database or library of known. Many problems exist in this procedure and the proposed research is going to focus on three directions to overcome the bottlenecks. They are respectively fundamental load studies for a model-driven feature extraction, adaptive identification algorithms for load space extendibility, and the practical simplifications for the real industrial applications. The simulation results show the great potentials of this new technology in building energy monitoring and management.
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Cheminal, Alexandre. "Ultrafast energy conversion processes in photosensitive proteins and organic nanostructures for photovoltaic applications." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAE012/document.
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Les techniques de spectroscopie femtoseconde permettent d’étudier les processus de conversion d’énergie dans les système organiques. Elles permettent d’étudier les populations photo-générées et leur évolution à l’échelle de ces photoréactions. Elles permettent de comprendre les transferts d’énergie et de charge intra- et inter-moléculaires à l’origine du fonctionnement de ces systèmes.La protéine de rétinal Anabaena sensroy Rhodopsin est un photocommutateur naturel, qui est étudié afin de comprendre les paramètres à l’origine de l’efficacité quantique d’isomérisation. Nous avons pu déterminer cette efficacité quantique pour les deux formes stables du rétinal ainsi que leur dynamique d’isomérisation dans les mêmes conditions expérimentales.La génération de charge dans des couches actives pour le photovoltaique organique est étudiée dans un système composé d’un mélange de PCBM et d’un donneur organique dérivé du colorant BODIPY. L’influence de la nanostructuration de la couche active sur la génération de charge est étudiée. La génération de charge est limitée dans ce système par la recombinaison des charges générées et par la diffusion des excition aux interfaces donneur-accepteur. Ces observations indiquent que l’amélioration de la nanostructuration de la couche active peut permettre d’augmenter les rendements de photo-génération de chargeFemtosecond transient spectroscopies are used to investigate photonic energy conversion inorganic systems. These techniques allow to observe the ground and excited states of themolecules at the timescale of the photoreactions. It is used to understand the inter- andintramolecular energy and charge transfers leading to the desired photochemical process.The natural photoswiching retinal protein Anabaena sensory Rhodopsin is studied to understand the key parameters ruling the isomerisation quantum yield. We could determine the isomerisation quantum yield of both stable forms and their dynamics in the very same experimental conditions.Charge generation is investigated in small molecule bulk heterojunction active layers for organic solar cells made of PCBM and a BODIPY dye-derivative donor. The influence of the active layer morphology on charge generation is studied. The charge generation is limited by charge recombination but also by exciton diffusion to the donor-acceptor interface. The active layer morphology has to be improved to achieve more efficient organic solar cells with these materials
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Lubeigt, Emma. "Imagerie topologique de domaines élastiques bornés : application au contrôle non destructif des soudures." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0035/document.
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Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’inspection en service des soudures des réacteurs nucléaires de génération IV, en vue de contribuer à la démonstration de sûreté. La structure anisotrope et hétérogène des soudures multipasses en acier inoxydable austénitique rend leur contrôle ultrasonore difficile. Ainsi, afin d'interpréter correctement les signaux mesurés et de caractériser les défauts potentiels, une description de la soudure est utilisée. Elle constitue la connaissance a priori introduite dans la méthode de l'Energie Topologique. L’étude réalisée se décline en deux temps : le développement de la méthode en milieu borné et sa comparaison avec le Matched Field Processing, puis son application au cas de soudures réelles. L'extension de la méthode de l'Energie Topologique aux milieux bornés isotropes et homogènes vise à tirer parti des réflexions multiples. Plusieurs solutions du problème numérique de propagation, obtenues pour différentes conditions aux frontières, sont judicieusement associées afin de sélectionner les échos de diffraction porteurs d'information. Selon le type de défaut à imager des énergies topologiques spécifiques sont définies. La technique est introduite analytiquement avant d'être validée numériquement puis expérimentalement.Dans un second temps, la méthode est appliquée au milieu complexe de la soudure. La procédure est testée expérimentalement sur des soudures réelles afin d'évaluer les performances en localisation. Cependant, en raison de la variabilité de la structure, la qualité de l'image peut se dégrader selon les cas d'étude. La possibilité de générer des sources arbitraires permet de pallier en grande partie cette difficultéThe present study has been done as part of the in-service inspection of weld structure belonging to generation IV nuclear reactors. It aims at checking both the safety and integrity of these components. The anisotropic and heterogeneous structure of austenitic stainless steel welds disturbs the ultrasonic non destructive testing. Thus, a weld description model is necessary to properly analyze the ultrasonic measured signals and to characterize potential flaws. The weld model makes a priori knowledge up in the Topological Energy method. The study is divided into two parts: development of the method in a bounded medium and comparison with the Matched Field Processing method, and then its application to real weld structures.The work firstly focuses on expanding the Topological Energy method to isotropic and homogeneous bounded medium to take advantage of multiple reflections between the flaw and edges. For that, different conditions are numerically applied to boundaries. By adding up these conditions it becomes possible to select the appropriate scattering signal. Modified topological energies are defined according to the type of analyzed flaws. The approach is analytically demonstrated before being validated firstly from synthetical data and then from experimental data.The second part deals with the application of the method to the complex weld structure. The process is experimentally tested on welds in order to evaluate efficiency of flaws localization. However, the image's quality can be deteriorated because of variability of the structure. By generating arbitrary ultrasonic source this difficulty is mostly overcame
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Junda, Maxwell M. "Spectroscopic Ellipsometry as a Versatile, Non-Contact Probe of Optical, Electrical, and Structural Properties in Thin Films: Applications in Photovoltaics." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1493148258156143.
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Moragues, Escrivá Jorge. "New energy detector extensions with application in sound based surveillance systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/11520.
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This thesis is dedicated to the development of new energy detectors employed
in the detection of unknown signals in the presence of non-Gaussian and
non-independent noise samples. To this end, an extensive study has been
conducted on di erent energy detection structures, and novel techniques
have been proposed which are capable of dealing with these problematic
situations.
The energy detector is proposed as an optimum solution to detect uncorrelated
Gaussian signals, or as a generalized likelihood ratio test to detect
entirely unknown signals. In both cases, the background noise must be
uncorrelated Gaussian. However, energy detectors degrade when the noise
does not ful ll these characteristics. Therefore, two extensions are proposed.
The rst is the extended energy detector, which deals with the problem
of non-Gaussian noise; and the second is the preprocessed extended energy
detector, used when the noise also possesses non-independent samples. A
generalization of the matched subspace lter is likewise proposed based on a
modi cation of the Rao test. In order to evaluate the expected improvement
of these extensions with respect to the classical energy detector, a signalto-
noise ratio enhancement factor is de ned and employed to illustrate the
improvement achieved in detection.
Furthermore, we demonstrate how the uncertainty introduced by the unknown
signal duration can decrease the performance of the energy detector.
In order to improve this behavior, a multiple energy detector, based on successive
subdivisions of the original observation interval, is presented. This
novel detection technique leads to a layered structure of energy detectors
whose observation vectors are matched to di erent intervals of signal duration.
The corresponding probabilities of false alarm and detection are derived
for a particular subdivision strategy, and the required procedures for their
general application to other possible cases are indicated. The experiments
reveal the advantages derived from utilizing this novel structure, making it
a worthwhile alternative to the single detector when a signi cant mismatch
is present between the original observation length and the actual duration
of the signal.Moragues Escrivá, J. (2011). New energy detector extensions with application in sound based surveillance systems [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/11520
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Yao, Min. "Computed radiography system modeling, simulation and optimization." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0128/document.
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Depuis plus d’un siècle, la radiographie sur film est utilisée pour le contrôle non destructif (CND) de pièces industrielles. Avec l’introduction de méthodes numériques dans le domaine médical, la communauté du CND industriel a commencé à considérer également les techniques numériques alternatives au film. La radiographie numérique (en anglais Computed radiography -CR) utilisant les écrans photostimulables (en anglais imaging plate -IP) est une voie intéressante à la fois du point de vue coût et facilité d’implémentation. Le détecteur (IP) utilisé se rapproche du film car il est flexible et réutilisable. L’exposition de l’IP aux rayons X génère une image latente qui est ensuite lue et numérisée grâce à un système de balayage optique par laser. A basse énergie, les performances du système CR sont bonnes ce qui explique son utilisation importante dans le domaine médical. A haute énergie par contre, les performances du système CR se dégradent à la fois à cause de la mauvaise absorption de l’IP mais également de la présence de rayonnement diffusé par la pièce qui, étant d’énergie plus faible, est préférentiellement absorbée par l’IP. Les normes internationales préconisent l’utilisation d’écrans métalliques pour améliorer la réponse des systèmes CR à haute énergie. Néanmoins, la nature et l’épaisseur de ces écrans n’est pas clairement définie et la gamme des configurations possibles est large. La simulation est un outil utile pour prévoir les performances d’une expérience et déterminer les meilleures conditions opératoires. Les méthodes Monte Carlo sont communément admises comme étant les plus précises pour simuler les phénomènes de transport de rayonnement, et ainsi comprendre les phénomènes physiques en jeu. Cependant, le caractère probabiliste de ces méthodes implique des temps de calcul importants, voire prohibitifs pour des géométries complexes. Les méthodes déterministes au contraire, peuvent prendre en compte des géométries complexes avec des temps de calcul raisonnables, mais l’estimation du rayonnement diffusé est plus difficile. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons tout d’abord mené une étude de simulation Monte Carlo afin de comprendre le fonctionnement des IP avec écrans métalliques à haute énergie pour le contrôle de pièces de forte épaisseur. Nous avons notamment suivi le trajet des photons X mais également des électrons. Quelques comparaisons expérimentales ont pu être menées à l’ESRF (European Synchrotron Radiation Facility). Puis nous avons proposé une approche de simulation hybride, qui combine l'utilisation de codes déterministe et Monte Carlo pour simuler l'imagerie d'objets de forme complexe. Cette approche prend en compte la dégradation introduite par la diffusion des rayons X et la fluorescence dans l'IP ainsi que la diffusion des photons optiques dans l'IP. Les résultats de différentes configurations de simulation ont été comparésFor over a century, film-based radiography has been used as a nondestructive testing technique for industrial inspections. With the advent of digital techniques in the medical domain, the NDT community is also considering alternative digital techniques. Computed Radiography (CR) is a cost-efficient and easy-to-implement replacement technique because it uses equipment very similar to film radiography. This technology uses flexible and reusable imaging plates (IP) as a detector to generate a latent image during x-ray exposure. With an optical scanning system, the latent image can be readout and digitized resulting in a direct digital image. CR is widely used in the medical field since it provides good performance at low energies. For industrial inspection, CR application is limited by its poor response to high energy radiation and the presence of scattering phenomena. To completely replace film radiography by such a system, its performance still needs to be improved by either finding more appropriate IPs or by optimizing operating conditions. Guidelines have been addressed in international standards to ensure a good image quality supplied by CR system, where metallic screens are recommended for the case of using high energy sources. However, the type and thickness of such a screen are not clearly defined and a large panel of possible configurations does exist. Simulation is a very useful tool to predict experimental outcomes and determine the optimal operating conditions. The Monte Carlo (MC) methods are widely accepted as the most accurate method to simulate radiation transport problems. It can give insight about physical phenomena, but due to its random nature, a large amount of computational time is required, especially for simulations involving complex geometries. Deterministic methods, on the other hand, can handle easily complex geometry, and are quite efficient. However, the estimation of scattering effects is more difficult with deterministic methods. In this thesis work, we have started with a Monte Carlo simulation study in order to investigate the physical phenomena involved in IP and in metallic screens at high energies. In particular we have studied separately the behavior of X-ray photons and electrons. Some experimental comparisons have been carried out at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Then, we have proposed a hybrid simulation approach, combining the use of deterministic and Monte Carlo code, for simulating the imaging of complex shapes objects. This approach takes into account degradation introduced by X-ray scattering and fluorescence inside IP, as well as optical photons scattering during readout process. Different simulation configurations have been compared
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Horasanli, Erol. "Application Of Non-market Economic Valuation Method To Value The Environmental Benefits Of Geothermal Energy In Monetary Terms: A Case Study In Yozgat Province." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612783/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT
APPLICATION OF NON-MARKET ECONOMIC VALUATION METHOD TO
VALUE THE ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN
MONETARY TERMS: A CASE STUDY IN YOZGAT PROVINCE
Horasanli, Erol
M.Sc., Department of Environmental Engineering
Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Emre ALP
December 2010, 100 pages
Determining environmental economic benefits of geothermal energy is difficult
since there is no market for all environmental goods and services related to it. In
order to determine and measure the market price of non-market goods and services,
non-market valuation methods are used. Since intangible benefits do not have
monetary values, non-market valuation techniques are applied to estimate them.
Non-market valuation methods are important tools for policy makers in the cost and
benefit analysis and environmental impact assessment process to aid their final
decision.
In this study, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to determine the
environmental benefits of using geothermal energy for house heating instead of
fossil fuels and natural gas in Yozgat (center). The willingness to pay for
geothermal energy of the Yozgat residents was determined and underlying
motivations to use geothermal energy were assessed.
The results showed that the mean willingness to pay (WTP) for the usage of
geothermal energy in house heating to increase air quality and mitigate the effects
v
of climate change is $50/person/month. The results also showed that respondents
know the importance of the climate changes and they believe that geothermal
energy usage will affect the mitigation of climate changes positively. The
geothermal energy investment in the region will amortize itself in 3 years.
Therefore, in the feasibility studies, geothermal energy investment seems feasible.
During the regression analyses, climate change and air pollution parameters were
the most significant parameters for the calculation of mean WTP. Since, decrease in
air pollution using geothermal energy, will also mitigate the effect of climate
changes, during the geothermal investment in the region, training activities and
campaigns should be carried to cover the issues of climate change and global
warming to emphasis that geothermal energy will serve for multi-dimensional
environmental problems.
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Klein, Tania S. "The development and application of two-time-scale turbulence models for non-equilibrium flows." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-development-and-application-of-twotimescale-turbulence-models-for-nonequilibrium-flows(fa07c3eb-6fd9-4999-a0d4-517ad82bc5b2).html.
Full textAbstract:
The reliable prediction of turbulent non-equilibrium flows is of high academic and industrial interest in several engineering fields. Most turbulent flows are often predicted using single-time-scale Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models which assume the flows can be modelled through a single time or length scale which is an admittedly incorrect assumption. Therefore they are not expected to capture the lag in the response of the turbulence in non-equilibrium flows. In attempts to improve prediction of these flows, by taking into consideration some features of the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum, the multiple-time-scale models arose. A number of two-scale models have been proposed, but so far their use has been rather limited.This work thus focusses on the development of two-time-scale approaches. Two two-time-scale linear-eddy-viscosity models, referred to as NT1 and NT2 models, have been developed and the initial stages of the development of two-time-scale non-linear-eddy-viscosity models are also reported. The models' coefficients have been determined through asymptotic analysis of decaying grid turbulence, homogeneous shear flows and the flow in a boundary layer in local equilibrium. Three other important features of these models are that there is consistent partition of the large and the small scales for all above limiting cases, model sensitivity to the partition and production rate ratios and sensitivity of the eddy viscosity sensitive to the mean strain rates.The models developed have been tested through computations of a wide range of flows such as homogeneous shear and normally strained flows, fully developed channel flows, zero-pressure-gradient, adverse-pressure-gradient, favourable-pressure-gradient and oscillatory boundary layer flows, fully developed oscillatory and ramp up pipe flows and steady and pulsated backward-facing-step flows.The proposed NT1 and NT2 two-scale models have been shown to perform well in all test cases, being, among the benchmarked models tested, the models which best performed in the wide range of dimensionless shear values of homogeneous shear flows, the only linear-eddy-viscosity models which predicted well the turbulent kinetic energy in the normally strained cases and the only models which showed satisfactory sensitivity in predicting correctly the reattachment point in the unsteady backward facing step cases with different forcing frequencies. Although the development of the two-time-scale non-linear-eddy-viscosity models is still in progress, the interim versions proposed here have resulted in predictions of the Reynolds normal stresses similar to those of much more complex models in all test cases studied and in predictions of the turbulent kinetic energy in normally strained flows which are better than those of the other models tested in this study.
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Varing, Audrey. "Wave characterization for coastal and nearshore marine renewable energy applications : focus on wave breaking and spatial varaibility of the wave field." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0105.
Full textAbstract:
Les énergies marines renouvelables (EMR) sont soumises aux vagues générées par le vent. Une caractérisation précise de ces vagues est nécessaire dans les zones côtières et littorales où les vagues interagissent fortement avec le fond, générant de la réfraction et du déferlement parmi d’autres processus.Une étude approfondie sur l’initiation du déferlement est développée. La validité du critère de déferlement conventionnel uc/c (rapport entre la vitesse orbitale horizontale à la crête et la vitesse de phase) est examinée numériquement. Cette étude nous mène à définir un nouveau critère cinématique basé sur le rapport entre la vitesse orbitale maximale ||um|| et c. Ce nouveau critère améliore la détection de l’initiation du déferlement, car la position d’où s’initie l’instabilité conduisant au déferlement est mieux capturée à partir de ||um||. La variabilité spatiale du champ de vagues en zone côtière est majoritairement étudiée à partir de modèles spectraux. La capacité d’un modèle à phase-résolue (type Boussinesq BT) à fournir des informations complémentaires pour les EMR est étudiée. Les modèles spectraux et BT produisent des résultats très différents en termes de hauteur de vagues et de puissance en présence d’une forte réfraction causée par la variabilité de la bathymétrie. On définit une méthode innovante pour extraire des informations liées aux vagues à partir d’images satellites, issues d’un radar à synthèse d’ouverture (SAR), et les comparer aux sorties des modèles. Nos résultats montrent des similitudes encourageantes entre le modèle BT et les données SARSince Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) systems are submitted to wind generated waves. Accurate wave characterization is required in the coastal and nearshore environment where the waves are strongly modified by their interaction with the sea bottom, inducing refraction and wave breaking among other processes.A comprehensive study regarding the wave breaking initiation process is developed. The conventional kinematic criterion uc/c (ratio between the horizontal orbital velocity at the crest and the phase velocity) validity is numerically investigated. Our study leads us to a new kinematic wave breaking criterion based on the ratio between the maximum fluid velocity ||um|| near the wave crest and c. This new criterion improves the detection of the breaking initiation, since ||um|| accurately captures the location of the fluid instability leading to breaking.The wave field spatial variability in coastal areas is mostly studied with spectral wave models. We explore the ability of a phase-resolving model (Boussinesq-type, BT) to provide additional wave information for MRE applications.Spectral and BT models lead to significantly different spatial wave height and power patterns in the presence of strong bottom-induced refraction. We define an innovative methodology to extract wave information from satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images for comparison with models’ outputs. Our results highlight encouraging similarities between the BT model and SAR data
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Nylund, Sophie, and Zahra Barbari. "Study of defects in PV modules : UV fluorescence and Thermographic photography for Photovoltaics (PV) Field Application." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-44120.
Full textAbstract:
For a PV plant it is of fundamental importance that the operation of the PV modules is free from faults or at least that the faults can be detected early, to ensure efficient electricity production. Some defects such as cracks can be seen in visible light while microcracks and damage to the silicon material can only be seen through special lighting. This study focuses on the most common defects in photovoltaic (PV) systems. Compare the infrared (IR) technology with the new ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence image technique for PV characterization, based on their accuracy and uncertainty factors under an experimental field investigation. In this study, first a literature study was conducted to the most common defects in PV system and their impact on electricity generation. Then a simulation model of a PV system was created in PVsyst and exported to Microsoft Excel which was used to evaluate how different defects at different stages of the PV cell's life cycle impact electricity generation, performance parameters and economic exchange. Furthermore, experiments with UV and IR was implemented at a PV system located in Dalarna and some PV modules at MDH. It was conducted that occurrence of snail tracks, delamination and hot spots in combination with bypass failures and non-functioning cell will affect the economic profitability in the long run and the payback time will increase since their impacts on electricity generation and performance parameters are huge. The worst case is when PV modules are affected by the fault in bypass diode and non-functioning cell which result to a payback time longer than the module's lifetime and huge amount electricity losses in different bypass diodes configurations. Since UV and IR are two different methods that are performed in two different ways, different errors occurred during the measurements. The biggest external factor was the weather that determined if the experiment could be implemented. The IR method gave decent results and was quicker to use, but the UV method highlighted some defect which could not be seen with the IR technology.
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Hussaini, Abubakar S. "Energy efficient radio frequency system design for mobile WiMax applications. Modelling, optimisation and measurement of radio frequency power amplifier covering WiMax bandwidth based on the combination of class AB, class B, and C operations." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5749.
Full textAbstract:
In today´s digital world, information and communication technology accounts for 3%
and 2% of the global power consumption and CO2 emissions respectively. This
alarming figure is on an upward trend, as future telecommunications systems and
handsets will become even more power hungry since new services with higher
bandwidth requirements emerge as part of the so called ¿future internet¿ paradigm. In
addition, the mobile handset industry is tightly coupled to the consumer need for more
sophisticated handsets with greater battery lifetime. If we cannot make any significant
step to reducing the energy gap between the power hungry requirements of future
handsets, and what battery technology can deliver, then market penetration for 4G
handsets can be at risk. Therefore, energy conservation must be a design objective at the
forefront of any system design from the network layer, to the physical and the
microelectronic counterparts. In fact, the energy distribution of a handset device is
dominated by the energy consumption of the RF hardware, and in particular the power
amplifier design. Power amplifier design is a traditional topic that addresses the design
challenge of how to obtain a trade-off between linearity and efficiency in order to avoid
the introduction of signal distortion, whilst making best use of the available power
resources for amplification. However, the present work goes beyond this by
investigating a new line of amplifiers that address the green initiatives, namely green
power amplifiers. This research work explores how to use the Doherty technique to
promote efficiency enhancement and thus energy saving. Five different topologies of
RF power amplifiers have been designed with custom-made signal splitters. The design
core of the Doherty technique is based on the combination of a class B, class AB and a
class C power amplifier working in synergy; which includes 90-degree 2-way power
splitter at the input, quarter wavelength transformer at the output, and a new output
power combiner. The frequency range for the amplifiers was designed to operate in the
3.4 - 3.6 GHz frequency band of Europe mobile WiMAX. The experimental results
show that 30dBm output power can be achieved with 67% power added efficiency
(PAE) for the user terminal, and 45dBm with 66% power added efficiency (PAE) for
base stations which marks a 14% and 11% respective improvement over current stateof-
the-art, while meeting the power output requirements for mobile WiMAX
applications.
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Hussaini, Abubakar Sadiq. "Energy efficient radio frequency system design for mobile WiMax applications : modelling, optimisation and measurement of radio frequency power amplifier covering WiMax bandwidth based on the combination of class AB, class B, and C operations." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5749.
Full textAbstract:
In today's digital world, information and communication technology accounts for 3% and 2% of the global power consumption and CO2 emissions respectively. This alarming figure is on an upward trend, as future telecommunications systems and handsets will become even more power hungry since new services with higher bandwidth requirements emerge as part of the so called 'future internet' paradigm. In addition, the mobile handset industry is tightly coupled to the consumer need for more sophisticated handsets with greater battery lifetime. If we cannot make any significant step to reducing the energy gap between the power hungry requirements of future handsets, and what battery technology can deliver, then market penetration for 4G handsets can be at risk. Therefore, energy conservation must be a design objective at the forefront of any system design from the network layer, to the physical and the microelectronic counterparts. In fact, the energy distribution of a handset device is dominated by the energy consumption of the RF hardware, and in particular the power amplifier design. Power amplifier design is a traditional topic that addresses the design challenge of how to obtain a trade-off between linearity and efficiency in order to avoid the introduction of signal distortion, whilst making best use of the available power resources for amplification. However, the present work goes beyond this by investigating a new line of amplifiers that address the green initiatives, namely green power amplifiers. This research work explores how to use the Doherty technique to promote efficiency enhancement and thus energy saving. Five different topologies of RF power amplifiers have been designed with custom-made signal splitters. The design core of the Doherty technique is based on the combination of a class B, class AB and a class C power amplifier working in synergy; which includes 90-degree 2-way power splitter at the input, quarter wavelength transformer at the output, and a new output power combiner. The frequency range for the amplifiers was designed to operate in the 3.4 - 3.6 GHz frequency band of Europe mobile WiMAX. The experimental results show that 30dBm output power can be achieved with 67% power added efficiency (PAE) for the user terminal, and 45dBm with 66% power added efficiency (PAE) for base stations which marks a 14% and 11% respective improvement over current stateof- the-art, while meeting the power output requirements for mobile WiMAX applications.
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Guan, Wei. "New support vector machine formulations and algorithms with application to biomedical data analysis." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41126.
Full textAbstract:
The Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier seeks to find the separating hyperplane wx=r that maximizes the margin distance 1/||w||2^2. It can be formalized as an optimization problem that minimizes the hinge loss Ʃ[subscript i](1-y[subscript i] f(x[subscript i]))₊ plus the L₂-norm of the weight vector. SVM is now a mainstay method of machine learning. The goal of this dissertation work is to solve different biomedical data analysis problems efficiently using extensions of SVM, in which we augment the standard SVM formulation based on the application requirements. The biomedical applications we explore in this thesis include: cancer diagnosis, biomarker discovery, and energy function learning for protein structure prediction.
Ovarian cancer diagnosis is problematic because the disease is typically asymptomatic especially at early stages of progression and/or recurrence. We investigate a sample set consisting of 44 women diagnosed with serous papillary ovarian cancer and 50 healthy women or women with benign conditions. We profile the relative metabolite levels in the patient sera using a high throughput ambient ionization mass spectrometry technique, Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART). We then reduce the diagnostic classification on these metabolic profiles into a functional classification problem and solve it with functional Support Vector Machine (fSVM) method. The assay distinguished between the cancer and control groups with an unprecedented 99\% accuracy (100\% sensitivity, 98\% specificity) under leave-one-out-cross-validation. This approach has significant clinical potential as a cancer diagnostic tool.
High throughput technologies provide simultaneous evaluation of thousands of potential biomarkers to distinguish different patient groups. In order to assist biomarker discovery from these low sample size high dimensional cancer data, we first explore a convex relaxation of the L₀-SVM problem and solve it using mixed-integer programming techniques. We further propose a more efficient L₀-SVM approximation, fractional norm SVM, by replacing the L₂-penalty with L[subscript q]-penalty (q in (0,1)) in the optimization formulation. We solve it through Difference of Convex functions (DC) programming technique. Empirical studies on the synthetic data sets as well as the real-world biomedical data sets support the effectiveness of our proposed L₀-SVM approximation methods over other commonly-used sparse SVM methods such as the L₁-SVM method.
A critical open problem in emph{ab initio} protein folding is protein energy function design. We reduce the problem of learning energy function for extit{ab initio} folding to a standard machine learning problem, learning-to-rank. Based on the application requirements, we constrain the reduced ranking problem with non-negative weights and develop two efficient algorithms for non-negativity constrained SVM optimization. We conduct the empirical study on an energy data set for random conformations of 171 proteins that falls into the {it ab initio} folding class. We compare our approach with the optimization approach used in protein structure prediction tool, TASSER. Numerical results indicate that our approach was able to learn energy functions with improved rank statistics (evaluated by pairwise agreement) as well as improved correlation between the total energy and structural dissimilarity.
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Barbieri, Nicholas. "Engineering and Application of Ultrafast Laser Pulses and Filamentation in Air." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5602.
Full textAbstract:
Continuing advances in laser and photonic technology has seen the development of lasers with increasing power and increasingly short pulsewidths, which have become available over an increasing range of wavelengths. As the availability of laser sources grow, so do their applications. To make better use of this improving technology, understanding and controlling laser propagation in free space is critical, as is understanding the interaction between laser light and matter. The need to better control the light obtained from increasingly advanced laser sources leads to the emergence of beam engineering, the systematic understanding and control of light through refractive media and free space. Beam engineering enables control over the beam shape, energy and spectral composition during propagation, which can be achieved through a variety of means. In this dissertation, several methods of beam engineering are investigated. These methods enable improved control over the shape and propagation of laser light. Laser-matter interaction is also investigated, as it provides both a means to control the propagation of pulsed laser light through the atmosphere, and provides a means to generation remote sources of radiation.Ph.D.
Doctorate
Physics
Sciences
Physics
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Dai, Ping. "Réjection de perturbation sur un système multi-sources - Application à une propulsion hybride." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2251/document.
Full textAbstract:
Ce mémoire porte sur l'étude d'un système de gestion d'énergie électrique dans un système multi-sources soumis à des perturbations exogènes. L'application visée est l'alimentation d'une propulsion hybride diesel/électrique équipée d'un système d'absorption des pulsations de couple. Les perturbations exogènes considérées peuvent être transitoires ou persistantes. Une perturbation transitoire correspond à une variation rapide du couple de charge, due par exemple à une accélération ou une décélération du véhicule. Une perturbation persistante provient du système de compensation des pulsations de couple générées par le moteur thermique. Le premier objectif du contrôle est de maintenir constante la tension du bus continu. Le deuxième objectif est d'absorber dans un système de stockage rapide constitué de super condensateur ces perturbations qui peuvent à terme provoquer une usure prématurée de la batterie. Le troisième objectif est de compenser l'auto-décharge dans le super condensateur en maintenant constante sa tension nominale. Les deux sources (batterie et super condensateur) sont reliées au bus continu par l'intermédiaire de deux convertisseurs boost DC/DC. La commande consiste à piloter les rapports cycliques de chaque convertisseur. C'est un système non linéaire où la commande est multiplicative de l'état. L'approche classique consistant à résoudre les équations Francis-Byrnes-Isidori ne s'applique pas directement dans ce cas où la sortie et la matrice d'interconnection dépendent de la commande. De plus, si cette approche est bien adaptée au rejet de perturbations persistantes, elle montre ces limites pour le rejet de perturbations non persistantes combiné à des objectifs de régulation. Notre approche a consisté à écrire le système sous un formalisme Port-Controlled Hamiltonian et à s'affranchir de la contrainte de la dépendance de la matrice d'interconnection avec la commande en utilisant la théorie des perturbations singulières. La commande du système dégénéré peut ensuite être calculée par une approche passive. Les performances de cette commande ont été testées en simulation et à l'aide d'un banc d'essai expérimental. Les résultats montrent l'efficacité du système d'absorption des différents types de perturbation tout en respectant les deux objectifs de régulationThis thesis presents the research of energy management in a battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system with exogenous disturbance in hybrid electric vehicular application. Transient and harmonic persistent disturbances are the two kinds of disturbances considered in this thesis. The former is due to the transient load power demand during acceleration and deceleration, and the latter is introduced from the process of the internal combustion engine torque ripples compensation. Our control objective is to absorb the disturbances causing battery wear via the ultracapacitor, and meanwhile, to maintain a constant DC voltage and to compensate the self-discharge in the ultracapacitor to maintain it operating at the nominal state of charge. The object system is nonlinear due to the multiplicative relation between the input and the state. The traditional approach to solve Francis-Byrnes-Isidori equations cannot be directly applied in this case since the interconnect matrix depends on the control input. Besides, even if this approach is well suited to the rejection of persistent disturbances, it shows the limits for the case of non-persistent disturbances which is also our object. Our contributed control method is realized through a cascade control structure based on the singular perturbation theory. The ultracapacitor current with the fastest motion rate is controlled in the inner fast loop through which we impose the desired dynamic to the system. The reduced system controlled in the outer slow loop is a Hamiltonian system and the controller is designed via interconnection and damping assignment. Simulations and experiments have been carried out to evaluate the control performance. A contrast of the system responses with and without the control algorithm shows that, with the control algorithm, the ultracapacitor effectively absorbs the disturbances; and verifies the effectiveness of the control algorithm
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Colaitis, Arnaud. "Multiscale description of the laser-plasma interaction : application to the physics of shock ignition in inertial confinement fusion." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0253/document.
Full textAbstract:
Ce manuscrit présente une nouvelle formulation de l’Interaction Laser-Plasma (ILP) à l’échelle hydrodynamique, qui couple la dynamique du plasma avec les processus d’ILP linéaires et non-linéaires. Le modèle standard du tracé de rayon (Ray-Tracing), basé sur l’Optique Géométrique, est peu adapté pour modéliser l’ILP non-linéaire car la distribution de l’intensité laser dans le plasma n’est pas directement disponible. Nous proposons un modèle alternatif spécifiquement formulé pour un code hydrodynamique Lagrangien, basé sur l’Optique Géométrique Complexe Paraxiale qui décrit la propagation de faisceaux Gaussiens. Cette méthode est ensuite adaptée à la description de faisceaux laser non Gaussiens, et permet de reproduire la statistique d’intensité, l’enveloppe et le contraste de faisceaux lissés par une Lame de Phase. Nous proposons des modèles en ligne pour décrire l’échange d’énergie entre faisceaux croisés (CBET) et la génération d’électrons rapides par l’ILP non-linéaire, en utilisant PCGO. Le modèle en ligne de CBET est validé par comparaison avec un code de propagation d’une onde électromagnétique paraxial conventionnel dans le cas d’un plasma inhomogène en vitesse. Un bon accord est trouvé après une période transitoire de l’ordre de la picoseconde, notamment en ce qui concerne la distribution spatiale de l’intensité laser et des perturbations de densité du plasma. Ce modèle appliqué à une configuration d’attaque directe de Fusion par Confinement Inertiel (FCI) montre que le CBET réduit le couplage laser-cible, réduit le facteur de convergence, et amplifie les modes basse fréquence de déformation de la capsule. Le modèle de génération d’électrons rapides par l’ILP non-linéaire modélise les propriétés des faisceaux d’électrons rapides, i.e. leur flux, énergie moyenne, dispersions angulaire et direction, à partir de l’intensité laser prédite par PCGO et à partir d’expressions simplifiées, basées sur des modèles théoriques et des lois d’échelles obtenues à l’aide de simulations cinétiques. La propagation et le dépôt d’énergie par les électrons rapides est décrite à partir d’une approximation de diffusion angulaire adaptée en deux dimensions, pour des faisceaux de profil transverse d’intensité Gaussien, de distribution d’énergie exponentielle et d’ouverture angulaire arbitraire. Ce modèle couplé rend compte de (i) la compétition pour l’énergie laser entre les différentes instabilités et avec l’absorption collisionnelle, (ii) le couplage entre l’ILP non-linéaire et la dynamique du plasma à travers les faisceaux d’électrons rapides, et(iii) la perte de couplage laser-plasma due à la diffusion Raman arrière. Les performances de ce modèle sont évaluées par comparaisons avec des expériences d’allumage par choc conduites sur les installations laser Omega et Pals. Ce modèle multi-échelle est ensuite utilisé pour interpréter plusieurs expériences. On trouve notamment que les électrons générés par l’ILP non-linéaire augmentent la vitesse du choc et la pression en aval de ce dernier, tout en réduisant sa force et la pression d’ablation. Une application à la phase fortement non-linéaire de l’allumage par choc en FCI suggère que ces électrons sont néfastes pour l’implosion de la capsule en ce qui concerne les cibles conventionnelles : ceux-ci causent une augmentation de la masse du point chaud et des pertes radiatives. Ce modèle peut être appliqué à la modélisation hydrodynamique des expériences laser-cible de physique des hautes densités d’énergie pour les régimes d’interaction pertinents pour les instabilités évoquées ci dessusThis manuscript presents a novel formulation of the Laser-Plasma Interaction (LPI) at hydrodynamical scales, that couples the plasma dynamics with linear and nonlinear LPI processes. The standard Ray Tracing model, based on Geometrical Optics, is not well suited for that purpose because it does not readily describe the laser intensity distribution in plasma. We propose an alternative model formulated for a Lagrangian hydrodynamic code. It is based on the ray-based Paraxial Complex Geometrical Optics (PCGO) that describes Gaussian optical beamlets. A method for modeling non-Gaussian laser beams smoothed by Phase Plates is presented, that allows to create intensity variations that reproduce the beam envelope, contrast and high-intensity statistics predicted by paraxial laser propagation codes. We propose inline reduced models for the non-linear laser-plasma interaction, in the case of the Cross-Beam Energy Transfer (CBET) and the generation of Hot Electrons (HE). The inline CBET model is validated against a time-dependent conventional paraxial electromagnetic wave propagation code, in a well-defined plasma configuration with density and velocity profiles corresponding to an inhomogeneous plasma. Good agreement is found past a transient period on the picosecond time scale, notably for the spatial distribution of density perturbations and laser intensities in the interaction region. Application of the model to a direct-drive Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) configuration shows that CBET significantly degrades the irradiation symmetry by amplifying low frequency modes and reducing the laser-capsule coupling efficiency, ultimately leading to large modulations of the shell areal density and lower convergence ratios. The LPI/HE model predicts the HE fluxes, temperatures, angular dispersion and direction from the laser intensity of PCGO beamlets from simplified expressions based on theoretical models and scaling laws obtained in kinetic simulations. The HE beams propagation and energy deposition in plasma is described in the angular scattering approximation, adapted to two-dimensional, transversally Gaussian, multigroup HE beams of arbitrary angular distribution. This model accounts for (i) competition for the laser energy between the various instabilities and with the linear collisional absorption, (ii) coupling between nonlinear LPIs and plasma dynamics via the high energy electron beams and(iii) loss of coupling due to backscattered Raman light. Its performance is confirmed by comparison with measurements of shock timing, laser absorption, HE fluxes and temperatures in experiments conducted on Omega and Pals laser facilities. This multiscale inline LPI-HE model is used to interpret several Shock Ignition experiments. It is found that HEs from parametric instabilities significantly increase the shock pressure and velocity in the target, while decreasing its strength and the overall ablation pressure. Applications to the high-intensity regime of shock ignition ICF suggest that HEs generated by the nonlinear LPI are nefarious to the capsule implosion in conventional target designs, as they lead to a dramatic increase in the hotspot mass and losses by Bremsstrahlung radiation. This model is readily applicable to hydrodynamic description of laser-target experiments of High Energy Density Physics, in the interaction regimes involving the above-mentioned non-linear LPI processes
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Fadda, Emilienne. "Evaluation des composantes de l'énergie de surface par la technique des angles de contact : application à la mise au point et au controle de procédés en microélectronique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10222.
Full textAbstract:
Les differentes etapes des procedes de la microelectronique se traduisent par des modifications physico-chimiques de materiaux organiques et inorganiques. Pour l'etude des surfaces et des interfaces, hormis les methodes optiques, il existe peu de techniques de caracterisation simples, rapides, non destructives et utilisables aisement en salle blanche, dans un contexte de production. La mesure des angles de contact presente potentiellement ces avantages. Elle permet de determiner les differentes composantes de l'energie de surface et donc d'acceder aux interactions de van der waals et aux interactions acido-basiques presentes en surface. Pour identifier les modifications de surface revelees par les angles de contact et, afin de valider cette technique, il est necessaire de correler ces informations avec d'autres techniques de caracterisation, comme l'afm, l'xps et l'ir. Il est alors possible de mieux comprendre les phenomenes mis en jeu lors des procedes et donc d'optimiser les etapes. Le travail de these porte principalement sur l'etude des etapes de photolithographie qui est l'un des points critiques en microelectronique. Tout d'abord, les materiaux de base (polymeres, solvants) utilises ont ete analyses afin de determiner la sensibilite de la technique de caracterisation. Les differentes etapes de la lithographie (depot du film, insolation et developpement) ont ensuite ete etudiees. Dans cette etude, les mecanismes de fonctionnement des resines positives (i-line et duv) ont ete abordes. Pour terminer, la possibilite d'integrer la technique de mesure des angles de contact comme controle en ligne des etapes de lithographie a ete evaluee. D'autres exemples empruntes aux procedes de microelectronique comme le depot de couches epitaxiees ou la realisation d'interconnexions ont permis de confirmer les potentialites de la technique pour le controle en ligne des procedes
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Raguenel, Margaux. "Modélisation des phénomènes thermo-hydrauliques dans des réservoirs fracturés sur des maillages non structurés : application au réservoir géothermique de Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0338.
Full textAbstract:
La quantification des ressources géologiques naturelles (huile, gaz, eau, dépôts minéraux, énergie géothermique, etc.) nécessite une compréhension et une description précises des hétérogénéités géologiques et des processus physico-chimiques qui contrôlent leur formation, leur mise en place, leur préservation et leur récupération. Pour caractériser le comportement physique des réservoirs, des modèles géologiques en 2D, 3D et 4D servent de base aux simulations numériques. Un modèle numérique requiert l’intégration et l’homogénéisation de nombreuses données obtenues à différentes échelles. Cela exige hypothèses, choix et simplifications pour représenter la complexité des objets géologiques et des processus physiques avec un nombre limité de paramètres. Dans le cas des études de réservoirs géothermiques haute température, il faut faire face à la complexité géométrique et structurale liée aux environnements volcaniques et à la résolution de processus physiques couplés. Cela demande l’utilisation de recherches effectuées dans différents domaines, avec différents outils. L’interopérabilité entre ces outils théoriques et numériques est un défi. Ces travaux de thèse proposent de pallier ce problème en réalisant des modèles géologiques dont la complexité est préservée à l’aide de maillages non structurés et d’outils permettant de réaliser des simulations de processus physiques couplés réalistes. Des stratégies de conservation de l'intégrité d'un modèle structural sont proposées, respectant les données et l’organisation des structures géologiques. Différents outils ont été élaborés pour identifier et préserver ces structures jouant un rôle particulier dans les processus physiques, comme les couches, failles ou frontières d'un modèle. Une représentation numérique adaptée à la géologie (permise par la librairie RINGMesh utilisant les concepts géologiques dans la description du modèle numérique) préserve ces différents éléments depuis le géomodeleur (SKUA-GocadTM) jusqu’aux simulations physiques (CSMP++). Les outils créés sont inclus dans une chaîne intégrative, allant de la modélisation géologique aux simulations physiques, i.e. de la caractérisation de la géométrie des structures vers la quantification des ressources. Les méthodologies développées sont d’abord validées grâce à des solutions analytiques et appliquées sur des cas synthétiques. Elles sont ensuite utilisées pour comprendre l'évolution des processus thermohydrauliques dans le réservoir géothermique de Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe (cadre du programme GEOTREF). Une première étude menée en 2D compare le réalisme physique de différents scénarios géologiques possibles selon les données de terrain (profils de température et campagne magnétotellurique). Cette étude reproduit les profils de température observés pour deux scénarios étudiés, et semble exclure l’hypothèse de transferts latéraux de chaleur à l’échelle de l’île. Une seconde étude réalisée en 3D, avec une complexification progressive du modèle géologique, quantifie l'impact des structures sur le comportement physique du réservoir. Il apparaît que le comportement thermique du modèle réalisé est principalement influencé par la topographie de la zone, malgré l’ajout d’hétérogénéités plus perméables telles des corridors de failles. Cependant, des hétérogénéités imperméables comme les surfaces de glissements n’ont pas été incluses, et des incertitudes majeures concernant la position, la taille et la forme de la source de chaleur pourraient être étudiées. Ces travaux de thèse ont ainsi permis (1) de mettre en place un environnement numérique propice pour tester l’impact des hétérogénéités géologiques sur le comportement physique des réservoirs, (2) d’ouvrir la voie vers une meilleure compréhension et caractérisation du comportement hydraulique et thermique d’un réservoir géothermique, et particulièrement vers la quantification de l’influence de la géométrie et de la connectivité des hétérogénéités sur les processus physiquesThe quantification of natural geological resources (oil, gas, water, ore deposits, geothermal energy, etc) calls for a precise understanding and description of the geological heterogeneities and physical and chemical processes that influence their formation, their settings, their preservation and their recovery. In order to understand the physical behavior of subsurface reservoirs, 2D, 3D and 4D geological models must be developed as basis for numerical simulations. A numerical model needs the integration and homogenization of various and multi-scale data. This implies hypothesis, choices and simplifications to represent the complexity of geological objects and physical processes with a limited number of parameters. In the case of high temperature geothermal studies, one must face both the geometric and structural complexity of volcanic environments and the resolution of coupled physical processes. This calls for the use of several developments made in different research domains, with different tools. However, interoperability between all these theoretical and numerical tools remains a challenge. This work tackles this issue by preserving the geometrical complexity of geological models thanks to unstructured grids and tools which allows realistic physical simulations. New strategies are proposed to preserve the geological characteristics of the model, by honoring field data and the organization of geological structures during physical simulations. Several tools have been developed to identify and represent these structures that play a fundamental role in physical processes, such as layers, faults or model boundaries. An adapted numerical representation (allowed by the RINGMesh library which focuses on using geological concepts in the model description) preserves these elements from the geomodeler (SKUA-GocadTM) to the physical simulator (CSMP++). These tools are part of an integrated workflow, going from geological modeling to physical simulations, i.e. from geometrical characterization of the main geological structures to the quantification of reservoir resources. The developed methodologies are first benchmarked with analytical solutions and applied on synthetic cases. They have then been used in a case study to understand the evolution of thermo-hydraulic processes in the geothermal reservoir of Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe (in the frame of the GEOTREF project). A first study has been led in 2D to assess the physical realism of three possible geological scenarios designed in regard of the available field data, such as temperature profiles and MT survey. This study reproduces the observed temperature profiles in two of the studied scenarios and seems to exclude the hypothesis of strong lateral heat transfers at the island scale. A second study has then been realized in 3D, using a progressive model complexification approach to test the impact of heterogeneities on the global physical behavior of the reservoir. It appears that the thermal behavior of the designed model is mainly influenced by the topography of the area, rather than the introduction of permeable heterogeneities, such as fault corridors. However, impermeable features such as sliding surfaces have not been added and a major uncertainty about the heat source position, shape and size remains and could be further studied. These works have allowed (1) to build of a numerical environment that facilitates the tests regarding the impact of geological heterogeneities on the physical behavior of reservoirs, (2) to open the path toward a better understanding and characterization of the thermo-hydraulic behavior of a geothermal reservoir, and especially toward the quantification of the influence of the geometry and connectivity of heterogeneities on physical processes
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Mallangi, Siva Sai Reddy. "Low-Power Policies Based on DVFS for the MUSEIC v2 System-on-Chip." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-229443.
Full textAbstract:
Multi functional health monitoring wearable devices are quite prominent these days. Usually these devices are battery-operated and consequently are limited by their battery life (from few hours to a few weeks depending on the application). Of late, it was realized that these devices, which are currently being operated at fixed voltage and frequency, are capable of operating at multiple voltages and frequencies. By switching these voltages and frequencies to lower values based upon power requirements, these devices can achieve tremendous benefits in the form of energy savings. Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) techniques have proven to be handy in this situation for an efficient trade-off between energy and timely behavior. Within imec, wearable devices make use of the indigenously developed MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). This system is optimized for efficient and accurate collection, processing, and transfer of data from multiple (health) sensors. MUSEIC v2 has limited means in controlling the voltage and frequency dynamically. In this thesis we explore how traditional DVFS techniques can be applied to the MUSEIC v2. Experiments were conducted to find out the optimum power modes to efficiently operate and also to scale up-down the supply voltage and frequency. Considering the overhead caused when switching voltage and frequency, transition analysis was also done. Real-time and non real-time benchmarks were implemented based on these techniques and their performance results were obtained and analyzed. In this process, several state of the art scheduling algorithms and scaling techniques were reviewed in identifying a suitable technique. Using our proposed scaling technique implementation, we have achieved 86.95% power reduction in average, in contrast to the conventional way of the MUSEIC v2 chip’s processor operating at a fixed voltage and frequency. Techniques that include light sleep and deep sleep mode were also studied and implemented, which tested the system’s capability in accommodating Dynamic Power Management (DPM) techniques that can achieve greater benefits. A novel approach for implementing the deep sleep mechanism was also proposed and found that it can obtain up to 71.54% power savings, when compared to a traditional way of executing deep sleep mode.Nuförtiden så har multifunktionella bärbara hälsoenheter fått en betydande roll. Dessa enheter drivs vanligtvis av batterier och är därför begränsade av batteritiden (från ett par timmar till ett par veckor beroende på tillämpningen). På senaste tiden har det framkommit att dessa enheter som används vid en fast spänning och frekvens kan användas vid flera spänningar och frekvenser. Genom att byta till lägre spänning och frekvens på grund av effektbehov så kan enheterna få enorma fördelar när det kommer till energibesparing. Dynamisk skalning av spänning och frekvens-tekniker (såkallad Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling, DVFS) har visat sig vara användbara i detta sammanhang för en effektiv avvägning mellan energi och beteende. Hos Imec så använder sig bärbara enheter av den internt utvecklade MUSEIC v2 (Multi Sensor Integrated circuit version 2.0). Systemet är optimerat för effektiv och korrekt insamling, bearbetning och överföring av data från flera (hälso) sensorer. MUSEIC v2 har begränsad möjlighet att styra spänningen och frekvensen dynamiskt. I detta examensarbete undersöker vi hur traditionella DVFS-tekniker kan appliceras på MUSEIC v2. Experiment utfördes för att ta reda på de optimala effektlägena och för att effektivt kunna styra och även skala upp matningsspänningen och frekvensen. Eftersom att ”overhead” skapades vid växling av spänning och frekvens gjordes också en övergångsanalys. Realtidsoch icke-realtidskalkyler genomfördes baserat på dessa tekniker och resultaten sammanställdes och analyserades. I denna process granskades flera toppmoderna schemaläggningsalgoritmer och skalningstekniker för att hitta en lämplig teknik. Genom att använda vår föreslagna skalningsteknikimplementering har vi uppnått 86,95% effektreduktion i jämförelse med det konventionella sättet att MUSEIC v2-chipets processor arbetar med en fast spänning och frekvens. Tekniker som inkluderar lätt sömn och djupt sömnläge studerades och implementerades, vilket testade systemets förmåga att tillgodose DPM-tekniker (Dynamic Power Management) som kan uppnå ännu större fördelar. En ny metod för att genomföra den djupa sömnmekanismen föreslogs också och enligt erhållna resultat så kan den ge upp till 71,54% lägre energiförbrukning jämfört med det traditionella sättet att implementera djupt sömnläge.
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Han, Junyan. "Design, Syntheses and Biological Applications of Through-bond Energy Transfer Cassettes and Novel Non-covalently Cell Penetrating Peptides." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-08-7016.
Full textAbstract:
A xanthene-BODIPY cassette is used as a ratiometric intracellular pH reporter
for imaging protein-dye conjugates in living cells. A model was hypothesized to explain
the pH-dependent energy transfer efficiencies from the donor to the acceptor based on
the electronic chemistry data.
Sulfonation conditions were developed for BODIPY dyes to give water-soluble
functionalized monosulfonation and disulfonation donors. A water-soluble TBET
cassette, which has good photophysical properties, was synthesized using a bissulfonated
BODIPY dye as the donor, and their applications for in vitro protein labeling is
achieved. Chemoselective cross-coupling reactions were demonstrated for C-S bonds in
the BODIPY dye, and similar reactions were applied to make the acceptor of the watersoluble
cassette.
Chemiluminescent energy transfer cassettes based on fluorescein and Nile Red
were synthesized and their spectral properties were studied.
Pep-1 (also known as Chariot), R8 (which is not often used as a non-covalent
protein carrier), and a new synthesized compound, Azo-R8, was used for the study of non-covalent delivery of four different proteins into mammalian cells. Data from
confocal spectroscopy revealed that all three carriers are effective for translocating
protein cargos into live cells. At 37 dgrees C, import into endocytic compartments dominates,
but at 4 degrees C weak, diffuse fluorescence is observed in the cytosol indicative of a favorable
mode of action.
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Lapointe, Andréanne. "Applications du tomodensitomètre à double énergie en radio-oncologie." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20604.
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Simard, Mikaël. "Étude de la tomodensitométrie spectrale quantitative et ses applications en radiothérapie." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25252.
Full textAbstract:
La tomodensitométrie par rayons-X (CT) est une modalité d’imagerie produisant une carte tridimensionnelle du coefficient d’atténuation des rayons-X d’un objet. En radiothérapie, le CT fournit de l’information anatomique et quantitative sur le patient afin de permettre la planification du traitement et le calcul de la dose de radiation à livrer. Le CT a plusieurs problèmes, notamment (1) une limitation au niveau de l’exactitude des paramètres physiques quantitatifs extraits du patient, et (2) une sensibilité aux biais causés par des artéfacts de durcissement du faisceau. Enfin, (3) dans le cas où le CT est fait en présence d’un agent de contraste pour améliorer la planification du traitement, il est nécessaire d’effectuer un deuxième CT sans agent de contraste à des fins de calcul de dose, ce qui augmente la dose au patient. Ces trois problèmes limitent l’efficacité du CT pour certaines modalités de traitement qui sont plus sensibles aux incertitudes comme la protonthérapie.
Le CT spectral regroupe un ensemble de méthodes pour produire plusieurs cartes d’atténuation des rayons-X moyennées sur différentes plages énergétiques. L’information supplémentaire, pondérée en énergie qui est obtenue permet une meilleure caractérisation des matériaux analysés. Le potentiel de l’une de ces modalités spectrales, le CT bi-énergie (DECT), est déjà bien démontré en radiothérapie, alors qu’une approche en plein essor, le CT spectral à comptage de photons (SPCCT), promet davantage d’information spectrale à l’aide de détecteurs discriminateurs en énergie. Par contre, le SPCCT souffre d’un bruit plus important et d’un conditionnement réduit. Cette thèse investigue la question suivante : y a-t-il un bénéfice à utiliser plus d’information résolue en énergie, mais de qualité réduite pour la radiothérapie ? La question est étudiée dans le contexte des trois problèmes ci-haut.
Tout d’abord, un estimateur maximum a posteriori (MAP) est introduit au niveau de la caractérisation des tissus post-reconstruction afin de débruiter les données du CT spectral. L’approche est validée expérimentalement sur un DECT. Le niveau de bruit du pouvoir d’arrêt des protons diminue en moyenne d’un facteur 3.2 à l’aide de l’estimateur MAP. Celui-ci permet également de conserver généralement le caractère quantitatif des paramètres physiques estimés, le pouvoir d’arrêt variant en moyenne de 0.9% par rapport à l’approche conventionnelle. Ensuite, l’estimateur MAP est adapté au contexte de l’imagerie avec agent de contraste. Les résultats numériques démontrent un bénéfice clair à utiliser le SPCCT pour l’imagerie virtuellement sans contraste par rapport au DECT, avec une réduction de l’erreur RMS sur le pouvoir d’arrêt des protons de 2.7 à 1.4%. Troisièmement, les outils développés ci-haut sont validés expérimentalement sur un micro-SPCCT de la compagnie MARS Bioimaging, dont le détecteur à comptage de photons est le Medipix 3, qui est utilisé pour le suivi de particules au CERN. De légers bénéfices au niveau de l’estimation des propriétés physiques à l’aide du SPCCT par rapport au DECT sont obtenus pour des matériaux substituts à des tissus humains. Finalement, une nouvelle paramétrisation du coefficient d’atténuation pour l’imagerie pré-reconstruction est proposée, dans le but ultime de corriger les artéfacts de durcissement du faisceau. La paramétrisation proposée élimine les biais au niveau de l’exactitude de la caractérisation des tissus humains par rapport aux paramétrisations existantes. Cependant, aucun avantage n’a été obtenu à l’aide du SPCCT par rapport au DECT, ce qui suggère qu’il est nécessaire d’incorporer l’estimation MAP dans l’imagerie pré-reconstruction via une approche de reconstruction itérative.X-ray computed tomography (CT) is an imaging modality that produces a tridimensional map of the attenuation of X-rays by the scanned object. In radiation therapy, CT provides anatomical and quantitative information on the patient that is required for treatment planning. However, CT has some issues, notably (1) a limited accuracy in the estimation of quantitative physical parameters of the patient, and (2) a sensitivity to biases caused by beam hardening artifacts. Finally, (3) in the case where contrast-enhanced CT is performed to help treatment planning, a second scan with no contrast agent is required for dose calculation purposes, which increases the overall dose to the patient. Those 3 problems limit the efficiency of CT for some treatment modalities more sensitive to uncertainties, such as proton therapy. Spectral CT regroups a set of methods that allows the production of multiple X-ray attenuation maps evaluated over various energy windows. The additional energy-weighted information that is obtained allows better material characterization. The potential of one spectral CT modality, dual-energy CT (DECT), is already well demonstrated for radiation therapy, while an upcoming method, spectral photon counting CT (SPCCT), promises more spectral information with the help of energy discriminating detectors. Unfortunately, SPCCT suffers from increased noise and poor conditioning. This thesis thus investigates the following question: is there a benefit to using more, but lower quality energy-resolved information for radiotherapy? The question is studied in the context of the three problems discussed earlier. First, a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator is introduced for post-reconstruction tissue characterization for denoising purposes in spectral CT. The estimator is validated experimentally using a commercial DECT. The noise level on the proton stopping power is reduced, on average, by a factor of 3.2 with the MAP estimator. The estimator also generally con- serves the quantitative accuracy of estimated physical parameters. For instance, the stopping power varies on average by 0.9% with respect to the conventional approach. Then, the MAP estimation framework is adapted to the context of contrast-enhanced imaging. Numerical results show clear benefits when using SPCCT for virtual non-contrast imaging compared to DECT, with a reduction of the RMS error on the proton stopping power from 2.7 to 1.4%. Third, the developed tools are validated experimentally on a micro-SPCCT from MARS Bioimaging, which uses the Medipix 3 chip as a photon counting detector. Small benefits in the accuracy of physical parameters of tissue substitutes materials are obtained. Finally, a new parametrization of the attenuation coefficient for pre-reconstruction imaging is pro- posed, whose ultimate aim is to correct beam hardening artifacts. In a simulation study, the proposed parametrization eliminates all biases in the estimated physical parameters of human tissues, which is an improvement upon existing parametrizations. However, no ad- vantage has been obtained with SPCCT compared to DECT, which suggests the need to incorporate MAP estimation in the pre-reconstruction framework using an iterative reconstruction approach.
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CHANG, CHUN-HAO, and 張淳皓. "Design and Application of Energy Expenditure Prediction Equation for Specific Groups – Base on Athletes and Non-athletes." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2jygs7.
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博士國立體育大學
運動科學研究所
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The purpose of this study is to design an energy expenditure (EE) formulas of wearable device applies to different groups. In this study, we plan to improve and design the new energy consumption prediction formulas of wearable devices which can be suitable for different physical qualities. One hundred and twenty adult subjects were divided into four groups (sedentary, SG; exercise habit, EHG; non-endurance, NEG; endurance, EG) according to physical fitness status, with 30 in each group (half male and female). This project were using the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing System as a criterion measurement (CM), and with the ActiGraph GT9X accelerometer and heart rate monitor to measure 5 speeds (4.80, 6.42, 8.04, 9.66, & 11.28 km/h) treadmill test. Using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc method to understand the difference in EE of the four groups at each speed test. Using Paired t test to investigate the difference between the two measurement systems (CMEE and GT9X-EE) in the test, and calculate Cohen's d effect Size (ES) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Linear regression was used to modify the EE prediction model. Estimating the reliability of EE is further evaluated by the criterion analysis: Pearson coefficient of determination, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). At the same exercise intensity, statistically significant measurement results of CMEE between the four groups were observed (p < 0.000), but there was no apparent difference in the GT9X-EE outcomes (p > 0.05), which were lower than those of CMEE (p < 0.05). Through the integration of vector magnitudes with HRR parameters to correct the traditional formula with multiple linear regression, the HRR showed the highest coefficient of determination (R2) (SG : .851, EHG : .869, NEG : .863, EG : .864) and the ICC (SG : .919, EHG : .930, NEG : .927, EG : .927) compared with accelerometer outputs. The EE predictive equation integrating the accelerometer VM and HRR parameters dramatically improved the accuracy of EE prediction in subject population of different physical characteristics, and especially a significant improvement in the EE estimation of the non-endurance athlete group.
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"An Agent-Based Optimization Framework for Engineered Complex Adaptive Systems with Application to Demand Response in Electricity Markets." Doctoral diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.18700.
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abstract: The main objective of this research is to develop an integrated method to study emergent behavior and consequences of evolution and adaptation in engineered complex adaptive systems (ECASs). A multi-layer conceptual framework and modeling approach including behavioral and structural aspects is provided to describe the structure of a class of engineered complex systems and predict their future adaptive patterns. The approach allows the examination of complexity in the structure and the behavior of components as a result of their connections and in relation to their environment. This research describes and uses the major differences of natural complex adaptive systems (CASs) with artificial/engineered CASs to build a framework and platform for ECAS. While this framework focuses on the critical factors of an engineered system, it also enables one to synthetically employ engineering and mathematical models to analyze and measure complexity in such systems. In this way concepts of complex systems science are adapted to management science and system of systems engineering. In particular an integrated consumer-based optimization and agent-based modeling (ABM) platform is presented that enables managers to predict and partially control patterns of behaviors in ECASs. Demonstrated on the U.S. electricity markets, ABM is integrated with normative and subjective decision behavior recommended by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). The approach integrates social networks, social science, complexity theory, and diffusion theory. Furthermore, it has unique and significant contribution in exploring and representing concrete managerial insights for ECASs and offering new optimized actions and modeling paradigms in agent-based simulation.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Industrial Engineering 2013
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Goodfellow, Ian. "Deep learning of representations and its application to computer vision." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11674.
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