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Journal articles on the topic 'Non-evaporable getters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

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1

Park, Mi Young, Ho Ha, Won Baek Kim, Je Shin Park, Chang Youl Suh, and Saet Byul Woo. "Activation and Gas Sorption Properties of Nano-Size Titanium Powder Getters." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1281.

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Non-evaporable getters (NEGs) are characterized by two major properties i.e. the activation and gas sorption rate for specific gases. Most of the commercial getters are alloys composed of micron-size powders. There have been speculations on the advantage of using nanosize powders as getter material for the obvious increase in volume to surface area ratio and for effective reaction with gases on size reduced particles. In this study, titanium powders of about 80 nm were prepared by electrical wire explosion method and their gettering properties were measured in accordance to ASTM standard. The activation of nano-size titanium powders was completed at about 450oC and the sorption rate was over 4 times higher than those of the micron-size titanium powders.

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2

Ferrario, B., A. Figini, and M. Borghi. "A new generation of porous non-evaporable getters." Vacuum 35, no. 1 (January 1985): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(85)90070-3.

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3

Chiggiato, P. "Production of extreme high vacuum with non evaporable getters." Physica Scripta T71 (January 1, 1997): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1997/t71/002.

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4

Setina, Janez, Sefer Avdiaj, and Bojan Erjavec. "Measuring volume ratios of vacuum vessels using non-evaporable getters." Vacuum 92 (June 2013): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2012.11.010.

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5

Bourim, El-Mostafa, Hee Kim, and Nak-Kwan Chung. "Development and Characterization of Non-Evaporable Getter Thin Films with Ru Seeding Layer for MEMS Applications." Micromachines 9, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9100490.

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Mastering non-evaporable getter (NEG) thin films by elucidating their activation mechanisms and predicting their sorption performances will contribute to facilitating their integration into micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). For this aim, thin film based getters structured in single and multi-metallic layered configurations deposited on silicon substrates such as Ti/Si, Ti/Ru/Si, and Zr/Ti/Ru/Si were investigated. Multilayered NEGs with an inserted Ru seed sub-layer exhibited a lower temperature in priming the activation process and a higher sorption performance compared to the unseeded single Ti/Si NEG. To reveal the gettering processes and mechanisms in the investigated getter structures, thermal activation effect on the getter surface chemical state change was analyzed with in-situ temperature XPS measurements, getter sorption behavior was measured by static pressure method, and getter dynamic sorption performance characteristics was measured by standard conductance (ASTM F798–97) method. The correlation between these measurements allowed elucidating residual gas trapping mechanism and prediction of sorption efficiency based on the getter surface poisoning. The gettering properties were found to be directly dependent on the different changes of the getter surface chemical state generated by the activation process. Thus, it was demonstrated that the improved sorption properties, obtained with Ru sub-layer based multi-layered NEGs, were related to a gettering process mechanism controlled simultaneously by gas adsorption and diffusion effects, contrarily to the single layer Ti/Si NEG structure in which the gettering behavior was controlled sequentially by surface gas adsorption until reaching saturation followed then by bulk diffusion controlled gas sorption process.

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6

Sciuccati, F., B. Ferrario, G. Gasparini, and L. Rosai. "In situ pumping with NEG (non-evaporable getters) during vacuum processing." Vacuum 38, no. 8-10 (January 1988): 765–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(88)90460-5.

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7

Santucci, Alessia, Luca Farina, Silvano Tosti, and Antonio Frattolillo. "Novel Non-Evaporable Getter Materials and Their Possible Use in Fusion Application for Tritium Recovery." Molecules 25, no. 23 (December 1, 2020): 5675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235675.

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Non-evaporable getters (NEGs) are metallic compounds of the IV group, particularly titanium and/or zirconium-based alloys and are usually used as pumps in vacuum technologies since they are able to sorb, by chemical reactions, most of the active gas molecules, with particular efficacy towards hydrogen isotopes. This work suggests an alternative application of these materials to fusion nuclear reactors, where there is the need to recover small amount of tritium from the large helium flow rate composing the primary coolant loop. Starting from the tritium mass balance inside the primary coolant loop, the amount of coolant to be routed inside the coolant purification system (CPS) is identified. Then a feasibility study, based on the bulk getter theory, is presented by considering three different commercial alloys, named ST707, ST101 and ZAO. The results provide the mass, the area and the regeneration parameters of the three different alloys necessary to fulfill the requirements of the CPS unit. By comparing the features of the three alloys, the ZAO material appears the most promising for the proposed application because it requires the lower amount of material and a lower number of regeneration cycles.

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8

Mazza, F., and C. Boffito. "Nonevaporable Getters: Properties and Applications." MRS Bulletin 15, no. 7 (July 1990): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400059261.

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Many advanced technologies, such as surface science, semiconductor processing and high energy physics, call for vacuum levels of the order of 10−11 mbar and lower. These pressures can not be reached without a careful choice of materials, treatments, and evacuation means for the vacuum device involved. Non-evaporable getters (NEGs) are increasingly being recognized as an interesting and powerful solution for many vacuum problems. NEGs have been used extensively in sealed-off devices such as microwave tubes, traveling wave tubes, x-ray tubes, lamps, and infrared detector dewars, in which their main role is to assure the desired vacuum level throughout the life of the sealed device. The getter material can be considered as a chemical pump which removes the active gases in the residual atmosphere of the vacuum device by forming stable chemical compounds.The choice of materials, treatments, and structures of nonevaporable getter materials is critical for the optimization of the sorption and diffusion processes which are the basis of the NEG pumping mechanism. The effectiveness of this pumping mechanism at very low pressures, and the cleanliness and simplicity of operation have made this pumping approach ideal, in combination with other pumping technologies, for reaching the extreme high vacuums today's advanced technologies require. This article will explain the mechanism of the gettering process, describing materials, treatments, and structures used in standard vacuum practice, and will review some of the most typical and interesting applications.

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9

Boyko, Anton, Dahir Gaev, Sergei Timoshenkov, Yuri Chaplygin, and Vladimir Petrov. "The Study of Different Structuring Techniques for Creation of Non-Evaporable Getters." Materials Sciences and Applications 04, no. 08 (2013): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msa.2013.48a007.

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10

Aleksandrova, M. V., Y. V. Nikolyukin, and Y. A. Kurganova. "Selection of composite material composition for non-evaporable getters of new generation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 683 (December 13, 2019): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/683/1/012022.

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11

Feng, Tianyou, Yongjun Cheng, Lian Chen, Zhenhua Xi, Jianbing Zhu, and Yali Li. "Hydrogen adsorption characteristics of Zr57V36Fe7 non-evaporable getters at low operating temperatures." Vacuum 154 (August 2018): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.04.038.

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12

Boffito, C. "A survey of traditional and new non-evaporable getters: materials and applications." Vacuum 40, no. 1-2 (January 1990): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(90)90232-n.

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13

Matolín, V., V. Dudr, S. Fabík, V. Cháb, K. Mašek, I. Matolínová, K. C. Prince, et al. "Activation of binary Zr–V non-evaporable getters: synchrotron radiation photoemission study." Applied Surface Science 243, no. 1-4 (April 2005): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.09.049.

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14

Zhang, Jiale, Huihui Song, Jinyu Fang, Xueling Hou, Shuiming Huang, Jie Xiang, Tao Lu, and Chao Zhou. "Study on Coated Zr-V-Cr Getter with Pore Gradient Structure for Hydrogen Masers." Materials 15, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 6147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15176147.

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As the core component of satellite navigation, the hydrogen maser needs a high vacuum environment to maintain the stability of the frequency signal. The getter pump, composed of various non-evaporable getters, plays an important role in maintaining the high vacuum. In this paper, the Zr100-xCux (x = 0, 2, 4, 6)/Zr56.97V35.85Cr7.18 getter was studied and the contradiction between sorption performance and mechanical properties was solved. The Zr-V-Cr getter, a better candidate for getter pump, exists for problems which will destroy the high vacuum and affect the service life of the hydrogen maser. To solve the problem of dropping powder from Zr-V-Cr getter, Zr-Cu films were coated on the surface of Zr-V-Cr matrix to obtain the pore gradient structure. After vacuum sintering, the interface showed gradient structure and network change in pore structure from Zr-Cu film to Zr-V-Cr matrix. These characteristic structures made Zr-V-Cr getter have good absorption properties, which is better than a similar product of SAES company and mechanical properties. Because the Zr-Cu film on Zr-V-Cr matrix effectively prevented dropping powders from the matrix, (Zr-Cu)/(Zr-V-Cr) getter solved the problem of dropping powder. The self-developed new getter with pore gradient structure is of great significance for maintaining the high vacuum of hydrogen maser in the future.

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15

Prodromides, A. E., C. Scheuerlein, and M. Taborelli. "The characterisation of non-evaporable getters by Auger electron spectroscopy: analytical potential and artefacts." Applied Surface Science 191, no. 1-4 (May 2002): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(02)00222-2.

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16

Porcelli, Tommaso, Fabrizio Siviero, Gero Antonio Bongiorno, Paolo Michelato, and Carlo Pagani. "Characterisation of sputter-ion pumps to be used in combination with non-evaporable getters." Vacuum 123 (January 2016): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2015.10.010.

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17

Sharma, R. K., N. Mithal, Jagannath, K. G. Bhushan, D. Srivastava, H. R. Prabhakara, S. C. Gadkari, J. V. Yakhmi, and V. C. Sahni. "Ti-Zr-V thin films as non-evaporable getters (NEG) to produce extreme high vacuum." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 114 (May 1, 2008): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/114/1/012050.

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18

Fabı́k, S., V. Cháb, V. Dudr, K. Mašek, K. C. Prince, F. Šutara, K. Veltruská, N. Tsud, M. Vondráček, and V. Matolı́n. "Activation of binary Zr–V non-evaporable getters: a soft X-ray photoemission study of carbide formation." Surface Science 566-568 (September 2004): 1246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2004.06.138.

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19

Yamamoto, Yasushi, Hiroki Konda, Yuki Matsuyama, Hodaka Osawa, and Masami Ohnishi. "Characteristics of Gas Mixture Supply/Pressure Control Using Non-Evaporable Getters in a Discharge-Type Fusion Neutron Source." Fusion Science and Technology 72, no. 4 (August 2, 2017): 773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1347461.

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20

Wang, Jie, Yong Gao, Yaocheng Hu, Jing Zhang, Zhiming You, Qiuyu Sun, Qingyu Si, et al. "Activation characterization of a novel quinary alloy Ti–Zr–V–Hf–Nb non-evaporable getters by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 053906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0079537.

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The first results on the activation process and mechanisms of novel quinary alloy Ti–Zr–V–Hf–Nb non-evaporable getter (NEG) film coatings with copper substrates were presented. About 1.075 µm of Ti–Zr–V–Hf–Nb NEG film coating was deposited on the copper substrates by using the DC sputtering method. The NEG activation at 100, 150, and 180 °C, respectively, for 2 h was in situ characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The as-deposited NEG film mainly comprised the high valence state metallic oxides and the sub-oxides, as well as a small number of metals. The in situ XPS studies indicated that the concentrations of the high-oxidized states of Ti, Zr, V, Hf, and Nb gradually decreased and that of the lower valence metallic oxides and metallic states increased in steps, when the activation temperature increased from 100 to 180 °C. This outcome manifested that these novel quinary alloy Ti–Zr–V–Hf–Nb NEG film coatings could be activated and used for producing ultra-high vacuum.

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21

Širvinskaitė, R., O. B. Malyshev, R. Valizadeh, A. Hannah, and M. D. Cropper. "Single metal zirconium non-evaporable getter coating." Vacuum 179 (September 2020): 109510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109510.

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22

Giorgi, E., C. Boffito, and M. Bolognesi. "A new Ti-based non-evaporable getter." Vacuum 41, no. 7-9 (January 1990): 1935–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(90)94136-e.

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23

Yang, Yuchen, Yongsheng Ma, Shuangkai Chen, Tiezhu Qi, Xiaohua Peng, Haiyi Dong, and Ping He. "Aging effect of non-evaporable getter coatings." Radiation Detection Technology and Methods 4, no. 3 (July 25, 2020): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41605-020-00193-x.

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24

Benvenuti, C., P. Chiggiato, P. Costa Pinto, A. Escudeiro Santana, T. Hedley, A. Mongelluzzo, V. Ruzinov, and I. Wevers. "Vacuum properties of TiZrV non-evaporable getter films." Vacuum 60, no. 1-2 (January 2001): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-207x(00)00246-3.

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25

Baquero-Ruiz, M., S. Coda, F. Dolizy, B. Duval, A. Fasoli, A. Ferrara, E. Maccallini, et al. "Non-evaporable getter pump operations in the TCV tokamak." Fusion Engineering and Design 165 (April 2021): 112267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112267.

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26

Detian, Li, and Cheng Yongjun. "Applications of non evaporable getter pump in vacuum metrology." Vacuum 85, no. 7 (January 2011): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2010.11.008.

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27

Malyshev, Oleg B., Lewis Gurran, Philippe Goudket, Kiril Marinov, Stuart Wilde, Reza Valizadeh, and Graeme Burt. "RF surface resistance study of non-evaporable getter coatings." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 844 (February 2017): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.11.039.

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28

Li, Chien-Cheng, Jow-Lay Huang, Ran-Jin Lin, Hsiao-Kuo Chang, and Jyh-Ming Ting. "Fabrication and characterization of non-evaporable porous getter films." Surface and Coatings Technology 200, no. 5-6 (November 2005): 1351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.08.076.

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29

Park, Je Shin, Won Baek Kim, Mi Young Park, Chang Youl Suh, and Saet Byul Woo. "The Activation and Hydrogen Sorption Characteristics of Zr₅₇V₃₆Fe₇ Alloy and its Constituent Phases." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.991.

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Zr57V36Fe7 alloy is widely used as non-evaporable getter(NEG) material because of its high sorption properties for various gases and relatively low activation temperature. Structurally, it is composed of two phases i.e. AB2 type cubic Laves and hexagonal α-Zr solid solution. The activation and sorption behavior of Zr57V36Fe7 alloy getter was explained in terms of its component phases. It was found that the activation of the alloy is stimulated by the presence of cubic-Zr(V, Fe)2 phase. It is believed that once activated α-Zr solid solution enhance, the sorption of hydrogen.

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30

HAHN, Michael. "Non-Evaporable Getter Coatings at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility." Journal of the Vacuum Society of Japan 53, no. 8 (2010): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj2.53.493.

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31

KIKUCHI, Takashi, Hirokazu TANAKA, Akio TOYOSHIMA, and Kazuhiko MASE. "Construction of Simple Non-Evaporable Getter Assemblies Using St707 Strips." Journal of the Vacuum Society of Japan 53, no. 9 (2010): 533–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj2.53.533.

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32

Prodromides, A. E., C. Scheuerlein, and M. Taborelli. "Lowering the activation temperature of TiZrV non-evaporable getter films." Vacuum 60, no. 1-2 (January 2001): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-207x(00)00243-8.

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33

Gasparini, G., B. Ferrario, and S. Raimondi. "Water vapour sorption characteristics of a non-evaporable getter pump." Vacuum 44, no. 5-7 (May 1993): 733–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(93)90136-x.

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34

Yoon, Jang-Hee. "An In-situ XPS study of non-evaporable ZrVFe getter material." Journal of Analytical Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (March 15, 2010): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5355/jast.2010.61.

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35

Sharma, R. K., Jagannath, S. Bhattacharya, S. C. Gadkari, R. Mukund, and S. K. Gupta. "Thin films of Ti–Nb–Zr as non-evaporable getter films." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 390 (November 5, 2012): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/390/1/012041.

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36

Kumar, K. V. A. N. P. S., T. Bansod, C. Mukherjee, G. Singh, Pragya Tiwari, B. K. Sindal, and S. K. Shukla. "Characterization of titanium-zirconium-vanadium non evaporable getter coated vacuum chambers." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 390 (November 5, 2012): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/390/1/012064.

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37

Zhang, B., Y. Wang, W. Wei, L. Fan, J. P. Wang, and W. M. Li. "Deposition and Characterization of Ti-Zr-V Non-Evaporable Getter Films." Physics Procedia 32 (2012): 802–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.03.639.

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38

Malyshev, O. B., R. Valizadeh, and A. N. Hannah. "Pumping properties of Ti–Zr–Hf–V non-evaporable getter coating." Vacuum 100 (February 2014): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2013.07.035.

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39

Hori, Y., and M. Kobayashi. "Non-evaporable getter performance in the Photon Factory electron storage ring." Vacuum 41, no. 7-9 (January 1990): 1907–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(90)94128-d.

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40

MIYAZAWA, Tetsuya, Kensuke TOBISHIMA, Hiroo KATO, Masashi KURIHARA, Shinya OHNO, Takashi KIKUCHI, and Kazuhiko MASE. "Non-Evaporable Getter (NEG) Coating Using Titanium and Palladium Vacuum Sublimation." Vacuum and Surface Science 61, no. 4 (2018): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/vss.61.227.

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41

Wang, Jie, Yong Gao, Zhiming You, Jiakun Fan, Jing Zhang, Zhaopeng Qiao, Sheng Wang, and Zhanglian Xu. "Non-Evaporable Getter Ti-V-Hf-Zr Film Coating on Laser-Treated Aluminum Alloy Substrate for Electron Cloud Mitigation." Coatings 9, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120839.

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For improving the vacuum and mitigating the electron clouds in ultra-high vacuum chamber systems of high-energy accelerators, the deposition of Ti-V-Hf-Zr getter film on a laser-treated aluminum alloy substrate was proposed and exploited for the first time in this study. The laser-treated aluminum surface exhibits a low secondary electron yield (SEY), which is even lower than 1 for some selected laser parameters. Non-evaporable getter (NEG) Ti-V-Hf-Zr film coatings were prepared using the direct current (DC) sputtering method. The surface morphology, surface roughness and composition of Ti-V-Hf-Zr getter films were characterized and analyzed. The maximum SEY of unactivated Ti-V-Hf-Zr getter film on laser-treated aluminum alloy substrates ranged from 1.10 to 1.48. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra demonstrate that the Ti-V-Hf-Zr coated laser-treated aluminum alloy could be partially activated after being heated at 100 and 150 °C, respectively, for 1 h in a vacuum and also used as a pump. The results were demonstrated initially and the potential application should be considered in future particle accelerators.

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42

Giannantonio, R., M. Succi, and C. Solcia. "Combination of a cryopump and a non-evaporable getter pump in applications." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 15, no. 1 (January 1997): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.580462.

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43

Li, Chien-Cheng, Jow-Lay Huang, Ran-Jin Lin, and Ding-Fwu Lii. "Preparation and characterization of non-evaporable porous Ti–Zr–V getter films." Surface and Coatings Technology 201, no. 7 (December 2006): 3977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.08.018.

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44

Lozano, M. P., and J. Fraxedas. "XPS analysis of the activation process in non-evaporable getter thin films." Surface and Interface Analysis 30, no. 1 (2000): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-9918(200008)30:1<623::aid-sia719>3.0.co;2-y.

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45

Wang, Jie, Jing Zhang, Yong Gao, Yaocheng Hu, Zhiming You, Yupeng Xie, Haipeng Li, et al. "The Activation of Ti-Zr-V-Hf Non-Evaporable Getter Films with Open-Cell Copper Metal Foam Substrates." Materials 13, no. 20 (October 18, 2020): 4650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204650.

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Secondary electron emission (SEE) inhibition and vacuum instability are two important issues in accelerators that may induce multiple effects in accelerators, such as power loss and beam lifetime reduction. In order to mitigate SEE and maintain high vacuum simultaneously, open-cell copper metal foam (OCMF) substrates with Ti-Zr-V-Hf non-evaporable getter (NEG) coatings are first proposed, and the properties of surface morphology, surface chemistry and secondary electron yield (SEY) were analyzed for the first time. According to the experimental results tested at 25 °C, the maximum SEY (δmax) of OCMF before and after Ti-Zr-V-Hf NEG film deposition were 1.25 and 1.22, respectively. The XPS spectra indicated chemical state changes of the metal elements (Ti, Zr, V and Hf) of the Ti-Zr-V-Hf NEG films after heating, suggesting that the NEG films can be activated after heating and used as getter pumps.

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46

Wu, Ling Hui, Chia Mu Cheng, Chin Shueh, Che Kai Chan, Chin Chun Chang, Shen Yaw Perng, and I. Ching Sheng. "Synthesis of Ti-Zr-V Non-Evaporable Getter Thin Films Grown on Al Alloy and CuCrZr Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 730 (February 2017): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.730.87.

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The Ti-Zr-V non-evaporable getter (NEG) films were grown on Aluminum (Al) alloy and CuCrZr alloy, which can be used to fabricate the vacuum chambers in the ultra-high vacuum status. The Al alloy and CuCrZr alloy samples with different surface roughness were prepared by the different manufacturing methods. We studied whether the behavior and the microstructure of the Ti-Zr-V getter films are influence by the surface roughness of the substrate. The surface morphologies of Ti-Zr-V NEG films appear distinct and the growth of the films follows the nature of the substrate surface. The Ti-Zr-V films have nanocrystalline structures and the grain sizes of the films become slightly larger with increasing the surface smoothness. In addition, it was found that the reduction of the Ti-Zr-V NEG films to the metallic state was affected by presence of surface defects on the films. The surface defects should result from the existence of micro-pores, pockmarks, and micro-cracks on the original substrate, which produced from the manufacturing process.

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47

Li, Yulin, Daniel Hess, Roberto Kersevan, and Nariman Mistry. "Design and pumping characteristics of a compact titanium–vanadium non-evaporable getter pump." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 16, no. 3 (May 1998): 1139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.581248.

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Benvenuti, C., J. M. Cazeneuve, P. Chiggiato, F. Cicoira, A. Escudeiro Santana, V. Johanek, V. Ruzinov, and J. Fraxedas. "A novel route to extreme vacua: the non-evaporable getter thin film coatings." Vacuum 53, no. 1-2 (May 1999): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-207x(98)00377-7.

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Yoshida, Hajime. "Testing of non-evaporable getter pills for standardization of their pumping performance testing method." Vacuum 197 (March 2022): 110797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2021.110797.

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LEE, Young Pak, Sigeru YOKOUCHI, Yoshihide MORIMOTO, Hiroyuki SAKAMOTO, Toshirou NISHIDONO, Nabuaki HINAGO, and Suck Hee BE. "The performance characteristics of a St 707 non-evaporable getter strip for SPring-8." SHINKU 33, no. 3 (1990): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.33.154.

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